Microhyla borneensis: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of amphibian}} |
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{{use dmy dates|date=April 2024}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{Taxobox |
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| image = |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=((IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group)) |date=2018 |title=''Microhyla borneensis'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T47005754A47005758 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T47005754A47005758.en |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| regnum = [[Animalia]] |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| authority = [[Hampton Wildman Parker|Parker]], 1928 |
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| classis = [[Amphibia]] |
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| synonyms = ''Microhyla nepenthicola'' <small>{{ill|Indraneil Das|lt=Das|fr||de}} and Haas, 2010</small> |
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| ordo = [[Frog|Anura]] |
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}} |
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| familia = [[Microhylidae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Microhyla]]'' |
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| species = '''''M. borneensis''''' |
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| binomial_authority = Parker, 1928 |
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| synonyms = }} |
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'''''Microhyla borneensis''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the [[Microhylidae]] family. |
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It is found in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], and possibly [[Myanmar]]. |
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Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s and intermittent freshwater [[marsh]]es. It's not threatened. |
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==References==<!-- RafflesBullZool52:609 --> |
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* van Dijk, P.P., Iskandar, D., Inger, R., Tzi Ming, L., Chuaynkern, Y., Sukumaran, J. & Yaakob, N. 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/57877/all Microhyla borneensis]. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 23 July 2007. |
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'''''Microhyla borneensis''''' ([[junior synonym]] ''Microhyla nepenthicola''), also known as the '''Matang narrow-mouthed frog''', is a species of [[Microhylidae|microhylid]] [[frog]] found in the [[Matang Range]] in [[Sarawak]], [[Borneo]].<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Microhylidae/Microhylinae/Microhyla/Microhyla-borneensis |title=''Microhyla borneensis'' Parker, 1928 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2015 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Borneo/> It was once the smallest known frog from the [[Old World]]<ref>{{cite news|title = Tiny, New, Pea-Sized Frog Is Old World's Smallest| url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100825094915.htm| work = [[Science Daily]]| date=2010-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gururaja |first= K. V. |date=October 2010 |journal=Current Science |volume=99 |issue=8 |page=1000 |department=Correspondence |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270448791 |title=Old World's smallest frog discovered residing in killer plants}}</ref> (since 2012, the record holder has been ''[[Paedophryne amauensis]]'' from New Guinea<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rittmeyer |first1=Eric N. |last2=Allison |first2=Allen |last3=Gründler |first3=Michael C. |last4=Thompson |first4=Derrick K. |last5=Austin |first5=Christopher C. |title=Ecological Guild Evolution and the Discovery of the World's Smallest Vertebrate |journal=PLOS ONE |date=11 January 2012 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=e29797 |doi-access=free |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029797 |pmid=22253785 |pmc=3256195|bibcode=2012PLoSO...729797R }}</ref>). Adult males of this species generally have a [[snout–vent length]] (SVL) in the range of {{convert|10.6|–|12.8|mm|abbr=on}},<ref name=das>{{Cite journal |author1=Das, I. |author2=A. Haas. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2010 | title = New species of ''Microhyla'' from Sarawak: Old World's smallest frogs crawl out of miniature pitcher plants on Borneo (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) | url = http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02571p052f.pdf | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2571 | pages = 37–52 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2571.1.2 }}</ref> but may reach a maximum of {{convert|13|mm|abbr=on}}. Adult females have an SVL of {{convert|16|–|19|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Borneo>{{citation |url=https://frogsofborneo.org/microhylidae?view=category&id=255 |title=''Microhyla borneensis'' Matang narrow-mouthed frog |author1=Haas, A. |author2=Das, I. |author3=Hertwig, S. T. |date=2015 |work=Frogs of Borneo: The frogs of East Malaysia and their larval forms |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref>Baker, Nick (n.d.). [https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/amphibians/bornean-chorus-frog.htm "Amphibians of SE Asia: Bornean Chorus Frog ''Microhyla borneensis''"] ''Ecology Asia''</ref> The [[tadpole]]s measure just 3 mm.<ref name=post>{{cite news|title=World's smallest frog is size of a pea|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/world_smallest_frog_is_size_of_pea_TcyMF7UJ11NICeyJm2YGaK|newspaper=[[New York Post]]|access-date=2010-08-26|date=2006-08-26|archive-date=20 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020025927/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/world_smallest_frog_is_size_of_pea_TcyMF7UJ11NICeyJm2YGaK|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==Discovery== |
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{{Microhylidae-stub}} |
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''Microhyla borneensis'' was first [[species description|described]] by [[Hampton Wildman Parker]] in 1928.<ref name=frost/> Frogs of the species that was eventually described as ''Microhyla nepenthicola'' had been known for at least 100 years prior to its description in 2010. However, scientists had always assumed that the frogs were juveniles of another species. Researchers {{ill|Indraneil Das|fr||de}} and Alexander Haas recognized that they were actually adults when they heard the frogs calling in [[Kubah National Park]], since only adult frogs make calls.<ref name=post/> Adult males call from the pitcher plants at dusk.<ref name=ci/> However, in 2011 it was shown that ''M. borneensis'' and ''M. nepenthicola'' are the same species.<ref name=frost/> What was until that point commonly known as ''Microhyla borneensis'' was another species, newly described as ''[[Microhyla malang]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Microhylidae/Microhylinae/Microhyla/Microhyla-malang |title=''Microhyla malang'' Matsui, 2011 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2015 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> |
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The smallest known Old World frog species prior to the description of ''Microhyla nepenthicola'' were ''[[Stumpffia pygmaea]]'' and ''[[Stumpffia tridactyla]]'': ''S. pygmaea'' with an SVL of 10–12.5 mm; ''S. tridactyla'' with an SVL of 8.6–12 mm.<ref name=das/><ref>{{cite journal |date=November 2017 |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |volume=67 |issue= 3 |pages=271–398 |url=https://mvences.de/p/p1/Vences_A377b.pdf |title=Describing the smaller majority: integrative taxonomy reveals twenty-six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus ''Stumpffia'') from Madagascar |display-authors=6 |last1=Rakotoarison |first1=Andolalao |author2=Mark D. Scherz |author3=Frank Glaw |author4=Joern Koehler |author5=Franco Andreone |author6=Michael Franzen |author7=Julian Glos |author8=Oliver Hawlitschek |author9=Teppei Jono |author10=Akira Mori |author11=Serge H. Ndriantsoa |author12=Noromalala Rasoamam-Pionona Raminosoa |author13=Jana C. Riemann |author14= Mark-Oliver Rödel |author15= Gonçalo M. Rosa |author16=David R. Vieites |author17=Angelica Crottini |author18=Miguel Vences |doi=10.3897/vz.67.e31595 |doi-access=free |issn=1864-5755}} |
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* "''Stumpffia pygmaea'' Vences & Glaw, 1991" p. 310 |
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* "''Stumpffia tridactyla'' Guibé, 1975" pp. 336–338</ref> |
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==Description== |
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''Microhyla borneensis'' is a very small species with a [[snout–vent length]] of about {{convert|18|mm|abbr=on}} for females and around two thirds of this for males. It has a broadly triangular body that is flattened dorso-ventrally. The snout is obtusely pointed, the eyes are small and have round pupils and there are no visible [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympani]]. The skin on the dorsal surface may be smooth or bear tubercles and that of the ventral surface is always smooth. The limbs are short. The hands are unwebbed and the outer digits are spatulate. The digits of the feet are partially webbed.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> ''M. borneensis'' has less webbing on its feet than most frogs, which may be beneficial when trying to climb the sides of the pitcher plants, which can be slippery.<ref name=ci>{{cite web|title=''Microhyla nepenthicola'' sp. nov.|url=http://www.conservation.org/explore/discoveries/surveys/amphibians/Pages/Microhyla_nepenthicola.aspx|publisher=[[Conservation International]]|access-date=2010-08-27}}</ref><ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |last1=Whittaker |first1=Kellie |last2=Zhuang |first2=Mingna (Vicky) |title=''Microhyla borneensis'' |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/2170 |website=AmphibiaWeb |publisher=University of California |orig-date=First published 26 May 2011 |location=Berkeley, California (US) |date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The dorsal surface of this frog is reddish-brown, the throat is mottled brown and the ventral surface is pale.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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''Microhyla borneensis'' is known from the Matang Range in [[Sarawak]], Borneo,<ref name=frost/><ref name=Borneo/> but it is presumably widespread in suitable habitats in the lowlands of northern Borneo.<ref name=Borneo/> |
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''M. borneensis'' is found near [[Mount Serapi]] in [[Kubah National Park]], Sarawak, Borneo. It spends much of its life cycle in the traps of the [[pitcher plant]] ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria]]'', after which it is named. It is therefore considered a [[nepenthebiont]]. This is not particularly unusual; in fact, it shares this environment with a species of [[crab spider]], ''[[Henriksenia labuanica]]'', which is also commonly found in ''[[Nepenthes]]'' pitchers. This spider's former binomen, ''Misumenops nepenthicola'', and that of the related species of Singapore, ''[[Henriksenia nepenthicola]]'', had the [[specific epithet]] {{lang|la|nepenthicola}} applied for this reason. |
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==Reproduction== |
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''Microhyla borneensis'' breeds in the water-filled pitchers of ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria]]'', a pitcher plant that is a feature of the floor of the Borneo rainforest. Multiple clutches may be laid in the same pitcher which may contain tadpoles of different ages. [[Metamorphosis]] takes place about a fortnight after the eggs are laid.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> |
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==Status== |
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This frog is seldom seen, perhaps because of its small size and inconspicuous appearance. Its numbers are thought to be in slow decline but the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) rates it as being of "[[Least Concern]]" as it considers that the rate of decline is insufficient to justify listing it in a more threatened category. No particular threats to this species have been identified.<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021" /> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Smallest organisms#Amphibians|Smallest amphibian]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1936018}} |
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[[Category:Amphibians described in 1928]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Hampton Wildman Parker]] |
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[[Category:Endemic fauna of Borneo]] |
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[[Category:Endemic fauna of Malaysia]] |
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[[Category:Amphibians of Malaysia]] |
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[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
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[[Category:Amphibians of Borneo]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:51, 27 April 2024
| Microhyla borneensis | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | Microhyla |
| Species: | M. borneensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Microhyla borneensis Parker, 1928
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| Synonyms | |
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Microhyla nepenthicola Das and Haas, 2010 | |
Microhyla borneensis (junior synonym Microhyla nepenthicola), also known as the Matang narrow-mouthed frog, is a species of microhylid frog found in the Matang Range in Sarawak, Borneo.[2][3] It was once the smallest known frog from the Old World[4][5] (since 2012, the record holder has been Paedophryne amauensis from New Guinea[6]). Adult males of this species generally have a snout–vent length (SVL) in the range of 10.6–12.8 mm (0.42–0.50 in),[7] but may reach a maximum of 13 mm (0.51 in). Adult females have an SVL of 16–19 mm (0.63–0.75 in).[3][8] The tadpoles measure just 3 mm.[9]
Discovery
[edit]Microhyla borneensis was first described by Hampton Wildman Parker in 1928.[2] Frogs of the species that was eventually described as Microhyla nepenthicola had been known for at least 100 years prior to its description in 2010. However, scientists had always assumed that the frogs were juveniles of another species. Researchers Indraneil Das and Alexander Haas recognized that they were actually adults when they heard the frogs calling in Kubah National Park, since only adult frogs make calls.[9] Adult males call from the pitcher plants at dusk.[10] However, in 2011 it was shown that M. borneensis and M. nepenthicola are the same species.[2] What was until that point commonly known as Microhyla borneensis was another species, newly described as Microhyla malang.[11]
The smallest known Old World frog species prior to the description of Microhyla nepenthicola were Stumpffia pygmaea and Stumpffia tridactyla: S. pygmaea with an SVL of 10–12.5 mm; S. tridactyla with an SVL of 8.6–12 mm.[7][12]
Description
[edit]Microhyla borneensis is a very small species with a snout–vent length of about 18 mm (0.71 in) for females and around two thirds of this for males. It has a broadly triangular body that is flattened dorso-ventrally. The snout is obtusely pointed, the eyes are small and have round pupils and there are no visible tympani. The skin on the dorsal surface may be smooth or bear tubercles and that of the ventral surface is always smooth. The limbs are short. The hands are unwebbed and the outer digits are spatulate. The digits of the feet are partially webbed.[13] M. borneensis has less webbing on its feet than most frogs, which may be beneficial when trying to climb the sides of the pitcher plants, which can be slippery.[10][13] The dorsal surface of this frog is reddish-brown, the throat is mottled brown and the ventral surface is pale.[13]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Microhyla borneensis is known from the Matang Range in Sarawak, Borneo,[2][3] but it is presumably widespread in suitable habitats in the lowlands of northern Borneo.[3]
M. borneensis is found near Mount Serapi in Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Borneo. It spends much of its life cycle in the traps of the pitcher plant Nepenthes ampullaria, after which it is named. It is therefore considered a nepenthebiont. This is not particularly unusual; in fact, it shares this environment with a species of crab spider, Henriksenia labuanica, which is also commonly found in Nepenthes pitchers. This spider's former binomen, Misumenops nepenthicola, and that of the related species of Singapore, Henriksenia nepenthicola, had the specific epithet nepenthicola applied for this reason.
Reproduction
[edit]Microhyla borneensis breeds in the water-filled pitchers of Nepenthes ampullaria, a pitcher plant that is a feature of the floor of the Borneo rainforest. Multiple clutches may be laid in the same pitcher which may contain tadpoles of different ages. Metamorphosis takes place about a fortnight after the eggs are laid.[13]
Status
[edit]This frog is seldom seen, perhaps because of its small size and inconspicuous appearance. Its numbers are thought to be in slow decline but the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) rates it as being of "Least Concern" as it considers that the rate of decline is insufficient to justify listing it in a more threatened category. No particular threats to this species have been identified.[1]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2018). "Microhyla borneensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T47005754A47005758. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T47005754A47005758.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Microhyla borneensis Parker, 1928". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- ^ a b c d Haas, A.; Das, I.; Hertwig, S. T. (2015), "Microhyla borneensis Matang narrow-mouthed frog", Frogs of Borneo: The frogs of East Malaysia and their larval forms, retrieved 23 November 2015
- ^ "Tiny, New, Pea-Sized Frog Is Old World's Smallest". Science Daily. 25 August 2010.
- ^ Gururaja, K. V. (October 2010). "Old World's smallest frog discovered residing in killer plants". Correspondence. Current Science. 99 (8): 1000.
- ^ Rittmeyer, Eric N.; Allison, Allen; Gründler, Michael C.; Thompson, Derrick K.; Austin, Christopher C. (11 January 2012). "Ecological Guild Evolution and the Discovery of the World's Smallest Vertebrate". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29797. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729797R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029797. PMC 3256195. PMID 22253785.
- ^ a b Das, I. & A. Haas. (2010). "New species of Microhyla from Sarawak: Old World's smallest frogs crawl out of miniature pitcher plants on Borneo (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2571: 37–52. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2571.1.2.
- ^ Baker, Nick (n.d.). "Amphibians of SE Asia: Bornean Chorus Frog Microhyla borneensis" Ecology Asia
- ^ a b "World's smallest frog is size of a pea". New York Post. 26 August 2006. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Microhyla nepenthicola sp. nov". Conservation International. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Microhyla malang Matsui, 2011". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- ^ Rakotoarison, Andolalao; Mark D. Scherz; Frank Glaw; Joern Koehler; Franco Andreone; Michael Franzen; et al. (November 2017). "Describing the smaller majority: integrative taxonomy reveals twenty-six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus Stumpffia) from Madagascar" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 67 (3): 271–398. doi:10.3897/vz.67.e31595. ISSN 1864-5755.
- "Stumpffia pygmaea Vences & Glaw, 1991" p. 310
- "Stumpffia tridactyla Guibé, 1975" pp. 336–338
- ^ a b c d Whittaker, Kellie; Zhuang, Mingna (Vicky) (29 October 2014) [First published 26 May 2011]. "Microhyla borneensis". AmphibiaWeb. Berkeley, California (US): University of California.
