Aconitum coreanum: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Species of plant}} |
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{{Italic title}} |
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{{use dmy dates|date=July 2024}} |
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{{taxobox |
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| name = Aconitum koreanum R.Raymund'' |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| image = Aconitum koreanum.jpg |
| image = Aconitum koreanum.jpg |
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| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| unranked_divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] |
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| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author1 = Kim, Y.-S. | author2 = Kim, H. | author3 = Son, S.-W. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Aconitum coreanum'' |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188365A13189409.en | page = e.T13188365A13189409 | year = 2016 | access-date = 4 February 2023}}</ref> |
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| unranked_classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] |
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| genus = Aconitum |
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| unranked_ordo = [[Ranunculales]] |
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| species = coreanum |
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| ordo = [[Ranunculaceae]] |
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| authority = (H.Lév.) Rapaics |
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| familia = [[Acunitum]] |
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| genus = ''[[Koreanum]]'' |
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| species = '''''Koreanum''''' |
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| binomial = ''Aconitum koreanum R.Raymund'' |
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}} |
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'''Aconitum |
'''''Aconitum coreanum''''', known as '''Korean monkshood''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=336 |access-date=22 December 2016 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> is one of the species of ''[[Aconitum]]''. It is one of the crude botanical drugs that has been applied in Chinese medicine during past decades.<ref name="Medicinal Plants in the Republic of Korea">{{cite book|author=Seoul Nation University|title=Medicinal Plants in the Republic of Korea|year=1998|publisher=Natural Products research institute|isbn=92-9061-120-0|page=4}}</ref> |
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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''Aconitum coreanum'' is a [[perennial]] shrub with thickened roots growing to {{convert|100|cm}} in height. It prefers a soil slightly retentive of moisture, such as a moist [[loam]]. The shade side of mountain valleys is preferred. Its stems are glabrous and strict. The plant is simple or branched with the leaves crowded. These leaves are alternate and palmately cleft 3-5 and long-petioled and upper leaves shorter almost sessile. Proximal cauline leaves are withered at anthesis.<ref name="Flora of China" /> Its leaver are deeply divided again to lanceolate and sharply acuminate. The roots are poisonous. The flower's color is pale yellow or sometimes purplish tint. The flowers bloom from July to August. Its pedicels are short and has 5 petal-like sepals; the upper one clearly hooded, the others flat, the lower 2 narrower than the others.<ref name="Medicinal Plants in the Republic of Korea" /> The entire plant is {{convert|30|cm}} -{{convert|100|cm}} in height.<ref name="Flora of China">{{cite web|author=Flora of China |title=Aconitum coreanum |url=http://www.floraofchina.org/content.aspx?TaxonId=200007151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200701/http://www.floraofchina.org/content.aspx?TaxonId=200007151 |archive-date=2013-10-29 }}</ref> |
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It is a [[perennial]] hub plant with thickened roots growing to {{convert|100|cm}}. It's stems are glabrous and strict. And the roots are toxicity. It's leaves alternate and palmately cleft 3-5 and long-petioled. |
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*'''Habitat''': Grassy areas in mountain valleys or on slopes.<ref name="Medicinal Plants in the Republic of Korea" /> |
*'''Habitat''': Grassy areas in mountain valleys or on slopes.<ref name="Medicinal Plants in the Republic of Korea" /> |
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*'''Distribution''': Korea <ref name=" |
*'''Distribution''': [[Korea]], [[China]], [[Mongolia]], Far eastern [[Russia]].<ref name="Flora of China" /> |
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==Toxicology== |
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Marked symptoms may appear almost immediately, usually not later than one hour, and "with large doses death is almost instantaneous." Death usually occurs within two to six hours in fatal poisoning (20 to 40 mL of [[tincture]] may prove fatal).<ref name="ref_">''The Extra Pharmacopoeia Martindale''. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 38.</ref> The initial signs are [[gastrointestinal]] including nausea, [[vomiting]], and [[diarrhea]]. This is followed by a sensation of burning, tingling, and numbness in the mouth and face, and of burning in the abdomen.<ref name="Chisholm">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Aconite|volume=1|pages=151–152}}</ref> In severe poisonings pronounced motor weakness occurs and cutaneous sensations of tingling and numbness spread to the limbs. [[Cardiovascular]] features include [[hypotension]], [[sinus bradycardia]], and ventricular [[Heart arrhythmia|arrhythmia]]s. Other features may include sweating, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, headache, and confusion. The main causes of death are ventricular arrhythmias and asystole, paralysis of the heart or of the respiratory center.<ref name="ref_" /><ref name="Chan">{{cite journal |author =Chan TY |title=Aconite poisoning |journal=Clin Toxicol |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=279–85 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19514874 |doi=10.1080/15563650902904407|s2cid=2697673 }}</ref> The only post-mortem signs are those of [[asphyxia]].<ref name="Chisholm"/> |
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Treatment of poisoning is mainly supportive. All patients require close monitoring of [[blood pressure]] and [[cardiac rhythm]]. Gastrointestinal decontamination with [[activated charcoal]] can be used if given within one hour of ingestion.<ref name="Chyka2005">{{cite journal |vauthors =Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA, ((American Academy of Clinical Toxicology)), ((European Association of Poisons Centres Clinical Toxicologists)) |title=Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal |journal=Clin Toxicol |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=61–87 |year=2005 |pmid=15822758 |doi=10.1081/CLT-51867|s2cid=218856921 }}</ref> The major physiological antidote is [[atropine]], which is used to treat bradycardia. Other drugs used for ventricular arrhythmia include [[lidocaine]], [[amiodarone]], [[bretylium]], [[flecainide]], [[procainamide]], and [[mexiletine]]. [[Cardiopulmonary bypass]] is used if symptoms are refractory to treatment with these drugs.<ref name="Chan"/> Successful use of charcoal [[hemoperfusion]] has been claimed in patients with severe aconite poisoning.<ref name="Lin2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin CC, Chan TY, Deng JF |title=Clinical features and management of herb-induced aconitine poisoning |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=574–9 |date=May 2004 |pmid=15111916 |doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.10.046 }}</ref> |
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Poisoning may also occur following picking the leaves without wearing gloves; the aconitine toxin is absorbed easily through the skin. In this event, there will be no gastrointestinal effects. Tingling will start at the point of absorption and extend up the arm to the shoulder, after which the heart will start to be affected. The tingling will be followed by unpleasant numbness. Treatment is similar to poisoning caused by oral ingestion.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} |
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Aconitine is a potent [[neurotoxin]] that opens [[tetrodotoxin]] sensitive sodium channels. It increases influx of sodium through these channels and delays repolarization, thus increasing excitability and promoting ventricular dysrhythmias. |
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==Traditional medicine== |
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The root is traditionally used in [[Korea]] to treat chills in legs and arms and articular pain.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} In China, It has been used in immortal tonic among the [[folk remedies]].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} However, its general uses in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] are for [[Forced diuresis|diuresis]], [[cardiotonic]], [[analgesia]], [[neuralgia]], [[gout]] and, furthermore, even neoplastic effect.<ref name="Korean Journal of Pharmacology">{{cite journal|title=The Action of Extract of Aconitum koreanum R. Raymond on isolated clam heart|journal=Korean Journal of Pharmacology|year=1972|volume=8|series=NO. 1|pages=15–25|url=http://astp.jst.go.jp/modules/search/DocumentDetail/0377-9459%2B%2540%2B0377-9459%2B%2540%2B_8_1_The%2BAction%2Bof%2BExtract%2Bof%2BAconitum%2Bkoreanum%2BR.%2BRaymond%2Bon%2BIsolated%2BClam%2BHeart_%25EC%259A%25B0%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EB%2582%2598%25EB%259D%25BC%2B%25EB%25B0%25B1%25EB%25B6%2580%25EC%259E%2590%25EC%259D%2598%2B%25EC%25A0%2581%25EC%25B6%259C%2B%25EC%25A1%25B0%25EA%25B0%259C%2B%25EC%258B%25AC%25EC%259E%25A5%25EC%259A%25B4%25EB%258F%2599%25EC%2597%2590%2B%25EB%258C%2580%25ED%2595%259C%2B%25EC%259E%2591%25EC%259A%25A9|access-date=2014-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108022925/http://astp.jst.go.jp/modules/search/DocumentDetail/0377-9459%2B%2540%2B0377-9459%2B%2540%2B_8_1_The%2BAction%2Bof%2BExtract%2Bof%2BAconitum%2Bkoreanum%2BR.%2BRaymond%2Bon%2BIsolated%2BClam%2BHeart_%25EC%259A%25B0%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EB%2582%2598%25EB%259D%25BC%2B%25EB%25B0%25B1%25EB%25B6%2580%25EC%259E%2590%25EC%259D%2598%2B%25EC%25A0%2581%25EC%25B6%259C%2B%25EC%25A1%25B0%25EA%25B0%259C%2B%25EC%258B%25AC%25EC%259E%25A5%25EC%259A%25B4%25EB%258F%2599%25EC%2597%2590%2B%25EB%258C%2580%25ED%2595%259C%2B%25EC%259E%2591%25EC%259A%25A9|archive-date=2014-11-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pmid17280679">{{cite journal| vauthors =Tang Q, Yang C, Ye W, Liu J, Zhao S| title=Preparative isolation and purification of bioactive constituents from Aconitum coreanum by high-speed counter-current chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection | journal=J Chromatogr A | year= 2007 | volume= 1144 | issue= 2 | pages= 203–7 | pmid=17280679 | doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.058 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2014}} |
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[[Caffeoyl]] derivatives from the roots of ''Aconitum coreanum'' have been shown to have at least some anti-inflammatory effect ''[[in vitro]].<ref name="pmid19952423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Park KH, Park M, Choi SE, Jeong MS, Kwon JH, Oh MH | title=The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of caffeoyl derivatives from the roots of Aconitum coreanum R. RAYMOND | journal=Biol Pharm Bull | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 12 | pages= 2029–33 | pmid=19952423 | doi= 10.1248/bpb.32.2029| display-authors=etal | doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q11178259}} |
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<br /> |
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==Medicinal uses== |
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The root traditionally uses in Korea to cure chills in legs and arms, articular pain. In China, It has been used in immortal tonic among the [[folk remedies]]. However, its general uses for [[diuresis]], [[cardiotonic]], [[analgesia]], [[neuralgia]], [[gout]] and, furthermore, even neoplastic effect.<ref name="Korean Journal of Pharmacology">{{cite journal|title=The Action of Extract of Aconitum koreanum R. Raymond on isolated clam heart|journal=Korean Journal of Pharmacology|year=1972|volume=8|series=NO. 1|pages=15-25}}</ref> |
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* Bio-Activities: [[Analgesic]] (aconitine alkaloids), [[cardiotonic]](hygenamine, coryneine), uterine stimulant. |
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[[Category:Aconitum|coreanum]] |
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[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]] |
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[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]] |
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{{reflist}} |
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Latest revision as of 06:15, 18 July 2024
| Aconitum coreanum | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | Aconitum |
| Species: | A. coreanum
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| Binomial name | |
| Aconitum coreanum (H.Lév.) Rapaics
| |
Aconitum coreanum, known as Korean monkshood,[2] is one of the species of Aconitum. It is one of the crude botanical drugs that has been applied in Chinese medicine during past decades.[3]
Ecology
[edit]Aconitum coreanum is a perennial shrub with thickened roots growing to 100 centimetres (39 in) in height. It prefers a soil slightly retentive of moisture, such as a moist loam. The shade side of mountain valleys is preferred. Its stems are glabrous and strict. The plant is simple or branched with the leaves crowded. These leaves are alternate and palmately cleft 3-5 and long-petioled and upper leaves shorter almost sessile. Proximal cauline leaves are withered at anthesis.[4] Its leaver are deeply divided again to lanceolate and sharply acuminate. The roots are poisonous. The flower's color is pale yellow or sometimes purplish tint. The flowers bloom from July to August. Its pedicels are short and has 5 petal-like sepals; the upper one clearly hooded, the others flat, the lower 2 narrower than the others.[3] The entire plant is 30 centimetres (12 in) -100 centimetres (39 in) in height.[4]
- Habitat: Grassy areas in mountain valleys or on slopes.[3]
- Distribution: Korea, China, Mongolia, Far eastern Russia.[4]
Toxicology
[edit]Marked symptoms may appear almost immediately, usually not later than one hour, and "with large doses death is almost instantaneous." Death usually occurs within two to six hours in fatal poisoning (20 to 40 mL of tincture may prove fatal).[5] The initial signs are gastrointestinal including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. This is followed by a sensation of burning, tingling, and numbness in the mouth and face, and of burning in the abdomen.[6] In severe poisonings pronounced motor weakness occurs and cutaneous sensations of tingling and numbness spread to the limbs. Cardiovascular features include hypotension, sinus bradycardia, and ventricular arrhythmias. Other features may include sweating, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, headache, and confusion. The main causes of death are ventricular arrhythmias and asystole, paralysis of the heart or of the respiratory center.[5][7] The only post-mortem signs are those of asphyxia.[6]
Treatment of poisoning is mainly supportive. All patients require close monitoring of blood pressure and cardiac rhythm. Gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal can be used if given within one hour of ingestion.[8] The major physiological antidote is atropine, which is used to treat bradycardia. Other drugs used for ventricular arrhythmia include lidocaine, amiodarone, bretylium, flecainide, procainamide, and mexiletine. Cardiopulmonary bypass is used if symptoms are refractory to treatment with these drugs.[7] Successful use of charcoal hemoperfusion has been claimed in patients with severe aconite poisoning.[9]
Poisoning may also occur following picking the leaves without wearing gloves; the aconitine toxin is absorbed easily through the skin. In this event, there will be no gastrointestinal effects. Tingling will start at the point of absorption and extend up the arm to the shoulder, after which the heart will start to be affected. The tingling will be followed by unpleasant numbness. Treatment is similar to poisoning caused by oral ingestion.[citation needed]
Aconitine is a potent neurotoxin that opens tetrodotoxin sensitive sodium channels. It increases influx of sodium through these channels and delays repolarization, thus increasing excitability and promoting ventricular dysrhythmias.
Traditional medicine
[edit]The root is traditionally used in Korea to treat chills in legs and arms and articular pain.[citation needed] In China, It has been used in immortal tonic among the folk remedies.[citation needed] However, its general uses in traditional Chinese medicine are for diuresis, cardiotonic, analgesia, neuralgia, gout and, furthermore, even neoplastic effect.[10][11][failed verification]
- Side effects: cardiotoxic, causing arrhythmia and hypotension if not processed to degrade ester-type alkaloids like aconitine.[3]
Caffeoyl derivatives from the roots of Aconitum coreanum have been shown to have at least some anti-inflammatory effect in vitro.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ Kim, Y.-S.; Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. (2016). "Aconitum coreanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13188365A13189409. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188365A13189409.en. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
- ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 336. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
- ^ a b c d Seoul Nation University (1998). Medicinal Plants in the Republic of Korea. Natural Products research institute. p. 4. ISBN 92-9061-120-0.
- ^ a b c Flora of China. "Aconitum coreanum". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
- ^ a b The Extra Pharmacopoeia Martindale. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 38.
- ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aconite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–152.
- ^ a b Chan TY (April 2009). "Aconite poisoning". Clin Toxicol. 47 (4): 279–85. doi:10.1080/15563650902904407. PMID 19514874. S2CID 2697673.
- ^ Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA, American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, European Association of Poisons Centres Clinical Toxicologists (2005). "Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal". Clin Toxicol. 43 (2): 61–87. doi:10.1081/CLT-51867. PMID 15822758. S2CID 218856921.
- ^ Lin CC, Chan TY, Deng JF (May 2004). "Clinical features and management of herb-induced aconitine poisoning". Ann Emerg Med. 43 (5): 574–9. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.10.046. PMID 15111916.
- ^ "The Action of Extract of Aconitum koreanum R. Raymond on isolated clam heart". Korean Journal of Pharmacology. NO. 1. 8: 15–25. 1972. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
- ^ Tang Q, Yang C, Ye W, Liu J, Zhao S (2007). "Preparative isolation and purification of bioactive constituents from Aconitum coreanum by high-speed counter-current chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection". J Chromatogr A. 1144 (2): 203–7. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.058. PMID 17280679.
- ^ Park KH, Park M, Choi SE, Jeong MS, Kwon JH, Oh MH, et al. (2009). "The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of caffeoyl derivatives from the roots of Aconitum coreanum R. RAYMOND". Biol Pharm Bull. 32 (12): 2029–33. doi:10.1248/bpb.32.2029. PMID 19952423.
