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{{Short description|Fatal shooting of Australian teenager by police}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{redirect|Tyler Cassidy|the American rapper|Froggy Fresh}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2012}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox event
'''Tyler Cassidy''' was a 15 year old boy who was shot and killed by [[Victoria Police]]. He is believed to be the youngest person to have been killed by police in Australia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/when-the-police-are-the-wrong-people-to-investigate-20110315-1bvxc.html|title=Police Urge Suicide Verdict In Tyler Cassidy Shooting|last=Howie|first=Emily|date=16 March 2011|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=12 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/police-cleared-over-shooting-of-melbourne-teen-tyler-cassidy/story-e6frg6nf-1226204105964|title=Police cleared over shooting of Melbourne teen Tyler Cassidy|last=Rintoul|first=Stuart|date=24 November 2011|work=The Australian|accessdate=12 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://northcote-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/a-year-on-northcote-s-tyler-cassidy-is-mourned/|title=A year on, Northcote's Tyler Cassidy is mourned|last=Irwin|first=Julia|date=16 December 2009|work=Northcote Leader|accessdate=12 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/more-news/cops-in-danger-before-tyler-shot/story-fn7x8me2-1226203245650|title= Cops in danger before Tyler Cassidy was fatally shot, inquest finds|last=Hunt|first=Elissa|date=23 November 2011|work=Herald Sun|accessdate=29 February 2012}}</ref>
| title = Death of Tyler Cassidy
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| time =
| duration =
| date = {{start date|2008|12|11|df=yes}}
| location = [[Northcote, Victoria#All Nations Park|All Nations Park<br/>Northcote, Victoria]], Australia
| coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|region:XXXX_type:event|display=inline,title}} -->
| type = Death by police shooting
| theme =
| cause =
| first reporter =
| participants = Tyler Cassidy<br/>Senior Constable Colin Dods<br/>Senior Constable Richard Blundell<br/>Constable Antonia Ferrante<br/>Constable Nicole De Propertis
| outcome = Death
| casualties1 = Tyler Cassidy
| burial =
| inquest =
| coroner =
}}
'''Tyler Jordan Cassidy''' was a 15-year-old boy who was killed by [[Victoria Police]] officers in [[Australia]] in 2008. His death influenced changes in the way Victoria Police respond to people presenting as mentally ill, and in the use of [[taser]]s.


==Shooting==
==Shooting==
Tyler Jordan Cassidy was shot by police and died on 11 December 2008 at a public park in [[Northcote, Victoria]]. He was just over 15 years old. Before the shooting Cassidy had armed himself with two large knives which he had stolen from a nearby shopping centre. In the park, police demanded that Tyler drop the knives, but he did not. After attempting to subdue Tyler with capsicum spray, to no effect, three police officers fired ten shots, and five of those shots struck Cassidy. A fourth officer did not fire. Cassidy died at the scene within minutes.<ref name=corin>{{cite web |url=http://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/resources/cbd04294-9314-4f4a-804a-5c2b15e10e64/tylercassidypart1_554208.pdf |title=Inquest into the death of Tyler Jordan Cassidy |author=Coroner’s Court of Victoria |date=23 November 2011 |work=Court reference 5542/08 }}</ref>
Tyler Jordan Cassidy was shot by police and died on 11 December 2008 at [[Northcote, Victoria#All Nations Park|All Nations Park]] in [[Northcote, Victoria]]. Before the shooting, Cassidy had armed himself with two large knives which he had stolen from a nearby shopping centre and threatened members of the public, insisting that they call the police. In the park, police demanded that Cassidy drop the knives, but he did not. After attempting to subdue Cassidy twice with [[pepper spray]],<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/just-shoot-me-i-want-to-die-inquest-told-of-tylers-final-moments-20101103-17dav.html | title='Just shoot me, I want to die': inquest told of Tyler's final moments | date=3 November 2010 | accessdate=16 December 2013 | first1=Farah | last1=Farouque | location=Melbourne | work=The Age}}</ref> three officers fired ten shots from their [[Smith & Wesson Model 10]] [[.38 Special]] revolvers, with five of these striking Cassidy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/the-fatal-police-shooting-of-tyler-cassidy-five-years-ago-still-haunts-all-involved/news-story/eb79285cd002665acb629eeb46412941|title = The night police opened fire on a boy|newspaper = Herald Sun|date = 11 January 2014|last1 = Anderson|first1 = Paul}}</ref><ref name="corin">{{cite web | url=http://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/resources/cbd04294-9314-4f4a-804a-5c2b15e10e64/tylercassidypart1_554208.pdf | title=Court reference 5542/08 | publisher=Coroners Court of Victoria | work=Inquest into the death of Tyler Jordan Cassidy | date=23 November 2011 | access-date=27 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212233740/http://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/resources/cbd04294-9314-4f4a-804a-5c2b15e10e64/tylercassidypart1_554208.pdf | archive-date=12 December 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>



==Investigations==
==Investigations==
The [[Coroners Court of Victoria]] reported that there was much media coverage of the incident, and that the death of a 15 year old boy "at the hands of the Victorian Police both shocked and bewildered the community". The competence and impartiality of the internal police investigation was questioned. The Coroner’s Inquest heard 34 days of evidence from 63 witnesses and the Brief of evidence was 3,710 pages long.<ref name=corin>{{cite web |url=http://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/home/coroners+written+findings/findings+-+inquest+into+the+death+of+tyler+cassidy |title=Inquest into the death of Tyler Jordan Cassidy |author=Coroner’s Court of Victoria |date=23 November 2011 |work=Court reference 5542/08 }}</ref>
The [[Coroners Court of Victoria]] found that there was much public commentary of the incident and that the death of "a 15-year-old boy at the hands of the Victoria Police both shocked and bewildered us as a community".<ref>[http://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/resources/cbd04294-9314-4f4a-804a-5c2b15e10e64/tylercassidypart1_554208.pdf ''Coroner's Report, Redacted Finding into Death with Inquest, Tyler Jordan Cassidy'', Summary of Findings. p. 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212233740/http://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/resources/cbd04294-9314-4f4a-804a-5c2b15e10e64/tylercassidypart1_554208.pdf |date=12 December 2013 }} accessed 9 March 2017</ref> The competence and impartiality of the internal police investigation was questioned. The Coroner's Inquest heard 34 days of evidence from 63 witnesses, and the brief of evidence was 3,710 pages long.<ref name="Coroners Court of Victoria">{{cite web | url=http://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/home/coroners+written+findings/findings+-+inquest+into+the+death+of+tyler+cassidy | title=Court reference 5542/08 | publisher=Coroners Court of Victoria | work=Inquest into the death of Tyler Jordan Cassidy | date=23 November 2011}}</ref>


From the Inquest: He [Cassidy] had been capsicum-sprayed twice without effect and advanced on an officer who became trapped at the top of a skate park bowl, the coroner found. Three of the police fired at him after a warning shot and several shots at his legs failed to stop Tyler moving forward with the knives towards Leading Sen-Constable Dods. Tyler had been drinking excessively during the night and was found to have a post mortem blood alcohol level of 0.09g/100ml.
From the inquest: "He [Cassidy] had been capsicum-sprayed twice without effect and advanced on an officer who became trapped at the top of a skate park bowl, the coroner found. Three of the police fired at him after a warning shot and several shots at his legs failed to stop Tyler moving forward with the knives towards [Leading Senior Constable Colin Dods]. Tyler had been drinking excessively during the night and was found to have a post mortem blood alcohol level of between 0.09g/100ml and 0.11g/100ml." State Coroner [[Jennifer Coate]] rejected a submission from Cassidy's family that the officers used disproportionate force worthy of criminal charges, or that Cassidy had been standing still when he was fatally shot.<ref name="Coroners Court of Victoria"/>


The incident was blamed on a lack of training and information gathering performed by Victoria Police and also blamed on an individual attempting to attack police while wielding two knives. Subsequently, all police officers who might come into contact with individuals who appear to be mentally ill in the course of duty are required to undergo a two-day training course twice a year.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/file_uploads/Policing_people_who_appear_to_be_mentally_pyt8YbmN.pdf |page=32 |title=Policing people who appear to be mentally ill |date=November 2012 |first1=Ron |last1=Bonighton}}</ref>
State Coroner Jennifer Coate rejected a submission from Tyler's family that the officers used disproportionate force worthy of criminal charges, or that Tyler had been standing still when he was fatally shot.


==Family's appeal to the UN==
The incident was blamed on a lack of training and information gathering performed by Victoria Police. As a result of this incident all police officers who might come into contact with armed individuals during the course of their duties are required to undergo biyearly five day training refresher courses. As Senior-Constable Dods and the other officers present allowed themselves to be separated and Dods allowed himself to be cornered in an otherwise open park, it is hoped that this new training will lead to better risk assessment behaviour and avoid a repeat of such incidents in the future. Superintendent Williams gave evidence during the inquiry that since 2009 there had been 90 more such attempted suicides-by-cop.
Following the closing of the case by Australian <!--or Victorian? they're different.-->police and determining that the officers acted within the bounds of their duty, Cassidy's mother, Shani Cassidy, appealed to the [[United Nations]] for a review of the process by which fatal police shootings are investigated by the Victoria Police Homicide Squad. The author of the UN submission, Anna Brown, expected no additional evidence regarding the investigation to be elicited.<ref name="Cassidy2013">{{Citation | last=Cassidy | first=Shani | url=https://www.hrlc.org.au/news/un-communication-lodged-by-shani-cassidy?rq=tyler%20cassidy | title= Complete statement from Shani Cassidy regarding UN Communication | publisher=Human Rights Law Centre | year=2013 | accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref> Among the complaints were allegations of poor investigative police work. Three of the four police officers involved attended a police function where alcohol was served the night before the fatal shooting occurred, but no alcohol or drug testing was administered at the time of the incident. Ten shots were fired but no bullets were recovered from the crime scene. Dods received a private phone call from his commanding officer immediately after the event; an issue Dods himself was highly critical about when cross examined.<ref name="Coroners Court of Victoria"/> Gunshot residue testing was significantly delayed, possibly leading to inconclusive results. No reconstruction was requested of the officers.<ref name="Coroners Court of Victoria"/>


==Police integrity==
The former Superintendent Williams retired in 2008 and joined a special task force to investigate the cause of police shooting incidents. <ref>{{Citation
Shani Cassidy made complaints over the integrity of Victoria Police. She alleged that her son's name was disclosed to the media as well as a "demonising" report of the incident after less than three hours of it occurring.<ref>{{Citation | first1=Julie-Anne | first2=Milanda | last1=Davies | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/call-for-answers-after-cops-kill-boy/story-e6frg6of-1111118304499# | last2=Rout | title=Call for answers after cops kill 15-year-old Tyler Cassidy | accessdate=4 December 2013 | work=The Australian | date=13 December 2008}}</ref> Assistant Commissioner Cartwright, then the appointed officer for communicating with the media regarding the event, was accused of disclosing Cassidy's name by the family's counsel, but Victoria Police has strongly denied these accusations.
| title = Police shootings scrutinised
| url = http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/police-shootings-scrutinised-20110322-1c589.html
| year = 2011
| last1 = McKenzie | first1 = Nick
| last2 = Baker | first2 = Richard
| accessdate = 2013-12-04 }}</ref> it was found that in the majority of cases police had acted too quickly attempting to engage agitated individuals which only inflamed the situation. The ranking officer refused to take control of the situation, information about suspects was poorly relayed by dispatch and a lack of general discipline and organization lead to the escalation of incidents.


At one time Shani Cassidy was secretly recorded by homicide detectives during an interview. Her appeal to the UN raised her complaint that following the incident Victoria Police attempted to exculpate themselves.<ref name="Cassidy2013"></ref>
The report states several times that the incident took place in a dimly lit stairway but the part of the skate park in which the incident occurred is directly under four surrounding street light. the responding police would have been familiar with the location as the police station is across the road from the skate park and there is a wide area around the skate bowl through which Dods could have retreated by following the surrounding fence. There is also a steadily graded grass slope opposite to the skate park stairs down which a person could easily walk. There is no indication as to why Tyler was not flanked by police but one could assume that the officers proceeded to assume firing positions to avoid crossfire rather than engage Tyler from behind as he ascended the stairs after Dods. It is possible that Dods command to the other officers to "watch crossfire" was taken as an order to shoot before Dods and Tyler were to be caught in the same line of fire which would have prevented the other officers from firing. {{Google maps|url=https://maps.google.com.au/maps?hl=en&ll=-37.76721,145.002732&spn=0.000537,0.001175&sll=-37.767278,145.002499&sspn=0.00054,0.001175&t=h&z=21 |title=Site of the shooting |accessdate=24 November 2013}}<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://media.smh.com.au/?rid=44501
| accessdate = 2013-12-04
| title = Teen shot dead by police
| author = Sydney Morning Herald
}}</ref> the circumstances of the shooting were not discussed in the inquiry nor the ease with which Dods could have moved to a less precarious position. The Age published a photo of investigators at the site of the incident showing two policemen easily ascending the ramp that officer Dobs claimed was impassible; which the coroner used as the sole defense in the shooting and based her decision to not recommend pursuing legal action against the officers involved. <ref name=Abraham2008>{{Citation
| title = Police search where a 15 year old boy was shot and killed.
| url = http://images.theage.com.au/ftage/ffximage/2008/12/12/ncote4_gallery__600x393.jpg
| year = 2008
| author = Craig Abraham
| accessdate = 2013-12-04
}}</ref>


In June 2015, ''[[The Age]]'' reported that this Wikipedia page had been edited by Victoria Police at least 17 times up until November 2014, apparently to give a more favourable impression of the officers' conduct and the subsequent investigation.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/victoria-police-edits-wikipedia-page-of-police-shooting-victim-tyler-cassidy-20150601-gh9vt1.html Liam Mannix, "Victoria Police edits Wikipedia page of police shooting victim Tyler Cassidy," ''The Age,'' 1 June 2015] Accessed 27 March 2017</ref>
==UN appeal==

Following the closing of the case by Australian police and determining that the officers acted within the bounds of their duty, Tyler's mother, Shani Cassidy appealed to the [[United Nations]] for a resolution. <ref>{{Citation
==Debate over use of tasers==
| title = Individual communication to the United Nations Human Rights Committee
Former [[Police commissioner|chief commissioner]] of [[Victoria Police]] [[Christine Nixon]] has suggested that Cassidy's death prompted further community debate about the use of tasers by Victoria Police.<ref>Christine Nixon (2011) ''Fair Cop'' p. 258, Victory Books, {{ISBN|9780522862058}}</ref> In 2010, tasers were trialed in Bendigo and Morwell "because of the high use of OC spray, incidents involving people with a mental illness, sieges and instances where offenders have used weapons".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/country-police-equipped-with-tasers-from-sunday-in-trial-run/news-story/639bcc5a0a8ddf73bdb317d4c9b643a6 | first=Wes | last=Hosking | newspaper=Herald Sun | date=30 June 2010 | title=Country police equipped with Tasers from Sunday in trial run | accessdate=27 March 2017}}</ref> In 2016, tasers were made more widely available to Victoria Police. Deputy Commissioner Wendy Steendam said "What Tasers do for our members is to actually offer them another option in resolutions of incidents where they're having violent confrontations or where people are attempting to self-harm."<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-14/regional-victorian-police-to-get-tasers/7245208 ABC News "Regional Victorian police to get Tasers to stop violent offenders"] Accessed 27 March 2017</ref>
| url = http://www.hrlc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/UN_Communication_regarding_TylerCassidy_May2013.pdf

| year = 2013
==Defamation case of 2016==
| last1 = Brown | first1 = Anna
In May 2016, lawyer Michael McDonald was found to have defamed Sergeant Colin Dods and ordered to pay damages. Justice Kevin Bell described the defamatory comments, made online, as "very grave. The publication caused (Sergeant Dods) to suffer continuing intense distress, humiliation and embarrassment and thereby great harm in his reputation.".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/lawyer-ordered-to-pay-150000-to-police-officer-after-claiming-teenager-tyler-cassidy-was-executed-20160506-gonuas.html | first1=Mark | last1=Russell | first2=Adam | last2=Cooper | title=Lawyer must pay police officer $150,000 over claim teenager Tyler Cassidy was 'executed' | newspaper=The Age | date=6 May 2016 | accessdate=9 March 2017}}</ref>
| last2 = Cassidy | first2 = Shani
| accessdate = 2013-12-04 }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Mental disorder]]
* [[Killing of Adam Salter]]
* [[Mental health law]]
* [[Death of Beto Laudisio]]
* [[SANE Australia]]
* [[Killing of Jesse Deacon]]
* [[Killing of Michael Capel]]
* [[Rod Ansell]]
* [[Rosie Batty]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/inquests-findings/findings?combine=tyler+cassidy Coroner's Report, Inquest into the death of Tyler Jordan Cassidy, 23 November 2011]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Cassidy, Tyler}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cassidy, Tyler}}
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Australia]]
[[Category:December 2008 events in Australia]]
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[[Category:Mental health law in Australia]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Australia]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Australia]]
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[[Category:Mental health law]]

The investigation by police of police has been subject to numerous criticisms. http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/2012/03/01/3443486.htm

Latest revision as of 08:54, 24 October 2024

"Tyler Cassidy" redirects here. For the American rapper, see Froggy Fresh.

Death of Tyler Cassidy
Date11 December 2008 (2008-12-11)
LocationAll Nations Park
Northcote, Victoria, Australia
TypeDeath by police shooting
ParticipantsTyler Cassidy
Senior Constable Colin Dods
Senior Constable Richard Blundell
Constable Antonia Ferrante
Constable Nicole De Propertis
OutcomeDeath
Casualties
Tyler Cassidy

Tyler Jordan Cassidy was a 15-year-old boy who was killed by Victoria Police officers in Australia in 2008. His death influenced changes in the way Victoria Police respond to people presenting as mentally ill, and in the use of tasers.

Shooting

[edit]

Tyler Jordan Cassidy was shot by police and died on 11 December 2008 at All Nations Park in Northcote, Victoria. Before the shooting, Cassidy had armed himself with two large knives which he had stolen from a nearby shopping centre and threatened members of the public, insisting that they call the police. In the park, police demanded that Cassidy drop the knives, but he did not. After attempting to subdue Cassidy twice with pepper spray,[1] three officers fired ten shots from their Smith & Wesson Model 10 .38 Special revolvers, with five of these striking Cassidy.[2][3]

Investigations

[edit]

The Coroners Court of Victoria found that there was much public commentary of the incident and that the death of "a 15-year-old boy at the hands of the Victoria Police both shocked and bewildered us as a community".[4] The competence and impartiality of the internal police investigation was questioned. The Coroner's Inquest heard 34 days of evidence from 63 witnesses, and the brief of evidence was 3,710 pages long.[5]

From the inquest: "He [Cassidy] had been capsicum-sprayed twice without effect and advanced on an officer who became trapped at the top of a skate park bowl, the coroner found. Three of the police fired at him after a warning shot and several shots at his legs failed to stop Tyler moving forward with the knives towards [Leading Senior Constable Colin Dods]. Tyler had been drinking excessively during the night and was found to have a post mortem blood alcohol level of between 0.09g/100ml and 0.11g/100ml." State Coroner Jennifer Coate rejected a submission from Cassidy's family that the officers used disproportionate force worthy of criminal charges, or that Cassidy had been standing still when he was fatally shot.[5]

The incident was blamed on a lack of training and information gathering performed by Victoria Police and also blamed on an individual attempting to attack police while wielding two knives. Subsequently, all police officers who might come into contact with individuals who appear to be mentally ill in the course of duty are required to undergo a two-day training course twice a year.[6]

Family's appeal to the UN

[edit]

Following the closing of the case by Australian police and determining that the officers acted within the bounds of their duty, Cassidy's mother, Shani Cassidy, appealed to the United Nations for a review of the process by which fatal police shootings are investigated by the Victoria Police Homicide Squad. The author of the UN submission, Anna Brown, expected no additional evidence regarding the investigation to be elicited.[7] Among the complaints were allegations of poor investigative police work. Three of the four police officers involved attended a police function where alcohol was served the night before the fatal shooting occurred, but no alcohol or drug testing was administered at the time of the incident. Ten shots were fired but no bullets were recovered from the crime scene. Dods received a private phone call from his commanding officer immediately after the event; an issue Dods himself was highly critical about when cross examined.[5] Gunshot residue testing was significantly delayed, possibly leading to inconclusive results. No reconstruction was requested of the officers.[5]

Police integrity

[edit]

Shani Cassidy made complaints over the integrity of Victoria Police. She alleged that her son's name was disclosed to the media as well as a "demonising" report of the incident after less than three hours of it occurring.[8] Assistant Commissioner Cartwright, then the appointed officer for communicating with the media regarding the event, was accused of disclosing Cassidy's name by the family's counsel, but Victoria Police has strongly denied these accusations.

At one time Shani Cassidy was secretly recorded by homicide detectives during an interview. Her appeal to the UN raised her complaint that following the incident Victoria Police attempted to exculpate themselves.[7]

In June 2015, The Age reported that this Wikipedia page had been edited by Victoria Police at least 17 times up until November 2014, apparently to give a more favourable impression of the officers' conduct and the subsequent investigation.[9]

Debate over use of tasers

[edit]

Former chief commissioner of Victoria Police Christine Nixon has suggested that Cassidy's death prompted further community debate about the use of tasers by Victoria Police.[10] In 2010, tasers were trialed in Bendigo and Morwell "because of the high use of OC spray, incidents involving people with a mental illness, sieges and instances where offenders have used weapons".[11] In 2016, tasers were made more widely available to Victoria Police. Deputy Commissioner Wendy Steendam said "What Tasers do for our members is to actually offer them another option in resolutions of incidents where they're having violent confrontations or where people are attempting to self-harm."[12]

Defamation case of 2016

[edit]

In May 2016, lawyer Michael McDonald was found to have defamed Sergeant Colin Dods and ordered to pay damages. Justice Kevin Bell described the defamatory comments, made online, as "very grave. The publication caused (Sergeant Dods) to suffer continuing intense distress, humiliation and embarrassment and thereby great harm in his reputation.".[13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Farouque, Farah (3 November 2010), "'Just shoot me, I want to die': inquest told of Tyler's final moments", The Age, Melbourne, retrieved 16 December 2013
  2. ^ Anderson, Paul (11 January 2014). "The night police opened fire on a boy". Herald Sun.
  3. ^ "Court reference 5542/08" (PDF). Inquest into the death of Tyler Jordan Cassidy. Coroners Court of Victoria. 23 November 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  4. ^ Coroner's Report, Redacted Finding into Death with Inquest, Tyler Jordan Cassidy, Summary of Findings. p. 10 Archived 12 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine accessed 9 March 2017
  5. ^ a b c d "Court reference 5542/08". Inquest into the death of Tyler Jordan Cassidy. Coroners Court of Victoria. 23 November 2011.
  6. ^ Bonighton, Ron (November 2012). Policing people who appear to be mentally ill (PDF) (Report). p. 32.
  7. ^ a b Cassidy, Shani (2013), Complete statement from Shani Cassidy regarding UN Communication, Human Rights Law Centre, retrieved 16 December 2013
  8. ^ Davies, Julie-Anne; Rout, Milanda (13 December 2008), "Call for answers after cops kill 15-year-old Tyler Cassidy", The Australian, retrieved 4 December 2013
  9. ^ Liam Mannix, "Victoria Police edits Wikipedia page of police shooting victim Tyler Cassidy," The Age, 1 June 2015 Accessed 27 March 2017
  10. ^ Christine Nixon (2011) Fair Cop p. 258, Victory Books, ISBN 9780522862058
  11. ^ Hosking, Wes (30 June 2010). "Country police equipped with Tasers from Sunday in trial run". Herald Sun. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  12. ^ ABC News "Regional Victorian police to get Tasers to stop violent offenders" Accessed 27 March 2017
  13. ^ Russell, Mark; Cooper, Adam (6 May 2016). "Lawyer must pay police officer $150,000 over claim teenager Tyler Cassidy was 'executed'". The Age. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
[edit]
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