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{{short description|Suborder of arboreal marsupials}}
{{For|the Western Hemisphere marsupial|opossum}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Paraphyletic group
{{Refimprove|date=December 2010}}
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Oligocene|present}}

| image = Phalangeriformes.jpg
{{automatic taxobox
| image_caption =
| image = Trichosurus vulpecula 1.jpg
| auto = yes
| image_caption = [[Common brushtail possum]]<br>(''Trichosurus vulpecula'')
| taxon = Phalangeriformes
| taxon = Phalangeriformes
| authority = [[Szalay]] in [[Archer (biologist)|Archer]], 1982
| authority = [[Alexandra L. Szalay|Szalay]] in [[Mike Archer (paleontologist)|Archer]], 1982
| includes =
| subdivision_ranks = [[Taxonomic rank|Superfamilies]] and [[Family (biology)|Families]]
⚫
* [[Phalangeroidea]]
| subdivision =
** †[[Ektopodontidae]]
⚫
Phalangeroidea
*[[Burramyidae]]
** [[Burramyidae]]
*[[Phalangeridae]]
** [[Phalangeridae]]
[[Petauroidea]]
* [[Petauroidea]]
*[[Pseudocheiridae]]
** [[Pseudocheiridae]]
*[[Petauridae]]
** [[Petauridae]]
*[[Tarsipedidae]]
** [[Tarsipedidae]]
*[[Acrobatidae]]
** [[Acrobatidae]]
| excludes =
* [[Macropodiformes]]
}}
}}
A '''possum''' (plural form: '''possums'''<!--{{IPA|}}-->) is any of about 70 small to medium-sized [[arboreal]] [[marsupial]] [[species]] native to [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], and [[Sulawesi]] (and introduced to [[New Zealand]] and [[China]]).


'''Phalangeriformes''' {{IPAc-en|f|@|ˈ|l|ae|n|dZ|@r|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}} is a paraphyletic<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eldridge|first1=Mark D B|last2=Beck|first2=Robin M D|last3=Croft|first3=Darin A|last4=Travouillon|first4=Kenny J|last5=Fox|first5=Barry J|date=2019-05-23|title=An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria)|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz018|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=100|issue=3|pages=802–837|doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyz018|issn=0022-2372}}</ref> suborder of about 70 species of small to medium-sized [[arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] [[marsupial]]s native to [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], and [[Sulawesi]].<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Diprotodontia | heading= Suborder Phalangeriformes | id = 11000015 | pages = 44–56}}</ref> The species are commonly known as '''possums''', '''opossums''',<ref>{{Cite OED|opossum|8236326670}}</ref> '''gliders''', and '''cuscus'''. The common name "(o)possum" for various Phalangeriformes species derives from the creatures' resemblance to the [[opossum]]s of the [[Americas]] (the term comes from [[Powhatan language]] ''aposoum'' "white animal", from [[proto-Algonquian language|Proto-Algonquian]] *''wa·p-aʔɬemwa'' "white dog").<ref name="Siebert">{{cite encyclopedia | last=Siebert | first=Frank T. Jr. |editor-last=Crawford |editor-first=James Mack |date=1975 |encyclopedia=Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages |title=Resurrecting Virginia Algonquian from the Dead: The Reconstituted and Historical Phonology of Powhatan |publisher=University of Georgia Press}}</ref> However, although opossums are also marsupials, Australasian possums are more closely related to other [[Australidelphia|Australasian marsupials]] such as [[kangaroo]]s.
⚫
Possums are [[quadruped]]al [[diprotodont]] marsupials with long thick tails. The smallest possum, indeed the smallest diprotodont marsupial, is the [[Tasmanian pygmy possum]], with an adult head-body length of 70&nbsp;mm and a weight of 10 g. The largest is the [[bear cuscus]] that may exceed 7&nbsp;kg. Possums are typically [[nocturnal]] and at least partially [[arboreal]]. The various species inhabit most vegetated habitats, and several species have adjusted well to urban settings. Diets range from [[Generalist and specialist species|generalist]] [[herbivores]] or [[omnivores]] (the [[common brushtail possum]]) to specialist browsers of [[eucalyptus]] ([[greater glider]]), [[insectivores]] ([[mountain pygmy possum]]) and nectar-feeders ([[honey possum]]).

⚫
Phalangeriformes are [[quadrupedalism|quadrupedal]] [[Diprotodontia|diprotodont]] marsupials with long tails. The smallest species, indeed the smallest diprotodont marsupial, is the [[Tasmanian pygmy possum]], with an adult head-body length of {{convert|70|mm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} and a weight of {{convert|10|g|oz|frac=8|abbr=on}}. The largest are the two species of [[bear cuscus]], which may exceed {{convert|7|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}. Phalangeriformes species are typically [[nocturnality|nocturnal]] and at least partially arboreal. They inhabit most vegetated habitats, and several species have adjusted well to urban settings. Diets range from [[generalist and specialist species|generalist]] [[herbivore]]s or [[omnivore]]s (the [[common brushtail possum]]) to specialist browsers of [[eucalyptus]] ([[greater glider]]), [[insectivore]]s ([[mountain pygmy possum]]) and nectar-feeders ([[honey possum]]).

⚫
== Classification ==
{{main|List of phalangeriformes}}
[[File:Eastern Pygmy Possum Pilliga Forest NSW.jpg|thumb|[[Eastern pygmy possum]], [[Pilliga forest]], NSW]]
[[File:Ailurops ursinus Naemundung 2 North Sulawesi.jpg|thumb|[[Sulawesi bear cuscus]]]]
[[File:Southern Brown Cuscus, photo by CNZdenek & AJBurnett.jpg|thumb|[[Southern common cuscus]], [[Cape York Peninsula]], Queensland]]
[[File:Phalanger maculatus (male) - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC03051.JPG|thumb|[[Common spotted cuscus]], [[Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova|Genoa]]]]
[[File:Ringtail Possum. Brisbane.jpg|thumb|[[Common ringtail possum]], [[Brisbane]]]]
[[File:PhalangistaHerbertensisSmit.jpg|thumb|[[Herbert River ringtail possum]], 1884]]
[[File:Striped Possum JCB.jpg|thumb|[[Striped possum]], [[Crater Lakes National Park]], Queensland]]
[[File:Sugar Gliders eating Mealworms.jpg|thumb|[[Sugar glider]]s at mealtime]]
[[File:Feathertail glider, Acrobates pygmaeus (Tony Rees photograph).jpg|thumb|The diminutive [[feathertail glider]]]]


About two-thirds of Australian marsupials belong to the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Diprotodontia]], which is split into three [[suborder]]s, namely the [[Vombatiformes]] ([[wombat]]s and the [[koala]], four species in total); the large and diverse Phalangeriformes (the possums and gliders) and [[Macropodiformes]] ([[kangaroo]]s, [[potoroo]]s, [[wallaby|wallabies]] and the [[musky rat-kangaroo]]). Note: this classification is based on Ruedas & Morales 2005.{{clarification needed|reason=This reference seems to be about the arrangement of genera in Phalangeridae and its subfamilies (I can't access the full text of the article, though). If so this statement about the classification is misleading.|date=March 2021}} However, Phalangeriformes has been recovered as paraphyletic with respect to Macropodiformes, rendering the latter a subset of the former if Phalangeriformes are to be considered a natural group.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Warburton|first1=Natalie M.|last2=Prideaux|first2=Gavin J.|title=The skeleton of Congruus kitcheneri, a semiarboreal kangaroo from the Pleistocene of southern Australia|journal=Royal Society Open Science|year=2021|volume=8|issue=3|pages=202216|doi=10.1098/rsos.202216|pmid=33959368|pmc=8074921|bibcode=2021RSOS....802216W|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eldridge|first1=Mark D B|last2=Beck|first2=Robin M D|last3=Croft|first3=Darin A|last4=Travouillon|first4=Kenny J|last5=Fox|first5=Barry J|date=2019-05-23|title=An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria)|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz018|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=100|issue=3|pages=802–837|doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyz018|issn=0022-2372}}</ref>
⚫
==Classification==
[[File:A possum.JPG|thumb|Ringtail possum in an [[urban area]] at night]]
[[File:Brushtail possum.jpg|thumb|Brushtail possums in a [[eucalyptus]] tree]]
[[File:Tame Possum.jpg|thumb|Tame possum in [[Busselton, Western Australia]]]]
[[File:Possum-night.JPG|thumb|Ringtail possum hunched on a [[utility pole]]]]
**** JENS HEDDER BOBOBOBOB
About two-thirds of Australian marsupials belong to the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Diprotodontia]], which is split into three [[suborder]]s: the [[Vombatiformes]] ([[wombat]]s and the [[koala]], four species in total); the large and diverse [[Phalangeriformes]] (the possums and gliders) and [[Macropodiformes]] ([[kangaroo]]s, [[potoroo]]s, [[wallaby|wallabies]] and the [[musky rat-kangaroo]]). Note: this classification is based on Ruedas & Morales 2005.


* Suborder '''Phalangeriformes''': possums, gliders and allies
* Suborder '''Phalangeriformes''': possums, gliders and allies
** Superfamily Phalangeroidea
** Superfamily [[Phalangeroidea]]
*** Family [[Burramyidae]]: pygmy possums
*** Family †[[Ektopodontidae]]:
**** Genus †''[[Ektopodon]]''
***** ''†[[Ektopodon serratus]]''
***** ''†[[Ektopodon stirtoni]]''
***** ''†[[Ektopodon ulta]]''
*** Family [[Burramyidae]]: ([[pygmy possums]])
**** Genus ''[[Burramys]]''
**** Genus ''[[Burramys]]''
***** [[Mountain pygmy possum]], ''B. parvus''
***** [[Mountain pygmy possum]], ''B. parvus''
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***** [[Tasmanian pygmy possum]], ''C. lepidus''
***** [[Tasmanian pygmy possum]], ''C. lepidus''
***** [[Eastern pygmy possum]], ''C. nanus''
***** [[Eastern pygmy possum]], ''C. nanus''
*** Family [[Phalangeridae]]: brushtail possums and cuscuses
*** Family [[Phalangeridae]]: ([[brushtail possums]] and [[cuscus]]es)
**** Subfamily [[Ailuropinae]]
**** Subfamily [[Ailuropinae]]
***** Genus ''[[Ailurops]]''
***** Genus ''[[Ailurops]]''
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******* [[Waigeou cuscus]], ''S. papuensis''
******* [[Waigeou cuscus]], ''S. papuensis''
******* [[Black-spotted cuscus]], ''S. rufoniger''
******* [[Black-spotted cuscus]], ''S. rufoniger''
******* [[Blue-eyed spotted cuscus]], ''S. wilsoni''
******* [[Blue-eyed spotted cuscus]], ''S. wilsoni''
***** Tribe Trichosurini
***** Tribe Trichosurini
****** Genus ''[[Trichosurus]]''
****** Genus ''[[Trichosurus]]''
Line 79: Line 92:
******* [[Mountain brushtail possum]], ''T. cunninghami''
******* [[Mountain brushtail possum]], ''T. cunninghami''
******* [[Coppery brushtail possum]], ''T. johnstonii''
******* [[Coppery brushtail possum]], ''T. johnstonii''
******* [[Common brushtail possum]], ''T. vulpecula''
******* [[Common brushtail possum]], ''T. vulpecula''
****** Genus ''[[Wyulda]]''
****** Genus ''[[Wyulda]]''
******* [[Scaly-tailed possum]], ''W. squamicaudata''
******* [[Scaly-tailed possum]], ''W. squamicaudata''
** Superfamily [[Petauroidea]]
** Superfamily [[Petauroidea]]
*** Family [[Pseudocheiridae]]
*** Family [[Pseudocheiridae]]: ([[ring-tailed possum]]s and allies)
**** Subfamily Hemibelideinae
**** Subfamily Hemibelideinae
***** Genus ''[[Hemibelideus]]''
***** Genus ''[[Hemibelideus]]''
****** [[Lemur-like ringtail possum]], ''H. lemuroides''
****** [[Lemur-like ringtail possum]], ''H. lemuroides''
***** Genus ''[[Petauroides]]''
***** Genus ''[[Petauroides]]''
****** [[Greater glider]], ''P. volans''
****** [[Central greater glider]], ''P. armillatus''
******[[Northern greater glider]], ''P. minor''
******[[Petauroides volans|Southern greater glider]], ''P. volans''
**** Subfamily Pseudocheirinae
**** Subfamily Pseudocheirinae
***** Genus ''[[Petropseudes]]''
***** Genus ''[[Petropseudes]]''
Line 95: Line 110:
****** [[Common ringtail possum]], ''P. peregrinus''
****** [[Common ringtail possum]], ''P. peregrinus''
***** Genus ''[[Pseudochirulus]]''
***** Genus ''[[Pseudochirulus]]''
JENS HEDDER BOB OG KARL ER VENNER MED IP! xD Skole Relateret"
****** [[Lowland ringtail possum]], ''P. canescens''
****** [[Lowland ringtail possum]], ''P. canescens''
****** [[Weyland ringtail possum]], ''P. caroli''
****** [[Weyland ringtail possum]], ''P. caroli''
****** [[Cinereus ringtail possum]], ''P. cinereus''
****** [[Cinereus ringtail possum]], ''P. cinereus''
****** [[Painted ringtail possum]], ''P. forbesi''
****** [[Painted ringtail possum]], ''P. forbesi''
Line 104: Line 118:
****** [[Pygmy ringtail possum]], ''P. mayeri''
****** [[Pygmy ringtail possum]], ''P. mayeri''
****** [[Vogelkop ringtail possum]], ''P. schlegeli''
****** [[Vogelkop ringtail possum]], ''P. schlegeli''
**** Subfamily [[Pseudochiropinae]]
**** Subfamily [[Pseudochiropsinae]]
***** Genus ''[[Pseudochirops]]''
***** Genus ''[[Pseudochirops]]''
****** [[D'Albertis' ringtail possum]], ''Pseudochirops albertisii''
****** [[D'Albertis' ringtail possum]], ''P. albertisii''
****** [[Green ringtail possum]], ''Pseudochirops archeri''
****** [[Green ringtail possum]], ''P. archeri''
****** [[Plush-coated ringtail possum]], ''Pseudochirops corinnae''
****** [[Plush-coated ringtail possum]], ''P. corinnae''
****** [[Reclusive ringtail possum]], ''Pseudochirops coronatus''
****** [[Reclusive ringtail possum]], ''P. coronatus''
****** [[Coppery ringtail possum]], ''Pseudochirops cupreus''
****** [[Coppery ringtail possum]], ''P. cupreus''
*** Family [[Petauridae]]: ([[striped possum]], [[Leadbeater's possum]], [[yellow-bellied glider]], [[sugar glider]], [[mahogany glider]], [[squirrel glider]])
*** Family [[Petauridae]]
**** Genus ''[[Dactylopsila]]''
**** Genus ''[[Dactylopsila]]''
***** [[Great-tailed triok]], ''D. megalura''
***** [[Great-tailed triok]], ''D. megalura''
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***** [[Leadbeater's possum]], ''G. leadbeateri''
***** [[Leadbeater's possum]], ''G. leadbeateri''
**** Genus ''[[Petaurus]]''
**** Genus ''[[Petaurus]]''
***** [[Northern glider]], ''P. abidi''
***** [[Northern glider]], ''P''. ''abidi''
***** [[Savanna glider]], ''P. ariel''
***** [[Yellow-bellied glider]], ''P. australis''
***** [[Yellow-bellied glider]], ''P. australis''
***** [[Biak glider]], ''P. biacensis''
***** [[Biak glider]], ''P. biacensis''
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***** [[Mahogany glider]], ''P. gracilis''
***** [[Mahogany glider]], ''P. gracilis''
***** [[Squirrel glider]], ''P. norfolcensis''
***** [[Squirrel glider]], ''P. norfolcensis''
***** [[Krefft's glider]], ''P. notatus''
*** Family [[Tarsipedidae]]
*** Family [[Tarsipedidae]]: ([[honey possum]])
**** Genus ''[[Tarsipes]]''
**** Genus ''[[Tarsipes]]''
***** [[Honey possum]] or ''noolbenger'', ''T. rostratus''
***** [[Honey possum]] or ''noolbenger'', ''T. rostratus''
*** Family [[Acrobatidae]]
*** Family [[Acrobatidae]]: ([[feathertail glider]] and [[feather-tailed possum]])
**** Genus ''[[Acrobates]]''
**** Genus ''[[Acrobates]]''
***** [[Feathertail glider]], ''A. pygmaeus''
***** [[Feathertail glider]], ''A. pygmaeus''
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***** [[Feather-tailed possum]], ''D. pennatus''
***** [[Feather-tailed possum]], ''D. pennatus''


==In New Zealand==
== See also ==
⚫
* [[Fauna of Australia]]
{{Main|Common brushtail possum in New Zealand}}
The [[common brushtail possum]] was introduced to [[New Zealand]] by European settlers in an attempt to establish a [[fur]] industry. There are no native predators of the possum in New Zealand, so its numbers in New Zealand have risen to the point where it is considered a serious pest. Numerous attempts to eradicate them have been made because of the damage they do to native trees and wildlife, as well as acting as a carrier of bovine [[tuberculosis]]. By 2009, these measures had reduced the possum numbers to less than half of the 1980s levels – from around 70 million to around 30 million animals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/news/release.asp?Ne_ID=284 |title=New research estimates there are about 30 million possums in New Zealand |publisher=Landcare Research |date=9 December 2009 |accessdate=6 April 2011}}</ref>


⚫
== References ==
Since 1996, possum fur, obtained from about two million wild-caught possums per year, has been used in clothing with blends of fine [[merino wool]] with brushtail possum fur – variously known as Ecopossum, Merinosilk, Merinomink, possumdown, eco fur or possum wool. Possum fur is also used for fur trim, jackets, bed throws, and possum leather gloves.
{{Reflist}}


==See also==
== Further reading ==
⚫
*[http://www.australiazoo.com.au/our-animals/amazing-animals/mammals/?mammal=possums_and_gliders Possums and Gliders] – Australia Zoo
⚫
*[[Fauna of Australia]]
⚫
*[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2006/09/07/2041855.htm Urban Possums] – ABC (Science), Australian Broadcasting Corporation
⚫
*{{cite journal |last1=Ruedas |first1=L.A. |last2=Morales |first2=J.C. |title=Evolutionary relationships among genera of Phalangeridae (Metatheria: Diprotodontia) inferred from mitochondrial data |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=353–365 |year=2005 |doi=10.1644/BER-117.1 |jstor=4094355 |doi-access=free }}
*[http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/2858 Possums or Opossums?] on [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]]


{{Phalangerida|P.|state=collapsed}}
⚫
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Diprotodontia}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q279198}}
==Further reading==
⚫
*[http://www.australiazoo.com.au/our-animals/amazing-animals/mammals/?mammal=possums_and_gliders Possums and Gliders] — Australia Zoo
*[http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/possums.htm Australian Possums]
⚫
*[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2006/09/07/2041855.htm Urban Possums] — ABC (Science), Australian Broadcasting Corporation
⚫
*{{cite journal |last1=Ruedas |first1=L.A. |last2=Morales |first2=J.C. |title=Evolutionary relationships among genera of Phalangeridae (Metatheria: Diprotodontia) inferred from mitochondrial data |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=353–365 |year=2005 |doi=10.1644/BER-117.1 |url=http://asmjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1644/BER-117.1 |jstor=4094355}}

{{Diprotodontia}}


[[Category:Possums| ]]
[[Category:Possums| ]]
[[Category:Mammals of New Guinea]]
[[Category:Marsupials of Oceania]]
[[Category:Extant Oligocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Diprotodonts]]
[[Category:Paraphyletic groups]]

Latest revision as of 20:27, 18 December 2024

Phalangeriformes
Temporal range: Oligocene–present
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Suborder: Phalangeriformes
Szalay in Archer, 1982
Groups included
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa

Phalangeriformes /fəˈlændʒərɪfɔːrmiːz/ is a paraphyletic[1] suborder of about 70 species of small to medium-sized arboreal marsupials native to Australia, New Guinea, and Sulawesi.[2] The species are commonly known as possums, opossums,[3] gliders, and cuscus. The common name "(o)possum" for various Phalangeriformes species derives from the creatures' resemblance to the opossums of the Americas (the term comes from Powhatan language aposoum "white animal", from Proto-Algonquian *wa·p-aʔɬemwa "white dog").[4] However, although opossums are also marsupials, Australasian possums are more closely related to other Australasian marsupials such as kangaroos.

Phalangeriformes are quadrupedal diprotodont marsupials with long tails. The smallest species, indeed the smallest diprotodont marsupial, is the Tasmanian pygmy possum, with an adult head-body length of 70 mm (2+3⁄4 in) and a weight of 10 g (3⁄8 oz). The largest are the two species of bear cuscus, which may exceed 7 kg (15 lb 7 oz). Phalangeriformes species are typically nocturnal and at least partially arboreal. They inhabit most vegetated habitats, and several species have adjusted well to urban settings. Diets range from generalist herbivores or omnivores (the common brushtail possum) to specialist browsers of eucalyptus (greater glider), insectivores (mountain pygmy possum) and nectar-feeders (honey possum).

Classification

[edit]
Main article: List of phalangeriformes
Eastern pygmy possum, Pilliga forest, NSW
Sulawesi bear cuscus
Southern common cuscus, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland
Common spotted cuscus, Genoa
Common ringtail possum, Brisbane
Herbert River ringtail possum, 1884
Striped possum, Crater Lakes National Park, Queensland
Sugar gliders at mealtime
The diminutive feathertail glider

About two-thirds of Australian marsupials belong to the order Diprotodontia, which is split into three suborders, namely the Vombatiformes (wombats and the koala, four species in total); the large and diverse Phalangeriformes (the possums and gliders) and Macropodiformes (kangaroos, potoroos, wallabies and the musky rat-kangaroo). Note: this classification is based on Ruedas & Morales 2005.[clarification needed] However, Phalangeriformes has been recovered as paraphyletic with respect to Macropodiformes, rendering the latter a subset of the former if Phalangeriformes are to be considered a natural group.[5][6]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Eldridge, Mark D B; Beck, Robin M D; Croft, Darin A; Travouillon, Kenny J; Fox, Barry J (23 May 2019). "An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (3): 802–837. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz018. ISSN 0022-2372.
  2. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Suborder Phalangeriformes". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 44–56. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ "opossum". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/8236326670. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  4. ^ Siebert, Frank T. Jr. (1975). "Resurrecting Virginia Algonquian from the Dead: The Reconstituted and Historical Phonology of Powhatan". In Crawford, James Mack (ed.). Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages. University of Georgia Press.
  5. ^ Warburton, Natalie M.; Prideaux, Gavin J. (2021). "The skeleton of Congruus kitcheneri, a semiarboreal kangaroo from the Pleistocene of southern Australia". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (3): 202216. Bibcode:2021RSOS....802216W. doi:10.1098/rsos.202216. PMC 8074921. PMID 33959368.
  6. ^ Eldridge, Mark D B; Beck, Robin M D; Croft, Darin A; Travouillon, Kenny J; Fox, Barry J (23 May 2019). "An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (3): 802–837. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz018. ISSN 0022-2372.

Further reading

[edit]
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