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{{Short description|Character in Hindu literature}}
{{other uses}}
{{Other uses}}{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Nachiketa
| image = Myths of the Hindus & Buddhists - Yama and Nachiketas.jpg
⚫
| caption = Nachiketa and Yama
| texts = [[Upanishads]]
| father = Vājashravas or Uddālaki
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}


'''Nachiketas''' ({{Langx|sa|नाचिकेतस्|translit=Nāciketas}}), also rendered '''Nachiketā''' and '''Nachiketan''', is a character in [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]]. He is the son of the sage Vājashravas, or Uddalaki, in some traditions. He is the child protagonist of an ancient Indian dialogical narrative about the nature of the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]] (soul).<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-06-16 |title=Naciketa, Nāciketa: 7 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/naciketa |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Satyamayananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iGKDwAAQBAJ&dq=uddalaka+nachiketa&pg=PT198 |title=Ancient Sages |date=2019 |publisher=Advaita Ashrama (A publication branch of Ramakrishna Math, Belur Math) |isbn=978-81-7505-923-8 |pages=195 |language=en}}</ref>
'''Nachiketa''' ([[santhali]]:नचिकेत,{{IAST|Naciketa}}, {{lang-bn| নচিকেতা}}) is the child protagonist in an ancient [[Hindu]] fable about the nature of the soul and Brahman. The story is told in the [[Katha Upanishad]] (c. 5th century CE), though the name has several earlier references. He was taught Self-knowledge, the separation of the human soul (the supreme Self) from the body, by the god of Death, [[Yama]]. Nachiketa is noted for his rejection of material desires which are ephemeral, and for his single-minded pursuit of the path of realising [[Brahman]] / Moksha i.e. emancipation of the soul from rebirth.


His allegorical story is told in the ''[[Katha Upanishad]]'', though the name has several earlier references.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sahni |first1=Sanjeev P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A11wEAAAQBAJ&dq=nachiketa+upanishads&pg=PA65 |title=Spirituality and Management: From Models to Applications |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Tithi |last3=Gupta |first3=Pankaj |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-1025-8 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref> He was taught self-knowledge, knowledge about the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]] (soul), and the [[Brahman]] (Ultimate Reality), by [[Yama]], the god of death. Nachiketa is noted for his rejection of material desires, which are ephemeral, and for his single-minded pursuit of the path of self-realisation [[moksha]].
The name Nachiketa, (''nAchiketas'', that which is unperceived) "refers to the quickening Spirit that lies within all things like fire, latent in wood, the spirit that gives, the unquenchable thirst for the unknown." <ref>Sri Krishna/16</ref> Nachiketa was a son of the sage Vājashravasa (वाजश्रवसः, ''famed for donations'').


==Earlier references==
== Etymology ==


The Sanskrit name Nachiketas is composed of three syllables, each of which possess associated cognates:
⚫
The [[Rigveda]] 10.135 talks of Yama and a child,<ref>http://www.freemedialibrary.com/index.php/The_Rig_Veda%2C_Hymn_10.135</ref> who may be a reference to Nachiketa.<ref name=rk/> He is also mentioned in the [[Taittiriya Brahmana]], 3.1.8''<ref name=rk>Radhakrishnan, S. (1994). ''[[The Principal Upanishads (book)|The Principal Upanishads]]''. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 81-7223-124-5 p. ''593''.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
Later, in the [[Mahabharata]], the name appears as one of the sages present in the ''[[Sabhā|Sabha]]'' (royal assembly) of King [[Yudh]] (''Sabha Parva'', Section IV,<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02004.htm Mahabharata, Book 2, ''Sabha Parva''] Mahabharata, Book 2, Section IV, sacred-texts.com. ''p. 7''.</ref>) and also in the ''Anusasana Parva'' (106<ref name=rk/>). However, the primary story, dealing with the dialogue between Nachiketa and Yama, comes from the later [[Katha Upanishad]], which is summarized below.
|+
!Sanskrit
!IAST
!Cognate
!Meaning
|-
|न
|Nā
|Ṅa
|Negation
|-
|चि
|Ci
|Chaitanya
|Consciousness
|-
|केत
|Ketas
|Ketu
|Comet
|}


==Literature==
⚫
'''''==Katha Upanishad: Nachiketa and Yama==


=== Rigveda ===
⚫
Vājashrava, desiring a gift from the gods, started an offering to donate all his possessions. But Nachiketa noticed that he was donating only the cows that were old, barren, blind, or lame;<ref name=pm>[[Swami Prabhavananda]] and Frederick Manchester, ''Breath of the Eternal'' http://www.atmajyoti.org/up_katha_upanishad_text.asp</ref> not such as might buy the worshiper a place in Heaven. Nachiketa wanting the best for his father's rite, asked: "I too am yours, to which god will you offer me?". After being pestered thus, Vājashrava answered in a fit of anger, "I give you to Death ([[Yama]])".
The [[Rigveda]] 10.135 talks of Yama and a child,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freemedialibrary.com/index.php/The_Rig_Veda%2C_Hymn_10.135 |title=The Rig Veda, Hymn 10.135 |publisher=Free media library |date=2005-09-19 |access-date=2014-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002174909/http://www.freemedialibrary.com/index.php/The_Rig_Veda,_Hymn_10.135 |archive-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> who may be a reference to Nachiketas.<ref name="rk" />


=== Taittiriya Brahmana ===
⚫
So Nachiket went to Death's home, but the god was out, and he waited three days. When Yama returned, he was sorry to see that a Brahman guest had been waiting so long. He told Nachiketa, "You have waited in my house for three days without hospitality, therefore ask three boons of me". Nachiket first asked for peace for his father and himself. Yama agreed. Next, Nachiketa wished to learn the sacred fire sacrifice, which also Yama elaborated. For his third boon, Nachiketa asked to learn the mystery of what comes after death.
⚫
Nachiketas is also mentioned in the [[Taittiriya Brahmana]], 3.1.8.''<ref name="rk">Radhakrishnan, S. (1994). ''[[The Principal Upanishads (book)|The Principal Upanishads]]''. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India. {{ISBN|81-7223-124-5}} p. ''593''.</ref>''


=== Mahabharata ===
Yama was reluctant on this question; he said that this had been a mystery even to the gods. He asked Nachiketa to ask for some other boon, and offered many material gains.
⚫
In the [[Mahabharata]], the name appears as one of the sages present in the ''[[Sabhā|Sabha]]'' (royal assembly) of King [[Yudhishthira]] (''Sabha Parva'', Section IV,<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02004.htm Mahabharata, Book 2, ''Sabha Parva''] Mahabharata, Book 2, Section IV, sacred-texts.com. ''p. 7''.</ref>) and also in the ''Anusasana Parva'' (106<ref name="rk" />).


=== Katha Upanishad ===
But Nachiketa replied that material things will last only till the morrow. He who has encountered Death personally, how can he desire wealth? No other boon would do. Yama was secretly pleased with this disciple, and elaborated on the nature of the true Self, which persists beyond death. The key of the realization is that this Self (within each person) is inseparable from [[Brahman]], the supreme spirit, the vital force in the universe. Yama's explanation is a succinct explication of Hindu metaphysics, and focuses on the following points:
[[File:Yama teaches Nasiketha.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Yama]] teaches [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atma vidya]] to Nachiketa, at [[Rameshwaram temple]].]]
⚫
* The sound ''Om!'' is the syllable of the supreme Brahman
⚫
Vājashravas, desiring a gift from the gods, started an offering to donate all his possession. But Nachiketas, his son, noticed that Vājashravas was donating only the cows that were old, barren, blind, or lame;<ref name=pm>[[Swami Prabhavananda]] and Frederick Manchester, ''Breath of the Eternal'' http://www.atmajyoti.org/up_katha_upanishad_text.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429145044/http://www.atmajyoti.org/up_katha_upanishad_text.asp |date=29 April 2011 }}</ref> not such as might buy the worshipper a place in heaven. Nachiketas, wanting the best for his father's rite, asked: "I too am yours, to which God will you offer me?". After being pestered thus, Vājashravas answered in a fit of anger, "I give you unto Yamaraja Himself!"<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mosher |first1=Lucinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-aXDwAAQBAJ&dq=nachiketa+upanishads&pg=PA127 |title=Hindu Approaches to Spiritual Care: Chaplaincy in Theory and Practice |last2=Chander |first2=Vineet |date=2019-10-21 |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-78592-606-8 |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
* The Self, whose symbol is ''Om'' is the same as the omnipresent Brahman. Smaller than the smallest and larger than the largest, the Self is formless and all-pervading.
⚫
* The goal of the wise is to know this Self.
⚫
* The Self is like a rider; the horses are the senses, which he guides through the maze of desires.
⚫
* After death, it is the Self that remains; the Self is immortal.
⚫
* Mere reading of the scriptures or intellectual learning cannot realize Self.
⚫
* One must discriminate the self from the body, which is the seat of desire.
⚫
* Inability to realize Brahman results in one being enmeshed in the cycle of rebirths. Understanding the Self leads to moksha


⚫
Despite his father's repentance for his outburst, Nachiketas regarded his father's words as having a divine meaning, and, consoling him, went to Yamaraja's home. Yama was out, and so he waited for three days without any food or water. When Yama returned, he was sorry to see that a Brahmin guest had been waiting so long without food and water. To compensate for his mistake, Yama told Nachiketas, "You have waited in my house for three days without hospitality, therefore ask three boons from me". Nachiketa first asked for peace for his father and himself, when he returned to his father. Yama agreed. Next, Nachiketas wished to learn the sacred fire sacrifice, which Yama elaborated. For his third boon, Nachiketas wanted to learn the mystery of what comes after the death of the body.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Piparaiya |first=Ram K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYHvDwAAQBAJ&dq=nachiketa+upanishads&pg=PA53 |title=Ten Upanishads of Four Vedas |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-7822-159-5 |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref>
Thus having learnt the wisdom of the Brahman from Yama, Nachiketa was freed from the cycle of births.

''''Italic text''''Italic text'''''''''''''Italic text''''''Italic text''--[[Special:Contributions/14.139.211.2|14.139.211.2]] ([[User talk:14.139.211.2|talk]]) 05:53, 27 February 2014 (UTC)--[[Special:Contributions/14.139.211.2|14.139.211.2]] ([[User talk:14.139.211.2|talk]]) 05:53, 27 February 2014 (UTC)--[[Special:Contributions/14.139.211.2|14.139.211.2]] ([[User talk:14.139.211.2|talk]]) 05:53, 27 February 2014 (UTC)''''
Yama was reluctant on this question. He said that this had been a mystery even to the gods. He urged Nachiketas to ask for some other boon, and offered him longevity, progeny, wealth, rulership of a planet of his choice, and all the [[Apsara|apsaras]] of his choice instead. But Nachiketas replied that material things are ephemeral, and would not confer immortality. So, no other boon would do. Yama was secretly pleased with this disciple, and elaborated on the nature of the true Self, which persists beyond the death of the body. He revealed the knowledge that one's Self is inseparable from [[Brahman]], the supreme spirit, the vital force in the universe. Yama's explanation is a succinct explication of Hindu metaphysics, and focuses on the following points:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swami Abhedananda |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502571 |title=A Study In The Philosophy And Religion Of The Katha Upanishad |date=1946 |pages=23–40 |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
* The sound ''[[Om]]'' is the syllable of the supreme Brahman
⚫
* The [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]], is the same as the omnipresent Brahman. Smaller than the smallest and larger than the largest, the Soul is formless and all-pervading
⚫
* The goal of the wise is to know this Atman
⚫
* The Atman is like a rider; the horses are the senses, which he guides through the maze of desires
⚫
* After death, it is the Atman that remains; the Atman is immortal
⚫
* Mere reading of the scriptures or intellectual learning cannot realise Atman
⚫
* One must discriminate the Atman from the body, which is the seat of desire
⚫
* The inability to realise Brahman results in one being enmeshed in [[Saṃsāra|the cycle of rebirths]]; Understanding the Self leads to [[moksha]]

Thus having learned the wisdom of the Brahman from Yama, Nachiketas returned to his father as a [[jivanmukta]], an individual who has achieved spiritual liberation while being alive.

== In popular culture ==
The story of Nachiketas and his conversation with the god [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]] has been the topic of many retellings and adaptations in India.

=== Graphic Novel ===

* [[Amar Chitra Katha]] new series number 702 titled Nachiketas, published in 1979, tells the story of Nachiketas in the form of a graphic novel.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Katha Upanishad]]
*[[Vasishtha]]
*[[Trikaranasuddhi]]
*[http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/nachiketa/ "Nachiketa - a poem"] by [[Dr Tapan Kumar Pradhan]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* [[Sister Nivedita]] & Ananda K.Coomaraswamy: Myths and Legends of the Hindus and Bhuddhists, Kolkata, 2001 ISBN 81-7505-197-3
* [[Sister Nivedita]] & Ananda K.Coomaraswamy: Myths and Legends of the Hindus and Buddhists, Kolkata, 2001 {{ISBN|81-7505-197-3}}
* [[Krishna Prem|Sri Krishna Prem]]: ''The Yoga of the Kathopanishad'', London, John M. Watkins, 1955 (No ISBN)
* [[Krishna Prem|Sri Krishna Prem]]: ''The Yoga of the Kathopanishad'', London, John M. Watkins, 1955 (No ISBN)
*[http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/chhand/ch_2.html/ Swami Krishnananda.org]
*[http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/chhand/ch_2.html/ Swami Krishnananda.org]
*[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=3hcEr_UssvsC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=uddalaka&source=bl&ots=-JnoNRcNXb&sig=k_76r6RNoZCbcbnOdF2vfAjIsMA&hl=en&ei=GtJdS6uwJ8qLkAXg6JyqAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CBgQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=nachiketa&f=false/ A History of Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy By Benimadhab Barua]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=3hcEr_UssvsC&q=nachiketa%2F&pg=PA124 A History of Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy By Benimadhab Barua]
*[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&pg=PA649&lpg=PA649&dq=uddalaka+wiki&source=bl&ots=k-OiFvXVy0&sig=-9atiESR41O1LnSOQx7SqLkNwP8&hl=en&ei=TdpdS92ZIc2HkAWLmaGhAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false/ Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world By Gaṅgā Rām Garg]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&q=%2F&pg=PA649 Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world By Gaṅgā Rām Garg]


==External links==
==External links==

{{wikisourcelang|1|कठ उपनिषद्|Katha Upanishad (Sanskrit)}}
{{wikisourcelang|1|कठ उपनिषद्|Katha Upanishad (Sanskrit)}}
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13b036.htm The Mahabharata, Book 13, ''Anusanana Parva''] sacred-texts.com
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13b036.htm The Mahabharata, Book 13, ''Anusanana Parva''] sacred-texts.com
* [https://archive.org/details/TheThirteenPrincipalUpanishads_201903/page/n355/mode/2up?view=theater The Kaṭha Upaniṣad, in the 1921 translation by Hume].


{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Hindu sages]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Ontologists]]
[[Category:Ontologists]]
[[Category:People in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Characters in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Upanishadic people]]

Latest revision as of 10:51, 17 November 2024

For other uses, see Nachiketa (disambiguation).
Nachiketa
Nachiketa and Yama
TextsUpanishads
Genealogy
Parents
  • Vājashravas or Uddālaki (father)

Nachiketas (Sanskrit: नाचिकेतस्, romanized: Nāciketas), also rendered Nachiketā and Nachiketan, is a character in Hindu literature. He is the son of the sage Vājashravas, or Uddalaki, in some traditions. He is the child protagonist of an ancient Indian dialogical narrative about the nature of the atman (soul).[1][2]

His allegorical story is told in the Katha Upanishad, though the name has several earlier references.[3] He was taught self-knowledge, knowledge about the atman (soul), and the Brahman (Ultimate Reality), by Yama, the god of death. Nachiketa is noted for his rejection of material desires, which are ephemeral, and for his single-minded pursuit of the path of self-realisation moksha.

Etymology

[edit]

The Sanskrit name Nachiketas is composed of three syllables, each of which possess associated cognates:

Sanskrit IAST Cognate Meaning
न Nā Ṅa Negation
चि Ci Chaitanya Consciousness
केत Ketas Ketu Comet

Literature

[edit]

Rigveda

[edit]

The Rigveda 10.135 talks of Yama and a child,[4] who may be a reference to Nachiketas.[5]

Taittiriya Brahmana

[edit]

Nachiketas is also mentioned in the Taittiriya Brahmana, 3.1.8.[5]

Mahabharata

[edit]

In the Mahabharata, the name appears as one of the sages present in the Sabha (royal assembly) of King Yudhishthira (Sabha Parva, Section IV,[6]) and also in the Anusasana Parva (106[5]).

Katha Upanishad

[edit]
Yama teaches Atma vidya to Nachiketa, at Rameshwaram temple.

Vājashravas, desiring a gift from the gods, started an offering to donate all his possession. But Nachiketas, his son, noticed that Vājashravas was donating only the cows that were old, barren, blind, or lame;[7] not such as might buy the worshipper a place in heaven. Nachiketas, wanting the best for his father's rite, asked: "I too am yours, to which God will you offer me?". After being pestered thus, Vājashravas answered in a fit of anger, "I give you unto Yamaraja Himself!"[8]

Despite his father's repentance for his outburst, Nachiketas regarded his father's words as having a divine meaning, and, consoling him, went to Yamaraja's home. Yama was out, and so he waited for three days without any food or water. When Yama returned, he was sorry to see that a Brahmin guest had been waiting so long without food and water. To compensate for his mistake, Yama told Nachiketas, "You have waited in my house for three days without hospitality, therefore ask three boons from me". Nachiketa first asked for peace for his father and himself, when he returned to his father. Yama agreed. Next, Nachiketas wished to learn the sacred fire sacrifice, which Yama elaborated. For his third boon, Nachiketas wanted to learn the mystery of what comes after the death of the body.[9]

Yama was reluctant on this question. He said that this had been a mystery even to the gods. He urged Nachiketas to ask for some other boon, and offered him longevity, progeny, wealth, rulership of a planet of his choice, and all the apsaras of his choice instead. But Nachiketas replied that material things are ephemeral, and would not confer immortality. So, no other boon would do. Yama was secretly pleased with this disciple, and elaborated on the nature of the true Self, which persists beyond the death of the body. He revealed the knowledge that one's Self is inseparable from Brahman, the supreme spirit, the vital force in the universe. Yama's explanation is a succinct explication of Hindu metaphysics, and focuses on the following points:[10]

  • The sound Om is the syllable of the supreme Brahman
  • The Atman, is the same as the omnipresent Brahman. Smaller than the smallest and larger than the largest, the Soul is formless and all-pervading
  • The goal of the wise is to know this Atman
  • The Atman is like a rider; the horses are the senses, which he guides through the maze of desires
  • After death, it is the Atman that remains; the Atman is immortal
  • Mere reading of the scriptures or intellectual learning cannot realise Atman
  • One must discriminate the Atman from the body, which is the seat of desire
  • The inability to realise Brahman results in one being enmeshed in the cycle of rebirths; Understanding the Self leads to moksha

Thus having learned the wisdom of the Brahman from Yama, Nachiketas returned to his father as a jivanmukta, an individual who has achieved spiritual liberation while being alive.

[edit]

The story of Nachiketas and his conversation with the god Yama has been the topic of many retellings and adaptations in India.

Graphic Novel

[edit]
  • Amar Chitra Katha new series number 702 titled Nachiketas, published in 1979, tells the story of Nachiketas in the form of a graphic novel.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (16 June 2018). "Naciketa, Nāciketa: 7 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  2. ^ Satyamayananda, Swami (2019). Ancient Sages. Advaita Ashrama (A publication branch of Ramakrishna Math, Belur Math). p. 195. ISBN 978-81-7505-923-8.
  3. ^ Sahni, Sanjeev P.; Bhatnagar, Tithi; Gupta, Pankaj (2022). Spirituality and Management: From Models to Applications. Springer Nature. p. 66. ISBN 978-981-19-1025-8.
  4. ^ "The Rig Veda, Hymn 10.135". Free media library. 19 September 2005. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  5. ^ a b c Radhakrishnan, S. (1994). The Principal Upanishads. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 81-7223-124-5 p. 593.
  6. ^ Mahabharata, Book 2, Sabha Parva Mahabharata, Book 2, Section IV, sacred-texts.com. p. 7.
  7. ^ Swami Prabhavananda and Frederick Manchester, Breath of the Eternal http://www.atmajyoti.org/up_katha_upanishad_text.asp Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Mosher, Lucinda; Chander, Vineet (21 October 2019). Hindu Approaches to Spiritual Care: Chaplaincy in Theory and Practice. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-78592-606-8.
  9. ^ Piparaiya, Ram K. (1 January 2003). Ten Upanishads of Four Vedas. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 53. ISBN 978-81-7822-159-5.
  10. ^ Swami Abhedananda (1946). A Study In The Philosophy And Religion Of The Katha Upanishad. pp. 23–40.
[edit]
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