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{{Short description|British politician}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Marina Yannakoudakis
|name = Marina Yannakoudakis
|image = Marina Yannakoudakis MEP 2, Strasbourg - Diliff.jpg
|image = Marina Yannakoudakis MEP 1, Strasbourg - Diliff.jpg
|honorific-suffix = [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]
|constituency_MP = [[London (European Parliament constituency)|London]]
|constituency_MP = [[London (European Parliament constituency)|London]]
|parliament = European
|parliament = European
|term_start = 4 June 2009
|term_start = 4 June 2009
|term_end =
|term_end = 2 July 2014
|predecessor = [[John Bowis]]
|predecessor = [[John Bowis]]
|successor =
|successor = [[Lucy Anderson (politician)|Lucy Anderson]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|4|16|df=y}}
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|4|16|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Paddington]], [[United Kingdom]]
|birth_place = [[Paddington]], [[London]], England, United Kingdom
|death_date =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|death_place =
Line 20: Line 20:
|website = [http://www.marinayannakoudakis.com/ Official website]
|website = [http://www.marinayannakoudakis.com/ Official website]
}}
}}
'''Marina Yannakoudakis''' (born 16 April 1956) is a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[Member of the European Parliament]] for [[London (European Parliament constituency)|London]] first elected at the [[European Parliament election, 2009 (United Kingdom)|2009 European Parliament election]].
'''Marina Yannakoudakis''' (born 16 April 1956) is a member of the [[European Economic and Social Committee]] and a former [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of the European Parliament]] for [[London (European Parliament constituency)|London]]. She was elected at the [[2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2009 European Parliament election]]. She lost her seat at the [[2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2014 election]].


==Early years==
==Early years==
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==Member of the European Parliament==
==Member of the European Parliament==
She is a full member of the [[Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality]], the [[Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety]] and a substitute member of the Special Committee on Organised Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering. She is a member of the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav [[Republic of Macedonia]] Joint Parliamentary Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96944/Marina_YANNAKOUDAKIS.html|title=European Parliament Profile|publisher=European Parliament|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref>
She was a full member of the [[Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality]], the [[European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety|Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety]] and a substitute member of the Special Committee on Organised Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering. She was a member of the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav [[Republic of Macedonia]] Joint Parliamentary Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96944/Marina_YANNAKOUDAKIS.html|title=European Parliament Profile|publisher=European Parliament|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref>


She is also a member of the High-Level Contact Group for relations with the [[Turkish Cypriot]] community in the northern part of the island. She is the Conservative and the [[European Conservatives and Reformists]] spokesman on Women's Rights and Gender Equality.
She was also a member of the High-Level Contact Group for relations with the [[Turkish Cypriot]] community in the northern part of the island and was the Conservative and the [[European Conservatives and Reformists Group|European Conservatives and Reformists]] spokesman on Women's Rights and Gender Equality.


==Women's Rights==
==Women's Rights==
She has campaigned against EU plans to give women 20 weeks [[maternity leave]] on full pay which would have cost the UK economy £2.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2004482/EUs-increase-paid-maternity-leave-20-weeks-pay-halted.html|title=EU shelves plan to extend fully paid maternity leave to 20 weeks 'because we can't afford it'|date=17 June 2011|work=The Daily Mail|location=London|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Jason |last=Groves}}</ref> She led calls in the [[Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality]] for an impact assessment of the legislation to be conducted which resulted in the proposals being shelved.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/new-eu-maternity-rules-set-to-be-shelved/|title=New EU maternity rules 'set to be shelved'|date=17 June 2011|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks}}</ref> She has also spoken out against EU proposals to have a quota for women on boardrooms, where she described the proposals as "patronising".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2110292/EU-wants-law-enforce-minimum-quotas-women-boardroom.html/|title=EU wants law to enforce minimum quotas for women in the boardroom|date=5 March 2012|work=The Daily Mail|location=London|accessdate=10 March 2012|first=Kirsty|last=Walker}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/344122/Outcry-over-EU-plan-for-more-women-directors|title=Outcry over EU plan for more women directors|date=5 September 2012|work=The Daily Express|location=London|accessdate=5 September 2012}}</ref>
Yannakoudakis campaigned against EU plans to give women 20 weeks [[maternity leave]] on full pay. She led calls in the [[Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality]] for an impact assessment of the legislation to be conducted which resulted in the proposals being shelved.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/new-eu-maternity-rules-set-to-be-shelved/|title=New EU maternity rules 'set to be shelved'|date=17 June 2011|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204024433/http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/new-eu-maternity-rules-set-to-be-shelved/|archive-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> She has also spoken out against EU proposals to have a quota for women on boardrooms, where she described the proposals as "patronising".><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/344122/Outcry-over-EU-plan-for-more-women-directors|title=Outcry over EU plan for more women directors|date=5 September 2012|work=The Daily Express|location=London|accessdate=5 September 2012}}</ref>


Since December 2011, she has been pushing for a redress to the [[Test Achats vs Council of Ministers]] case, a [[European Court of Justice]] ruling which determined it was illegal for insurance companies to discriminate on the basis of gender in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insuranceage.co.uk/insurance-age/news/2133858/mep-objects-ecj-gender-ban|title=MEP objects to ECJ ruling|date=20 December 2011|work=Insurance Age|location=London|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Caitlin|last=Morrison}}</ref>
She pushed for a redress to the [[Test Achats vs Council of Ministers]] case, a [[European Court of Justice]] ruling which determined it was illegal for insurance companies to discriminate on the basis of gender in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insuranceage.co.uk/insurance-age/news/2133858/mep-objects-ecj-gender-ban|title=MEP objects to ECJ ruling|date=20 December 2011|work=Insurance Age|location=London|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Caitlin|last=Morrison}}</ref>


She has also worked on issues related to women and entrepreneurship<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-small-business-driving-eu-growth/meps-urge-encouragement-female-web-entrepreneurs-news|title=MEPs urge encouragement for female web entrepreneurs|date=4 October 2011|work=Euractiv|location=Brussels|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Jeremy|last=Fleming}}</ref> and child protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservativeeurope.com/news/1436/Protecting-children-from-sex-abuse.aspx|title=Protecting children from sex abuse|publisher=Conservatives in the European Parliament|accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref>
Yannakoudakis also worked on issues related to women and entrepreneurship<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-small-business-driving-eu-growth/meps-urge-encouragement-female-web-entrepreneurs-news|title=MEPs urge encouragement for female web entrepreneurs|date=4 October 2011|work=Euractiv|location=Brussels|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Jeremy|last=Fleming}}</ref> and child protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservativeeurope.com/news/1436/Protecting-children-from-sex-abuse.aspx|title=Protecting children from sex abuse|publisher=Conservatives in the European Parliament|accessdate=8 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109033229/http://www.conservativeeurope.com//news/1436/protecting-children-from-sex-abuse.aspx|archive-date=9 November 2011}}</ref>


Yannakoudakis has been leading a campaign in the European Parliament against [[female genital mutilation]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/europewide-move-to-end-fgm-barbarism-9104255.html|title=Europe-wide move to end FGM barbarism|date=3 February 2014|work=London Evening Standard|location=London|accessdate=9 February 2014|first=Anna|last=Davis}}</ref>.
Yannakoudakis led a campaign in the European Parliament against [[female genital mutilation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/europewide-move-to-end-fgm-barbarism-9104255.html|title=Europe-wide move to end FGM barbarism|date=3 February 2014|work=Evening Standard|location=London|accessdate=9 February 2014|first=Anna|last=Davis}}</ref>


==Health and Environment==
==Health and Environment==
In the [[Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety]] she mainly concentrates on public health issues, where she has spoken out on the need for stricter rules for EU doctors<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/mep-calls-for-language-testing-for-doctors/|title=MEP calls for language tests for doctors|date=21 November 2011|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks}}</ref> as well as ensuring that [[MRI scanner]] rules are not over-regulated by EU law.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/1203/mri-ban-would-be-madness-warns-mep|title=MRI ban would be 'madness' - warns MEP|date=2 December 2011|work=PublicService Europe|location=Brussels|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Marina|last=Yannakoudakis}}</ref> She drafted the committee's report on the voluntary donation of tissues and cells which called for more donations of [[cord blood]] for stem cell transplants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/pressroom/content/20120619IPR47178/html/Health-MEPs-oppose-paid-donation-of-tissues-and-cells|title=Health MEPs oppose paid donation of tissues and cells|publisher=European Parliament|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> She is the committee's contact point for the [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]].
In the [[European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety|Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety]] she concentrated on public health issues, where she spoke out on the need for stricter rules for EU doctors<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/mep-calls-for-language-testing-for-doctors/|title=MEP calls for language tests for doctors|date=21 November 2011|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911193545/http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/mep-calls-for-language-testing-for-doctors/|archive-date=11 September 2012}}</ref> as well as ensuring that [[MRI scanner]] rules are not over-regulated by EU law.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/1203/mri-ban-would-be-madness-warns-mep|title=MRI ban would be 'madness' - warns MEP|date=2 December 2011|work=PublicService Europe|location=Brussels|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Marina|last=Yannakoudakis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205153800/http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/1203/mri-ban-would-be-madness-warns-mep|archive-date=5 December 2011}}</ref> She drafted the committee's report on the voluntary donation of tissues and cells which called for more donations of [[cord blood]] for stem cell transplants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/pressroom/content/20120619IPR47178/html/Health-MEPs-oppose-paid-donation-of-tissues-and-cells|title=Health MEPs oppose paid donation of tissues and cells|date=21 June 2012 |publisher=European Parliament|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> She is the committee's contact point for the [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]].

Yannakoudakis led a campaign to ensure that EU rules do not make it more difficult for [[electronic cigarette]] users to access e-cigs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.london24.com/news/news/opinion/blog_e_cigarettes_key_to_helping_smokers_kick_the_habit_1_2284866|title=E-cigarettes key to helping smokers kick the habit|date=18 July 2013|work=London 24|location=London|accessdate=9 February 2014|first=Marina|last=Yannakoudakis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207073153/http://www.london24.com/news/news/opinion/blog_e_cigarettes_key_to_helping_smokers_kick_the_habit_1_2284866|archive-date=7 February 2014}}</ref>


==Cyprus and LGBT Rights==
==Cyprus and LGBT Rights==
Yannakoudakis has worked to support efforts to find people who went missing during the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] and [[Cypriot intercommunal violence]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/policy-focus/enlargement/enlargement-article/newsarticle/meps-press-for-continued-action-to-find-cyprus-disappeared/|title=MEPs press for continued action to find Cyprus' disappeared|date=8 June 2011|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks}}</ref> She is a member of the [[European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights]].<ref>James Ledward, [http://www.gscene.com/news/Tory_MEP_joins_European_Intergroup_on_LGBT_rights.shtml Tory MEP joins European Intergroup on LGBT rights], ''[[GScene]]'', 24 July 2012</ref> She has campaigned for the decriminalisation of homosexuality in [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/02/01/meps-condemn-gay-arrests-in-northern-cyprus/|title=MEPs condemn gay arrests in Northern Cyprus|date=1 February 2012|work=The Pink News|location=London|accessdate=2 February 2012|first=Stephen|last=Gray}}</ref> She met and received assurances from [[Turkish Cypriot]] leader Dr. [[Derviş Eroğlu]] that he would sign a repeal of the gay ban into law<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.pinkpaper.com/NewsStory/6252/20/10/2011/Conservative-MEP-gets-pledge-from-Turkish-Cypriot-leader-to-repeal-anti-gay-law.aspx|title=Conservative MEP gets pledge from Turkish Cypriot leader to repeal anti-gay law|date=20 October 2011|work=The Pink Paper|location=London|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Peter|last=Lloyd|archiveurl=http://archive.is/VI2F|archivedate=20 July 2012}}</ref> and by putting pressure on the authorities in the north she was instrumental in overturning the anti-gay law.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/01/27/northern-cyprus-votes-to-repeal-gay-sex-ban/|title=Northern Cyprus votes to repeal gay sex ban|date=27 January 2014|work=The Pink News|location=London|accessdate=9 February 2014|first=Scott|last=Roberts}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25918330|title=Northern Cyprus lifts ban on gay sex|date=27 January 2014|work=BBC News|location=London|accessdate=9 February 2014|}}</ref>
Yannakoudakis worked to support efforts to find people who went missing during the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] and [[Cypriot intercommunal violence]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/policy-focus/enlargement/enlargement-article/newsarticle/meps-press-for-continued-action-to-find-cyprus-disappeared/|title=MEPs press for continued action to find Cyprus' disappeared|date=8 June 2011|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021054944/http://www.theparliament.com/policy-focus/enlargement/enlargement-article/newsarticle/meps-press-for-continued-action-to-find-cyprus-disappeared/|archive-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> She was a member of the [[European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights]].<ref>James Ledward, [http://www.gscene.com/news/Tory_MEP_joins_European_Intergroup_on_LGBT_rights.shtml Tory MEP joins European Intergroup on LGBT rights]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[GScene]]'', 24 July 2012</ref> She has campaigned for the decriminalisation of homosexuality in [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/02/01/meps-condemn-gay-arrests-in-northern-cyprus/|title=MEPs condemn gay arrests in Northern Cyprus|date=1 February 2012|work=The Pink News|location=London|accessdate=2 February 2012|first=Stephen|last=Gray}}</ref> She met and received assurances from [[Turkish Cypriot]] leader Dr. [[Derviş Eroğlu]] that he would sign a repeal of the gay ban into law<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.pinkpaper.com/NewsStory/6252/20/10/2011/Conservative-MEP-gets-pledge-from-Turkish-Cypriot-leader-to-repeal-anti-gay-law.aspx |title=Conservative MEP gets pledge from Turkish Cypriot leader to repeal anti-gay law |date=20 October 2011 |work=The Pink Paper |location=London |accessdate=8 January 2012 |first=Peter |last=Lloyd |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720154301/http://news.pinkpaper.com/NewsStory/6252/20/10/2011/Conservative-MEP-gets-pledge-from-Turkish-Cypriot-leader-to-repeal-anti-gay-law.aspx |archive-date=20 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and by putting pressure on the authorities in the north she was instrumental in overturning the anti-gay law.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/01/27/northern-cyprus-votes-to-repeal-gay-sex-ban/|title=Northern Cyprus votes to repeal gay sex ban|date=27 January 2014|work=The Pink News|location=London|accessdate=9 February 2014|first=Scott|last=Roberts}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25918330|title=Northern Cyprus lifts ban on gay sex|date=27 January 2014|work=BBC News|location=London|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref>


She has also supported LGBT rights by co-authoring a resolution on [[LGBT rights in Africa]] especially the protection of lesbians<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/06/european-parliament-condemns-violence-against-lesbians-in-africa/|title=European Parliament condemns violence against lesbians in Africa|date=6 July 2012|work=The Pink News|location=London|accessdate=21 July 2012|first=Stephen|last=Gray}}</ref> and called on the EU to suspend its aid to Uganda in light of the [[Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/11/19/tory-mep-says-eu-aid-must-stop-if-uganda-passes-anti-gay-bill/|title=Tory MEP says EU aid must stop if Uganda passes anti-gay bill|date=19 November 2012|work=The Pink News|location=London|accessdate=4 February 2013|first=Scott|last=Roberts}}</ref>
She supported LGBT rights by co-authoring a resolution on [[LGBT rights in Africa]] especially the protection of lesbians<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/06/european-parliament-condemns-violence-against-lesbians-in-africa/|title=European Parliament condemns violence against lesbians in Africa|date=6 July 2012|work=The Pink News|location=London|accessdate=21 July 2012|first=Stephen|last=Gray}}</ref> and called on the EU to suspend its aid to Uganda in light of the [[Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/11/19/tory-mep-says-eu-aid-must-stop-if-uganda-passes-anti-gay-bill/|title=Tory MEP says EU aid must stop if Uganda passes anti-gay bill|date=19 November 2012|work=The Pink News|location=London|accessdate=4 February 2013|first=Scott|last=Roberts}}</ref>


==Opposition to EU Policy==
==Opposition to EU Policy==
Yannakoudakis is strongly opposed to the introduction of a [[European Union financial transaction tax]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/forum/rapid-responses-56|title=Tax and the City|date=7 December 2011|work=City AM|location=London|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Marina|last=Yannakoudakis}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/1391/no-plot-against-uk-insists-eus-barnier|title=No plot against UK, insists EU's Barnier|date=23 January 2012|work=PublicService Europe|location=Brussels|accessdate=24 January 2012|first=Daniel|last=Mason}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/1971/push-ahead-with-financial-transaction-tax-meps-urge|title=Push ahead with financial transaction tax, MEPs urge|date=23 May 2012|work=PublicService Europe|location=Brussels|accessdate=7 June 2012|first=Daniel|last=Mason}}</ref> which she believes would have an adverse effect on the [[City of London]]. She has also campaigned to protect companies in her constituency threatened by EU rules including [[Prudential plc]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insuranceinsight.eu/insurance-insight/news/2156133/prudential-departure-severe-blow-tory-mep/|title=Prudential departure would be "severe blow", says Tory MEP|date=29 February 2012|work=Insurance Insight|location=London|accessdate=10 March 2012|first=Francesca|last=Nyman}}</ref> She has led a cross-party multi-national campaign to secure a level playing field for sugar cane refiners, including London's [[Tate & Lyle]] where jobs are under threat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/companies/brands/tate-and-lyle-eu-sugar-case-backed-by-meps/226369.article|title=Tate & Lyle EU sugar case backed by MEPs|date=20 February 2012|work=The Grocer|location=London|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://euchronicle.eu/no-sweeteners|title=No Sweeteners|date=10 May 2012|work=EU Chronicle|location=Brussels|accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wharf.co.uk/2012/05/meps-call-for-reforms-to-help.html|title=MEPs call for reforms to help Tate & Lyle|date=29 May 2012|work=The Wharf|location=London|accessdate=7 June 2012|first=Giles|last=Broadbent}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.agra-net.com/portal2/home.jsp?template=newsarticle&artid=20017972461&pubid=ag002s|title=MEPs lobby for ‘equal treatment’ for EU sugar cane refiners|date=5 July 2012|work=Agra Europe|location=Brussels|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref>
Yannakoudakis was strongly opposed to the introduction of a [[European Union financial transaction tax]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/forum/rapid-responses-56|title=Tax and the City|date=7 December 2011|work=City AM|location=London|accessdate=8 January 2012|first=Marina|last=Yannakoudakis}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/1391/no-plot-against-uk-insists-eus-barnier|title=No plot against UK, insists EU's Barnier|date=23 January 2012|work=PublicService Europe|location=Brussels|accessdate=24 January 2012|first=Daniel|last=Mason|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619101419/http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/1391/no-plot-against-uk-insists-eus-barnier|archive-date=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/1971/push-ahead-with-financial-transaction-tax-meps-urge|title=Push ahead with financial transaction tax, MEPs urge|date=23 May 2012|work=PublicService Europe|location=Brussels|accessdate=7 June 2012|first=Daniel|last=Mason|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527053636/http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/1971/push-ahead-with-financial-transaction-tax-meps-urge|archive-date=27 May 2012}}</ref> which she believed would have an adverse effect on the [[City of London]]. She has also campaigned to protect companies in her constituency threatened by EU rules including [[Prudential plc]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insuranceinsight.eu/insurance-insight/news/2156133/prudential-departure-severe-blow-tory-mep/|title=Prudential departure would be "severe blow", says Tory MEP|date=29 February 2012|work=Insurance Insight|location=London|accessdate=10 March 2012|first=Francesca|last=Nyman|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526165501/http://www.insuranceinsight.eu/insurance-insight/news/2156133/prudential-departure-severe-blow-tory-mep|archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref> She led a cross-party multi-national campaign to secure a level playing field for sugar cane refiners, including London's [[Tate & Lyle]] where jobs are under threat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/companies/brands/tate-and-lyle-eu-sugar-case-backed-by-meps/226369.article|title=Tate & Lyle EU sugar case backed by MEPs|date=20 February 2012|work=The Grocer|location=London|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://euchronicle.eu/no-sweeteners|title=No Sweeteners|date=10 May 2012|work=EU Chronicle|location=Brussels|accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wharf.co.uk/2012/05/meps-call-for-reforms-to-help.html|title=MEPs call for reforms to help Tate & Lyle|date=29 May 2012|work=The Wharf|location=London|accessdate=7 June 2012|first=Giles|last=Broadbent}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.agra-net.com/portal2/home.jsp?template=newsarticle&artid=20017972461&pubid=ag002s|title=MEPs lobby for 'equal treatment' for EU sugar cane refiners|date=5 July 2012|work=Agra Europe|location=Brussels|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref>


She has led campaigns to seek savings in the EU budget. She raised concerns about spending on EU orchestras<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/9151335/EU-spends-9-million-on-13-orchestras.html|title=EU spends £9 million on 13 orchestras|date=18 March 2012|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|accessdate=16 May 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks}}</ref> and has called for cuts to be made to the [[European Personnel Selection Office]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/commissioner-leaps-to-defence-of-under-fire-eu-personnel-office/|title=Commissioner leaps to defence of under-fire EU personnel office |date=31 January 2013|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=4 February 2013|first=Martin|last=Banks}}</ref> and the [[Agencies of the European Union]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/uk-deputy-calls-for-bonfire-of-eu-agencies/|title=UK deputy calls for 'bonfire' of EU agencies|date=10 May 2012|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=16 May 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/mep-calls-for-eu-gender-agency-funding-to-be-scrapped/|title=MEP calls for EU gender agency funding to be scrapped|date=4 September 2012|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=5 September 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks}}</ref> She has criticised the EU spending €2 million a year on [[Europe Day]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/2117/eu-spends-millions-on-europe-day-every-year|title=EU spends millions on Europe Day every year|date=22 June 2012|work=Public service Europe|location=Brussels|accessdate=21 July 2012|first=Marina|last=Yannakoudakis}}</ref> as well as the high cost of the European Commission's participation at the [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2163243/Rio-20-Earth-Summit--475k-300-tonnes-CO2-send-5-Eurocrats-Rio.html|title=£475,000 and 300 tonnes of CO2 to send Eurocrats to Earth Summit in Rio... and they STILL can't decide on anything|date=22 June 2012|work=The Daily Mail|location=London|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref>
She led campaigns to seek savings in the EU budget. She raised concerns about spending on EU orchestras<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/9151335/EU-spends-9-million-on-13-orchestras.html|title=EU spends £9 million on 13 orchestras|date=18 March 2012|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|accessdate=16 May 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks}}</ref> and has called for cuts to be made to the [[European Personnel Selection Office]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/commissioner-leaps-to-defence-of-under-fire-eu-personnel-office/|title=Commissioner leaps to defence of under-fire EU personnel office|date=31 January 2013|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=4 February 2013|first=Martin|last=Banks|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206023741/http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/commissioner-leaps-to-defence-of-under-fire-eu-personnel-office/|archive-date=6 February 2013}}</ref> and the [[Agencies of the European Union]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/uk-deputy-calls-for-bonfire-of-eu-agencies/|title=UK deputy calls for 'bonfire' of EU agencies|date=10 May 2012|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=16 May 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513043801/http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/uk-deputy-calls-for-bonfire-of-eu-agencies/|archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/mep-calls-for-eu-gender-agency-funding-to-be-scrapped/|title=MEP calls for EU gender agency funding to be scrapped|date=4 September 2012|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=5 September 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204095428/http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/mep-calls-for-eu-gender-agency-funding-to-be-scrapped/|archive-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> She criticised the EU spending €2 million a year on [[Europe Day]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/2117/eu-spends-millions-on-europe-day-every-year|title=EU spends millions on Europe Day every year|date=22 June 2012|work=Public service Europe|location=Brussels|accessdate=21 July 2012|first=Marina|last=Yannakoudakis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201140656/http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/2117/eu-spends-millions-on-europe-day-every-year|archive-date=1 February 2013}}</ref>


Yannakoudakis has made a number of comments on the enlargement of the EU. She has voted against the [[accession of Iceland to the European Union]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mep-in-protest-over-iceland-eu-membership-7566928.html|title=MEP in protest over Iceland EU membership |date=14 March 2012|work=The Independent|location=London|accessdate=15 March 2012|first=Geoff|last=Meade}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://euobserver.com/9/115604|title=Iceland considers Canadian dollar instead of euro|date=15 March 2012|work=EUObserver|location=Brussels|accessdate=15 March 2012|first=Nikolaj|last=Nielsen}}</ref> citing the ongoing [[Icesave dispute]] as an obstacle to EU membership. Yannakoudakis called for Iceland to fully compensate all UK depositors, especially the London councils which had invested surplus money. She also opposed a European Parliament report recommending the [[accession of Turkey to the European Union]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/eu-parliament-told-turkey-is-not-ready-for-eu-accession/|title=EU parliament told Turkey is 'not ready' for EU accession|date=30 March 2012|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=4 April 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks}}</ref> citing concerns about Ankara's failure to fully respect women's and minority rights, especially [[Kurds in Turkey]]. She also criticised Turkey's refusal to work with the 2012 Cypriot [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union]].
Yannakoudakis made a number of comments on the enlargement of the EU. She voted against the [[accession of Iceland to the European Union]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mep-in-protest-over-iceland-eu-membership-7566928.html|title=MEP in protest over Iceland EU membership |date=14 March 2012|work=The Independent|location=London|accessdate=15 March 2012|first=Geoff|last=Meade}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://euobserver.com/9/115604|title=Iceland considers Canadian dollar instead of euro|date=15 March 2012|work=EUObserver|location=Brussels|accessdate=15 March 2012|first=Nikolaj|last=Nielsen}}</ref> citing the ongoing [[Icesave dispute]] as an obstacle to EU membership. Yannakoudakis called for Iceland to fully compensate all UK depositors, especially the London councils which had invested surplus money. She also opposed a European Parliament report recommending the [[accession of Turkey to the European Union]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/eu-parliament-told-turkey-is-not-ready-for-eu-accession/|title=EU parliament told Turkey is 'not ready' for EU accession|date=30 March 2012|work=The Parliament Magazine|location=Brussels|accessdate=4 April 2012|first=Martin|last=Banks|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402194236/http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/eu-parliament-told-turkey-is-not-ready-for-eu-accession/|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> citing concerns about Ankara's failure to fully respect women's and minority rights, especially [[Kurds in Turkey]]. She also criticised Turkey's refusal to work with the 2012 Cypriot [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union]].


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
She married her Greek-born husband, Zacharias Yannakoudakis, in 1983. She was finance director of the company that they founded and ran together until her election; the couple has three children. The family lives in [[Barnet]].
She married her Greek-born husband, Zacharias Yannakoudakis, in 1983. She was finance director of the company that they founded and ran together until her election; the couple has three children. The family lives in [[Chipping Barnet|Barnet]].

⚫
==References==
⚫
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.marinayannakoudakis.com Official website]
*[http://www.marinayannakoudakis.com Official website]
*[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96944/Marina_YANNAKOUDAKIS.html European Parliament profile]
*[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96944/Marina_YANNAKOUDAKIS.html European Parliament profile]
*[http://www.conservatives.com/People/Members_of_the_European_Parliament/Yannakoudakis_Marina.aspx Conservative Party profile]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100226024641/http://www.conservatives.com/People/Members_of_the_European_Parliament/Yannakoudakis_Marina.aspx Conservative Party profile]


{{Authority control}}
⚫
==References==
⚫
{{Reflist}}


{{United Kingdom MEPs 2009–2014}}
{{Conservative Party MEPs}}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME =Yannakoudakis, Marina
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =Γιαννακουδάκη, Μαρίνα
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British Conservative [[Member of the European Parliament]]
| DATE OF BIRTH = 16 April 1956
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Paddington]], [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yannakoudakis, Marina}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yannakoudakis, Marina}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Brunel University]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Brunel University London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Open University]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Open University]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MEPs]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MEPs]]
[[Category:Female MEPs for the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:21st-century women MEPs for England]]
[[Category:MEPs for the United Kingdom 2009–14]]
[[Category:MEPs for England 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Members of the European Parliament for English constituencies]]
[[Category:People from Paddington]]
[[Category:People from Paddington]]

Latest revision as of 17:43, 5 September 2024

Marina Yannakoudakis
Member of the European Parliament
for London
In office
4 June 2009 – 2 July 2014
Preceded byJohn Bowis
Succeeded byLucy Anderson
Personal details
Born (1956-04-16) 16 April 1956 (age 68)
Paddington, London, England, United Kingdom
Political partyConservative
SpouseZacharias Yannakoudakis
Alma materBrunel University
Open University
WebsiteOfficial website

Marina Yannakoudakis (born 16 April 1956) is a member of the European Economic and Social Committee and a former Conservative Member of the European Parliament for London. She was elected at the 2009 European Parliament election. She lost her seat at the 2014 election.

Early years

[edit]

Yannakoudakis was born in Paddington. She studied for a BSc in government, politics and modern history at Brunel University, where she was chairman of the Conservative students, and also received an MA in education from the Open University.

She was a member of Barnet London Borough Council for Oakleigh Park Ward from 2006 to 2010 where she was chair of the Cleaner, Greener, Transport and Development Overview & Scrutiny Committee.

Member of the European Parliament

[edit]

She was a full member of the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality, the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and a substitute member of the Special Committee on Organised Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering. She was a member of the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee.[1]

She was also a member of the High-Level Contact Group for relations with the Turkish Cypriot community in the northern part of the island and was the Conservative and the European Conservatives and Reformists spokesman on Women's Rights and Gender Equality.

Women's Rights

[edit]

Yannakoudakis campaigned against EU plans to give women 20 weeks maternity leave on full pay. She led calls in the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality for an impact assessment of the legislation to be conducted which resulted in the proposals being shelved.[2] She has also spoken out against EU proposals to have a quota for women on boardrooms, where she described the proposals as "patronising".>[3]

She pushed for a redress to the Test Achats vs Council of Ministers case, a European Court of Justice ruling which determined it was illegal for insurance companies to discriminate on the basis of gender in the European Union.[4]

Yannakoudakis also worked on issues related to women and entrepreneurship[5] and child protection.[6]

Yannakoudakis led a campaign in the European Parliament against female genital mutilation.[7]

Health and Environment

[edit]

In the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety she concentrated on public health issues, where she spoke out on the need for stricter rules for EU doctors[8] as well as ensuring that MRI scanner rules are not over-regulated by EU law.[9] She drafted the committee's report on the voluntary donation of tissues and cells which called for more donations of cord blood for stem cell transplants.[10] She is the committee's contact point for the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.

Yannakoudakis led a campaign to ensure that EU rules do not make it more difficult for electronic cigarette users to access e-cigs.[11]

Cyprus and LGBT Rights

[edit]

Yannakoudakis worked to support efforts to find people who went missing during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus and Cypriot intercommunal violence.[12] She was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights.[13] She has campaigned for the decriminalisation of homosexuality in Northern Cyprus.[14] She met and received assurances from Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Derviş Eroğlu that he would sign a repeal of the gay ban into law[15] and by putting pressure on the authorities in the north she was instrumental in overturning the anti-gay law.[16][17]

She supported LGBT rights by co-authoring a resolution on LGBT rights in Africa especially the protection of lesbians[18] and called on the EU to suspend its aid to Uganda in light of the Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill.[19]

Opposition to EU Policy

[edit]

Yannakoudakis was strongly opposed to the introduction of a European Union financial transaction tax[20][21][22] which she believed would have an adverse effect on the City of London. She has also campaigned to protect companies in her constituency threatened by EU rules including Prudential plc.[23] She led a cross-party multi-national campaign to secure a level playing field for sugar cane refiners, including London's Tate & Lyle where jobs are under threat.[24][25][26][27]

She led campaigns to seek savings in the EU budget. She raised concerns about spending on EU orchestras[28] and has called for cuts to be made to the European Personnel Selection Office.[29] and the Agencies of the European Union.[30][31] She criticised the EU spending €2 million a year on Europe Day.[32]

Yannakoudakis made a number of comments on the enlargement of the EU. She voted against the accession of Iceland to the European Union[33][34] citing the ongoing Icesave dispute as an obstacle to EU membership. Yannakoudakis called for Iceland to fully compensate all UK depositors, especially the London councils which had invested surplus money. She also opposed a European Parliament report recommending the accession of Turkey to the European Union[35] citing concerns about Ankara's failure to fully respect women's and minority rights, especially Kurds in Turkey. She also criticised Turkey's refusal to work with the 2012 Cypriot Presidency of the Council of the European Union.

Personal life

[edit]

She married her Greek-born husband, Zacharias Yannakoudakis, in 1983. She was finance director of the company that they founded and ran together until her election; the couple has three children. The family lives in Barnet.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "European Parliament Profile". European Parliament. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  2. ^ Banks, Martin (17 June 2011). "New EU maternity rules 'set to be shelved'". The Parliament Magazine. Brussels. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  3. ^ "Outcry over EU plan for more women directors". The Daily Express. London. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  4. ^ Morrison, Caitlin (20 December 2011). "MEP objects to ECJ ruling". Insurance Age. London. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  5. ^ Fleming, Jeremy (4 October 2011). "MEPs urge encouragement for female web entrepreneurs". Euractiv. Brussels. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  6. ^ "Protecting children from sex abuse". Conservatives in the European Parliament. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  7. ^ Davis, Anna (3 February 2014). "Europe-wide move to end FGM barbarism". Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  8. ^ Banks, Martin (21 November 2011). "MEP calls for language tests for doctors". The Parliament Magazine. Brussels. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  9. ^ Yannakoudakis, Marina (2 December 2011). "MRI ban would be 'madness' - warns MEP". PublicService Europe. Brussels. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  10. ^ "Health MEPs oppose paid donation of tissues and cells". European Parliament. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  11. ^ Yannakoudakis, Marina (18 July 2013). "E-cigarettes key to helping smokers kick the habit". London 24. London. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  12. ^ Banks, Martin (8 June 2011). "MEPs press for continued action to find Cyprus' disappeared". The Parliament Magazine. Brussels. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  13. ^ James Ledward, Tory MEP joins European Intergroup on LGBT rights[permanent dead link‍], GScene, 24 July 2012
  14. ^ Gray, Stephen (1 February 2012). "MEPs condemn gay arrests in Northern Cyprus". The Pink News. London. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  15. ^ Lloyd, Peter (20 October 2011). "Conservative MEP gets pledge from Turkish Cypriot leader to repeal anti-gay law". The Pink Paper. London. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  16. ^ Roberts, Scott (27 January 2014). "Northern Cyprus votes to repeal gay sex ban". The Pink News. London. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  17. ^ "Northern Cyprus lifts ban on gay sex". BBC News. London. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  18. ^ Gray, Stephen (6 July 2012). "European Parliament condemns violence against lesbians in Africa". The Pink News. London. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  19. ^ Roberts, Scott (19 November 2012). "Tory MEP says EU aid must stop if Uganda passes anti-gay bill". The Pink News. London. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  20. ^ Yannakoudakis, Marina (7 December 2011). "Tax and the City". City AM. London. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  21. ^ Mason, Daniel (23 January 2012). "No plot against UK, insists EU's Barnier". PublicService Europe. Brussels. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  22. ^ Mason, Daniel (23 May 2012). "Push ahead with financial transaction tax, MEPs urge". PublicService Europe. Brussels. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  23. ^ Nyman, Francesca (29 February 2012). "Prudential departure would be "severe blow", says Tory MEP". Insurance Insight. London. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  24. ^ "Tate & Lyle EU sugar case backed by MEPs". The Grocer. London. 20 February 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  25. ^ "No Sweeteners". EU Chronicle. Brussels. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  26. ^ Broadbent, Giles (29 May 2012). "MEPs call for reforms to help Tate & Lyle". The Wharf. London. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  27. ^ "MEPs lobby for 'equal treatment' for EU sugar cane refiners". Agra Europe. Brussels. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  28. ^ Banks, Martin (18 March 2012). "EU spends £9 million on 13 orchestras". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  29. ^ Banks, Martin (31 January 2013). "Commissioner leaps to defence of under-fire EU personnel office". The Parliament Magazine. Brussels. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  30. ^ Banks, Martin (10 May 2012). "UK deputy calls for 'bonfire' of EU agencies". The Parliament Magazine. Brussels. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  31. ^ Banks, Martin (4 September 2012). "MEP calls for EU gender agency funding to be scrapped". The Parliament Magazine. Brussels. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  32. ^ Yannakoudakis, Marina (22 June 2012). "EU spends millions on Europe Day every year". Public service Europe. Brussels. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  33. ^ Meade, Geoff (14 March 2012). "MEP in protest over Iceland EU membership". The Independent. London. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  34. ^ Nielsen, Nikolaj (15 March 2012). "Iceland considers Canadian dollar instead of euro". EUObserver. Brussels. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  35. ^ Banks, Martin (30 March 2012). "EU parliament told Turkey is 'not ready' for EU accession". The Parliament Magazine. Brussels. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
[edit]
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