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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae}}
{{for|the ancient town|Lysimachia (Thrace)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Yellow pimpernel.jpg
|image = Yellow pimpernel.jpg
|image_caption = [[Yellow pimpernel]], ''Lysimachia nemorum''
|image_caption = Yellow pimpernel, ''[[Lysimachia nemorum]]''
|taxon = Lysimachia
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|authority = [[Tourn.]] ex [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] (1753)
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|subdivision = 282; see text
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30015375-2 ''Lysimachia'' Tourn. ex L.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</ref>
|ordo = [[Ericales]]
|synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets=true
|familia = [[Myrsinaceae]]
|title=Synonymy
|genus = '''''Lysimachia'''''
|''Alsinanthemum'' {{small|Fabr. (1759)}}
|genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
|''Anagallidastrum'' {{small|P.Micheli ex Adans. (1763)}}
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
|''Anagallis'' {{small|L. (1753)}}
|subdivision = include:<br />
|''Anagzanthe'' {{small|Baudo (1843), nom. nud.}}
''[[Lysimachia nemorum]]'' (yellow pimpernel)<br />
|''Apochoris'' {{small|Duby (1844)}}
''[[Lysimachia nummularia]]'' (creeping Jenny) <br />
|''Asterolinon'' {{small|Hoffmanns. & Link (1820)}}
''[[Lysimachia vulgaris]]'' (yellow loosestrife)
|''Bernardina'' {{small|Baudo (1843)}}
|}}
|''Borissa'' {{small|Raf. ex Steud. (1840), not validly publ.}}
|''Centunculus'' {{small|L. (1753)}}
|''Cerium'' {{small|Lour. (1790)}}
|''Coxia'' {{small|Endl. (1839)}}
|''Dugezia'' {{small|Montrouz. (1860)}}
|''Ephemerum'' {{small|Rchb. (1831)}}
|''Euparea'' {{small|Banks & Sol. ex Gaertn. (1788)}}
|''Glaux'' {{small|Tourn. ex L. (1753)}}
|''Godinella'' {{small|T.Lestib. (1827)}}
|''Jirasekia'' {{small|F.W.Schmidt (1793)}}
|''Lerouxia'' {{small|Mérat (1812)}}
|''Lubinia'' {{small|Comm. ex Vent. (1803)}}
|''Lysima'' {{small|Medik. (1791)}}
|''Lysimachiopsis'' {{small|A.Heller (1897)}}
|''Lysimachusa'' {{small|Pohl (1809)}}
|''Lysimandra'' {{small|(Endl.) Rchb. (1841)}}
|''Lysis'' {{small|Kuntze (1891)}}
|''Manoelia'' {{small|Bowdich (1825)}}
|''Micropyxis'' {{small|Duby (1844)}}
|''Naumburgia'' {{small|Moench (1802)}}
|''Nemorella'' {{small|Ehrh. (1789)}}
|''Nummularia'' {{small|Hill (1756)}}
|''Numularia'' {{small|Gilib. (1782), not validly publ.}}
|''Orescia'' {{small|Reinw. (1825)}}
|''Palladia'' {{small|Moench (1794), nom. illeg.}}
|''Pelletiera'' {{small|A.St.-Hil. (1822)}}
|''Steironema'' {{small|Raf. (1820)}}
|''Theopyxis'' {{small|Griseb. (1856)}}
|''Thyrsanthus'' {{small|Schrank (1813 publ. 1814)}}
|''Tridynia'' {{small|Raf. ex Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Trientalis'' {{small|Ruppius ex L. (1753)}}
|''Vroedea'' {{small|Bubani (1897)}}
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/>
}}


'''''Lysimachia''''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|aɪ|s|ɨ|ˈ|m|eɪ|k|i|ə}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s traditionally [[Scientific classification|classified]] in the family [[Primulaceae]]. According to a [[Molecular phylogeny|molecular phylogenetic]] study it belongs in the family [[Myrsinaceae]]&nbsp;.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=M. Källersjö, G. Bergqvist & A. A. Anderberg |year=2000 |title=Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s. l.: a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=9 |pages=1325–1341 |doi=10.2307/2656725 |jstor=2656725 |publisher=American Journal of Botany, Vol. 87, No. 9 |pmid=10991903}}</ref>
'''''Lysimachia''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|aɪ|s|ᵻ|ˈ|m|eɪ|k|i|ə}} {{respell|LY|sim|AY|kee|ə}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] consisting of 182 accepted species of [[flowering plant]]s traditionally [[Taxonomy (biology)|classified]] in the family [[Primulaceae]].<ref name = powo/> Based on a [[Molecular phylogeny|molecular phylogenetic]] study it was transferred to the family [[Myrsinaceae]],<ref>{{Cite journal |author=M. Källersjö, G. Bergqvist & A. A. Anderberg |year=2000 |title=Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s. l.: a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=9 |pages=1325–1341 |doi=10.2307/2656725 |jstor=2656725 |publisher=American Journal of Botany, Vol. 87, No. 9 |pmid=10991903}}</ref> before this family was later merged into the Primulaceae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
''Lysimachia'' species often have yellow flowers, and grow vigorously. They tend to grow in damp conditions. Several species within ''Lysimachia'' are commonly called [[loosestrife]], although this name is also used for plants within the genus ''[[Lythrum]]''. The genus is named in honor of Lysimachus, a king of ancient Sicily, who is said to have calmed a mad ox by feeding it a member of the genus.<ref>[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LYQU2 Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, Native Plant Information Network (NPIN)]</ref>
''Lysimachia'' species often have yellow flowers, and grow vigorously. They tend to grow in damp conditions. Several species within ''Lysimachia'' are commonly called '''loosestrife''', although this name is also used for plants within the genus ''[[Lythrum]]''. The genus is named in honor of [[Lysimachus]], a king of ancient Sicily, who is said to have calmed a mad ox by feeding it a member of the genus.<ref>[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LYQU2 Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, Native Plant Information Network (NPIN)]</ref>


''Lysimachia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera|butterflies and moths]], including the [[Dot Moth]], [[Grey Pug]], [[Lime-speck Pug]], [[Small Angle Shades]] and [[V-pug]].
''Lysimachia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera|butterflies and moths]], including the [[dot moth]], [[grey pug]], [[lime-speck pug]], [[small angle shades]], and [[v-pug]].

[[File:Lysimachia punctata spotted loosestrife MN 2007.JPG|thumb|right|Spotted Loosestrife (''[[Lysimachia punctata]]'')]]
== Specialized pollinators ==
Bees of the genus ''[[Macropis]]'' are specialized to pollinate oil-producing ''Lysimachia'' plants. These bees use exclusively ''Lysimachia'' floral oils for building their nests and provisioning cells. ''Lysimachia'' floral-specific chemicals are strong attractors for ''[[Macropis nuda]]'' and ''[[Macropis fulvipes]]'' bees that are seldom found in other plant genera.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Flower Scent of Floral Oil-Producing Lysimachia punctata as Attractant for the Oil-Bee Macropis fulvipes|last1 = Schäffler|date = February 2007|journal = Journal of Chemical Ecology|doi = 10.1007/s10886-006-9237-2 |last2 = Dötterl |pmid = 17151908 |volume = 33 | issue=2 |pages = 441–5| bibcode=2007JCEco..33..441D | s2cid=23971483 }}</ref> [[File:Lysimachia punctata spotted loosestrife MN 2007.JPG|thumb|right|Spotted Loosestrife (''[[Lysimachia punctata]]'')]]

==Fossil record==
Several [[fossil]] seeds of ''Lysimachia '' sp. have been described from [[middle Miocene]] [[strata]] of the Fasterholt area near [[Silkeborg]] in Central [[Jutland]], [[Denmark]].<ref>Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by [[Else Marie Friis]], The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985</ref> †''Lysimachia nikitinii'' seed [[fossils]] have been collected from [[Pliocene]] [[strata]] of south eastern [[Belarus]]. The fossils are most similar to seeds of the [[East Asian]] ''[[Lysimachia davurica]]''.<ref>The [[Pliocene]] flora of Kholmech, south-eastern [[Belarus]] and its correlation with other [[Pliocene]] floras of [[Europe]] by Felix Yu. VELICHKEVICH and Ewa ZASTAWNIAK - Acta Palaeobotanica 43(2): 137–259, 2003</ref>


==Selected species==
==Selected species==
{{Main|List of Lysimachia species}}
*''[[Lysimachia asperulifolia]]'', orth. var. ''L. asperulaefolia'' - roughleaf yellow loosestrife
[[File:Lysimachia ciliata mosbo6.jpg|thumb|Fringed Loosestrife (''[[Lysimachia ciliata]]'')]]
*''[[Lysimachia atropurpurea]]'' <small></small> - Purple gooseneck loosestrife
[[File:Lysimachia borealis mosbo6.jpg|thumb|Starflower (''[[Lysimachia borealis]]'')]]
*''[[Lysimachia ciliata]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> - Fringed loosestrife ([[North America]])
282 species are accepted.<ref name = powo/> Selected species include:
*''[[Lysimachia clethroides]]'' <small></small> - Gooseneck loosestrife <!-- a hardy perennial resembling a tall [[Speedwell]] and growing up to 3 feet (1 metre). Flowers from July on to September. Grows best in deep, rich loam in a sheltered position. -->
* ''[[Lysimachia congestiflora]]''
*''[[Lysimachia arvensis]]'' <small>L.</small> – Scarlet pimpernel
*''[[Lysimachia daphnoides]]'' <small>(A.Gray) Hillebr.</small> ''Lehua makanoe'' (Island of [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] in [[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
*''[[Lysimachia asperulifolia]]'' {{small|Poir.}}, orth. var. ''L. asperulaefolia'' – roughleaf yellow loosestrife (endemic to Atlantic coastal plain in North and South Carolina)
*''[[Lysimachia fraseri]]'' <small>[[Jean Étienne Duby|Duby]]</small> - Fraser's yellow loosestrife ([[Southeastern United States]])
*''[[Lysimachia atropurpurea]]'' <small>L.</small> – purple gooseneck loosestrife
*''[[Lysimachia azorica]]'' <small>Hornem. ex Hook.</small> – (endemic to the Azores)
*''[[Lysimachia barystachys]]'' <small>Bunge</small> – Manchurian yellow loosestrife
*''[[Lysimachia ciliata]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – fringed loosestrife (North America)
*''[[Lysimachia clethroides]]'' <small>Duby</small> – gooseneck loosestrife<!-- a hardy perennial resembling a tall [[Speedwell]] and growing up to 3 feet (1 metre). Flowers from July on to September. Grows best in deep, rich loam in a sheltered position. -->
*[[Lysimachia × commixta|''Lysimachia'' ×&nbsp;''commixta'']] {{small|Fernald}} – a hybrid of ''L.&nbsp;terrestris'' and ''L.&nbsp;thyrsiflora''
* ''[[Lysimachia congestiflora]]'' {{small|Hemsl.}}
*''[[Lysimachia daphnoides]]'' <small>(A.Gray) Hillebr.</small> – ''Lehua makanoe'' (Island of [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] in [[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
*''[[Lysimachia filifolia]]'' <small>C.N.Forbes</small> (Islands of [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] and Kaua{{okina}}i in Hawai{{okina}}i)
*''[[Lysimachia filifolia]]'' <small>C.N.Forbes</small> (Islands of [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] and Kaua{{okina}}i in Hawai{{okina}}i)
*''[[Lysimachia hillebrandii]]'' <small>Hook.f. ex A.Gray</small> - ''Kolokolo kuahiwi'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)
*''[[Lysimachia foenum-graecum]]'' <small>Hance</small>
*''[[Lysimachia fraseri]]'' <small>[[Jean Étienne Duby|Duby]]</small> – Fraser's yellow loosestrife (Southeastern United States)
*''[[Lysimachia glutinosa]]'' {{small|Rock}}
*''[[Lysimachia hillebrandii]]'' <small>Hook.f. ex A.Gray</small> – ''kolokolo kuahiwi'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)
*''[[Lysimachia hybrida]]'' <small>Michx.</small>
*''[[Lysimachia hybrida]]'' <small>Michx.</small>
*''[[Lysimachia iniki]]''
*''[[Lysimachia iniki]]'' {{small|K.L.Marr}} – Wailua River yellow loosestrife (endemic to Kauai, Hawaii)
*''[[Lysimachia japonica]]'' {{small|Thunb.}}
*''[[Lysimachia latifolia]]'' {{small|(Hook.) Cholewa}} – Pacific starflower
*''[[Lysimachia lichiangensis]]'' <small>Forrest</small>
*''[[Lysimachia lichiangensis]]'' <small>Forrest</small>
*''[[Lysimachia lydgatei]]''
*''[[Lysimachia lydgatei]]'' {{small|Hillebr.}} – Maui yellow loosestrife (endemic to Maui, Hawaii)
*''[[Lysimachia maxima]]'' <small>(R.Knuth) H.St.John</small> (Island of [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]] in Hawai{{okina}}i)
*''[[Lysimachia maritima]]'' {{small|(L.) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano}}
*''[[Lysimachia mauritiana]]'' {{small|Lam.}}
*''[[Lysimachia minoricensis]]'' <small>J.J.Rodr.</small> ([[Spain]])
*''[[Lysimachia minoricensis]]'' <small>J.J.Rodr.</small> ([[Spain]])
*''[[Lysimachia nemorum]]'' <small>L.</small> - Yellow pimpernel
*''[[Lysimachia nemorum]]'' <small>L.</small> – yellow pimpernel
*''[[Lysimachia nummularia]]'' <small>L.</small> - Creeping Jenny, Moneywort ([[Europe]])<!-- extremely hardy, and easy to cultivate. The plants needs control, every piece of the creeping root will, if taken off, make a fresh plant. It spreads vigorously and can become a [[weed]]. -->
*''[[Lysimachia nummularia]]'' <small>L.</small> – creeping jenny, moneywort (Europe, introduced in North America)<!-- extremely hardy, and easy to cultivate. The plants needs control, every piece of the creeping root will, if taken off, make a fresh plant. It spreads vigorously and can become a [[weed]]. -->
*''[[Lysimachia pendens]]''
*''[[Lysimachia pendens]]'' {{small|K.L.Marr}}
*[[Lysimachia × producta|''Lysimachia'' ×&nbsp;''producta'']] {{small|(A.Gray) Fernald}} – a hybrid of ''L.&nbsp;terrestris'' and ''L.&nbsp;quadrifolia''
*''[[Lysimachia punctata]]'' <small></small> - spotted loosestrife
*''[[Lysimachia scopulensis]]''
*''[[Lysimachia punctata]]'' <small>L.</small> – spotted loosestrife
*''[[Lysimachia sertulata]]'' <small></small> - Chilean melilukul
*''[[Lysimachia quadriflora]]'' <small>Sims</small> – four-flower yellow loosestrife (Eastern North America)
*''[[Lysimachia quadrifolia]]'' <small>L.</small> - Whorled loosestrife (Eastern North America)
*''[[Lysimachia quadrifolia]]'' <small>L.</small> – whorled loosestrife (Eastern North America)
*''[[Lysimachia remyi]]'' {{small|Hillebr.}} (islands of [[Maui]] and [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]] in Hawai{{okina}}i)
*''[[Lysimachia terrestris]]'' <small>(L.) [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]], [[Emerson Ellick Sterns|Sterns]] & [[Justus Ferdinand Poggenburg I|Poggenb.]]</small> - Swamp candles (North America)
**[[Lysimachia remyi subsp. maxima|''Lysimachia remyi'' subsp. ''maxima'']] <small>(Masam.) I.C.Oh & Anderb.</small> (Moloka{{okina}}i)
*''[[Lysimachia thyrsiflora]]'' - tufted loosestrife
*''[[Lysimachia venosa]]''
**''Lysimachia remyi'' subsp. ''remyi'' (Maui and Moloka{{okina}}i)
*''[[Lysimachia verticillaris]]'' <small></small>
*''[[Lysimachia scopulensis]]'' {{small|K.L.Marr}}
*''[[Lysimachia vulgaris]]'' <small>L.</small> - Garden loosestrife, Yellow loosestrife (Eurasia)
*''[[Lysimachia sertulata]]'' <small>Baudo</small> – Chilean melilukul
*''[[Lysimachia terrestris]]'' <small>(L.) [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]], [[Emerson Ellick Sterns|Sterns]] & [[Justus Ferdinand Poggenburg I|Poggenb.]]</small> – swamp candles (North America)
*''[[Lysimachia thyrsiflora]]'' {{small|L.}} – tufted loosestrife
*''[[Lysimachia venosa]]'' {{small|(Wawra) H.St.John}} – veined yellow loosestrife (endemic to Kauai, Hawaii)
*''[[Lysimachia verticillaris]]'' <small>Biehler</small>
*''[[Lysimachia vulgaris]]'' <small>L.</small> – garden loosestrife, yellow loosestrife (Eurasia)


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://lakecounty.typepad.com/life_in_lake_county/2007/08/lysimachus-dog-.html Lysimachus' Dog & Nisaean Horses] - Informative but non-scholarly essay on Lysimachia & Lysimachus (Annotated with Sources).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927132646/http://lakecounty.typepad.com/life_in_lake_county/2007/08/lysimachus-dog-.html Lysimachus' Dog & Nisaean Horses] - Informative but non-scholarly essay on Lysimachia & Lysimachus (Annotated with Sources).
*Pictures of [http://www.chilebosque.cl/herb/lysimachia_sertulata.html Lysimachia sertulata].
*Pictures of [http://www.chilebosque.cl/herb/lysimachia_sertulata.html Lysimachia sertulata].
*[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+clethroides PAF - Lysimachia clethroides - Duby.]
*[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+clethroides PAF - Lysimachia clethroides - Duby.]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q157761}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Lysimachia| ]]
[[Category:Lysimachia| ]]
[[Category:Primulaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 12:32, 16 November 2024

For other uses, see Lysimachia (disambiguation).

Lysimachia
Yellow pimpernel, Lysimachia nemorum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Primulaceae
Subfamily: Myrsinoideae
Genus: Lysimachia
Tourn. ex L. (1753)
Species[1]

282; see text

Synonyms[1]
Synonymy
  • Alsinanthemum Fabr. (1759)
  • Anagallidastrum P.Micheli ex Adans. (1763)
  • Anagallis L. (1753)
  • Anagzanthe Baudo (1843), nom. nud.
  • Apochoris Duby (1844)
  • Asterolinon Hoffmanns. & Link (1820)
  • Bernardina Baudo (1843)
  • Borissa Raf. ex Steud. (1840), not validly publ.
  • Centunculus L. (1753)
  • Cerium Lour. (1790)
  • Coxia Endl. (1839)
  • Dugezia Montrouz. (1860)
  • Ephemerum Rchb. (1831)
  • Euparea Banks & Sol. ex Gaertn. (1788)
  • Glaux Tourn. ex L. (1753)
  • Godinella T.Lestib. (1827)
  • Jirasekia F.W.Schmidt (1793)
  • Lerouxia Mérat (1812)
  • Lubinia Comm. ex Vent. (1803)
  • Lysima Medik. (1791)
  • Lysimachiopsis A.Heller (1897)
  • Lysimachusa Pohl (1809)
  • Lysimandra (Endl.) Rchb. (1841)
  • Lysis Kuntze (1891)
  • Manoelia Bowdich (1825)
  • Micropyxis Duby (1844)
  • Naumburgia Moench (1802)
  • Nemorella Ehrh. (1789)
  • Nummularia Hill (1756)
  • Numularia Gilib. (1782), not validly publ.
  • Orescia Reinw. (1825)
  • Palladia Moench (1794), nom. illeg.
  • Pelletiera A.St.-Hil. (1822)
  • Steironema Raf. (1820)
  • Theopyxis Griseb. (1856)
  • Thyrsanthus Schrank (1813 publ. 1814)
  • Tridynia Raf. ex Steud. (1841), not validly publ.
  • Trientalis Ruppius ex L. (1753)
  • Vroedea Bubani (1897)

Lysimachia (/ˌlaɪsɪˈmeɪkiə/ LY-sim-AY-kee-ə)[2] is a genus consisting of 182 accepted species of flowering plants traditionally classified in the family Primulaceae.[1] Based on a molecular phylogenetic study it was transferred to the family Myrsinaceae,[3] before this family was later merged into the Primulaceae.[4]

Characteristics

[edit]

Lysimachia species often have yellow flowers, and grow vigorously. They tend to grow in damp conditions. Several species within Lysimachia are commonly called loosestrife, although this name is also used for plants within the genus Lythrum. The genus is named in honor of Lysimachus, a king of ancient Sicily, who is said to have calmed a mad ox by feeding it a member of the genus.[5]

Lysimachia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some butterflies and moths, including the dot moth, grey pug, lime-speck pug, small angle shades, and v-pug.

Specialized pollinators

[edit]

Bees of the genus Macropis are specialized to pollinate oil-producing Lysimachia plants. These bees use exclusively Lysimachia floral oils for building their nests and provisioning cells. Lysimachia floral-specific chemicals are strong attractors for Macropis nuda and Macropis fulvipes bees that are seldom found in other plant genera.[6]

Spotted Loosestrife (Lysimachia punctata)

Fossil record

[edit]

Several fossil seeds of Lysimachia sp. have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.[7] †Lysimachia nikitinii seed fossils have been collected from Pliocene strata of south eastern Belarus. The fossils are most similar to seeds of the East Asian Lysimachia davurica.[8]

Selected species

[edit]
Main article: List of Lysimachia species
Fringed Loosestrife (Lysimachia ciliata)
Starflower (Lysimachia borealis)

282 species are accepted.[1] Selected species include:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Lysimachia Tourn. ex L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. ^ M. Källersjö, G. Bergqvist & A. A. Anderberg (2000). "Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s. l.: a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology". American Journal of Botany. 87 (9). American Journal of Botany, Vol. 87, No. 9: 1325–1341. doi:10.2307/2656725. JSTOR 2656725. PMID 10991903.
  4. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
  5. ^ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, Native Plant Information Network (NPIN)
  6. ^ Schäffler; Dötterl (February 2007). "Flower Scent of Floral Oil-Producing Lysimachia punctata as Attractant for the Oil-Bee Macropis fulvipes". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 33 (2): 441–5. Bibcode:2007JCEco..33..441D. doi:10.1007/s10886-006-9237-2. PMID 17151908. S2CID 23971483.
  7. ^ Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by Else Marie Friis, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985
  8. ^ The Pliocene flora of Kholmech, south-eastern Belarus and its correlation with other Pliocene floras of Europe by Felix Yu. VELICHKEVICH and Ewa ZASTAWNIAK - Acta Palaeobotanica 43(2): 137–259, 2003
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