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{{Short description|Common name for several species of mite}}
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" align="right" cellpadding="2">
{{Distinguish|Bed bug}}
<tr><th align="center" bgcolor=pink>'''House dust mite'''</th></tr>
[[File:House dust mites (5247397771).jpg|thumb|''Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus''<br />Dust mite faecal pellets that can be small as 10 [[μm]],<ref name="House dust mite faecal" /> but can be contained by anti-mite fabrics of a denser pore size.<ref name="HouseDustMite.com">{{cite web |title=Best Fabrics to Exclude Dust Mites |url=http://housedustmite.com/best-fabrics-to-exclude-dust-mites |publisher=HouseDustMite.com |access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref>]]
<tr><td align="center">[[Image:House_Dust_Mite.jpg|250px|thumb|House Dust Mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)]]</td></tr>
<tr><th align="center" bgcolor=pink>'''{{Taxonomy}}'''</th></tr>
<tr><td><table align="center">
<tr><td>{{regnum}}:</td><td>[[Animal]]ia</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Phylum}}: </td><td>[[Arthropoda]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Classis}}:</td><td>[[Arachnida]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Ordo}}:</td><td>[[Acarina]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Familia}}:</td><td>[[Pyroglyphidae]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Genus}}:</td><td>''[[Dermatophagoides]]''</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Species}}:</td><td>''pteronyssinus''</td></tr>
</table>
<tr><th align="center" bgcolor="pink">'''[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]]'''</th></tr>
<tr><th align="center">''Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus''</th></tr>
</table>
The '''house dust mite''' (<i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</i>), sometimes abbreviated by allergists to HDM, is a cosmopolitan guest in human habitation. It is more common in Europe than North America, where it is replaced by <i>D. farinae</i>. The mite thrives in modern fully-carpeted, double-glazed, draught-proof homes, and is comfortable at 25C, 75% relative humidity.


'''House dust mites''' ('''HDM''', or simply '''dust mites''') are various species of [[Acariformes|acariform]] [[mite]]s belonging to the family [[Pyroglyphidae]] that are found in association with dust in [[dwelling]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Denmark |first1=H. A. |last2=Cromroy |first2=H. L. |orig-date=October 1998 |date=April 2017 |title=House dust mites—''Dermatophagoides'' spp. |url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/house_dust_mite.htm |work=Featured Creatures |id=EENY-59 |publisher=Department of Entomology & Nemotology, University of Florida, and Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry}} Originally published as ''DPI Entomology Circular 314''.</ref> They are known for causing [[dust mite allergy|allergies]].
The mite lives on shed human skin cells, predigested by a fungus <i>Aspergillus repens</i>. It is particularly common in carpets and bedding.


==Biology==
The house dust mite is one of the most important allergens, implicated in allergic [[asthma]], [[rhinitis]], [[conjunctivitis]] and [[dermatitis]]. The protein responsible for the allergic reaction is DerP1, a protease digestive enzyme found in mite feces.


===Species===
Measures to control house dust mite include:
The currently known species are:<ref>{{cite web |title=House Dust Mites: Ecology, Biology, Prevalence, Epidemiology and Elimination |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341258506|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref>
*Regular vacuum cleaning (especially with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters)
* ''[[Blomia tropicalis]]''
*Regular damp dusting of surfaces
* ''[[Dermatophagoides farinae]]'' ('''American house dust mite''')
*Replacement of carpets with vinyl flooring
* ''[[Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus]]'' ('''European house dust mite''')
*Covering of mattresses and pillows with impervious materials
* ''[[Dermatophagoides evansi]]''
*Daytime internment of teddy bears in a freezer
* ''[[Dermatophagoides microceras]]''
*Use of chemicals (acaricides) to kill mites
* ''[[Dermatophagoides halterophilus]]''
*Use of fungicides to kill Aspergillus
* ''[[Dermatophagoides siboney]]''
* ''[[Dermatophagoides neotropicalis]]''
* ''[[Dermatophagoides alexfaini]]''
* ''[[Dermatophagoides anisopoda]]''
* ''[[Dermatophagoides chirovi]]''
* ''[[Dermatophagoides deanei]]''
* ''[[Dermatophagoides rwandae]]''
* ''[[Dermatophagoides scheremeteroskyi]]''
* ''[[Dermatophagoides scheremetewskyi]]''
* ''[[Dermatophagoides simplex]]''
* ''[[Euroglyphus maynei]]'' ('''Mayne's house dust mite''')
* ''[[Euroglyphus longior]]''
* ''[[Hirstia domicola]]''
* ''[[Malayoglyphus carmelitus]]''
* ''[[Malayoglyphus intermedius]]''
* ''[[Pyroglyphus africanus]]''
* ''[[Sturnophagoides brasiliensis]]''
* ''[[Suidasia pontifica]]''


===Taxonomy===
These measures, while reducing numbers of HDM and amounts of allergen, seem to have only marginal effects on allergic symptoms.
The dust mites are [[Cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]] members of the mite family [[Pyroglyphidae]].


===Characteristics===
==External links==
[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 11085 A scanning electron micrograph of a female dust mite.jpg|thumb|A scanning electron micrograph of a female dust mite]]


House dust mites, due to their very small size and translucent bodies, are barely visible to the unaided eye.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why study the major cause of allergy, the house dust mite? |url=http://housedustmite.com/why-study-the-mite/ |publisher=HouseDustMite.com |access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref> A typical house dust mite measures 0.2–0.3&nbsp;mm in length.<ref>{{cite web |title=The House Dust Mite: ''Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus'' |url=http://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/mite.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516093842/http://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/mite.html |archive-date=16 May 2007 |url-status=dead |publisher=MicrobiologyBytes |date=2007 |access-date=24 January 2019}}. Note that the video is gone.</ref> The body of the house dust mite has a striated [[Arthropod cuticle|cuticle]].{{cn|date=March 2024}}
*[http://www.update-software.com/abstracts/ab001187.htm House Dust Mite Avoidance in Asthma: Cochrane]

*[http://www.update-software.com/abstracts/ab001563.htm House Dust Mite Avoidance in Rhinitis: Cochrane]
House dust mite faecal pellets range from 10 to 40&nbsp;μm.<ref name="House dust mite faecal">{{cite web |title=House dust mite excrements/ faeces HDM excrements |url=https://www.citeqbiologics.com/house-dust-mite-excrements/ |website=Citeq Biologics |date=1 October 2018}}</ref>
*[http://theory.cs.iitm.ernet.in/~arvindn/dust_mite_allergy/tips.html Dust Mite Allergy Tips]

===Diet===
Dust mites feed on skin flakes from [[human]]s and other [[animal]]s, and on some [[Mold (fungus)|mold]]. ''Dermatophagoides farinae'' fungal food choices in 16 tested species commonly found in homes was observed ''in vitro'' to be ''[[Alternaria alternata]]'', ''[[Cladosporium sphaerospermum]]'', and ''[[Wallemia sebi]]'', and they disliked ''[[Penicillium chrysogenum]]'', ''[[Aspergillus versicolor]]'', and ''[[Stachybotrys chartarum]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Naegele|first1=Alexandre|last2=Reboux|first2=Gabriel|last3=Scherer|first3=Emeline|last4=Roussel|first4=Sandrine|last5=Millon|first5=Laurence|title=Fungal food choices of Dermatophagoides farinae affect indoor fungi selection and dispersal|journal=International Journal of Environmental Health Research|date=1 April 2013|volume=23|issue=2|pages=91–95|doi=10.1080/09603123.2012.699029|pmid=22774849|bibcode=2013IJEHR..23...91N |s2cid=46508627|issn=0960-3123}}</ref>

===Predators===
The predators of dust mites are other allergenic mites (''[[Cheyletiella]]''), [[silverfish]] and [[pseudoscorpion]]s.<ref name="acari">{{cite web |title=House dust mites: Agents of allergy |url=http://www.acari.be/uk/pest_a.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229074807/http://www.acari.be/uk/pest_a.php |archive-date=29 December 2010 |url-status=dead |publisher=acari.be |access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref>

===Reproduction===
The average life cycle for a house dust mite is 65–100 days.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=J. D. |date=23 June 2018 |title=The Role of Dust Mites in Allergy |journal=Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=312–329 |doi=10.1007/s12016-018-8693-0 |issn=1559-0267 |pmid=29936683 |s2cid=49406343 }}</ref> A mated female house dust mite can live up to 70 days, laying 60 to 100 eggs in the last five weeks of her life. In a 10-week life span, a house dust mite will produce approximately 2,000 fecal particles and an even larger number of partially digested enzyme-covered dust particles.<ref>{{cite web |title= Biology of house dust mites and storage mites |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341258506 |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
Dust mites are found worldwide, but are more common in humid regions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Madden|first1=Anne A.|last2=Barberán|first2=Albert|last3=Bertone|first3=Matthew A.|last4=Menninger|first4=Holly L.|last5=Dunn|first5=Robert R.|last6=Fierer|first6=Noah|date=2016|title=The diversity of arthropods in homes across the United States as determined by environmental DNA analyses|journal=Molecular Ecology|language=en|volume=25|issue=24|pages=6214–6224|doi=10.1111/mec.13900|pmid=27801965|bibcode=2016MolEc..25.6214M |s2cid=22325949|issn=1365-294X}}
* {{cite magazine |author=Jennifer Frazer |date=February 16, 2017 |title=Why Do Dust Mites Seem to Shun the Western U.S.? |magazine=Scientific American |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/artful-amoeba/why-do-dust-mites-seem-to-shun-the-western-u-s/ |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The species ''Blomia tropicalis'' is typically found only in tropical or subtropical regions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dutra|first1=Moisés S|last2=Roncada|first2=Cristian|last3=da Silva|first3=Guilherme L|last4=Ferla|first4=Noeli J|last5=Pitrez|first5=Paulo M|date=2018-05-04|title=Mite Fauna Assessment in Houses of Two distinct Socioeconomic Groups From Southern Brazil|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=620–625|doi=10.1093/jme/tjx239|pmid=29281052|issn=0022-2585}}</ref> Detectable dust mite allergen was found in the beds of about 84% of surveyed United States homes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arbes|first1=Samuel J.|last2=Cohn|first2=Richard D.|last3=Yin|first3=Ming|last4=Muilenberg|first4=Michael L.|last5=Burge|first5=Harriet A.|last6=Friedman|first6=Warren|last7=Zeldin|first7=Darryl C.|date=2003-02-01|title=House dust mite allergen in US beds: Results from the first national survey of lead and allergens in housing|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|language=en|volume=111|issue=2|pages=408–414|doi=10.1067/mai.2003.16|pmid=12589364}}</ref> In Europe, detectable Der p 1 or Der f 1 allergen was found in 68% of surveyed homes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luczynska|first1=Christina|last2=Svanes|first2=Cecilie|last3=Dahlman-Hoglund|first3=Anna|last4=Ponzio|first4=Michela|last5=Villani|first5=Simona|last6=Soon|first6=Argo|last7=Olivieri|first7=Mario|last8=Chinn|first8=Susan|last9=Sunyer|first9=Jordi|date=2006-09-01|title=Distribution and determinants of house dust mite allergens in Europe: The European Community Respiratory Health Survey II|url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(06)01363-7/abstract|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|language=en|volume=118|issue=3|pages=682–690|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2006.04.060|issn=0091-6749|pmid=16950288}}</ref>

==Health issues==
===Asthma===
House dust mite antigens are strongly associated with asthma development and severity; they are estimated to contribute to 60-90% of cases. <ref>{{cite web |title=Dust Mites |url=https://www.lung.org/clean-air/at-home/indoor-air-pollutants/dust-mites |website=American Lung Association |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>

===Allergies===
{{Main|Dust mite allergy}}

[[Tropomyosin]], the major allergen in dust mites, is also responsible for [[shellfish allergy]].<ref name="Lopata2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lopata AL, Kleine-Tebbe J, Kamath SD |title=Allergens and molecular diagnostics of shellfish allergy: Part 22 of the Series Molecular Allergology |journal=Allergo J Int |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=210–18 |date= November 2016 |pmid=28239537 |pmc=5306157 |doi=10.1007/s40629-016-0124-2 }}</ref><ref name="Prester2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Prester L |title=Seafood Allergy, Toxicity, and Intolerance: A Review |journal=J Am Coll Nutr |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=271–83 |date= August 2016 |pmid=26252073 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2015.1014120 |s2cid=1154235 }}</ref>

===Oral mite anaphylaxis===
''Dermatophagoides spp.'' can cause [[oral mite anaphylaxis]] (AKA pancake syndrome) when found in flour.<ref name=Barrera>{{cite journal|last1=Barrera|first1=OM|last2=Murgas|first2=IL|last3=Bermúdez|first3=S|last4=Miranda|first4=RJ|title=[Oral anaphylaxis by ingestion of mite contaminated food in Panama City, 2011-2014]|journal=Revista Alergia Mexico |date=June 2015|volume=62|issue=2|pages=112–7|doi=10.29262/ram.v62i2.71|pmid=25958374|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sánchez-Borges|first1=Mario|last2=Suárez-Chacon|first2=Raúl|last3=Capriles-Hulett|first3=Arnaldo|last4=Caballero-Fonseca|first4=Fernan|last5=Iraola|first5=Victor|last6=Fernández-Caldas|first6=Enrique|title=Pancake Syndrome (Oral Mite Anaphylaxis)|journal=World Allergy Organization Journal|date=1 January 2009|volume=2|issue=5|pages=91–6|doi=10.1186/1939-4551-2-5-91|issn=1939-4551|pmc=3651046|pmid=23283016 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{Portal-inline|Arthropods}}

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
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{{Commons category|Dermatophagoides}}
* [http://www.aafa.org/page/dust-mite-allergy.aspx Dust Mite Allergy] on the [[Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America]] website


{{Pediculosis, acariasis and other infestations}}
{{Acari}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Acari and humans]]
[[nl:Huisstofmijt]]
[[Category:Acariformes]]
[[Category:Arthropod common names]]
[[Category:Arthropod infestations]]
[[Category:Building biology]]
[[Category:Cosmopolitan arachnids]]
[[Category:Dust]]

Latest revision as of 17:29, 7 July 2024

Not to be confused with Bed bug.
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
Dust mite faecal pellets that can be small as 10 μm,[1] but can be contained by anti-mite fabrics of a denser pore size.[2]

House dust mites (HDM, or simply dust mites) are various species of acariform mites belonging to the family Pyroglyphidae that are found in association with dust in dwellings.[3] They are known for causing allergies.

Biology

[edit]

Species

[edit]

The currently known species are:[4]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The dust mites are cosmopolitan members of the mite family Pyroglyphidae.

Characteristics

[edit]
A scanning electron micrograph of a female dust mite

House dust mites, due to their very small size and translucent bodies, are barely visible to the unaided eye.[5] A typical house dust mite measures 0.2–0.3 mm in length.[6] The body of the house dust mite has a striated cuticle.[citation needed]

House dust mite faecal pellets range from 10 to 40 μm.[1]

Diet

[edit]

Dust mites feed on skin flakes from humans and other animals, and on some mold. Dermatophagoides farinae fungal food choices in 16 tested species commonly found in homes was observed in vitro to be Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, and Wallemia sebi, and they disliked Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus versicolor, and Stachybotrys chartarum.[7]

Predators

[edit]

The predators of dust mites are other allergenic mites (Cheyletiella), silverfish and pseudoscorpions.[8]

Reproduction

[edit]

The average life cycle for a house dust mite is 65–100 days.[9] A mated female house dust mite can live up to 70 days, laying 60 to 100 eggs in the last five weeks of her life. In a 10-week life span, a house dust mite will produce approximately 2,000 fecal particles and an even larger number of partially digested enzyme-covered dust particles.[10]

Distribution

[edit]

Dust mites are found worldwide, but are more common in humid regions.[11] The species Blomia tropicalis is typically found only in tropical or subtropical regions.[12] Detectable dust mite allergen was found in the beds of about 84% of surveyed United States homes.[13] In Europe, detectable Der p 1 or Der f 1 allergen was found in 68% of surveyed homes.[14]

Health issues

[edit]

Asthma

[edit]

House dust mite antigens are strongly associated with asthma development and severity; they are estimated to contribute to 60-90% of cases. [15]

Allergies

[edit]
Main article: Dust mite allergy

Tropomyosin, the major allergen in dust mites, is also responsible for shellfish allergy.[16][17]

Oral mite anaphylaxis

[edit]

Dermatophagoides spp. can cause oral mite anaphylaxis (AKA pancake syndrome) when found in flour.[18][19]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "House dust mite excrements/ faeces HDM excrements". Citeq Biologics. 1 October 2018.
  2. ^ "Best Fabrics to Exclude Dust Mites". HouseDustMite.com. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  3. ^ Denmark, H. A.; Cromroy, H. L. (April 2017) [October 1998]. "House dust mites—Dermatophagoides spp". Featured Creatures. Department of Entomology & Nemotology, University of Florida, and Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. EENY-59. Originally published as DPI Entomology Circular 314.
  4. ^ "House Dust Mites: Ecology, Biology, Prevalence, Epidemiology and Elimination". Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  5. ^ "Why study the major cause of allergy, the house dust mite?". HouseDustMite.com. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  6. ^ "The House Dust Mite: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus". MicrobiologyBytes. 2007. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2019.. Note that the video is gone.
  7. ^ Naegele, Alexandre; Reboux, Gabriel; Scherer, Emeline; Roussel, Sandrine; Millon, Laurence (1 April 2013). "Fungal food choices of Dermatophagoides farinae affect indoor fungi selection and dispersal". International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 23 (2): 91–95. Bibcode:2013IJEHR..23...91N. doi:10.1080/09603123.2012.699029. ISSN 0960-3123. PMID 22774849. S2CID 46508627.
  8. ^ "House dust mites: Agents of allergy". acari.be. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  9. ^ Miller, J. D. (23 June 2018). "The Role of Dust Mites in Allergy". Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol. 57 (3): 312–329. doi:10.1007/s12016-018-8693-0. ISSN 1559-0267. PMID 29936683. S2CID 49406343.
  10. ^ "Biology of house dust mites and storage mites". Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  11. ^ Madden, Anne A.; Barberán, Albert; Bertone, Matthew A.; Menninger, Holly L.; Dunn, Robert R.; Fierer, Noah (2016). "The diversity of arthropods in homes across the United States as determined by environmental DNA analyses". Molecular Ecology. 25 (24): 6214–6224. Bibcode:2016MolEc..25.6214M. doi:10.1111/mec.13900. ISSN 1365-294X. PMID 27801965. S2CID 22325949.
  12. ^ Dutra, Moisés S; Roncada, Cristian; da Silva, Guilherme L; Ferla, Noeli J; Pitrez, Paulo M (2018-05-04). "Mite Fauna Assessment in Houses of Two distinct Socioeconomic Groups From Southern Brazil". Journal of Medical Entomology. 55 (3): 620–625. doi:10.1093/jme/tjx239. ISSN 0022-2585. PMID 29281052.
  13. ^ Arbes, Samuel J.; Cohn, Richard D.; Yin, Ming; Muilenberg, Michael L.; Burge, Harriet A.; Friedman, Warren; Zeldin, Darryl C. (2003-02-01). "House dust mite allergen in US beds: Results from the first national survey of lead and allergens in housing". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 111 (2): 408–414. doi:10.1067/mai.2003.16. PMID 12589364.
  14. ^ Luczynska, Christina; Svanes, Cecilie; Dahlman-Hoglund, Anna; Ponzio, Michela; Villani, Simona; Soon, Argo; Olivieri, Mario; Chinn, Susan; Sunyer, Jordi (2006-09-01). "Distribution and determinants of house dust mite allergens in Europe: The European Community Respiratory Health Survey II". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 118 (3): 682–690. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.04.060. ISSN 0091-6749. PMID 16950288.
  15. ^ "Dust Mites". American Lung Association. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  16. ^ Lopata AL, Kleine-Tebbe J, Kamath SD (November 2016). "Allergens and molecular diagnostics of shellfish allergy: Part 22 of the Series Molecular Allergology". Allergo J Int. 25 (7): 210–18. doi:10.1007/s40629-016-0124-2. PMC 5306157. PMID 28239537.
  17. ^ Prester L (August 2016). "Seafood Allergy, Toxicity, and Intolerance: A Review". J Am Coll Nutr. 35 (3): 271–83. doi:10.1080/07315724.2015.1014120. PMID 26252073. S2CID 1154235.
  18. ^ Barrera, OM; Murgas, IL; Bermúdez, S; Miranda, RJ (June 2015). "[Oral anaphylaxis by ingestion of mite contaminated food in Panama City, 2011-2014]". Revista Alergia Mexico. 62 (2): 112–7. doi:10.29262/ram.v62i2.71. PMID 25958374.
  19. ^ Sánchez-Borges, Mario; Suárez-Chacon, Raúl; Capriles-Hulett, Arnaldo; Caballero-Fonseca, Fernan; Iraola, Victor; Fernández-Caldas, Enrique (1 January 2009). "Pancake Syndrome (Oral Mite Anaphylaxis)". World Allergy Organization Journal. 2 (5): 91–6. doi:10.1186/1939-4551-2-5-91. ISSN 1939-4551. PMC 3651046. PMID 23283016.
[edit]
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