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{{Short description|Roman distance slab created around 142 CE}} |
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{{infobox UK place |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} |
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|country = Scotland |
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[[File:Romanwallinscotl00macduoft raw 0409.jpg|thumb|[[Suovetaurilia]] on the right panel of the Bridgeness Slab]] |
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|unitary_scotland= [[Falkirk (council area)|Falkirk]] |
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The '''Bridgeness Slab''' is a Roman distance slab created around 142 CE marking a portion of the [[Antonine Wall]] built by the [[Legio II Augusta|Second Legion]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Found at Bridgeness, West Lothian |url=http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/results.php?field=where&searchterm=%22Bridgeness%22&searchdb=scran |website=scran |accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref> It is regarded as the most detailed and best preserved of the Scottish distance slabs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance Slabs |url=http://www.antoninewall.co.uk/distance_slabs.html |website=The Antonine Wall |publisher=CastlesFortsBattles.co.uk network |accessdate=27 October 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906043653/http://www.antoninewall.co.uk/distance_slabs.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The sandstone tablet was found at Bridgeness in [[Bo'ness]], [[Scotland]] in 1868 on a promontory close to Harbour Road.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bridgeness Slab |url=http://www.visitfalkirk.com/things-to-do/heritage/the-bridgeness-slab/ |website=Visit Falkirk |publisher=Falkirk Council |accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref> The original is in the [[National Museum of Scotland]] in [[Edinburgh]], while a replica is near the site of its discovery. |
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|static_image = |
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|static_image_caption= |
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|latitude=56.016236 |
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|longitude=-3.583696 |
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|official_name = The Bridgeness Slab (Replica) |
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|region= Falkirk |
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|post_town= Bo'ness |
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}} |
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==History== |
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The '''Bridgeness Slab''' was found in [[Bo'ness]], [[Scotland]] in 1869 on a promontory close to Harbour Road. The slab is a Roman Distance slab, marking a portion of the [[Antonine Wall]] built by the Second Legion, ([[Legio II Augusta]]) and was created around 142 CE.<ref>http://www.bridgemanart.com/asset/3893/Roman-2nd-century-AD/The-Bridgeness-Slab-detail-from-a-sandstone-dista?search_context=%7B%22url%22%3A%22%5C%2Fsearch%5C%2Fcategory%5C%2FGreek-Roman-and-Etruscan%5C%2F1303%22%2C%22num_results%22%3A%226035%22%2C%22search_type%22%3A%22category_assets%22%2C%22category_id%22%3A%221303%22%2C%22item_index%22%3A2%7D</ref> It was uncovered during excavations in 1869 on land owned by Henry Mowbray Cadell. Cadell offered it{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} to The [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] for display in the [[National Museum of Scotland]] in [[Edinburgh]] if they would provide a copy for display locally. In addition to the Latin inscription the original has sculpted panels. On the left is a victorious Roman cavalryman with four naked Britons, one being trampled, one running with a spear in his back, one sitting in apparent despair and one of whom is bound and beheaded. It has been suggested that the last act was a show of contempt for Gallo-Briton head veneration.<ref>{{cite journal | title=CHAINING AND SHAMING: IMAGES OF DEFEAT, FROM LLYN CERRIG BACH TO SARMITZEGETUSA | author=Aldhouse-Green, Miranda | journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology | year=2004 | month=August | volume=23 | issue=3 | pages=319–340}}</ref> On the right panel is a depiction of the ritual cleansing of the legion, with a soldier at the rear carrying the vexillium, or cavalry flag, of Legio II Augusta. The inscription records the building of 4,655 paces of the Antonine Wall.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_119/119_133_142.pdf | title=The flag of legion II Augusta on the Bridgeness distance slab | author=Breeze, David J | journal=[[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] | year=1989 | month=November | issue=119 | pages=133–142}}</ref> |
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The slab was erected 142 CE to mark the completion of a section of the [[Antonine Wall]]. It was uncovered during excavations in 1868 on land owned by Henry Mowbray Cadell, whose son Dr [[Henry Cadell]] was an eyewitness of its discovery.<ref>Macdonald 1934 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3760345;view=1up;seq=153 pp. 102–103]</ref> Cadell offered it to the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cadell |first1=H. M. |title=The story of the Forth |date=1913 |publisher=James Maclehose & sons |location=Glasgow |pages=124–125 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433090743893;view=1up;seq=215 |accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref> for display in the [[National Museum of Scotland]] in [[Edinburgh]] if they would provide a copy for display locally.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bridgeness |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/49554/bridgeness |website=Canmore |accessdate=27 October 2017}}; {{cite web |title=Bridgeness slab Victorian replica |url=http://www.antoninewall.org/media-galleries/bridgeness |website=Frontiers of the Roman Empire |accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref> |
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The first on-site replica includes only the centre panel of the original. A second replica, including the side panels, was unveiled by Bo'ness Community Council and [[Falkirk Council]] on 7 September 2012 at {{coord |56 |0 |58.45 |N |3 |35 |1.31 |W |display=inline}} in Kinningars Park, Bridgeness, Bo'ness. The replica was based on the original as was an older copy of the stone now in the [[Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery|Hunterian Museum]]. The Bo'ness replica was made using [[3D scanner|digital laser scanning]] since silicone or other [[Molding (process)|mould]]s risked damaging the slab. |
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| ⚫ | The inscription in the centre panel reads "''Imp CaesTito Aelio |
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==Description== |
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A replica was unveiled by Bo'ness Community Council and [[Falkirk]] Council on 7 September 2012 at 56°0′58.45″N, 3°35′1.31″W in Kinningars Park, Bridgeness, Bo'ness. The original is kept at the [[National Museum of Scotland]]. |
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[[File:Romanwallinscotl00macduoft raw 0197.jpg |thumb|600px |The Bridgeness Slab in 1911, before repairs.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Roman wall in Scotland |date=1911 |publisher=J. Maclehose |location=Glasgow |page=148 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/stream/romanwallinscotl00macduoft#page/148/mode/2up |accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref>]] |
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| ⚫ | The inscription in the centre panel reads "''Imp CaesTito Aelio / Hadri Antonino Aug Pio p p legII Aug / per m p ĪĪĪĪ DCLII / FEC''", which when expanded reads as "''Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) Tito Aelio Hadri(ano) Antonino/ Aug(usto) Pio p(atri) p(atriae) leg(io) II Aug(usta) per m(ilia) p(assuum) IIII(milia)DCLII fec(it)''". In English this translates as "For the Emperor Caesar [[Antoninus Pius|Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius]], Father of his Country, the Second Augustan Legion completed [the Wall] over a distance of 4652 [[Roman pace|pace]]s".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scran.ac.uk/packs/exhibitions/learning_materials/webs/56/Antonine.htm |title = The Antonine Wall |accessdate = 28 August 2013}}</ref> |
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In addition to the Latin inscription the original has sculpted panels.<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |publisher=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |pages=109–113 |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingssoci26scotgoog#page/n162/mode/2up |accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref> |
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On the left is a victorious, Roman cavalryman with four naked Britons: one being trampled holding a shield, one running with a spear in his back, one sitting in apparent despair, and one of whom is bound and beheaded. It has been suggested that the last act was a show of contempt for Gallo-Briton head veneration.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Chaining and Shaming: Images of Defeat, from Llyn Cerrig Bach to Sarmitzegetusa |author=Aldhouse-Green, Miranda |journal=[[Oxford Journal of Archaeology]] |date=August 2004 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=319–340|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0092.2004.00214.x }}</ref> The propaganda, particularly Roman depiction of natives is consistent with other slabs like the ones from Balmuildy and [[Westerwood]]. |
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On the right panel is a depiction of the [[suovetaurilia]], a ceremony undertaken before important campaigns or in this case before the wall was built. The arch top of a temple is depicted. Four soldiers are shown, one carrying the [[vexillum]], or cavalry flag, of the [[Second Legion Augusta|Second Legion]]. A man in a toga, possibly Aulus Claudius Charax- commander of the Second Legion, is depicted pouring a libation on an altar as a preliminary to sacrificing a bull, a pig and a sheep. The sounds of the slaughter may have been drowned out by the musical instruments which are shown being played. The inscription records the building of 4652 paces of the Antonine Wall.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_119/119_133_142.pdf |title=The flag of legion II Augusta on the Bridgeness distance slab |author=Breeze, David J |journal=[[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |date=November 1989 |issue=119 |pages=133–142}}</ref> |
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Washing revealed faint traces of pigments, mainly red, have survived on the original stone suggesting that it was once highly coloured.<ref>''Mark of Rome – The Story of the Bridgeness Slab''</ref> |
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==Similar slabs== |
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The slab is reminiscent of one from [[Summerston]], now in the [[Hunterian Museum]] in [[Glasgow]], which was also made by the [[Second Legion Augusta|Second Legion]] and which similarly depicts a helmeted horseman and naked captives.<ref>{{cite web |title=RIB 2193. Distance Slab of the Second Legion |url=https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2193 |website=Roman Inscriptions of Britain |accessdate=18 November 2017 }}; {{cite web |title=distance slab of the Second Legion, recording the completion of 3666.5 paces |url=http://www.huntsearch.gla.ac.uk/cgi-bin/foxweb/huntsearch/DetailedResults.fwx?collection=archaeology&SearchTerm=F.5 |website=Hunterian Museum Archaeology & Ethnography Collections: GLAHM F.5 |publisher=University of Glasgow |accessdate=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030254/http://www.huntsearch.gla.ac.uk/cgi-bin/foxweb/huntsearch/DetailedResults.fwx?collection=archaeology&SearchTerm=F.5 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Other distance slabs by the Second Legion have been mapped with [[Polynomial texture mapping|RTI]] and include |
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one from [[Balmuildy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance Slab of the Second Legion , Balmuildy |date=28 May 2015 |url=https://vimeo.com/129136081 |accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref> |
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and another from [[Duntocher]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance Slab of the Second Legion, Duntocher |date=9 June 2017 |url=https://vimeo.com/220970107 |accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref> |
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Both of these items are now kept in the Hunterian Museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Antonine Wall: Rome's Final Frontier |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/hunterian/collections/permanentdisplays/theantoninewall/ |website=The Hunterian |publisher=University of Glasgow |accessdate=10 October 2017}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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===Sources=== |
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* {{cite book |last1=Macdonald |first1=Sir George |title=The Roman wall in Scotland |date=1934 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |edition=2nd |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3760345 |accessdate=11 October 2017 }} |
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* {{cite web |author1=Bo'ness Community Council |author2=Falkirk Council |title=Mark of Rome – The Story of the Bridgeness Slab |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXg8H2zzyC4 |publisher=Youtube |accessdate=7 June 2018 |date=1 April 2015}} |
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===Citations=== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{commons category |The Bridgeness Slab}} |
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*http://www.bridgenessslab.org.uk/ |
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* [http://www.romansociety.org/imago/searching-saving/show/795.html?tx_damdownloads_pi1%5Bswords%5D=bridgeness&cHash=d614f1bfb7c8606ff89990d535fe2b23 Antonine Wall (Image 2431)] from ''Imago'', the Roman Society's centenary image bank |
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* Campbell, L. (2020) [http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/193086/ Polychromy on the Antonine Wall Distance sculptures: non-destructive Identification of pigments on Roman reliefs]. Britannia, 51, pp. 175-201. (doi: 10.1017/S0068113X20000124) |
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{{Scotland during the Roman Empire}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bridgeness Slab}} |
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[[Category:Bo'ness]] |
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[[Category:Roman archaeology]] |
[[Category:Roman archaeology]] |
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[[Category:Antonine Wall]] |
[[Category:Antonine Wall]] |
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[[Category:Roman legions in Britain]] |
[[Category:Roman legions in Britain]] |
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[[Category:Collection of National Museums Scotland]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:12, 26 August 2024
The Bridgeness Slab is a Roman distance slab created around 142 CE marking a portion of the Antonine Wall built by the Second Legion.[1] It is regarded as the most detailed and best preserved of the Scottish distance slabs.[2] The sandstone tablet was found at Bridgeness in Bo'ness, Scotland in 1868 on a promontory close to Harbour Road.[3] The original is in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, while a replica is near the site of its discovery.
History
[edit]The slab was erected 142 CE to mark the completion of a section of the Antonine Wall. It was uncovered during excavations in 1868 on land owned by Henry Mowbray Cadell, whose son Dr Henry Cadell was an eyewitness of its discovery.[4] Cadell offered it to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland[5] for display in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh if they would provide a copy for display locally.[6]
The first on-site replica includes only the centre panel of the original. A second replica, including the side panels, was unveiled by Bo'ness Community Council and Falkirk Council on 7 September 2012 at 56°0′58.45″N 3°35′1.31″W / 56.0162361°N 3.5836972°W in Kinningars Park, Bridgeness, Bo'ness. The replica was based on the original as was an older copy of the stone now in the Hunterian Museum. The Bo'ness replica was made using digital laser scanning since silicone or other moulds risked damaging the slab.
Description
[edit]
The inscription in the centre panel reads "Imp CaesTito Aelio / Hadri Antonino Aug Pio p p legII Aug / per m p ĪĪĪĪ DCLII / FEC", which when expanded reads as "Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) Tito Aelio Hadri(ano) Antonino/ Aug(usto) Pio p(atri) p(atriae) leg(io) II Aug(usta) per m(ilia) p(assuum) IIII(milia)DCLII fec(it)". In English this translates as "For the Emperor Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, Father of his Country, the Second Augustan Legion completed [the Wall] over a distance of 4652 paces".[8]
In addition to the Latin inscription the original has sculpted panels.[9]
On the left is a victorious, Roman cavalryman with four naked Britons: one being trampled holding a shield, one running with a spear in his back, one sitting in apparent despair, and one of whom is bound and beheaded. It has been suggested that the last act was a show of contempt for Gallo-Briton head veneration.[10] The propaganda, particularly Roman depiction of natives is consistent with other slabs like the ones from Balmuildy and Westerwood.
On the right panel is a depiction of the suovetaurilia, a ceremony undertaken before important campaigns or in this case before the wall was built. The arch top of a temple is depicted. Four soldiers are shown, one carrying the vexillum, or cavalry flag, of the Second Legion. A man in a toga, possibly Aulus Claudius Charax- commander of the Second Legion, is depicted pouring a libation on an altar as a preliminary to sacrificing a bull, a pig and a sheep. The sounds of the slaughter may have been drowned out by the musical instruments which are shown being played. The inscription records the building of 4652 paces of the Antonine Wall.[11]
Washing revealed faint traces of pigments, mainly red, have survived on the original stone suggesting that it was once highly coloured.[12]
Similar slabs
[edit]The slab is reminiscent of one from Summerston, now in the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow, which was also made by the Second Legion and which similarly depicts a helmeted horseman and naked captives.[13] Other distance slabs by the Second Legion have been mapped with RTI and include one from Balmuildy[14] and another from Duntocher.[15] Both of these items are now kept in the Hunterian Museum.[16]
References
[edit]Sources
[edit]- Macdonald, Sir George (1934). The Roman wall in Scotland (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
- Bo'ness Community Council; Falkirk Council (1 April 2015). "Mark of Rome – The Story of the Bridgeness Slab". Youtube. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
Citations
[edit]- ^ "Found at Bridgeness, West Lothian". scran. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Distance Slabs". The Antonine Wall. CastlesFortsBattles.co.uk network. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ "The Bridgeness Slab". Visit Falkirk. Falkirk Council. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ Macdonald 1934 pp. 102–103
- ^ Cadell, H. M. (1913). The story of the Forth. Glasgow: James Maclehose & sons. pp. 124–125. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ "Bridgeness". Canmore. Retrieved 27 October 2017.; "Bridgeness slab Victorian replica". Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ The Roman wall in Scotland (1st ed.). Glasgow: J. Maclehose. 1911. p. 148. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "The Antonine Wall". Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. pp. 109–113. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ Aldhouse-Green, Miranda (August 2004). "Chaining and Shaming: Images of Defeat, from Llyn Cerrig Bach to Sarmitzegetusa". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 23 (3): 319–340. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2004.00214.x.
- ^ Breeze, David J (November 1989). "The flag of legion II Augusta on the Bridgeness distance slab" (PDF). Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (119): 133–142.
- ^ Mark of Rome – The Story of the Bridgeness Slab
- ^ "RIB 2193. Distance Slab of the Second Legion". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 18 November 2017.; "distance slab of the Second Legion, recording the completion of 3666.5 paces". Hunterian Museum Archaeology & Ethnography Collections: GLAHM F.5. University of Glasgow. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^ "Distance Slab of the Second Legion , Balmuildy". 28 May 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ "Distance Slab of the Second Legion, Duntocher". 9 June 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ "The Antonine Wall: Rome's Final Frontier". The Hunterian. University of Glasgow. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Bridgeness Slab.
- Antonine Wall (Image 2431) from Imago, the Roman Society's centenary image bank
- Campbell, L. (2020) Polychromy on the Antonine Wall Distance sculptures: non-destructive Identification of pigments on Roman reliefs. Britannia, 51, pp. 175-201. (doi: 10.1017/S0068113X20000124)