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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2010}}
{{About|the plant|the Bahamian island|Eleuthera|the Greek city|Eleutherae}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Eleutherococcus senticosus.jpg
|image = Eleutherococcus senticosus.jpg
⚫
|genus = Eleutherococcus
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
⚫
|species = senticosus
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|authority = ([[Rupr.]] & [[Maxim.]]) Maxim.<ref name="grin">{{cite web|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=1500|title=''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.|publisher=U.S. National Plant Germplasm System|date=13 March 2017|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Apiales]]
|familia = [[Araliaceae]]
⚫
|genus = ''[[Eleutherococcus]]''
⚫
|species = '''''E. senticosus'''''
|binomial = ''Eleutherococcus senticosus''
|binomial_authority = ([[Rupr.]] & [[Maxim.]]) Maxim.<ref name="grin">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?15004
|title=''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' information from NPGS/GRIN
|publisher=www.ars-grin.gov
|accessdate=2008-03-04
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
|synonyms =
|synonyms =
*''Acanthopanax asperatus'' Franch. & Sav.
*''Acanthopanax asperatus'' Franch. & Sav.
Line 27: Line 12:
*''Hedera senticosa'' Rupr. & Maxim.
*''Hedera senticosa'' Rupr. & Maxim.
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="grin"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-66477|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="grin"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-66477|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species}}</ref>
|}}
}}
⚫
[[Image:Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves.jpg|thumb|right|''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' leaves]]


'''''Eleutherococcus senticosus''''' is a species of small, woody [[shrub]] in the family [[Araliaceae]] native to [[Northeastern Asia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name="who">{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js4927e/10.html#Js4927e.10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616125010/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js4927e/10.html#Js4927e.10|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 16, 2009|title=Radix Eleutherococci|publisher=Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 2, World Health Organization|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> It may be colloquially called '''devil's bush''',<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lee |editor1-first=Sangtae |editor2-last=Chang |editor2-first=Kae Sun |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |year=2015 |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |location=Pocheon |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |page=454 |url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |access-date=7 March 2019 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]]}}</ref> '''Siberian ginseng''', '''taiga root''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286391506_Eleutherococcus_senticosus_The_source_of_the_Taiga_root|title=''Eleutherococcus senticosus: The source of the Taiga root'' (G. Willuhn)|publisher=ResearchGate|date=January 2003|access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> '''eleuthero''', ''ciwujia'', ''Devil's shrub'', ''shigoka'', ''touch-me-not'', ''wild pepper'', or ''kan jang''.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/eleutherococcus.html|title=Eleutherococcus|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2017|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> ''E.&nbsp;senticosus'' has a history of use in folklore and [[traditional Chinese medicine]].<ref name="grin"/> Root [[extract]]s of ''E. senticosus'' are sold as a [[dietary supplement]] or [[cosmetics|cosmetic]], usually under the name ''Siberian ginseng''.<ref name=who/>
'''''Eleutherococcus senticosus''''' is a species of small, woody [[shrub]] in the family [[Araliaceae]] native to [[Northeastern Asia]]. It is often colloquially referred to as '''Siberian Ginseng''', '''eleuthero''' or '''Ciwujia'''. ''E. senticosus'' has a history of use in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] where it is known as ''cì wǔ jiā'' ([[wikt:刺五加|刺五加]]).<ref name="grin"/>


==Synonyms==
==Etymology==
The scientific name ([[genus]]), ''Eleutherococcus'' (from Greek) means "free-berried," and ''senticosus'', (from Latin) means ''sentis'' (thorn-bush, briar), an adjective meaning "thorny" or "full of briers or thorns."{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} It is not the same plant as [[American ginseng]] (''Panax quinquefolius'') or [[Asian ginseng]] (''Panax ginseng''). It has a diversity of common names across its range of distribution.<ref name=grin/><ref name=who/>
''E. senticosus'' has been marketed in the United States as '''Siberian Ginseng''' because it is believed to have similar [[herbalism|herbal]] properties to those of ''Panax'' [[ginseng]]. However, it belongs to a different genus in the family [[Araliaceae]], and it is currently illegal in the United States to market eleuthero as Siberian Ginseng, since the term "ginseng" is reserved for species in the ''Panax'' genus.<ref name="Winston">{{Verify credibility|date=January 2008}}{{cite book | author = Winston, David & Maimes, Steven | title = Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief | publisher = Healing Arts Press | year = 2007}}</ref>

==Growth==
⚫
The herb grows in mixed and coniferous mountain forests, forming low undergrowth or is found in groups in thickets and edges. ''E. senticosus'' is sometimes found in oak groves at the foot of cliffs, very rarely in high forest [[riparian]] woodland. Its native habitat is East Asia, China, Japan, and Russia. ''E. senticosus'' is broadly tolerant of soils, growing in sandy, loamy, and heavy clay soils with acid, neutral, or alkaline chemistry and including soils of low nutritional value. It can tolerate sun or dappled shade and some degree of pollution. ''E. senticosus'' is a [[deciduous]] shrub growing to 2m at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 3. It flowers in July in most habitats. The flowers are [[hermaphroditic]] and are pollinated by insects.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+senticosus
|title=''Eleutherococcus senticosus''
|publisher=Plants for a Future
|accessdate=2013-01-16
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Ethnomedical use==
⚫
The herb grows in mixed and coniferous mountain forests, forming low undergrowth or is found in groups in thickets and edges. ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' is sometimes found in oak groves at the foot of cliffs, rarely in high forest [[riparian]] woodland. Its native habitat is East Asia, China, Japan, and Russia.<ref name=grin/><ref name=who/> ''E.&nbsp;senticosus'' is broadly tolerant of soils, growing in sandy, loamy, and heavy clay soils with acid, neutral, or alkaline chemistry and including soils of low nutritional value. It can tolerate sun or dappled shade and some degree of pollution. ''E.&nbsp;senticosus'' is a [[deciduous]] shrub growing to {{convert|2|m|ft}} at a slow rate. It is [[Hardiness zone|hardy to zone 3]]. It flowers in July in most habitats. The flowers are [[hermaphroditic]] and are pollinated by insects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+senticosus|title=''Eleutherococcus senticosus''|publisher=Plants for a Future|access-date=2013-01-16}}</ref>
⚫
[[Image:Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves.jpg|thumb|right|270px|''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' leaves]]


⚫
==Extract and chemical constituents==
''E. senticosus'' is a thought to be an [[adaptogen]] and there is a wide range of health benefits attributed to its use in herbal medicine.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21434569|author=Huang L, Zhao H, Huang B, Zheng C, Peng W, Qin L.|title=''Acanthopanax senticosus'': review of botany, chemistry and pharmacology|journal=Pharmazie|year=2011|volume=66|issue=2|pages=83–97}}</ref>
Roots of ''E. senticosus'' are cylindrical, up to {{convert|0.5|cm|in}} in diameter, straight or branched, dark brown, and have a smooth surface with bark fixed closely to the [[xylem]].<ref name=who/> The derived [[extract]] from the roots has been characterized for its major constituents, including [[lignan]]s, [[sesamin]] ([[eleutheroside]] B4), [[syringaresinol]], [[phenylpropane]]s, [[coumarin]]s, [[beta-sitosterol]] and [[daucosterol]].<ref name=who/>


Berries from ''E. senticosus'' contain diverse [[polyphenol]]s, including [[caffeic acid]], [[vanillic acid]], [[ferulic acid]], [[p-coumaric acid]], and [[benzoic acid]], with significant content of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]], and [[potassium]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=5098108|year=2016|last1=Załuski|first1=D|title=Phytochemical Content and Pharma-Nutrition Study on ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' Fruits Intractum|journal=Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity|volume=2016|pages=9270691|last2=Olech|first2=M|last3=Galanty|first3=A|last4=Verpoorte|first4=R|last5=Kuźniewski|first5=R|last6=Nowak|first6=R|last7=Bogucka-Kocka|first7=A|doi=10.1155/2016/9270691|pmid=27843534|doi-access=free}}</ref>
In Chinese herbology, ''E. senticosis'' is used by people with [[bone marrow suppression]] caused by [[chemotherapy]] or radiation, [[Angina pectoris|angina]], [[hypercholesterolemia]], and [[neurasthenia]] with headache, [[insomnia]], and poor appetite.<ref>Halstead B, Hood L (1984). ''Eleutherococcus senticosis–Siberian Ginseng'', OHAI. p.7.</ref><ref>Chen JK, Chen TT. ''Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology'', Art of Medicine Press, City of Industry, CA 2004</ref><ref>David Winston. ''Native American, Chinese, and Ayurvedic Materia Medica'', HTSBM, pp. 1-1</ref>


Major constituents of [[essential oil]] from leaves of ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' include α-[[bisabolol]] (26%), β-[[caryophyllene]] (7%), [[germacrene D]] (7%), β-[[bisabolene]] (5%), and α-[[humulene]] (4%).<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=28399215|year=2017|last1=Zhai|first1=C|title=''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' (Araliaceae) Leaf Morpho-Anatomy, Essential Oil Composition, and Its Biological Activity Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=54|issue=3|pages=658–669|last2=Wang|first2=M|last3=Raman|first3=V|last4=Rehman|first4=J U|last5=Meng|first5=Y|last6=Zhao|first6=J|last7=Avula|first7=B|last8=Wang|first8=Y H|last9=Tian|first9=Z|last10=Khan|first10=IA|doi=10.1093/jme/tjw221|s2cid=43732277}}</ref>
==Pharmacology==
Extracts of ''E. senticosus'' have been shown to have a variety of biological effects ''[[in vitro]]'' or in animal models, but these effects have not been demonstrated in human trials:


==Traditional medicine==
*increased endurance/anti-fatigue <ref>{{cite journal|author=Huang L.-Z., Huang B.-K., Ye Q., Qin L.-P.|title=Bioactivity-guided fractionation for anti-fatigue property of ''Acanthopanax senticosus''|journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]]|year=2011|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920564|volume=133|issue=1|pages=213-219}}</ref>
*memory/learning improvement<ref>Xu Y.J., Han C.J., Xu S.J., Yu X., Jiang G.Z., Nan C.H. "Effects of ''Acanthopanax senticosus'' on learning and memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease and protection against free radical injury to brain tissue" ''Neural Regeneration Research'' 2008 3:2 (192-195)</ref>
*anti-inflammatory <ref>Jung S.M., Schumacher H.R., Kim H., Kim M., Lee S.H., Pessler F. "Reduction of urate crystal-induced inflammation by root extracts from traditional oriental medicinal plants: Elevation of prostaglandin D2levels" '' Arthritis Research and Therapy'' 2007 9:4 Article Number R64</ref>
*immunogenic<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chen R., Liu Z., Zhao J., Chen R., Meng F., Zhang M., Ge W.|title=Antioxidant and immunobiological activity of water-soluble polysaccharide fractions purified from ''Acanthopanax senticosu'' [sic]|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140683|journal=Food Chemistry|year=2011|volume=127|issue=2|pages=434-440}}</ref>
* antidepressant-like effects<ref>
{{cite journal |author= Kurkin VA, Dubishchev AV, Ezhkov VN, Titova IN, Avdeeva EV |journal=Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=614–9 |year= 2006|doi=10.1007/s11094-006-0205-5 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/t6512435001n1418/ |title=Antidepressant activity of some phytopharmaceuticals and phenylpropanoids}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Deyama T, Nishibe S, Nakazawa Y |title=Constituents and pharmacological effects of ''[[Eucommia]]'' and Siberian ginseng |journal=Acta Pharmacol. Sin. |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1057–70 |year=2001 |month=December |pmid=11749801|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11749801}}</ref>


[[Extract]]s from the root of ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'', including [[eleutheroside]]s, are promoted in [[alternative medicine|alternative]] and [[traditional medicine]] for providing health effects, which are supported by [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]].<ref name=drugs/><ref>{{cite web |title=Siberian ginseng |url=https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/herb/siberian-ginseng |publisher=The Mount Sinai Hospital |access-date=4 November 2022 |date=2022}}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization|WHO]], only use "as a prophylactic and restorative tonic for enhancement of mental and physical capacities in cases of weakness, exhaustion and tiredness, and during convalescence" is backed up by clinical evidence.<ref name=who/><ref name=acs>{{cite book |publisher=[[American Cancer Society]] |title=American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies |edition=2nd |year=2009 |isbn=9780944235713 |editor=Ades TB |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/337 337–339] |chapter=Eleuthero |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/337 }}</ref> The plant has been assessed in preliminary research for its potential use as an [[antimicrobial]] or antistress agent.<ref name=who/><ref name=drugs/>
⚫
==Chemical constituents==
The major constituents of ''E. senticosus'' are [[ciwujianoside]] A-E, [[eleutheroside B]] (syringin), [[eleutheroside]]s A-M, [[friedelin]], and [[isofraxidin]].<ref name="Winston"/>


== Interactions and side effects ==
===Potential for adverse effects===
People with high blood pressure, [[sleep apnea]], [[narcolepsy]], [[heart disease]], mental illness, a compromised [[immune system]], people in the processes of pregnancy and lactation, and people taking [[digoxin]] or [[hexobarbital]] may have adverse reactions to ''E. senticosus''.<ref name=drugs/> High doses may cause irritability, confusion, [[insomnia]], or anxiety.<ref name=drugs/>
{{medref|section|date=November 2012}}
*People with medicated high blood pressure should consult their doctor before taking ''E. senticosus'' because it may potentiate the medications' side effects.<ref>{{cite pmid|8705908}}</ref>
*''E. senticosus'', when purchased from non-[[Good Manufacturing Practice|GMP]] sources, has occasionally been adulterated with ''[[Periploca graeca]]'', which can potentiate [[digoxin]] or similar drugs; however, this is not an interaction of ''E. senticosus''.<ref name="Winston"/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.plantsystematics.org/cgi-bin/dol/dol_terminal.pl?taxon_name=Eleutherococcus_senticosus ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' Photos (PlantSystematics.org)]
* [http://www.plantsystematics.org/cgi-bin/dol/dol_terminal.pl?taxon_name=Eleutherococcus_senticosus ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' Photos (PlantSystematics.org)]
* [http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js4927e/10.html Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants - Volume 2: Radix Eleutherococci (World Health Organization)]
*{{cite journal |author=Donovan JL, DeVane CL, Chavin KD, Taylor RM, Markowitz JS |title=Siberian ginseng (''Eleutheroccus senticosus'') effects on CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity in normal volunteers |journal=Drug Metab. Dispos. |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=519–22 |year=2003 |month=May |pmid=12695337 |doi=10.1124/dmd.31.5.519 |url=http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/31/5/519.full}}
* [http://www.umm.edu/altmed/ConsHerbs/GinsengSiberianch.html University of Maryland Alternative Medicine Reference]
*{{cite journal |author=Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M |title=Effects of various ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' cortex on swimming time, natural killer activity and corticosterone level in forced swimming stressed mice |journal=J Ethnopharmacol |volume=95 |issue=2–3 |pages=447–53 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15507373 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.027 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378-8741(04)00423-4}}
*{{cite journal |author=Jung SM, Schumacher HR, Kim H, Kim M, Lee SH, Pessler F |title=Reduction of urate crystal-induced inflammation by root extracts from traditional oriental medicinal plants: elevation of prostaglandin D2 levels |journal=Arthritis Res. Ther. |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=R64 |year=2007 |pmid=17612394 |pmc=2206389 |doi=10.1186/ar2222 |url=http://arthritis-research.com/content/9/4/R64}}
* Brunner, R., Tabachnik, B. (1990). Soviet Training and Recovery Methods, pp.&nbsp;217–21. Sport Focus Publishing.
*{{cite journal |author=Bohn B, Nebe CT, Birr C |title=Flow Cytometric Studies with ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' extract as an Immunomodulating Agent |journal=Drug Res |volume=37 |issue=10 |pages=1193–6 |year=1987 }}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q894245}}
{{Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Eleutherococcus Senticosus}}
[[Category:Eleutherococcus|senticosus]]
[[Category:Antidepressants]]
[[Category:Antidepressants]]
[[Category:Eleutherococcus senticosus]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
[[Category:Flora of Korea]]
[[Category:Flora of Siberia]]

Latest revision as of 16:37, 24 August 2024

This article is about the plant. For the Bahamian island, see Eleuthera. For the Greek city, see Eleutherae.

Eleutherococcus senticosus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae
Genus: Eleutherococcus
Species:
E. senticosus
Binomial name
Eleutherococcus senticosus
(Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.[1]
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Acanthopanax asperatus Franch. & Sav.
  • Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms
  • Eleutherococcus asperatus (Franch. & Sav.) Koidz.
  • Hedera senticosa Rupr. & Maxim.
Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves

Eleutherococcus senticosus is a species of small, woody shrub in the family Araliaceae native to Northeastern Asia.[1][3] It may be colloquially called devil's bush,[4] Siberian ginseng, taiga root,[5] eleuthero, ciwujia, Devil's shrub, shigoka, touch-me-not, wild pepper, or kan jang.[6] E. senticosus has a history of use in folklore and traditional Chinese medicine.[1] Root extracts of E. senticosus are sold as a dietary supplement or cosmetic, usually under the name Siberian ginseng.[3]

Etymology

[edit]

The scientific name (genus), Eleutherococcus (from Greek) means "free-berried," and senticosus, (from Latin) means sentis (thorn-bush, briar), an adjective meaning "thorny" or "full of briers or thorns."[citation needed] It is not the same plant as American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) or Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng). It has a diversity of common names across its range of distribution.[1][3]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The herb grows in mixed and coniferous mountain forests, forming low undergrowth or is found in groups in thickets and edges. Eleutherococcus senticosus is sometimes found in oak groves at the foot of cliffs, rarely in high forest riparian woodland. Its native habitat is East Asia, China, Japan, and Russia.[1][3] E. senticosus is broadly tolerant of soils, growing in sandy, loamy, and heavy clay soils with acid, neutral, or alkaline chemistry and including soils of low nutritional value. It can tolerate sun or dappled shade and some degree of pollution. E. senticosus is a deciduous shrub growing to 2 metres (6.6 ft) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 3. It flowers in July in most habitats. The flowers are hermaphroditic and are pollinated by insects.[7]

Extract and chemical constituents

[edit]

Roots of E. senticosus are cylindrical, up to 0.5 centimetres (0.20 in) in diameter, straight or branched, dark brown, and have a smooth surface with bark fixed closely to the xylem.[3] The derived extract from the roots has been characterized for its major constituents, including lignans, sesamin (eleutheroside B4), syringaresinol, phenylpropanes, coumarins, beta-sitosterol and daucosterol.[3]

Berries from E. senticosus contain diverse polyphenols, including caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and benzoic acid, with significant content of calcium, magnesium, and potassium.[8]

Major constituents of essential oil from leaves of Eleutherococcus senticosus include α-bisabolol (26%), β-caryophyllene (7%), germacrene D (7%), β-bisabolene (5%), and α-humulene (4%).[9]

Traditional medicine

[edit]

Extracts from the root of Eleutherococcus senticosus, including eleutherosides, are promoted in alternative and traditional medicine for providing health effects, which are supported by clinical evidence.[6][10] According to the WHO, only use "as a prophylactic and restorative tonic for enhancement of mental and physical capacities in cases of weakness, exhaustion and tiredness, and during convalescence" is backed up by clinical evidence.[3][11] The plant has been assessed in preliminary research for its potential use as an antimicrobial or antistress agent.[3][6]

Potential for adverse effects

[edit]

People with high blood pressure, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, heart disease, mental illness, a compromised immune system, people in the processes of pregnancy and lactation, and people taking digoxin or hexobarbital may have adverse reactions to E. senticosus.[6] High doses may cause irritability, confusion, insomnia, or anxiety.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim". U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. 13 March 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  2. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Radix Eleutherococci". Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 2, World Health Organization. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  4. ^ Lee, Sangtae; Chang, Kae Sun, eds. (2015). English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. p. 454. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Retrieved 7 March 2019 – via Korea Forest Service.
  5. ^ "Eleutherococcus senticosus: The source of the Taiga root (G. Willuhn)". ResearchGate. January 2003. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Eleutherococcus". Drugs.com. 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  7. ^ "Eleutherococcus senticosus". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
  8. ^ Załuski, D; Olech, M; Galanty, A; Verpoorte, R; Kuźniewski, R; Nowak, R; Bogucka-Kocka, A (2016). "Phytochemical Content and Pharma-Nutrition Study on Eleutherococcus senticosus Fruits Intractum". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016: 9270691. doi:10.1155/2016/9270691. PMC 5098108. PMID 27843534.
  9. ^ Zhai, C; Wang, M; Raman, V; Rehman, J U; Meng, Y; Zhao, J; Avula, B; Wang, Y H; Tian, Z; Khan, IA (2017). "Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae) Leaf Morpho-Anatomy, Essential Oil Composition, and Its Biological Activity Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology. 54 (3): 658–669. doi:10.1093/jme/tjw221. PMID 28399215. S2CID 43732277.
  10. ^ "Siberian ginseng". The Mount Sinai Hospital. 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  11. ^ Ades TB, ed. (2009). "Eleuthero". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 337–339. ISBN 9780944235713.
[edit]
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