Right to keep and bear arms: Difference between revisions

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The right to keep and bear arms (often referred to as the right to bear arms) is a legal right for people to possess weapons (arms) for the preservation of life, liberty, and property.^[1] The purpose of gun rights is for self-defense, as well as hunting and sporting activities.^[2]^: 96^[3] Countries that guarantee a right to keep and bear arms include Albania, Czech Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, the Philippines, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United States and Yemen.

Background

The Bill of Rights 1689 allowed Protestant citizens of England to "have Arms for their Defense suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law." This restricted the ability of the English Crown to have a standing army or to interfere with Protestants' right to bear arms "when Papists were both Armed and Imployed contrary to Law" and established that Parliament, not the Crown, could regulate the right to bear arms.^[4]^[5]

Sir William Blackstone wrote in the 18th century that the right to have arms was auxiliary to the "natural right of resistance and self-preservation" subject to suitability and allowance by law.^[6] The term arms, as used in the 1600s, refers to the process of equipping for war;^[7] it is commonly used as a synonym for weapon.^[8]

Inclusion of this right in a written constitution is uncommon. In 1875, 17 percent of national constitutions included a right to bear arms. Since the early twentieth century, "the proportion has been less than 9 percent and falling".^[9] In an article titled "U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism," a historical survey and comparative analysis of constitutions dating back to 1789,^[9] Tom Ginsburg and colleagues "identified only 15 constitutions (in nine countries) that had ever included an explicit right to bear arms. Almost all of these constitutions have been in Latin America, and most were from the 19th century".^[10]

Countries recognizing the right to keep and bear arms

North America

Guatemala

The right to own weapons for personal use, not prohibited by the law, in the place of inhabitation, is recognized. There will not be an obligation to hand them over, except in cases ordered by a competent judge.^[11]

Article 38 of Guatemala Constitution

While protecting the right to keep arms, Guatemalan constitution specifies that this right extends only to "weapons not prohibited by law".

Honduras

Every person, in the exercise of their civil rights, may request a maximum of five (5) license for the possession and carrying of up to five (5) firearms by submitting an application with the following information^[12]
(...)
(1) Form with personal information and residence; (2) Brand, model, serial number, identification of modification of calibre, if any; as well as any other characteristics of the weapon; (3) Proof of having undertaken a ballistic test; (4) Payment of municipal matriculation and criminal background check; and, (5) Identification documents.

Article 27 of Decree No. 69-2007, Modifying the Act on the Control of Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Materials (Honduras)

The constitution of Honduras does not protect the right to keep and bear arms.

Although not explicitly mentioned in the legislation, every person is entitled to receive a license to keep and carry arms by Honduran Statute law, provided that they fulfill the conditions required by the law.^[13]

Mexico

The inhabitants of the United Mexican States have the right to possess arms within their domicile, for their safety and legitimate defense, except those forbidden by Federal Law and those reserved for the exclusive use of the Army, Militia, Air Force and National Guard. Federal law shall provide in what cases, conditions, under what requirements and in which places inhabitants shall be authorized to bear arms.^[14]

Article 10 of Mexican Constitution

The Mexican constitution of 1857 first included the right to be armed. In its first version, the right was defined in similar terms as it is in the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. A new Mexican constitution of 1917 revised the right, stating that its utilization must be in line with local police regulations.

Another change was included in 1917 Constitution. Since then, Mexicans have the right to be armed only within their home and further utilization of this right is subject to statutory authorization in Federal law.

United States

A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.^[15]

Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

In the United States, which has an English common law tradition, a longstanding common-law right to keep and bear arms was practiced prior to the creation of a written national constitution.^[16] Today, this right is specifically protected by the United States Constitution and many state constitutions.^[17]

Europe

Czech Republic

The right to acquire, keep and bear firearms is guaranteed under conditions set by this law.

Article 1 Subsection 1 of Czech Firearms Act

(1) Everyone has the right to life. Human life is worthy of protection even before birth.
(2) Nobody may be deprived of their life.
(3) The death penalty is prohibited.
(4) Deprivation of life is not inflicted in contravention of this Article if it occurs in connection with conduct which is not criminal under the law. The right to defend own life or life of another person also with arms is guaranteed under conditions set out in the law.^[18]

Constitutional amendment of Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms passed in 2021. Most of the Article is preexisting, the last sentence in subsection 4 was newly added.

Historically, the Czech lands were at the forefront of the spreading of civilian firearms ownership.^[19] In the 1420s and 1430s, firearms became indispensable tools for the mostly peasant Hussite armies whose amateur combatants, including women, fended off a series of invasions of professional crusader armies of well-armored warriors with cold weapons.^[19] Throughout and after the Hussite wars, firearms' design underwent fast development and their possession by civilians became a matter of course.^[19]

Their first firearms regulation was enacted in 1517 as a part of general accord between the nobles and burghers and later in 1524 as a standalone Enactment on Firearms (zřízení o ručnicích). The 1517 law explicitly stated that "all people of all standing have the right to keep firearms at home" while at the same time enacting a universal carry ban.^[19] The 1524 enactment set out a process of issuing of permits for carrying of firearms and detailed enforcement and punishment for carrying without such a permit.^[19] Carrying later became permitless again until 1852, when Imperial Regulation No. 223 reintroduced carry permits. This law remained in force until the 1939 German invasion.^[19]

Since its inception during the Hussite revolution, the right to keep firearms endured over five-hundred years until the Nazi gun ban during the German occupation in the 20th century. Firearms possession later became severely restricted during the communist period. After the Velvet revolution, the Czech Republic instated a shall-issue permitting process, under which all residents can keep and bear arms subject to the fulfillment of regulatory conditions.^[19]

In the Czech Republic, every resident that meets conditions laid down in Act No. 119/2002 Coll.^[20] has the right to have a firearms license issued and can then obtain a firearm.^[21]^[22] Holders of D (exercise of profession) and E (self-defense) licenses, which are also shall-issue, can carry up to two concealed firearms for protection.^[23] The right to be armed is statutorily protected.

A proposal to have the right to keep and bear arms included in the constitution was entered in the Czech Parliament in December 2016.^[24] The proposal was approved by vote of 139 to 9 on 28 June 2017 by the Chamber of Deputies. It later failed to reach necessary support in Senate, where only 28 out of 59 Senators present supported it (with constitutional majority being 36 votes).^[25]

A new proposal was entered by 35 Senators in September 2019^[26] and then approved on 21 July 2021, adding a new sentence, according to which "the right to defend one's own life or the life of another person even with the use of a weapon is guaranteed under the conditions set by the law."^[27] The provision is interpreted as guaranteeing legal accessibility of arms in a way that must ensure possibility of effective self-defense^[28] and as constitutional stipulation which underscores the individual right to be prepared with arms against an eventual attack, i.e. that courts cannot draw a negative inference from the fact that a defender had been preparing to avert a possible attack with use of weapons.^[29]

Switzerland

The right to acquire, keep and bear arms is guaranteed within boundaries of this law.

Article 3 of Swiss Firearms Act

The Swiss have a statutory right to bear arms under Article 3 of the 1997 Weapons Act.^[30]^[a] Switzerland practices universal conscription, which requires that all able-bodied male citizens keep a firearm at home in case of a call-up. Each male between the ages of 20 and 34 is considered a candidate for conscription into the military, and following a brief period of active duty will commonly be enrolled in the militia until age or an inability to serve ends his obligation.^[31] Until December 2009, these men were required to keep their government-issued selective fire combat rifles and semi-automatic handguns in their homes as long as they were enrolled in the armed forces.^[32] Since January 2010, they have had the option of depositing their personal firearm at a government arsenal.^[33] Until September 2007, soldiers received 50 rounds of government-issued ammunition in a sealed box for storage at home; after 2007 only about 2,000 specialist troops are allowed to keep the ammunition at home.^[34]

In a referendum in February 2011, voters rejected a citizens' initiative that would have obliged members of the armed services to store their rifles and pistols on military compounds and required that privately owned firearms be registered.^[35]

United Kingdom

That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law.

Bill of Rights 1689

In the United Kingdom, there is no automatic right to bear arms,^[36] although citizens may possess certain firearms on obtaining an appropriate licence.^[37] Ordinary members of the public may own sporting rifles and shotguns, subject to licensing, while handguns, automatic, and centerfire semi-automatic weapons are illegal to possess without special additional conditions.^[36]^[38] When not attended, all licensed firearms must be stored securely (locked) and separate from their ammunition. Regulations for airguns are less stringent and air pistols with a muzzle energy not exceeding 6 foot-pounds force (8.1 joules) and other airguns with a muzzle energy not exceeding 12 ft⋅lbf (16 J) do not require any certificates or licensing, although the same storage requirement applies. The first serious control on firearms was established with the passing of the Firearms Act 1920,^[39] handgun restrictions being added in response to the 1996 Dunblane Massacre in which 18 people died.

Historically the English Bill of Rights 1689 allowed:

That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law.^[40]

Since 1953, it has been a criminal offence in the United Kingdom to carry a knife (with the exception of non-locking folding knives with a cutting edge of 3 inches (7.62 centimetres) or less) or any "offensive weapon" in a public place without lawful authority (e.g. police or security forces) or reasonable excuse (e.g. tools that are needed for work). The cutting edge of a knife is separate to the blade length. The only manner in which an individual may carry arms is on private property or any property to which the public does not have a lawful right of access (e.g., a person's own home, private land, the area in a shop where the public have no access, etc.), as the law only creates the offence when it occurs in public.^[41]^[42] Furthermore, Criminal Justice Act 1988 Section 141 specifically lists all offensive weapons that cannot technically be owned, even on private property, by way of making it illegal to sell, trade, hire, etc. an offensive weapon to another person.^[43]

Furthermore, the law does not allow an offensive weapon or ordinary item intended or adapted as an offensive weapon to be carried in public before the threat of violence arises. This would only be acceptable in the eyes of the law if the person armed themselves immediately preceding or during an attack (in a public place). This is known as a "weapon of opportunity" or "instantaneous arming".^[42]

Other

Sharia law

Under Sharia law, there is an intrinsic freedom to own arms. However, in times of civil strife or internal violence, this right can be temporarily suspended to keep peace and prevent harm, as mentioned by Imam ash-Shatibi in his works on Maqasid ash-Shari'ah (The Intents and Purposes of Shari'ah).^[44]^[45] Citizens not practicing Islam are prohibited from bearing arms and are required to be protected by the military, the state for which they pay the jizyah. In exchange they do not need to pay the zakat.^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]

Yemen

The citizens of the Republic shall have the right to hold the necessary rifles, machine guns, revolvers, and hunting rifles for their personal use with an amount of ammunition for the purpose of legitimate defense.^[50]

Law Regulating Carrying Firearms, Ammunition & their Trade

Yemen recognizes statutory right to keep and bear arms. Firearms are both easily and legally accessible.^[51]^[52]

Gun violence and the politics of the right to bear arms

Legal restrictions on the right to keep and bear arms are usually put in place by legislators in an attempt to reduce firearm-based violence and crime.^[55]^[56]^[57] Their actions may be the result of political groups advocating for such regulations. The Brady Campaign, Snowdrop Campaign, and the Million Mom March are examples of campaigns calling for tighter restrictions on the right to keep and bear arms. Accident statistics can be hard to obtain, but much data is available on the issue of gun ownership and gun related deaths.

United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute

The United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) has made comparisons between countries with different levels of gun ownership and investigated the correlation between gun ownership levels and gun homicides, and between gun ownership levels and gun suicides. A "substantial correlation" is seen in both:^[58]

During the 1989 and 1992 International Crime Surveys, data on gun ownership in eighteen countries have been collected on which WHO data on suicide and homicide committed with guns and other means are also available. The results presented in a previous paper based on the fourteen countries surveyed during the first ICS and on rank correlations (Spearman's rho), suggested that gun ownership may increase suicides and homicides using firearms, while it may not reduce suicides and homicides with other means. In the present analysis, four additional countries covered by the 1992 ICS only have been included, and Pearson's correlation coefficients have been used. The results confirm those presented in the previous study.
— Martin Killias, Understanding Crime, Experiences of Crime and Crime Control – Acts of the International Conference^[59]

UNICRI also investigated the relationship between gun ownership levels and other forms of homicide or suicide to determine whether high levels of gun ownership added to or merely displaced other forms of homicide or suicide. They reported that "widespread gun ownership has not been found to reduce the likelihood of fatal events committed with other means. Thus, people do not turn to knives and other potentially lethal instruments less often when more guns are available, but more guns usually means more victims of suicide and homicide." The researchers concluded that "all we know is that guns do not reduce fatal events due to other means, but that they go along with more shootings. Although we do not know why exactly this is so, we have a good reason to suspect guns to play a fatal role in this".^[58]

This research found that guns were the major cause of homicides in three of the fourteen countries it studied: Northern Ireland, Italy, and the United States.^[58] Although some data indicates that reducing the availability of one significant type of arms—firearms—leads to reductions both in gun crimes and gun suicides and moderate reductions in overall crimes and overall suicides, the author did caution that "reducing the number of guns in the hands of the private citizen may become a hopeless task beyond a certain point," citing the American example where gun laws remain a subject of heated debate (see also Gun politics in the United States).^[58]

A posterior study by UNICRI researchers from 2001 examined the link between household gun ownership and overall homicide, overall suicide, as well as gun homicide and gun suicide rates amongst 21 countries. The researchers declared "The results show very strong correlations between the presence of guns in the home and suicide committed with a gun, rates of gun-related homicide involving female victims, and gun-related assault."^[60] There were no significant correlations detected for total homicide and suicide rates, as well as gun homicide rates involving male victims.^[60]

Other

Some other research indicates that gun levels do not affect the total number of homicides or the total number of suicides, but rather affect the share of homicides or suicides committed with guns.^[61]

Public-health critic, gun-rights proponent, and editor-in-chief of Surgical Neurology International Miguel Faria contended in 2012 that keeping and bearing arms not only has constitutional protection, but also that firearms have beneficial aspects that have been ignored by the public health establishment in which he played a part.^[62] He also contended that guns are beneficial in self-defense, collective defense, and in protecting life and property.^[62]^[63]

A 2012 study in the journal Annual Review of Public Health found that suicide rates are greater in households with firearms than those without them.^[64]

Notes

^ "Art. 3 Recht auf Waffenerwerb, Waffenbesitz und Waffentragen: Das Recht auf Waffenerwerb, Waffenbesitz und Waffentragen ist im Rahmen dieses Gesetzes gewährleistet." (The right to acquire, possess and carry arms is guaranteed in the framework of this law.)

References

^ Halbrook, Stephen P. (1994). That Every Man Be Armed: The Evolution of a Constitutional Right (Independent Studies in Political Economy). Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute. p. 8. ISBN 0945999380. OCLC 30659789.
^ Levan, Kristine (2013). "4 Guns and Crime: Crime Facilitation Versus Crime Prevention". In Mackey, David A.; Levan, Kristine (eds.). Crime Prevention. Jones & Bartlett. p. 438. ISBN 978-1449615932. They [the NRA] promote the use of firearms for self-defense, hunting, and sporting activities, and also promote firearm safety.
^ Larry Pratt. "Firearms: the People's Liberty Teeth". Retrieved December 30, 2008.
^ "1688 c.2 1 Will. and Mar. Sess. 2". The National Archives (UK). Retrieved July 2, 2014.
^ "BBC: Bill of Rights Act, 1689 – The Glorious Revolution". bbc.co.uk. BBC. 2002. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
^ "Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England". Avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
^ Harper, Douglas. "arm (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
^ "Arm". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
^ ^a ^b Ginsburg, Tom; Elkins, Zachary; Melton, James (7 March 2013). "U.S. Gun Rights Are Truly American Exceptionalism". Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
^ Elkins, Zachary (4 April 2013). "Rewrite the Second Amendment". New York Times. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
^ Pasley, Brennan Weiss, James. "Only 3 countries in the world protect the right to bear arms in their constitutions: the US, Mexico, and Guatemala". Business Insider.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Licences to Possess and Carry Firearms (Licencias para la Tenencia y Portación de Armas de Fuego)". www.gunpolicy.org.
^ "Guns in Honduras – Firearms, gun law and gun control". www.gunpolicy.org. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ "Mexican Constitution (As amended)" (PDF). pp. Article 10.
^ "U.S. Senate: Constitution of the United States". www.cop.senate.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
^ McAffee, Thomas B.; Quinlan, Michael J. (1997). "Bringing Forward The Right To Keep And Bear Arms: Do Text, History, or Precedent Stand In The Way?". Scholarly Works. Paper 512.
^ Volokh, Eugene (2008). "State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions". law.ucla.edu.
^ 35 Members of the Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (2019), Proposal of amendment of Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (in Czech), Prague, retrieved 29 September 2017{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gawron, Tomáš (November 2019). "Historie civilního držení zbraní: Zřízení o ručnicích – česká zbraňová legislativa v roce 1524 [History of civilian firearms possession: Enactment on Firearms – Czech firearms legislation in 1524]". zbrojnice.com (in Czech). Retrieved 1 November 2019.
^ Parliament of the Czech Republic (2002), Act No. 119/2002 Coll., on Firearms and Ammunition (in Czech), Prague{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Firearms Act, Section 8
^ Firearms Act, Section 16(1)
^ Firearms Act, Section 28(3)(B), 28(4)(C)
^ Ministry of Interior (2016), Proposal of amendment of constitutional act no. 110/1998 Col., on Security of the Czech Republic (in Czech), Prague, retrieved 16 December 2016{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Právo nosit zbraň pro zajištění bezpečnosti Česka Senát neschválil [The Senate didn't adopt the right to carry a firearm for the purpose of protection of the Czech Republic] (in Czech), 2017, retrieved 6 December 2017
^ Senate of the Czech Republic (2020), Detail historie tisku č. 135 [Detailed history of proposal No. 135] (in Czech), Prague: Senate of the Czech Republic, retrieved 17 August 2020
^ "The right to bear arms in self-defense is embedded in the Czech constitution". www.expats.cz. 2021-07-21. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
^ Bartošek, Jan; Bačkovská, Milena (2021). Zbraně a střelivo. Praha: C. H. Beck. p. 209. ISBN 978-80-7400-843-6.
^ Gawron, Tomáš (2023). Nutná obrana v právní praxi. Brno: Václav Klemm. p. 30. ISBN 978-80-87713-23-5.
^ "SR 514.54 Bundesgesetz über Waffen, Waffenzubehör und Munition (Waffengesetz WG)" (official site) (in German, Italian, and French). Berne, Switzerland: The Swiss Federal Council. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
^ The Swiss Army at Europeforvisitors.com.
^ Lott, John R. (October 2, 2003). "Swiss Miss". National Review. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
^ "Hinterlegung der persönlichen Waffe". Logistikbasis der Armee, Eidgenössisches Departement für Verteidigung, Bevölkerungsschutz und Sport. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
^ "Soldiers can keep guns at home but not ammo". Swissinfo. 27 September 2007.
^ "Switzerland rejects tighter gun controls". BBC News Online. 13 February 2011.
^ ^a ^b Alpers, Philip; Wilson, Marcus; Rossetti, Amélie; Salinas, Daniel (2015-04-29). "United Kingdom – Gun Facts, Figures and the Law – Gun regulation, Right to Possess Firearms". Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
^ "Guide on Firearms Licensing Law" (PDF). www.gov.uk. April 2016.
^ Kopel, David (1995). "It isn't about duck hunting: The British origins of the right to arms". Michigan Law Review. 93 (6). Michigan Law Review Association: 1333–1362. doi:10.2307/1289883. JSTOR 1289883. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
^ John Pate (1903-08-11). "Dunblane Massacre Resource Page – Pistols Act, 1903". Dvc.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
^ "Bill of Rights [1688]". www.legislation.gov.uk.
^ "Prevention of Crime Act 1953". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ ^a ^b "Offensive Weapons, Knives, Bladed and Pointed Articles | The Crown Prosecution Service". www.cps.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ "Criminal Justice Act 1988". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ Aḥmad Raysūnī (2005). Imam Al-Shatibi's Theory of the Higher Objectives and Intents of Islamic Law. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). p. 60. ISBN 978-1565644120. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
^ "Purpose of Law" (Book). Imam Al-Shatibi's Theory of the Higher Objectives and Intents of Islamic Law (Paperback).
^ Goldschmidt, Arthur; Goldscmidt Jr., Arthur (2002). A concise history of the Middle East. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. p. 108. ISBN 0813338859.
^ حر عاملی، وسائل الشیعه، بیروت، ۱۴۰۳، ج۳، ص۳۸، باب۲۴، ح۲، و کلینی، محمد بن یعقوب، فروع کافی، تهران، ۱۳۱۲، ج۲، ص۱۱۷، و نجفی، محمد حسن، جواهر الکلام، بیروت، چاپ مؤسسة تاریخ عربی، ج ۱۱، ص ۳۳۱.
^ "امامان جمعه چه سلاحی دست می‌گیرند؟ + تصاویر". 22 December 2013.
^ "تکیه بر سلاح؛ ضرورت استفاده از سلاح توسط خطیب جمعه +فیلم".
^ Yemen – Gun Facts, Figures and the Law, Gunpolicy.org (accessed 29 August 2019)
^ Weapons in Yemen, Yemeni gun market.
^ [1], Gun policy in Yemen
^ Grinshteyn, Erin; Hemenway, David (March 2016). "Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010". The American Journal of Medicine. 129 (3): 266–273. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025. PMID 26551975. (Table 4). (PDF).
^ Fox, Kara; Shveda, Krystina; Croker, Natalie; Chacon, Marco (November 26, 2021). "How US gun culture stacks up with the world". CNN. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. CNN's attribution: Developed countries are defined based on the UN classification, which includes 36 countries. Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Global Burden of Disease 2019), Small Arms Survey (Civilian Firearm Holdings 2017)
^ Wright, David (April 22, 2007). "U.K. Response to School Massacre: Ban Handguns". ABC News.
^ "EU legislators push tougher gun controls". International Herald Tribune. November 29, 2007. Archived from the original on February 8, 2008. Alt URL
^ "President Clinton Calls Brady Law a Success and Backs More Limits". New York Times. December 1, 1999.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Killias, Martin (1993). "Gun Ownership, Suicide and Homicide: An International Perspective" (PDF). In Alvazzi del Frate, Anna; Zvekic, Ugljesa; van Dijk, Jan J. M. (eds.). Understanding Crime, Experiences of Crime and Crime Control – Acts of the International Conference, Rome, 18–20 Nov 1992. Rome: United Nations International Crime & Justice Research Institute (UNICRI). pp. 289–306. ISBN 9290780231. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-01-07. During the 1989 and 1992 International Crime Surveys data on gun ownership in eighteen countries have been collected on which WHO data on suicide and homicide committed with guns and other means are also available. The results ... based on the fourteen countries surveyed during the first ICS and on rank correlations...suggested that gun ownership may increase suicides and homicides using firearms, while it may not reduce suicides and homicides with other means.
^ Killias, Martin (1993). "Gun Ownership, Suicide and Homicide: An International Perspective" (PDF). In Alvazzi del Frate, Anna; Zvekic, Ugljesa; van Dijk, Jan J. M. (eds.). Understanding Crime, Experiences of Crime and Crime Control – Acts of the International Conference, Rome, 18–20 Nov 1992. Rome: United Nations International Crime & Justice Research Institute (UNICRI). pp. 289–306. ISBN 9290780231. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-01-07.
^ ^a ^b Killias, Martin; van Kesteren, John; Rindlisbacher, Martin (2001). "Guns, Violent Crime, and Suicide in 21 Countries" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Criminology. 43 (4): 429–448. doi:10.3138/cjcrim.43.4.429.
^ Journal of Criminal Justice 43:30–38 (2015); Social Science Quarterly 110(3):936–950 (2019)
^ ^a ^b Faria, Miguel A. (2012). "America, guns, and freedom. Part I: A recapitulation of liberty". Surgical Neurology International. 3. Elsevier: 133. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.102951. PMC 3513846. PMID 23227438. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ Faria, Miguel A. (2012). "America, guns and freedom: Part II – An international perspective". Surgical Neurology International. 3 (1). Elsevier: 135. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.103542. PMC 3513850. PMID 23227440.
^ Miller M, Azrael D, Barber C (April 2012). "Suicide mortality in the United States: the importance of attending to method in understanding population-level disparities in the burden of suicide". Annual Review of Public Health. 33: 393–408. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124636. PMID 22224886.

v t e Substantive human rights
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
Civil and political	Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment Freedom from discrimination Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture Legal aid LGBT rights Liberty Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to petition Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Right to resist Right of self-defense Right to truth Security of person Suffrage right to be a candidate Right to homeland
Economic, social and cultural	Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to a healthy environment Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of reply Right to rest and leisure Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work
Sexual and reproductive	Abortion Family planning Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Intersex human rights LGBT rights Sexual and reproductive health Right to sexuality

Right to keep and bear arms: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 06:16, 26 December 2024

Background

Countries recognizing the right to keep and bear arms

North America

Guatemala

Honduras

Mexico

United States

Europe

Czech Republic

Switzerland

United Kingdom

Other

Sharia law

Yemen

Gun violence and the politics of the right to bear arms

United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute

Other

See also

Notes

References

Further reading