1256: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Hybrid2712 (talk | contribs) →Europe: Fix red link |
m link terms (WP:BUILDTHEWEB) |
||
| (77 intermediate revisions by 29 users not shown) | |||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
{{Year dab|1256}} |
{{Year dab|1256}} |
||
{{Year nav|1256}} |
{{Year nav|1256}} |
||
{{C13 year in topic}} |
{{C13 year in topic}} |
||
[[File:Prise d'Alamût (1256).jpeg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Hulagu Khan]] conquers [[Alamut Castle]]]] |
|||
__NOTOC__ |
|||
Year '''1256''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLVI]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Saturday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. |
Year '''1256''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLVI]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Saturday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. |
||
== Events == |
== Events == |
||
<onlyinclude> |
<onlyinclude> |
||
=== By place === |
=== By place === |
||
==== Mongol Empire ==== |
|||
* Spring – Mongol forces (some 80,000 men), under [[Hulagu Khan]], cross the [[Amu Darya|Oxus River]], and begin their campaign to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern [[Asia]] – with the first objectives being the [[Mongol campaign against the Nizaris|Nizari Ismaili strongholds]] and [[Baghdad]], the capital of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. The roads across [[Turkestan]] and [[Iran|Persia]] are repaired, and bridges built. Carts are requisitioned to bring siege machines from [[China]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 249–250. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref> |
|||
* [[October]] – Mongol forces led by [[Baiju Noyan]] (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) win a victory over [[Kaykaus II]], Seljuk ruler of the [[Sultanate of Rum]], and capture [[Anatolia]]. Kaykaus flees to the Byzantine court where he seeks refuge at [[Constantinople]]. The [[Empire of Trebizond]] fearing a potential punitive Mongol expedition, becomes a vassal state and is forced to pay a [[tribute]] tax every year in gold and silk.<ref>Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur, eds. (2013). ''The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East'', pp. 118–119. I.B. Tauris. {{ISBN|978-0-85773-346-7}}.</ref> |
|||
* [[November 8]]–[[November 23|23]] – [[Siege of Maymun-Diz]]: Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan successfully besiege the mountain castle of [[Maymun-Diz]]. Hulagu encircles the fortress and begins a bombardment for three days by [[mangonel]]s from a nearby hilltop. On [[November 19]], Nizari Isma'ili imam [[Rukn al-Din Khurshah]] surrenders, but a small part of the garrison refuses and fights a [[last stand]], until they are killed after three days.<ref>Willey, Peter (2005). ''Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria'', pp. 75–85. Boomsbury Academic. {{ISBN|978-1-85043-464-1}}.</ref> |
|||
* [[December 15]] – Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan capture and dismantle [[Alamut Castle]] (near the [[Masoudabad, Qazvin|Masoudabad]] region) after the surrender of the Nizari Ismaili leaders. Hulagu founds the [[Ilkhanate]] dynasty of Persia, which becomes one of the four main divisions of the [[Mongol Empire]]. The Nizari Ismaili government is disestablished, some of them migrate to [[Afghanistan]], [[Badakhshan]] and [[Sindh]] (modern [[Pakistan]]). |
|||
==== Europe ==== |
==== Europe ==== |
||
* [[War of the Euboeote Succession]]: Achaean forces under [[William of Villehardouin|William II of Villehardouin]] attempt to gain control of the island of [[Euboea]], which is resisted by the local Lombard barons (or "triarchs") with the aid of the [[Republic of Venice]]. William launches devastating raids in Euboea. [[Guy I de la Roche]], the "Great Lord" of [[Duchy of Athens|Athens and Thebes]], enters the war against William, along with other barons of [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Central Greece]].<ref>Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). ''The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries'', p. 78. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. {{ISBN|0-87169-114-0}}.</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
* [[30 July]] – The Venetian [[Marsilio Zorzi]] recaptures [[Curzola]] in [[Dalmatia]], and re-establishes himself as Count of [[Curzola]] and [[Mèleda]].<ref>{{DBI | url = https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/marsilio-zorzi_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ | title = ZORZI, Marsilio | last = Mazzon | first = Martino | volume = 100}}</ref> |
|||
* The city of [[Lviv]], in present-day [[Ukraine]], is founded by [[Danylo King of Rus]]. |
|||
* [[Theodore II Lascaris]], [[Byzantine Emperor]] (in exile in the [[Empire of Nicaea]]), successfully concludes a military campaign started a year earlier to recover [[Thrace]] from the [[Bulgaria]]ns. |
|||
==== British Isles ==== |
|||
* Abingdon School is founded. |
|||
* Prince [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] invades the northern coastal areas that have agreed to English rule (see [[1254]]). [[Edward I of England|Edward]] ('''the Lord Edward'''), who has been given the areas to govern himself by his father, King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]], asks him for support but Henry refuses. |
|||
* [[Roger Bacon]] becomes a [[Franciscan]] Friar. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
* Church of [[Santa Costanza]], [[Rome]], is consecrated as a church. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
==== Levant ==== |
|||
* Beginning of the [[War of the Euboeote Succession]], involving most of the lords of [[Frankish Greece]] and the [[Republic of Venice]]. |
|||
* [[Venetian–Genoese wars|Venetian–Genoese War]]: A dispute between [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] arises about concerning land in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] owned by [[Mar Saba]] but claimed by both Venice and Genoa – which leads to a Genoese attack of the monastery in the Venetian quarter. The Venetians are supported by [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] and the [[Knights Templar]], while the Genoese are joined by the [[Knights Hospitaller]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 236. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref> |
|||
==== Asia ==== |
==== Asia ==== |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
* October – [[Mongol]] commander [[Baiju]] (operating under [[Hulagu Khan]]'s command) leads his forces in a victory over Kay Ka'us II of the [[Sultanate of Rüm]], thereby capturing [[Anatolia]]. |
|||
* [[December 15]] – [[Hulagu Khan]] captures and destroys the [[Hashshashin]] stronghold at [[Alamut]] in present-day [[Iran]]. |
|||
* Hulagu Khan establishes the [[Ilkhanate]] dynasty of [[Iran|Persia]], which will become one of four main divisions of the [[Mongol Empire]]. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
=== By topic === |
|||
==== Natural Disaster ==== |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
==== Religion ==== |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
* [[August 25]] – In [[Bologna]], slavery and serfdom are abolished; this event is recorded in the document called ''[[Liber Paradisus]]'' (or '''Heaven Book'''). |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
== Births == |
== Births == |
||
* [[January 6]] – [[Gertrude the Great]], German mystic |
* [[January 6]] – [[Gertrude the Great]], German mystic (d. [[1302]]) |
||
* [[ |
* [[January 24]] – [[Alonso Pérez de Guzmán]], Spanish [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1309]]) |
||
* [[February 9]] – [[William de Warenne (1256–1286)|William de Warenne]], English nobleman (d. [[1286]]) |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
* [[March 21]] – [[Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg|Henry I]] ('''Lackland'''), German nobleman (d. [[1318]]) |
|||
* [[October 23]] – [[Möngke Temür (Ilkhanate)|Möngke Temür]], Mongol ruler of [[Salghurids|Shiraz]] (d. [[1282]]) |
|||
* [[Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati]], Andalusian grammarian (d. [[1344]]) |
|||
* [[Adolph VI, Count of Holstein-Schauenburg|Adolph VI]], count of [[Holstein-Pinneberg]]-[[County of Schaumburg|Schauenburg]] (d. [[1315]]) |
|||
* [[Ahmad al-Suhrawardi]], Persian calligrapher and musician (d. [[1340]]) |
|||
* [[Al-Dimashqi (geographer)|Al-Dimashqi]], Syrian geographer, explorer and writer (d. [[1327]]) |
|||
* [[Andrea Dotti (saint)|Andrea Dotti]], Italian nobleman, preacher and saint (d. 1315) |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
* [[Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi]], Syrian scholar and philologist (d. [[1341]]) |
|||
* [[John Segrave, 2nd Baron Segrave|John Segrave]], English nobleman and [[seneschal]] (d. [[1325]]) |
|||
* [[Padishah Khatun]], Mongol female ruler and writer (d. [[1295]]) |
|||
* [[Robert, Count of Clermont|Robert of Clermont]], French prince and nobleman (d. [[1317]]) |
|||
* [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Chirk|Roger Mortimer]], English nobleman and constable (d. [[1326]]) |
|||
== Deaths == |
== Deaths == |
||
* [[January |
* [[January 4]] – [[Bernhard von Spanheim]], German nobleman |
||
* [[ |
* [[January 18]] – [[Maria of Brabant, Duchess of Bavaria|Maria of Brabant]], duchess of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]] (b. [[1226]]) |
||
* [[ |
* [[January 28]] – [[William II of Holland]], king of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] (b. [[1227]]) |
||
* [[ |
* [[February 9]] – [[Alice de Lusignan, Countess of Surrey|Alice de Lusigan]], English noblewoman (b. [[1224]]) |
||
* [[ |
* [[February 16]] – [[Nicola Paglia]], Italian [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] priest (b. [[1197]]) |
||
* [[April 12]] – [[Margaret of Bourbon, Queen of Navarre|Margaret of Bourbon]], queen of [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] (b. [[1217]]) |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
* [[April 23]] – [[Sabrisho V]], patriarch of the [[Church of the East]] |
|||
* [[May 1]] – [[Mafalda of Portugal]], Spanish [[abbess]] and queen |
|||
* [[May 6]] – [[Peter Nolasco]], French religious leader (b. [[1189]]) |
|||
* [[May 12]] – [[Matilda of Amboise]], French noblewoman (b. [[1200]]) |
|||
* [[May 28]] – [[Guglielmo Fieschi]], Italian deacon and cardinal |
|||
* [[June 13]] – [[Tankei]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] sculptor (b. [[1173]]) |
|||
* [[September 1]] – [[Kujō Yoritsune]], Japanese [[List of shōguns|shogun]] (b. [[1218]]) |
|||
* [[September 21]] – [[William of Kilkenny]], English bishop of [[Diocese of Ely|Ely]] |
|||
* [[October 14]] – [[Kujō Yoritsugu]], Japanese shogun (b. [[1239]]) |
|||
* [[November 5]] – [[Christina de Valognes]], Scottish noblewoman |
|||
* [[Bertram de Criol]] (or '''Criel'''), English constable and diplomat |
|||
* [[Jacob Anatoli]], French Jewish translator and writer (b. [[1194]]) |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
* [[Klement of Ruszcza]], Polish nobleman and knight (b. [[1190]]) |
|||
* [[Najm al-Din Razi]], Persian philosopher and writer (b. [[1177]]) |
|||
* [[Pandulf of Anagni]], Italian bishop and military commander |
|||
* [[Peter de Ramsay]], Scottish nobleman, cleric and bishop |
|||
* [[Þórður kakali Sighvatsson]], Icelandic chieftain (b. [[1210]]) |
|||
* [[Rodrigo González Girón]], Spanish nobleman and knight |
|||
* [[Sibt ibn al-Jawzi]], Arab preacher and historian (b. [[1185]]) |
|||
== References == |
== References == |
||
Latest revision as of 12:02, 6 November 2024
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1256 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1256 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1256 MCCLVI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2009 |
| Armenian calendar | 705 ԹՎ ՉԵ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6006 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1177–1178 |
| Bengali calendar | 663 |
| Berber calendar | 2206 |
| English Regnal year | 40 Hen. 3 – 41 Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1800 |
| Burmese calendar | 618 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6764–6765 |
| Chinese calendar | 乙卯年 (Wood Rabbit) 3953 or 3746 — to — 丙辰年 (Fire Dragon) 3954 or 3747 |
| Coptic calendar | 972–973 |
| Discordian calendar | 2422 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1248–1249 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5016–5017 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1312–1313 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1177–1178 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4356–4357 |
| Holocene calendar | 11256 |
| Igbo calendar | 256–257 |
| Iranian calendar | 634–635 |
| Islamic calendar | 653–654 |
| Japanese calendar | Kenchō 8 / Kōgen 1 (康元元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1165–1166 |
| Julian calendar | 1256 MCCLVI |
| Korean calendar | 3589 |
| Minguo calendar | 656 before ROC 民前656年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −212 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1798–1799 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴木兔年 (female Wood-Rabbit) 1382 or 1001 or 229 — to — 阳火龙年 (male Fire-Dragon) 1383 or 1002 or 230 |
.jpeg)
Year 1256 (MCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
[edit]By place
[edit]Mongol Empire
[edit]- Spring – Mongol forces (some 80,000 men), under Hulagu Khan, cross the Oxus River, and begin their campaign to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia – with the first objectives being the Nizari Ismaili strongholds and Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. The roads across Turkestan and Persia are repaired, and bridges built. Carts are requisitioned to bring siege machines from China.[1]
- October – Mongol forces led by Baiju Noyan (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) win a victory over Kaykaus II, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, and capture Anatolia. Kaykaus flees to the Byzantine court where he seeks refuge at Constantinople. The Empire of Trebizond fearing a potential punitive Mongol expedition, becomes a vassal state and is forced to pay a tribute tax every year in gold and silk.[2]
- November 8–23 – Siege of Maymun-Diz: Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan successfully besiege the mountain castle of Maymun-Diz. Hulagu encircles the fortress and begins a bombardment for three days by mangonels from a nearby hilltop. On November 19, Nizari Isma'ili imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah surrenders, but a small part of the garrison refuses and fights a last stand, until they are killed after three days.[3]
- December 15 – Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan capture and dismantle Alamut Castle (near the Masoudabad region) after the surrender of the Nizari Ismaili leaders. Hulagu founds the Ilkhanate dynasty of Persia, which becomes one of the four main divisions of the Mongol Empire. The Nizari Ismaili government is disestablished, some of them migrate to Afghanistan, Badakhshan and Sindh (modern Pakistan).
Europe
[edit]- War of the Euboeote Succession: Achaean forces under William II of Villehardouin attempt to gain control of the island of Euboea, which is resisted by the local Lombard barons (or "triarchs") with the aid of the Republic of Venice. William launches devastating raids in Euboea. Guy I de la Roche, the "Great Lord" of Athens and Thebes, enters the war against William, along with other barons of Central Greece.[4]
- 30 July – The Venetian Marsilio Zorzi recaptures Curzola in Dalmatia, and re-establishes himself as Count of Curzola and Mèleda.[5]
British Isles
[edit]- Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd invades the northern coastal areas that have agreed to English rule (see 1254). Edward (the Lord Edward), who has been given the areas to govern himself by his father, King Henry III, asks him for support but Henry refuses.
- The ancient Irish Kingdom of Breifne splits into East Breifne and West Breifne, after a war between the O'Reillys and the O'Rourkes.
Levant
[edit]- Venetian–Genoese War: A dispute between Venice and Genoa arises about concerning land in Acre owned by Mar Saba but claimed by both Venice and Genoa – which leads to a Genoese attack of the monastery in the Venetian quarter. The Venetians are supported by Pisa and the Knights Templar, while the Genoese are joined by the Knights Hospitaller.[6]
Asia
[edit]- October – The Japanese Kenchō era ends and the Kōgen era begins during the reign of the 13-year-old Emperor Go-Fukakusa.
By topic
[edit]Natural Disaster
[edit]- June 30 – A large volcanic eruption in Harrat Rahat (near Medina) is associated with an Islamic prophecy.[7]
Religion
[edit]- May 4 – Pope Alexander IV issues the papal bull Licet ecclesiae catholicae, constituting the Order of Saint Augustine at Lecceto Monastery.
- August 25 – In Bologna, slavery and serfdom are abolished; this event is recorded in the document called Liber Paradisus (or Heaven Book).
Births
[edit]- January 6 – Gertrude the Great, German mystic (d. 1302)
- January 24 – Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, Spanish nobleman (d. 1309)
- February 9 – William de Warenne, English nobleman (d. 1286)
- March 21 – Henry I (Lackland), German nobleman (d. 1318)
- October 23 – Möngke Temür, Mongol ruler of Shiraz (d. 1282)
- Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati, Andalusian grammarian (d. 1344)
- Adolph VI, count of Holstein-Pinneberg-Schauenburg (d. 1315)
- Ahmad al-Suhrawardi, Persian calligrapher and musician (d. 1340)
- Al-Dimashqi, Syrian geographer, explorer and writer (d. 1327)
- Andrea Dotti, Italian nobleman, preacher and saint (d. 1315)
- Ibn al-Banna, Almohad scholar and mathematician (d. 1321)
- Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi, Syrian scholar and philologist (d. 1341)
- John Segrave, English nobleman and seneschal (d. 1325)
- Padishah Khatun, Mongol female ruler and writer (d. 1295)
- Robert of Clermont, French prince and nobleman (d. 1317)
- Roger Mortimer, English nobleman and constable (d. 1326)
Deaths
[edit]- January 4 – Bernhard von Spanheim, German nobleman
- January 18 – Maria of Brabant, duchess of Bavaria (b. 1226)
- January 28 – William II of Holland, king of Germany (b. 1227)
- February 9 – Alice de Lusigan, English noblewoman (b. 1224)
- February 16 – Nicola Paglia, Italian Dominican priest (b. 1197)
- April 12 – Margaret of Bourbon, queen of Navarre (b. 1217)
- April 23 – Sabrisho V, patriarch of the Church of the East
- May 1 – Mafalda of Portugal, Spanish abbess and queen
- May 6 – Peter Nolasco, French religious leader (b. 1189)
- May 12 – Matilda of Amboise, French noblewoman (b. 1200)
- May 28 – Guglielmo Fieschi, Italian deacon and cardinal
- June 13 – Tankei, Japanese Buddhist sculptor (b. 1173)
- September 1 – Kujō Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (b. 1218)
- September 21 – William of Kilkenny, English bishop of Ely
- October 14 – Kujō Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (b. 1239)
- November 5 – Christina de Valognes, Scottish noblewoman
- Bertram de Criol (or Criel), English constable and diplomat
- Jacob Anatoli, French Jewish translator and writer (b. 1194)
- Johannes de Sacrobosco, English scholar and astronomer
- Klement of Ruszcza, Polish nobleman and knight (b. 1190)
- Najm al-Din Razi, Persian philosopher and writer (b. 1177)
- Pandulf of Anagni, Italian bishop and military commander
- Peter de Ramsay, Scottish nobleman, cleric and bishop
- Þórður kakali Sighvatsson, Icelandic chieftain (b. 1210)
- Rodrigo González Girón, Spanish nobleman and knight
- Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, Arab preacher and historian (b. 1185)
References
[edit]- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur, eds. (2013). The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, pp. 118–119. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-346-7.
- ^ Willey, Peter (2005). Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria, pp. 75–85. Boomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-85043-464-1.
- ^ Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, p. 78. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-114-0.
- ^ Mazzon, Martino (2020). "ZORZI, Marsilio". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 100: Vittorio Emanuele I–Zurlo (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 236. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review p. 40