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===Proliferative disorders=== |
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{{Main|Leukocytosis}} |
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An increase in the number of white blood cells in [[circulatory system|circulation]] is called [[leukocytosis]].<ref name="Al2010" /> This increase is most commonly caused by [[inflammation]].<ref name="Al2010" /> There are four major causes: increase of production in bone marrow, increased release from storage in bone marrow, decreased attachment to veins and arteries, decreased uptake by tissues.<ref name="Al2010" /> Leukocytosis may affect one or more cell lines and can be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic, monocytosis, or lymphocytosis. |
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====Neutrophilia==== |
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{{Main|Neutrophilia}} |
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Neutrophilia is an increase in the absolute neutrophil count in the [[systemic circulation|peripheral circulation]]. Normal blood values vary by age.<ref name="Al2010a" /> Neutrophilia can be caused by a direct problem with blood cells (primary disease). It can also occur as a consequence of an underlying disease (secondary). Most cases of neutrophilia are secondary to inflammation.<ref name="Schafer" /> |
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Primary Causes<ref>{{cite book|last=Schafer|first=[edited by] Lee Goldman, Andrew I.|title=Goldman's Cecil medicine|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=1437716040|edition=24th ed.}}</ref> |
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*Conditions with normally functioning neutrophils - [[hereditary]] neutrophilia, chronic [[idiopathic]] neutrophilia |
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*Pelger-Huet Anomaly |
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*[[Down syndrome]] |
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*[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]] |
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*[[Familial cold urticaria]] |
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*[[Leukemia]] ([[chronic myelogenous leukemia|chronic myelogenous (CML))]] and other [[myeloproliferative disorders]] |
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*[[splenectomy|Surgical removal of spleen]] |
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Secondary Causes<ref>{{cite book|last=Schafer|first=[edited by] Lee Goldman, Andrew I.|title=Goldman's Cecil medicine|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=1437716040|edition=24th ed.}}</ref> |
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*[[Infection]] |
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*Chronic [[inflammation]] - especially [[juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Still's disease]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[ulcerative colitis]], [[granulomatous]] infections (for example, [[tuberculosis]]), and chronic [[hepatitis]] |
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*[[Cigarette smoking]] - occurs in 25-50% of chronic smokers and can last up to 5 years after quitting |
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*Stress - exercise, surgery, general stress |
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*Medication induced - [[glucocorticoids|corticosteroids]] (for example, [[prednisone]], β-agonists, [[lithium]] |
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*Cancer - either by [[growth factor|growth factors]] secreted by the tumor or invasion of bone marrow by the cancer |
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*Increased destruction of cells in [[systemic circulation|peripheral circulation]] can stimulate bone marrow. This can occur in [[hemolytic anemia]] and [[idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]] |
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====Eosinophilia==== |
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{{Main|Eosinophila}} |
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