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{{Short description|Plant species in the bean family}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
|image = MedicagoLupulina02.jpg
| image = MedicagoLupulina02.jpg
| image_caption =
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
⚫
| genus = Medicago
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
⚫
| species = lupulina
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
| authority = [[L.]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO |id=506268-1 |title=''Medicago lupulina'' L. |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
|ordo = [[Fabales]]
| synonyms = {{Collapsible list | {{Species list
|familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| Lupularia parviflora | Opiz (1852)
|subfamilia = [[Faboideae]]
| Lupulina aurata | Noulet (1837)
|tribus = [[Trifolieae]]
| Medica lupulina | (L.) Scop. (1771)
⚫
|genus = ''[[Medicago]]''
| Medicago apennina | J.Woods (1850)
⚫
|species = '''''M. lupulina'''''
|binomial = ''Medicago lupulina''
| Medicago breviflora | Gilib. (1782)
| Medicago canescens | Menyh. (1877)
|binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| Medicago ciliaris | Lucé (1823)
| Medicago corymbifera | W.L.E.Schmidt ex Schltdl. (1829)
| Medicago cupianiana | Guss. (1844)
| Medicago mniocarpa | Wallr. ex Ser. (1825)
| Medicago reniformis | Dulac (1867)
| Medicago revoilii | H.J.Coste & Soulié (1921)
| Medicago rigidula var. eriocarpa | Rouy (1899)
| Medicago stipularis | Wallr. (1840)
| Medicago willdenowii | Mérat (1812)
| Medicago willdenowii var. retorta | Mérat (1812)
| Medicula lupulina | (L.) Medik. (1787)
| Medicula lupulina subsp. jalasii | (Rothm.) Holub (1983)
| Medicula lupulina subsp. willdenowiana | (W.D.J.Koch) Holub (1983)
| Melilotus lupulinus | (L.) Trautv. (1841)
| Melilotus medicaginoides | Zumagl. (1864)
| Trifolium lupulinum | (L.) Savi (1798)
| Trigonella mniocarpa | Wallr. ex DC. (1825)
}}
}}
}}
}}


'''''Medicago lupulina''''', commonly known as '''black medick''', '''nonesuch''', or '''hop clover''', is a plant of dry [[grassland]] belonging to the [[fabaceae|legume]] or clover family. Plants of the genus ''[[Medicago]]'', or bur clovers, are closely related to the true clovers (''[[clover|Trifolium]]'') and sweet clover (''[[Melilotus]]''). Like the true clovers, black medick has three leaflets and a small, yellow flower closely resembling those of [[lesser trefoil]]. Black medick belongs to the same genus as [[alfalfa]].<ref name="Golden">{{cite book |first=Frank D. |last=Venning |title=Wildflowers of North America |series=Golden Field Guide |publisher=St. Martin's Press |date=1984 |mode=cs2}}</ref>
'''''Medicago lupulina''''' ('''black medic''', sometimes spelled ''medick'' or ''meddick''; also known as '''black hay''', '''black nonsuch''', '''blackweed''', etc.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=nVUJAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA355&ots=ldcA58j8ev&dq=%22Black%20Nonsuch%22&pg=PA355#v=onepage&q=%22Black%20Nonsuch%22&f=false</ref><ref>http://www.arthurleej.com/a-blackmedick.html</ref>) is a summer annual or perennial plant usually considered a [[weed]]. It has a [[tap root]]. Like other [[legumes]], it has three leaflets; its center leaflet is on a separate [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]. As with other legumes, nitrogen-fixing [[bacteria]], known as [[rhizobia]], are found in nodules on the roots.


== Description ==
==Names==
The generic name ''Medicago'' is derived, via [[Latin]] {{lang|la|medica}}, from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|Μηδική}} ({{grc-tr|Μηδική}}) "Median", because alfalfa was believed to have been introduced from the region of [[Media (region)|Media]] (now in [[Iran]]) in antiquity. The specific name ''lupulina'' means "wolf-like", and refers to the [[Humulus lupulus|hop]], or willow-wolf. Its scientific name is a translation of the common name hop clover (or hop-clover), which is also used for several members of the genus ''Trifolium''.<ref name="WSH"/><ref>{{cite web |title=''Medicago lupulina'' |url=http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=MEDLUP |website=Plants of Wisconsin |publisher=Robert W. Freckmann Arboretum, [[University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510172357/http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=MEDLUP |archive-date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2015-06-15 |mode=cs2}}<!-- explains specific name --></ref>
''Medicago lupulina'' is an annual or bi-annual plant, sometimes long-lived thanks to adventitious buds on the roots. The plant measures from 15 to 60&nbsp;cm in height, with fine stems often lying flat at the beginning of growth and later erecting. The nodes bear three leaves, carried by a long petiole and have oval leaflets, partially toothed towards the tip. This species has very small yellow flowers are grouped in tight bunches. The fruit is a pod that does not open upon maturation, of a little arched form and bearing a single seed.


Also spelled "medic" or "meddick", the plant is known by a number of alternate names, including nonesuch, black nonesuch, black medic clover, hop clover, hop medic, black clover, black hay, blackweed, English trefoil, hop trefoil, and yellow trefoil. Some of these names are also applied to wildflowers of the related genera ''Trifolium'' and ''Melilotus''.<ref name="GRIN"/><ref name="ITIS"/><ref>{{cite book |url={{Google Books|id=nVUJAAAAQAAJ|page=355|plainurl=1}} |title=A Dictionary of English Plant-names |volume=15 |author=James Britten |publisher=Richard Clay & Sons |year=1886 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Black Medick |url=http://www.arthurleej.com/a-blackmedick.html |first=Arthur Lee |last=Jacobson |date=1995 |mode=cs2}}</ref>
It is sometimes confused with other plants that have small leaves divided into three [[leaflet]]s and small yellow flowers, such as members of:


==Description==
* the [[clover]] genus, like [[Trifolium campestre|hop trefoil]] and [[Trifolium dubium|lesser hop trefoil]]
''Medicago lupulina'' is an annual or short-lived [[perennial]] plant,<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link=Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, U.K.|isbn=9780521707725 |mode=cs2}}</ref>{{rp|168}} growing each year from adventitious buds on the roots. Mature plants measure from {{cvt|15|to|80|cm|0}} in height, with fine stems often lying flat at the beginning of growth and later erecting. The leaves are compound, each with three oval [[leaflet (botany)|leaflets]], carried on a short [[petiole (botany)|petiole]]; the center leaflet usually has a longer petiole.<ref name="OSU">{{cite web |publisher=[[Oregon State University]] |website=Forage Information System |title=Black Medic |url=http://forages.oregonstate.edu/php/fact_sheet_print_legume.php?SpecID=57 |access-date=14 June 2015 |mode=cs2}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="WSH"/> The leaflets are hairy, toothed toward the tip, and differ from those of the similar ''[[Trifolium dubium]]'' in that they end in a short point.<ref name=Blamey>{{cite book|last1=Blamey|first1=M.|last2=Fitter|first2=R.|last3=Fitter|first3=A|year=2003|title=Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora.|publisher=A & C Black|location=London|isbn=978-1408179505 |mode=cs2}}</ref>{{rp|148}}<ref name=Stace/>{{rp|175}}
* the [[Oxalis|false shamrock]] genus, like [[Oxalis stricta|yellow woodsorrel]]


Black medick has small (2–3&nbsp;mm)<ref name=Stace/> yellow flowers grouped in tight bunches (compact racemes). On larger plants the flower heads may reach {{cvt|8|mm|frac=16}} or more.<ref name="WSH">{{Flora of Wisconsin|4212 |access-date=14 June 2015 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The fruit is a single-seeded pod, 1.5 to 3&nbsp;mm in diameter,<ref name=Stace/> that does not open upon maturation, but hardens and turns black when ripe. Each pod contains a single amber-colored seed.<ref name="OSU"/>
⚫
== Distribution ==


Like other [[legumes]], the roots of black medick contain nodules hosting nitrogen-fixing [[bacteria]]. Plants that survive for more than one year may develop a deep tap root.<ref name="OSU"/>
This plant can be seen through the jewish world: all of Antarctica, a great part of Russia, including China, Korea and Taiwan, as well as the jewish sub-continent, North Africa, the islands of the Atlantic (the Canaries, Madeira) and throughout the lands of Turkey.


⚫
==Distribution==
It thrives in dry limestone grounds and coastal sand dunes, where it suffers less competition from the other plants. It is relatively cold resistant and can be seen in male organs up today.
A native of the old world, black medick is found throughout Europe, north Africa, the Near East, and most of Asia, including India, China, and Korea. It is naturalized in central Asia, Japan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, and much of South America.<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate = 14 June 2015 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Black medick is found throughout the United States, including Hawaii and Alaska.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=503721 |taxon=''Medicago lupulina'' |access-date=14 June 2015 |mode=cs2}}</ref>


Black medick thrives in dry to moist, well-drained soils<ref name=BSBI>{{cite web |title=Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora: ''Medicago lupulina'' |url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/medicago-lupulina |publisher=Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |access-date=1 September 2018 }}</ref> containing sand, loam, or clay, and is a pioneer plant, often growing on disturbed ground. It grows in alkaline, neutral, and mildly acidic conditions. It does not grow in shady areas.<ref name="PFAF">{{PFAF |mode=cs2 |access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> Black medick grows well in limestone soils and on coastal sand dunes, where it suffers less competition from the other plants, and as such is found on many islands, such as Taiwan, the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira.<ref name="GRIN"/> It is resistant to cold and can be found on mountains up to 1,800 meters.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
⚫
== Use ==


⚫
==Uses==
''Medicago lupulina'' is sometimes used as a [[fodder]] plant. While being of good value, it isn't a very productive fodder. It is sometimes used in the composition of artificial meadows, especially when implanted in dry lands. It is a common sight in natural pastures. It is also one of the flowers that can be used to create [[honey]].
Black medick is a good source of nectar for bees to use to make [[honey]]. It is frequently found in natural pastures, and may be planted in order to create artificial meadows, especially on dry land. The presence of black medick in large concentrations as a lawn weed may indicate that the soil is poor in nitrogen. However, because black medick and other clovers fix nitrogen in the soil, this deficiency can improve over time due to the presence of these plants.<ref name="GRIN"/><ref>{{cite web |editor-first=Andy |editor-last=Clark |work=Managing Cover Crops Profitably |edition=3rd |url=http://www.mccc.msu.edu/documents/managingccprof/ManagingCoverCropsProfitably_medics.pdf |title=Medics |publisher=Sustainable Agriculture Network |place=[[Beltsville, Maryland]] |access-date=14 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104836/http://www.mccc.msu.edu/documents/managingccprof/ManagingCoverCropsProfitably_medics.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05 |mode=cs2}}</ref>


Black medick is sometimes used as a [[fodder]] plant. Its hardiness and ability to grow in poor soils, as well as its tendency to fix [[nitrogen]] in the soil, make black medick a good choice for pasturage, although its fodder value is limited.<ref name="GRIN"/> It is grazed by sheep but is not very palatable to cattle.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heuzé |first1=V. |last2=Thiollet |first2=H. |last3=Tran |first3=G. |last4=Hassoun |first4=P. |last5=Lebas |first5=F. |date=2018 |title=Black medic (Medicago lupulina) |website=Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO |url=https://www.feedipedia.org/node/277 |mode=cs2}}</ref>
⚫
=== Photographs ===

==Similar plants==
Black medick may be confused with other plants that have three leaflets and small yellow flowers, such as [[Trifolium campestre|hop trefoil]] (''Trifolium campestre''), [[Trifolium aureum|large hop trefoil]] (''T. aureum''), [[Trifolium dubium|lesser hop trefoil]] (''T. dubium''), and [[Oxalis stricta|yellow woodsorrel]] (''Oxalis stricta'').

⚫
===Photographs===
<gallery widths="190px" heights="180px">
<gallery widths="190px" heights="180px">
Image:Medicago lupulina 02 ies.jpg|flower
Image:Medicago lupulina 02 ies.jpg|Flower
Image:Medicago lupulina 04 ies.jpg|leaves and flowers
Image:Medicago lupulina 04 ies.jpg|Leaves and flowers
Image:Medicago lupulina 10 ies.jpg|flowers wilting after pollenation
Image:Medicago lupulina 10 ies.jpg|Flowers wilting after pollination
Image:Medicago lupulina 11 ies.jpg|unripe seed pods (green)
Image:Medicago lupulina 11 ies.jpg|unripe seed pods (green)
Image:Starr 040723-0305 Medicago lupulina.jpg|ripe seed pods (black)
Image:Starr 040723-0305 Medicago lupulina.jpg|ripe seed pods (black)
Image:Medicago lupulina seeds.JPG|seeds
Image:Medicago lupulina seeds.JPG|seeds next to US dime for scale
Image:Medicago lupulina root nodules.JPG|Root with nodules
Image:Medicago lupulina root nodules.JPG|Root with nodules
Image:Starr 051202-5595 Medicago lupulina.jpg|ground-hugging whole plants
Image:Medicago lupulina.jpg|an entire uprooted plant
Image:Black_alfalfa.jpg|an entire uprooted plant
</gallery>
</gallery>


=== Illustrations ===
===Illustrations===
<gallery widths="190px" heights="180px">
<gallery widths="190px" heights="180px">
Image:Illustration Medicago arabica1.jpg|''M. lupulina'' (bottom)&mdash;<br />''[[Medicago arabica|M. arabica]]'' (top)
Image:Illustration Medicago arabica1.jpg|Color plate: ''[[Medicago arabica|M. arabica]]'' top; ''M. lupulina'' bottom.
Image:Nsr-slika-206.png
Image:Nsr-slika-206.png
Image:Medicago lupulina BB-1913.jpg
Image:Medicago lupulina BB-1913.jpg
Line 57: Line 82:
</gallery>
</gallery>


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/m/medic/medilup.html.en Entry in the Linnean herbarium]
* [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/m/medic/medilup.html.en Entry in the Linnean herbarium]
* [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-5062a.html A mention in 1866] from the [[Correspondence of Charles Darwin]]: "Several years ago I protected Medicago lupulina from insects, & its fertility was much impaired, but not wholly prevented."
* [https://archive.today/20121224061805/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-5062a.html A mention in 1866] from the [[Correspondence of Charles Darwin]]: "Several years ago I protected Medicago lupulina from insects, & its fertility was much impaired, but not wholly prevented."
* [http://www.weedalert.com/weed_pages/wa_blackmedic.htm WeedAlert.com's listing for Medicago lupulina]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109213707/http://www.weedalert.com/weed_pages/wa_blackmedic.htm WeedAlert.com's listing for Medicago lupulina]
* [http://www.umanitoba.ca/outreach/naturalagriculture/articles/medic_nsupply.html Effect of Black Medic Cover Crop on N Supplying Power of Prairie Soils]
* [http://www.umanitoba.ca/outreach/naturalagriculture/articles/medic_nsupply.html Effect of Black Medic Cover Crop on N Supplying Power of Prairie Soils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204151416/http://www.umanitoba.ca/outreach/naturalagriculture/articles/medic_nsupply.html |date=2019-02-04 }}
* [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicago_lupulina Wikispecies entry]
* [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicago_lupulina Wikispecies entry]

{{Commonscat}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q157923}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Medicago|lupulina]]
[[Category:Medicago|lupulina]]
[[Category:Flora of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Flora of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Flora of Lebanon and Syria]]
[[Category:Flora of Malta]]

Latest revision as of 02:23, 22 November 2024

Medicago lupulina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Medicago
Species:
M. lupulina
Binomial name
Medicago lupulina
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Lupularia parviflora Opiz (1852)
    • Lupulina aurata Noulet (1837)
    • Medica lupulina (L.) Scop. (1771)
    • Medicago apennina J.Woods (1850)
    • Medicago breviflora Gilib. (1782)
    • Medicago canescens Menyh. (1877)
    • Medicago ciliaris Lucé (1823)
    • Medicago corymbifera W.L.E.Schmidt ex Schltdl. (1829)
    • Medicago cupianiana Guss. (1844)
    • Medicago mniocarpa Wallr. ex Ser. (1825)
    • Medicago reniformis Dulac (1867)
    • Medicago revoilii H.J.Coste & Soulié (1921)
    • Medicago rigidula var. eriocarpa Rouy (1899)
    • Medicago stipularis Wallr. (1840)
    • Medicago willdenowii Mérat (1812)
    • Medicago willdenowii var. retorta Mérat (1812)
    • Medicula lupulina (L.) Medik. (1787)
    • Medicula lupulina subsp. jalasii (Rothm.) Holub (1983)
    • Medicula lupulina subsp. willdenowiana (W.D.J.Koch) Holub (1983)
    • Melilotus lupulinus (L.) Trautv. (1841)
    • Melilotus medicaginoides Zumagl. (1864)
    • Trifolium lupulinum (L.) Savi (1798)
    • Trigonella mniocarpa Wallr. ex DC. (1825)

Medicago lupulina, commonly known as black medick, nonesuch, or hop clover, is a plant of dry grassland belonging to the legume or clover family. Plants of the genus Medicago, or bur clovers, are closely related to the true clovers (Trifolium) and sweet clover (Melilotus). Like the true clovers, black medick has three leaflets and a small, yellow flower closely resembling those of lesser trefoil. Black medick belongs to the same genus as alfalfa.[2]

Names

[edit]

The generic name Medicago is derived, via Latin medica, from Ancient Greek Μηδική (Mēdikḗ) "Median", because alfalfa was believed to have been introduced from the region of Media (now in Iran) in antiquity. The specific name lupulina means "wolf-like", and refers to the hop, or willow-wolf. Its scientific name is a translation of the common name hop clover (or hop-clover), which is also used for several members of the genus Trifolium.[3][4]

Also spelled "medic" or "meddick", the plant is known by a number of alternate names, including nonesuch, black nonesuch, black medic clover, hop clover, hop medic, black clover, black hay, blackweed, English trefoil, hop trefoil, and yellow trefoil. Some of these names are also applied to wildflowers of the related genera Trifolium and Melilotus.[5][6][7][8]

Description

[edit]

Medicago lupulina is an annual or short-lived perennial plant,[9]: 168  growing each year from adventitious buds on the roots. Mature plants measure from 15 to 80 cm (6 to 31 in) in height, with fine stems often lying flat at the beginning of growth and later erecting. The leaves are compound, each with three oval leaflets, carried on a short petiole; the center leaflet usually has a longer petiole.[10][3] The leaflets are hairy, toothed toward the tip, and differ from those of the similar Trifolium dubium in that they end in a short point.[11]: 148 [9]: 175 

Black medick has small (2–3 mm)[9] yellow flowers grouped in tight bunches (compact racemes). On larger plants the flower heads may reach 8 mm (5⁄16 in) or more.[3] The fruit is a single-seeded pod, 1.5 to 3 mm in diameter,[9] that does not open upon maturation, but hardens and turns black when ripe. Each pod contains a single amber-colored seed.[10]

Like other legumes, the roots of black medick contain nodules hosting nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Plants that survive for more than one year may develop a deep tap root.[10]

Distribution

[edit]

A native of the old world, black medick is found throughout Europe, north Africa, the Near East, and most of Asia, including India, China, and Korea. It is naturalized in central Asia, Japan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, and much of South America.[5] Black medick is found throughout the United States, including Hawaii and Alaska.[6]

Black medick thrives in dry to moist, well-drained soils[12] containing sand, loam, or clay, and is a pioneer plant, often growing on disturbed ground. It grows in alkaline, neutral, and mildly acidic conditions. It does not grow in shady areas.[13] Black medick grows well in limestone soils and on coastal sand dunes, where it suffers less competition from the other plants, and as such is found on many islands, such as Taiwan, the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira.[5] It is resistant to cold and can be found on mountains up to 1,800 meters.[citation needed]

Uses

[edit]

Black medick is a good source of nectar for bees to use to make honey. It is frequently found in natural pastures, and may be planted in order to create artificial meadows, especially on dry land. The presence of black medick in large concentrations as a lawn weed may indicate that the soil is poor in nitrogen. However, because black medick and other clovers fix nitrogen in the soil, this deficiency can improve over time due to the presence of these plants.[5][14]

Black medick is sometimes used as a fodder plant. Its hardiness and ability to grow in poor soils, as well as its tendency to fix nitrogen in the soil, make black medick a good choice for pasturage, although its fodder value is limited.[5] It is grazed by sheep but is not very palatable to cattle.[15]

Similar plants

[edit]

Black medick may be confused with other plants that have three leaflets and small yellow flowers, such as hop trefoil (Trifolium campestre), large hop trefoil (T. aureum), lesser hop trefoil (T. dubium), and yellow woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta).

Photographs

[edit]
  • Flower
    Flower
  • Leaves and flowers
    Leaves and flowers
  • Flowers wilting after pollination
    Flowers wilting after pollination
  • unripe seed pods (green)
    unripe seed pods (green)
  • ripe seed pods (black)
    ripe seed pods (black)
  • seeds next to US dime for scale
    seeds next to US dime for scale
  • Root with nodules
    Root with nodules
  • an entire uprooted plant
    an entire uprooted plant

Illustrations

[edit]
  • Color plate: M. arabica top; M. lupulina bottom.
    Color plate: M. arabica top; M. lupulina bottom.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Medicago lupulina L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  2. ^ Venning, Frank D. (1984), Wildflowers of North America, Golden Field Guide, St. Martin's Press
  3. ^ a b c "Medicago lupulina", Flora of Wisconsin, Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin–Madison, retrieved 14 June 2015
  4. ^ "Medicago lupulina", Plants of Wisconsin, Robert W. Freckmann Arboretum, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, archived from the original on 2013-05-10, retrieved 2015-06-15
  5. ^ a b c d e "Medicago lupulina", Germplasm Resources Information Network, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, retrieved 14 June 2015
  6. ^ a b "Medicago lupulina", Integrated Taxonomic Information System, retrieved 14 June 2015
  7. ^ James Britten (1886), A Dictionary of English Plant-names, vol. 15, Richard Clay & Sons
  8. ^ Jacobson, Arthur Lee (1995), "Black Medick"
  9. ^ a b c d Stace, C. A. (2010), New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.), Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521707725
  10. ^ a b c "Black Medic", Forage Information System, Oregon State University, retrieved 14 June 2015[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003), Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora., London: A & C Black, ISBN 978-1408179505
  12. ^ "Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora: Medicago lupulina". Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  13. ^ "Medicago lupulina", Plants for a Future, retrieved 14 June 2015
  14. ^ Clark, Andy (ed.), "Medics" (PDF), Managing Cover Crops Profitably (3rd ed.), Beltsville, Maryland: Sustainable Agriculture Network, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05, retrieved 14 June 2015
  15. ^ Heuzé, V.; Thiollet, H.; Tran, G.; Hassoun, P.; Lebas, F. (2018), "Black medic (Medicago lupulina)", Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medicago lupulina.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Medicago_lupulina&oldid=1258871386"