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{{Short description|Iranian Island near the entrance to the Strait of Hormuz}} |
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{{about|an island in the Persian Gulf|other uses}} |
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{{About|an island in the Persian Gulf|other uses}} |
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{{Infobox Disputed Islands |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} |
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| name = Abu Musa Island |
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{{Infobox islands |
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| image name = Strait of Hormuz.jpg |
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| disputed = |
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| name = Abu Musa |
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| other_names = {{Unbulleted list|style=font-weight:normal|{{langx|fa|{{nq|بوموسی}}}}|{{langx|en|bumusa}}}} |
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| locator map = {{Location map |Iran |caption= |float=center |lat=25.866667 |long=55.033333}} |
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| image_map = {{OSM Location map |
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| map_custom=yes |
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| coord={{Coord|26.093833|55.168358}} |
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| native name = |
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| |
| float=left| zoom =7 |
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| width = 300 | height = 300 |
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| other_names = {{lang-fa|ابوموسی}}; {{lang-ar|جزيرة أبو موسى}} |
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| shape1=circle |
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| nickname = |
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| shape-color1=blue |
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| location = [[Persian Gulf]] |
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| shape-outline1=black |
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| coordinates = {{coord|25|52|N|55|02|E|display=inline}} |
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| mark-size1=14 |
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| archipelago = |
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| |
| label1 = [[Abu Musa]] |
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| mark-coord1 = {{Coord|25.876228956292707|55.03277459120973}} |
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| major islands = |
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| mark-title1 = [[Abu Musa]] |
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| area_km2 = 12.8 |
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| |
| label-pos1 = bottom |
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| caption = Abu Musa Island in the Persian Gulf |
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| elevation_m = 110 |
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| auto-caption=1 |
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| country claim = UAE |
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| country claim divisions title = Emirate |
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| country claim divisions = [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] |
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| country = Iran |
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| country admin divisions title = Province |
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| country admin divisions = [[Hormozgan]] |
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| country largest city = Abu Musa |
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| country largest city population = 1,953 |
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| country leader title = |
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| country leader name = |
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| population = 2,131 |
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| population as of = 2012 |
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| density_km2 = |
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| ethnic groups = [[Persian people|Iranians]] |
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| additional info = |
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}} |
}} |
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| image_caption = |
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'''Abu Musa''' ({{lang-fa|ابوموسی}}; {{lang-ar|جزيرة أبو موسى}}) is a {{convert|12.8|km2|sqmi|sigfig=2}} [[Iran]]ian [[island]] in the eastern [[Persian Gulf]] near the entrance to the [[Strait of Hormuz]].<ref>[http://www.iranian.ws/cgi-bin/iran_news/exec/view.cgi/2/2358 Iranian Islands of Tunbs and Abu Musa]{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref> Due to the depth of sea, oil tankers and big ships, have to pass between Abu Musa and [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs]]; this makes these islands some of the most strategic points in the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name="AndersonOwen1993">{{cite book |
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| pushpin_map = Iran#Persian Gulf |
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|author1=Ewan W. Anderson |
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| location = [[Persian Gulf]] |
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|author2=Gareth Owen |
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| coordinates = {{coord|25|52|N|55|02|E|display=inline}} |
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|title=An atlas of world political flashpoints: a sourcebook of geopolitical crisis |
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| total_islands = 1 |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T7R-AAAAMAAJ |
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| area_km2 = 12.8 |
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|year=1993 |
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| elevation_m = 110 |
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|publisher=Pinter Reference |
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| highest_mount = Mount Halva |
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|isbn=978-1-85567-053-2 |
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| country = {{IRN}} |
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|page=1}}</ref> The island is administered by [[Iran]] as part of its province of [[Hormozgan]], but is also claimed by the [[United Arab Emirates]] as a territory of the [[emirate]] of [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]].<ref name="Shelley2013">{{cite book |
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| country_admin_divisions_title = Province |
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|author=Fred M. Shelley |
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| country_admin_divisions = [[Hormozgan Province|Hormozgan]] |
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|title=Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders |
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| country_largest_city = Abu Musa |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA457 |
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| country_largest_city_population = 1,953 |
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|date=30 April 2013 |
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| country1 = |
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|publisher=ABC-CLIO |
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| country1_admin_divisions_title = |
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|isbn=978-1-61069-106-2 |
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| country1_admin_divisions = |
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|pages=457– |
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| population = 2,131 |
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|quote=However, the United Arab Emirates and Iran dispute control over the islands of Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb.}}</ref><ref name="AbedHellyer2001">{{cite book |
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| population_as_of = 2012 |
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|author1=Ibrahim Abed |
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| density_km2 = 166 |
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|author2=Peter Hellyer |
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}} |
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|title=United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective |
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{{Infobox lighthouse |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC&pg=PA182 |
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| qid = Q33412878 |
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|year=2001 |
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| mapframe-zoom = 8 |
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|publisher=Trident Press Ltd |
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| construction = Masonry Tower |
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|isbn=978-1-900724-47-0 |
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| shape = square short tower atop building<ref>{{Cite rowlett|irn|accessdate=2016-10-03}}</ref><ref>[http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_st=&_pageLabel=msi_pub_detail&CCD_itemID=112&pubConstant=NGALOL NGA List of Lights – Pub.112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021203954/http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_st=&_pageLabel=msi_pub_detail&CCD_itemID=112&pubConstant=NGALOL |date=21 October 2016 }} Retrieved 3 October 2016</ref> |
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|pages=182– |
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}} |
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|quote=Iran claims Abu Musa Territorial and political ambitions, combined with the economic interests of influential elements within the government, helped strengthen the first Iranian claim to the island of Abu Musa in 1904. Iran began to challenge ...}}</ref> |
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[[File:Strait of hormuz.jpg|left|thumb|A map dated 1891 showing Abu Musa.]] |
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'''Abu Musa''' ({{langx|fa|بوموسا}} {{audio|Abu Musa pronounce.ogg|listen}}, {{IPA|fa|æbu mu'sɒ|IPA}}, {{langx|ar|أبو موسى}}) is an Iranian {{convert|12.8|km2|adj=on}} [[island]] in the eastern [[Persian Gulf]], found near the entrance of [[Strait of Hormuz]].<ref>[http://www.iranian.ws/cgi-bin/iran_news/exec/view.cgi/2/2358 Iranian Islands of Tunbs and Abu Musa] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923072835/http://www.iranian.ws/cgi-bin/iran_news/exec/view.cgi/2/2358 |date=23 September 2006 }}</ref> Due to the depth of sea, oil tankers and big ships have to pass between Abu Musa and [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs]], making these islands some of the most strategic points in the Persian Gulf.<ref name="AndersonOwen1993">{{cite book |
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|author1 = Ewan W. Anderson |
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|author2 = Gareth Owen |
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|title = An atlas of world political flashpoints: a sourcebook of geopolitical crisis |
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|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T7R-AAAAMAAJ |
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|year = 1993 |
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|publisher = Pinter Reference |
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|isbn = 978-1-85567-053-2 |
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|page = 1 |
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|access-date = 19 February 2016 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160530102318/https://books.google.com/books?id=T7R-AAAAMAAJ |
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|archive-date = 30 May 2016 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref> The island is under the administration of [[Iran]], as part of the [[Hormozgan]] province.<ref name="Shelley2013">{{cite book |
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|author = Fred M. Shelley |
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|title = Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders |
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|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA457 |
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|date = 30 April 2013 |
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|publisher = ABC-CLIO |
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|isbn = 978-1-61069-106-2 |
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|pages = 457– |
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|access-date = 19 February 2016 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160530094947/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA457 |
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|archive-date = 30 May 2016 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref><ref name="AbedHellyer2001">{{cite book |
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|author1 = Ibrahim Abed |
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|author2 = Peter Hellyer |
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|title = United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective |
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|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC&pg=PA182 |
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|year = 2001 |
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|publisher = Trident Press Ltd |
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|isbn = 978-1-900724-47-0 |
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|pages = 182– |
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|quote = Iran claims Abu Musa Territorial and political ambitions, combined with the economic interests of influential elements within the government, helped strengthen the first Iranian claim to the island of Abu Musa in 1904. Iran began to challenge ... |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160530094305/https://books.google.com/books?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC&pg=PA182 |
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|archive-date = 30 May 2016 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref> |
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== |
== Name == |
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Iranian inhabitants of Abu Musa call it "Gap-sabzu" ({{langx|fa|گپسبزو}}), which in [[Persian language|Persian]] means "the great green place". On old Persian maps, the island is called: |
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Abu Musa island is located {{convert|75|km}} south of [[Bandar Lengeh]] and {{convert|63|km}} [[north-northwest]] of [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]]. Out of 14 islands of [[Hormozgan]] it is the island farthest from the Iranian coast. Its highest point is the {{convert|110|m}} Mount Halva.<ref name="Mojtahed-Zadeh2007">{{cite book |
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* "Boum-Ouw" ({{langx|fa|بوماوو|links=no}}) or "Boum-Ouf" ({{langx|fa|بوماوف|links=no}}) which in Persian means "Waterland". |
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|author=Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh |
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* "Boum-Souz" ({{langx|fa|بومسوز|links=no}}) or "Boum-Sou"/"Boum-Souw" ({{langx|fa|بومسو|links=no}}) or "Gap-Sabzou" ({{langx|fa|گپسبزو|links=no}}) which in [[Persian language|Persian]] means "Green Land".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://0-dla.library.upenn.edu.librus.hccs.edu/dla/newbooks/record.html?id=NEWBOOKS_4974631|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911145741/http://0-dla.library.upenn.edu.librus.hccs.edu/dla/newbooks/record.html?id=NEWBOOKS_4974631|url-status=dead|title=Ajam, Muḥammad. "Documents on the Persian Gulf's name: The eternal heritage of ancient time". Tehran: Evin Publication, 2009|archivedate=11 September 2012}}</ref> |
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|title=Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 1 |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9o0IRPpvDjkC&pg=PA305 |
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|date=January 2007 |
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|publisher=Universal-Publishers |
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|isbn=978-1-58112-933-5 |
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|pages=305–}}</ref> Abu Musa city is the center of the island. The weather in Abu Musa is warm and humid, although, compared to the place in the [[Persian Gulf]], Abu Musa has a better climate and the most diverse [[ecosystem]], but it lacks suitable soil and water for farming leaving fishing as the main industry for locals. It is one of the main ports for exporting oil from [[Iran]]. |
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In recent centuries it has also been called ''Bum Musa'', Persian for "the land of [[Islamic view of Moses|Musa]]/[[Moses]]", instead of "Boum-Sou".<ref>{{cite web |
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==History== |
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| url = http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/1924051 |
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[[File:Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser Tunbs in Iran and Turan Map by Adolf Stieler map 1891.JPG|200px|thumb|Abu Musa and other islands in Iran and Turan Map by [[Adolf Stieler]]]] |
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| title = اسناد نام خلیج [فارس]؛ میراثی کهن و جاودان |
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[[File:Strait of hormuz.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A map from 1891 showing Abu Musa. Two dotted lines show telegraph cables.]] |
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| website = opac.nlai.ir |
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[[File:sheikSaghar.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Sheikh|Sheik]] Saghar welcoming Iranian troops to Abu Musa while visiting [[Iran]]'s Artmis Navy Ship-1971]]The sovereignty of Iran on Abu Musa has been disputed by [[UAE]].<ref name="estimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.theestimate.com/public/072401.html |
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| access-date = 22 April 2012 |
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| title="Abu Musa and The Tumbs: The Dispute That Won't Go Away, Part Two," July 28, 2001, in ''The Estimate,'' vol. XIII, no. 3 | accessdate=2008-01-06 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071215021736/http://www.theestimate.com/public/072401.html| archivedate= 15 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="wi">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2691 | title="Unwanted Guest: The Gulf Summit and Iran," 7 December 2007 | accessdate=2008-01-06 }}</ref> The dispute between Iran and [[UAE]] started in 1974, three years after the latter's establishment. The island had been under Persian control until the early 20th century.<ref name=pgpm /> In 1906, Iran awarded a concession for the iron oxide deposits of Abu Musa to Wonckhaus, a German enterprise. However, the concession was canceled in 1907 because of British opposition, resulting in an international incident.<ref>{{cite book|last=Issawi|first=Charles|title=The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 7|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-20095-0|pages=605|edition=Third|authorlink=European Economic Penetration|editor=Peter Avery et al.|chapter=16}}</ref> |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102050/http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/1924051 |
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After 1908, the [[UK]] controlled the island along with the other British-held islands in the Persian Gulf, including what is today the UAE. In the late 1960s, Britain transferred administration of the island to the British-appointed [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], one of the seven sheikdoms that would later form the UAE. |
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| archive-date = 7 April 2014 |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> |
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In Arabic sources, "Abu Musa" ({{langx|ar| أبو موسى}}) comes from [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]], a companion of [[Muhammad]], who stayed on the island in 643 [[Common Era|CE]] before battling the Persians.<ref>{{cite news |
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After Britain announced in 1968 that it would end its administrative and military positions in the Persian Gulf, [[Iran]] moved to reattach the island politically to the mainland. On November 30, 1971 (two days before the official establishment of [[UAE]]), Iran and [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] signed a Memorandum of Understanding. They agreed to allow Sharjah to have a local police station and Iran to station troops on the island according to the map attached to the Memorandum of Understanding.<ref name="pgpm">{{cite book|last=Mojtahedzadeh|first=Pirouz|title=Countries and boundaries in the geopolitical region of the Persian Gulf|year=1993|publisher=The Institute for Political and International Studies|oclc=651081387|language=Persian}}</ref> The agreement also divided the island's energy resources between the two signatories. "By agreeing to the pact, the tiny emirate prevented an invasion by Iran, which two days earlier had taken two other disputed islands, Greater and Lesser Tunb, which were even smaller and uninhabited."<ref name="NYT2012">{{cite news |title= A Tiny Island Is Where Iran Makes a Stand|first= Thomas|last=Erdbrink |newspaper= New York Times|date= April 30, 2012 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/world/middleeast/dispute-over-island-of-abu-musa-unites-iran.html|accessdate=}}</ref> |
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| title = النظام الإيراني المحتل يمارس الغطرسة ضد سكان الجزر الإماراتية |
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| url = http://www.alriyadh.com/1116041 |
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| access-date = 11 July 2017 |
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| work = Al Riyadh |
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| issue = 17360 |
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| date = 4 January 2016 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170731071529/http://www.alriyadh.com/1116041 |
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| archive-date = 31 July 2017 |
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| url-status = dead |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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| last1 = سيستاني |
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| first1 = ايرج افشار |
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| title = جزيرة بوموسى وطنب بزرك وطنب كوجك |
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}}</ref> |
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== Geography == |
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One day before the [[UK]] officially left the region, [[Iran]] stationed its troops on the island and was officially welcomed by the [[Sheikh|Sheik]] of [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]]'s brother; Sheik Saghar.<ref name="pgpm3">{{cite book|last=Mojtahedzadeh|first=Pirouz|title=Security and territoriality in the Persian Gulf|year=1999|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|location=London|isbn=0-7007-1098-1|page=214}}</ref> |
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Abu Musa island is located {{convert|70|km}} south of [[Bandar-e Shenas]] and {{convert|59|km}} [[north-northwest]] of [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]]. Out of the 14 islands of [[Hormozgan]], it is the farthest from the Iranian coast. Its highest point is the {{convert|110|m|adj=on}} Mount Halva<ref name="Mojtahed-Zadeh2007">{{cite book |
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|author = Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh |
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|title = Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 1 |
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|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9o0IRPpvDjkC&pg=PA305 |
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|date = January 2007 |
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|publisher = Universal-Publishers |
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|isbn = 978-1-58112-933-5 |
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|pages = 305– |
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|access-date = 19 February 2016 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150216/https://books.google.com/books?id=9o0IRPpvDjkC&pg=PA305 |
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|archive-date = 30 May 2016 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref> and has Abu Musa city as the center of the island. The weather in Abu Musa is warm and humid, a better climate compared to other islands in the [[Persian Gulf]]. It has the most diverse [[ecosystem]], but lacks suitable soil and water for farming. Fishing is the main industry for the locals. |
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It is served by the regional [[Abu Musa Airport]]. |
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The UAE took its sovereignty claim over Abu Musa and the two Tunb islands to the 9 December 1971 meeting of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. At that meeting, it was decided to "defer consideration of this matter to a later date".<ref>{{cite book|last=Mattair|first=Thomas|title=The Three Occupied Islands of the UAE: The Tunbs and Abu Musa.|year=2005|publisher=Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research|location=Abu Dhabi|isbn=9948-00-765-4}}</ref><ref name="United Nations 1971">{{cite journal|last=United Nations|title=Twenty-sixth Year, Supplement for October, November and December 1971|journal=Official Records of the Security Council|year=1971|url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUN_DOC_S_PV_1610_Security_Council_official_records%2C_26th_year%2C_1610th_meeting%2C_9_December_1971.djvu}}</ref> Iraq ([[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] era),<ref>{{cite book|last=United Nations Security Council|title=Letter dated 72/07/17 from the representatives of Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait , Lebanon, the Libyan Arab Republic, Morocco, Oman, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Sudan, The Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen to the President of the Security Council|year=1972|publisher=United Nations Supplement, Official Record|location=New York|id=UNDOC:S/10740|url=http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/3/35/UN_Doc_S_10740_-_Letter_Dated_17_July_1972_from_the_Permanent_Representatives_of_Algeria_Bahrain_Egypt_Iraq_Kuwait_Lebanon_Libya_Morocco_Oman_Sudan_Syria_Tunisia_United_Arab_Emirates_Yemen.pdf}}</ref> Kuwait,<ref>{{cite book|last=United Nations Security Council|title=Letter dated 92/09/14 from the Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General|year=1992|publisher=United Nations Annexes, Official Record|location=New York|id=UNDOC: A/47/441|url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALetter_dated_1994_July_7_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Kuwait_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_President_of_the_Security_Council.djvu}}</ref> Algeria,<ref name="UNDOC409">{{cite book|last=United Nations Security Council|title=Letter dated 71/12/03 from the representatives of Algeria, Iraq, the Libyan Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen to the President of the Security Council|year=1971|publisher=United Nations Supplement, Official Record|location=New York|id=UNDOC:S/10409|url=http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/2/26/UN_DOC_S_10409_-_Letter_Dated_3_December_1971_from_the_Permanent_Representatives_of_Algeria_Iraq_Libya_And_Peoples_Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen.JPG}}</ref> [[South Yemen]]<ref name="UNDOC409"/> and [[Libya]]<ref name="UNDOC409"/> held the view that the territory rightfully belongs to the UAE.<ref>{{cite book|last=United Nations Security Council|title=Letter dated 94/12/22 from the Permanent Representative of Bahrain to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General|date=December 1994|publisher=United Nations Annexes, Official Record|location=New York|id=UNDOC: A/49/815|url=http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/5/58/UN_DOC_A_49_814_Letter_dated_1994_December_22_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Bahrain_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=United Nations Security Council|title=Letter dated 93/10/13 from the representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the General Assembly|year=1993|publisher=United Nations Annexes, Official Record|location=New York|id=UNDOC: A/48/519|url=http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/UN_DOC_A_48_519_Letter_dated_13_October_1993_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_UN_page1.JPG }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=United Nations Security Council|title=Letter dated 94/09/20 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General|date=September 1994|publisher=United Nations Annexes, Official Record|location=New York|id=UN DOC: A/49/412 S/1994/1078|url=http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/0/09/UN_DOC_A_49_412_S_1994_1078_Letter_dated_20_September_1994_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_UN.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=United Nations Security Council|title=Letter dated 95/06/21 from the Permanent Representative of Bahrain to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General|date=June 1995|publisher=United Nations Annexes, Official Record|location=New York|url=http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/8/82/UN_DOC_A_50_255_S_1995_504_Letter_dated_21_June_1995_from_Bahrain_to_the_United_Nations.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=United Nations Security Council|title=Letter dated 92/10/06 from the Permanent Representative of Oman to the United Nations addressed to the President of the General Assembly|date=October 1992|publisher=United Nations Annexes, Official Record|location=New York|id=UNDOC: A/47/516|url=http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/79/UN_DOC_A_47_516_Letter_dated_1992_October_6_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Oman_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_President_of_the_General_Assembly..pdf}}</ref> Since that time, the UAE has consistently called in public statements<ref name="United Nations 1971"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=United Nations|title=Letter dated 16 September 1997 from the Permanent Representative of the United Arab Emirates to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General|journal=United Nations General Assembly|date=17 September 1997|volume=52nd Session|series=Oceans and the Law of the Sea|url=http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/UN_DOC_A_52_361_Letter_dated_1997_September_16_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General..pdf}}</ref> for either bilateral negotiations or by referring the issue to the International Court of Justice (or another form of international arbitration).<ref>{{cite book|last=Mattair|first=Thomas|title=The Three Occupied Islands of the UAE: The Tunbs and Abu Musa.|year=2005|publisher=Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research|location=Abu Dhabi|isbn=9948-00-765-4|pages=165–166}}</ref> |
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== History == |
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Saddam Hussein attempted to justify the [[Iran-Iraq War]] by claiming that one of the objectives was to "liberate" Abu Musa and [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs]] in the [[Persian Gulf]]. In 1992, [[Iran]] expelled [[foreign worker]]s who operated the UAE-sponsored school, medical clinic, and power-generating station.<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iran/abu-musa.htm</ref> The Island dispute has also caused serious friction between [[Ras al-Khaimah]] and Sharjah on one hand and some other emirates of the UAE on the other hand. Ras Al Khaimah advocates tough measures against Iran. Dubai, on the other hand, believes that the conflict is unnecessary. The present ruler of Dubai (who is also Vice President, Prime Minister and Defence Minister of the UAE), Sheikh Muhammad, has earlier stated publicly that "he believes the tensions over the islands have been fabricated by the United States".<ref name=Rubin>{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Barry M.|title=Crises in the Contemporary Persian Gulf|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7146-5267-2|pages=44–45}}</ref> |
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[[File:Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser Tunbs in Iran and Turan Map by Adolf Stieler map 1891.JPG|thumb|Abu Musa and other islands in the Persian gulf in a map by [[Adolf Stieler]]]] |
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The sovereignty of Iran on Abu Musa has been disputed by [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], which inherited a dispute since 1971.<ref name="estimate">{{cite news |url=http://www.theestimate.com/public/072401.html |title=Abu Musa and The Tumbs: The Dispute That Won't Go Away, Part Two |date=24 July 2001 |work=The Estimate |volume=XIII |issue=13 |access-date=6 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215021736/http://www.theestimate.com/public/072401.html |archive-date=15 December 2007 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref name="wi">{{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Simon |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/unwanted-guest-gulf-summit-and-iran |title=Unwanted Guest: The Gulf Summit and Iran |date=7 December 2007 |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123084614/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/unwanted-guest-gulf-summit-and-iran |archive-date=23 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> By common consent, the island had been under the control of the [[Al-Qasimi]] ruler of Sharjah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmadi |first=Kourosh |title=Islands and International Politics in the Persian Gulf: The Abu Musa and Tunbs in Strategic Context |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-45933-4 |page=54}}</ref><ref name=pgpm /> In 1906 [[Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi|Salim bin Sultan]], the uncle of Sharjah's ruler [[Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi|Saqr bin Khalid]], awarded a concession for iron oxide deposits discovery in the island to three Arabs, whose workers extracted the mineral and agreed to sell it to Wonckhaus, a German enterprise. However, Saqr bin Khalid discovered and disagreed with the act, so he cancelled the grant. The workers were then removed from the island with assistance from the British, resulting in an international incident.<ref>{{cite book |last=Issawi |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Issawi |chapter=European Economic Penetration, 1872–1921 |editor1-last=Avery |editor1-first=Peter |editor-link1=Peter Avery |editor2-last=Hambly |editor2-first=Gavin |editor3-last=Melville |editor3-first=Charles |editor-link3=Charles P. Melville |title=[[The Cambridge History of Iran]] |year=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20095-0 |page=605}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100000000833.0x000035 |title=Red oxide on Abu Musa, 1898-1934 |last=Laithwaite |first=John Gilbert |author-link=Gilbert Laithwaite |year=1934 |department=British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers |agency= |id=IOR/L/PS/18/B433 |via=[[Qatar Digital Library]]}}</ref> |
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In 2012 a visit to the island by Iranian president Ahmedinejad provoked a diplomatic incident.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/12/world/meast/uae-iran-ambassador-recall/ Ahmadinejad's visit to island prompts UAE to recall Iran ambassador, CNN April 12, 2012]</ref> |
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Iran's historical claim to ownership over the islands roots back to the Parthian and Sassanid Empires, among others.<ref>http://namak.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=9001141115</ref> Iran considers the island to have been occupied by the [[UK]] and refers to the agreement between Iran and emirate of [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] at 1971.<ref name="pgpm"/> |
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After 1908, the [[UK]] controlled the island along with the other British-held islands in the Persian Gulf, including what is today the UAE. In the late 1960s, the UK transferred administration of the island to the British-appointed [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], one of the seven sheikdoms that would later form the UAE. |
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==Demographics== |
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As of 2012, the island had about 2,131 inhabitants, making it Iran's smallest [[Counties of Iran|county]].<ref>http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-106&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&va=x</ref> The city of Abu Musa had 1,953 inhabitants in 2012, up 248 from 2006.<ref>http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-106&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-5101</ref> |
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After the UK announced in 1968 that it would end its administrative and military positions in the Persian Gulf, [[Iran]] moved to reattach the island politically to the mainland. On 30 November 1971 (two days before the official establishment of UAE), Iran and Sharjah signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]]. They agreed to allow Sharjah to have a local police station and Iran to station troops on the island according to the map attached to the Memorandum of Understanding.<ref name="pgpm">{{cite book |
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Most of residents of the island speak the "Bandari dialect" of [[Persian language|Farsi]]. |
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| last = Mojtahedzadeh |
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| first = Pirouz |
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| title = Countries and boundaries in the geopolitical region of the Persian Gulf |
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| year = 1993 |
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| publisher = The Institute for Political and International Studies |
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| oclc = 651081387 |
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| language = fa |
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}}</ref> The agreement also divided the island's energy resources between the two signatories. "By agreeing to the pact, the tiny emirate prevented an invasion by Iran, which two days earlier had taken two other disputed islands, the [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs]], which were even smaller and uninhabited."<ref name="NYT2012">{{cite news |
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| title = A Tiny Island Is Where Iran Makes a Stand |
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| first = Thomas |
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| last = Erdbrink |
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| newspaper = The New York Times |
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| date = 30 April 2012 |
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| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/world/middleeast/dispute-over-island-of-abu-musa-unites-iran.html |
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| access-date = 26 February 2017 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170505153853/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/world/middleeast/dispute-over-island-of-abu-musa-unites-iran.html |
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| archive-date = 5 May 2017 |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> |
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[[File:sheikSaghar.jpg|left|thumb|Sheikh Saqer welcoming Iranian troops of Iran's destroyer [[Iranian destroyer Artemiz (DDG-5)|''Artemiz'']] in Abu Musa, 1971]] |
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==See also== |
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*[[Iran–United Arab Emirates relations]] |
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*[[Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs]] |
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*[[Sir Abu Nu'ayr]] |
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===Iranian takeover=== |
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==References== |
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On 30 November 1971, a day before the UK officially left the region, [[Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs|Iran moved troops onto the island]] and were officially welcomed by the [[Sheikh|Sheik]] of Sharjah's brother, [[Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi|Sheik Saqer]].<ref name="pgpm3">{{cite book |
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{{Reflist}} |
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| last = Mojtahedzadeh |
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| first = Pirouz |
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| title = Security and territoriality in the Persian Gulf |
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| year = 1999 |
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| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon |
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| location = London |
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| isbn = 0-7007-1098-1 |
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| page = 214 |
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}}</ref> |
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== |
===UAE claim=== |
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The UAE took its sovereignty claim over Abu Musa and the two Tunb islands to a meeting of the [[United Nations Security Council]] of 9 December 1971. At that meeting, it was decided to "defer consideration of this matter to a later date".<ref>{{cite book |
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*[[Seyeed Ali Haghshenas|Haghshenas, Seyeed Ali]], ''[[Iran Historical Sovereignty over the Tunbs and BuMusa Islands]]''. 2010, [[Tehran]]. |
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| last = Mattair |
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| first = Thomas |
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| title = The Three Occupied Islands of the UAE: The Tunbs and Abu Musa. |
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| year = 2005 |
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| publisher = Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research |
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| location = Abu Dhabi |
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| isbn = 9948-00-765-4 |
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}}</ref><ref name="United Nations 1971">{{cite journal |
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| last = United Nations |
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| title = Twenty-sixth Year, Supplement for October, November and December 1971 |
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| journal = Official Records of the Security Council |
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| year = 1971 |
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| url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUN_DOC_S_PV_1610_Security_Council_official_records%2C_26th_year%2C_1610th_meeting%2C_9_December_1971.djvu |
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| access-date = 13 March 2013 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140220221825/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUN_DOC_S_PV_1610_Security_Council_official_records%2C_26th_year%2C_1610th_meeting%2C_9_December_1971.djvu |
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| archive-date = 20 February 2014 |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> Iraq ([[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] era),<ref>{{cite book |
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|last = United Nations Security Council |
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|title = Letter dated 72/07/17 from the representatives of Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, the Libyan Arab Republic, Morocco, Oman, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Sudan, The Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen to the President of the Security Council |
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|year = 1972 |
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|publisher = United Nations Supplement, Official Record |
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|location = New York |
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|id = UNDOC:S/10740 |
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|url = http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/3/35/UN_Doc_S_10740_-_Letter_Dated_17_July_1972_from_the_Permanent_Representatives_of_Algeria_Bahrain_Egypt_Iraq_Kuwait_Lebanon_Libya_Morocco_Oman_Sudan_Syria_Tunisia_United_Arab_Emirates_Yemen.pdf |
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|access-date = 13 March 2013 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140609074929/http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/3/35/UN_Doc_S_10740_-_Letter_Dated_17_July_1972_from_the_Permanent_Representatives_of_Algeria_Bahrain_Egypt_Iraq_Kuwait_Lebanon_Libya_Morocco_Oman_Sudan_Syria_Tunisia_United_Arab_Emirates_Yemen.pdf |
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|archive-date = 9 June 2014 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref> Kuwait,<ref>{{cite book |
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|last = United Nations Security Council |
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|title = Letter dated 92/09/14 from the Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General |
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|year = 1992 |
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|publisher = United Nations Annexes, Official Record |
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|location = New York |
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|id = UNDOC: A/47/441 |
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|url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALetter_dated_1994_July_7_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Kuwait_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_President_of_the_Security_Council.djvu |
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|access-date = 13 March 2013 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140220221823/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALetter_dated_1994_July_7_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Kuwait_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_President_of_the_Security_Council.djvu |
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|archive-date = 20 February 2014 |
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|url-status = dead |
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|df = dmy-all |
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}}</ref> Algeria,<ref name="UNDOC409">{{cite book |
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|last = United Nations Security Council |
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|title = Letter dated 71/12/03 from the representatives of Algeria, Iraq, the Libyan Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen to the President of the Security Council |
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|year = 1971 |
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|publisher = United Nations Supplement, Official Record |
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|location = New York |
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|id = UNDOC:S/10409 |
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|url = http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/2/26/UN_DOC_S_10409_-_Letter_Dated_3_December_1971_from_the_Permanent_Representatives_of_Algeria_Iraq_Libya_And_Peoples_Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen.JPG |
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|access-date = 13 March 2013 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140609074934/http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/2/26/UN_DOC_S_10409_-_Letter_Dated_3_December_1971_from_the_Permanent_Representatives_of_Algeria_Iraq_Libya_And_Peoples_Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen.JPG |
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|archive-date = 9 June 2014 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref> [[South Yemen]]<ref name="UNDOC409" /> and [[Libya]]<ref name="UNDOC409" /> held the view that the territory rightfully belongs to the UAE.<ref>{{cite book |
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|last = United Nations Security Council |
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|title = Letter dated 94/12/22 from the Permanent Representative of Bahrain to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General |
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|date = December 1994 |
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|publisher = United Nations Annexes, Official Record |
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|location = New York |
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|id = UNDOC: A/49/815 |
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|url = http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/5/58/UN_DOC_A_49_814_Letter_dated_1994_December_22_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Bahrain_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General.pdf |
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|access-date = 13 March 2013 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140609074930/http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/5/58/UN_DOC_A_49_814_Letter_dated_1994_December_22_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Bahrain_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General.pdf |
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|archive-date = 9 June 2014 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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|last = United Nations Security Council |
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|title = Letter dated 93/10/13 from the representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the General Assembly |
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|year = 1993 |
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|publisher = United Nations Annexes, Official Record |
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|location = New York |
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|id = UNDOC: A/48/519 |
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|url = http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/UN_DOC_A_48_519_Letter_dated_13_October_1993_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_UN_page1.JPG |
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|access-date = 13 March 2013 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140609074931/http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/UN_DOC_A_48_519_Letter_dated_13_October_1993_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_UN_page1.JPG |
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|archive-date = 9 June 2014 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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|last = United Nations Security Council |
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|title = Letter dated 94/09/20 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General |
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|date = September 1994 |
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|publisher = United Nations Annexes, Official Record |
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|location = New York |
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|id = UN DOC: A/49/412 S/1994/1078 |
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|url = http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/0/09/UN_DOC_A_49_412_S_1994_1078_Letter_dated_20_September_1994_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_UN.pdf |
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|access-date = 13 March 2013 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140609074932/http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/0/09/UN_DOC_A_49_412_S_1994_1078_Letter_dated_20_September_1994_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_UN.pdf |
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|archive-date = 9 June 2014 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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|last = United Nations Security Council |
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|title = Letter dated 95/06/21 from the Permanent Representative of Bahrain to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General |
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|date = June 1995 |
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|publisher = United Nations Annexes, Official Record |
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|location = New York |
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|url = http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/8/82/UN_DOC_A_50_255_S_1995_504_Letter_dated_21_June_1995_from_Bahrain_to_the_United_Nations.pdf |
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|access-date = 13 March 2013 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140609074925/http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/8/82/UN_DOC_A_50_255_S_1995_504_Letter_dated_21_June_1995_from_Bahrain_to_the_United_Nations.pdf |
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|archive-date = 9 June 2014 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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|last = United Nations Security Council |
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|title = Letter dated 92/10/06 from the Permanent Representative of Oman to the United Nations addressed to the President of the General Assembly |
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|date = October 1992 |
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|publisher = United Nations Annexes, Official Record |
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|location = New York |
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|id = UNDOC: A/47/516 |
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|url = http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/79/UN_DOC_A_47_516_Letter_dated_1992_October_6_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Oman_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_President_of_the_General_Assembly..pdf |
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|access-date = 13 March 2013 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140609074927/http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/79/UN_DOC_A_47_516_Letter_dated_1992_October_6_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Oman_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_President_of_the_General_Assembly..pdf |
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|archive-date = 9 June 2014 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref> Since that time, the UAE has consistently called in public statements<ref name="United Nations 1971" /><ref>{{cite journal |
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|last = United Nations |
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|title = Letter dated 16 September 1997 from the Permanent Representative of the United Arab Emirates to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General |
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|journal = United Nations General Assembly |
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|date = 17 September 1997 |
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|volume = 52nd Session |
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|series = Oceans and the Law of the Sea |
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|url = http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/UN_DOC_A_52_361_Letter_dated_1997_September_16_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General..pdf |
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|access-date = 13 March 2013 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140609074926/http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/UN_DOC_A_52_361_Letter_dated_1997_September_16_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General..pdf |
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|archive-date = 9 June 2014 |
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|url-status = live |
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}}</ref> for either bilateral negotiations or by referring the issue to the International Court of Justice (or another form of international arbitration).<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Mattair |
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| first = Thomas |
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| title = The Three Occupied Islands of the UAE: The Tunbs and Abu Musa. |
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| year = 2005 |
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| publisher = Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research |
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| location = Abu Dhabi |
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| isbn = 9948-00-765-4 |
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| pages = 165–166 |
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}}</ref> |
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Saddam Hussein attempted to justify the [[Iran–Iraq War]] by claiming that one of the objectives was to "liberate" Abu Musa and the Tunbs in the [[Persian Gulf]]. In 1992, Iran expelled "foreign" workers who operated the UAE-sponsored school, medical clinic, and power-generating station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iran/abu-musa.htm |title=Abu Musa Island – Iran Special Weapons Facilities |
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==Further reading== |
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| first = John |
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*{{cite book| author=Schofield, Richard| title=Unfinished Business: Iran, the Uae, Abu Musa and the Tunbs| location=London| publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs| year=2003| isbn=0-905031-90-3}} |
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| last = Pike |
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| website = globalsecurity.org |
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| access-date = 31 July 2006 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101226021747/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iran/abu-musa.htm |
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| archive-date = 26 December 2010 |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> The dispute has also caused serious friction between [[Ras al-Khaimah]] and Sharjah on the one hand and some other emirates of the UAE on the other. Ras Al Khaimah advocates tough measures against Iran. Dubai, on the other hand, believes that the conflict is unnecessary. The present ruler of Dubai (who is also Vice President, Prime Minister and Defence Minister of the UAE), [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], has earlier stated publicly that "he believes the tensions over the islands have been fabricated by the United States".<ref name=Rubin>{{cite book |
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| last = Rubin |
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| first = Barry M. |
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| title = Crises in the Contemporary Persian Gulf |
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| year = 2002 |
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| publisher = Routledge |
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| isbn = 978-0-7146-5267-2 |
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| pages = 44–45 |
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}}</ref> |
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In 2012 a visit to the island by Iranian president Ahmedinejad provoked a diplomatic incident.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/12/world/meast/uae-iran-ambassador-recall/ |
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| title = Ahmadinejad's visit to island prompts UAE to recall Iran ambassador |
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| work = CNN |
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| date = 12 April 2012 |
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| access-date = 12 April 2012 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120412175353/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/12/world/meast/uae-iran-ambassador-recall/ |
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| archive-date = 12 April 2012 |
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| url-status = live |
|||
}}</ref> Iran's historical claim to ownership over the islands roots back to the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and [[Sasanian Empire]]s, among others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://namak.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120711215142/http://namak.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=9001141115|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2012|title=Fars Library|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> Iran considers the island to have been occupied by the UK and refers to the agreement between Iran and the emirate of Sharjah in 1971.<ref name="pgpm" /> |
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== Demographics == |
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{{As of|2012}}, the island had about 2,131 inhabitants, making it Iran's smallest [[Counties of Iran|county]].<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x%3D%26men%3Dgadm%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dwg%26geo%3D-106%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Dabcdefghinoq%26msz%3D1500%26va%3Dx |
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| title = Archived copy |
|||
| access-date = 22 June 2011 |
|||
}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The city of Abu Musa had 1,953 inhabitants in 2012, up 248 from 2006.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x%3D%26men%3Dgcis%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dwg%26geo%3D-106%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Dabcdefghinoq%26msz%3D1500%26geo%3D-5101 |
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| title = Archived copy |
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| access-date = 27 January 2010 |
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}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |
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Most of the native residents of the island speak the "Bandari" dialect of [[Persian language|Persian]]. |
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UAE citizens living on the island allegedly face "great difficulties" with the lack of proper clinics and schools. Only one school exists on the island,<ref>{{cite news |last1=الأمير |first1=نورا |title="التربية" تفتح باب نقل المعلمين إلى مدرسة أبو موسى |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/education/2017-02-02-1.2845589 |access-date=2 January 2019 |work=Al Bayan |date=2 February 2017 |language=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103005152/https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/education/2017-02-02-1.2845589 |archive-date=3 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it is used by 150 students.<ref name="People">{{cite news| last1= Ashor| first1= Ahmed| title= إماراتيّون في "أبوموسى" يعيشون حياة بدائية تحت الاحتلال| trans-title= Emiratis in Abu Musa live a primitive life under occupation| url= http://www.emaratalyoum.com/local-section/other/2010-04-22-1.231277| access-date= 7 July 2017| language= ar| work= Emarat Al Youm| date= 22 April 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180801221001/https://www.emaratalyoum.com/local-section/other/2010-04-22-1.231277| archive-date= 1 August 2018| url-status= dead}}</ref> Moreover, patients have to be transported to [[Sharjah]] to receive treatment, but that is sometimes not feasible because of the Iranian authorities.<ref name="People" /> In addition, Iran allegedly delays or blocks UAE's school and medical supplies from entering the island.<ref name="People" /> |
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== Climate == |
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The island’s climate is hot and [[arid]]. Classified as ''BWh'' under [[Köppen climate classification]]. The Island has warm to hot weather throughout the year, with all months averaging above {{Convert|20|C|F|abbr=on}}, almost all of the annual precipitation falls during the winter season. |
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{{Weather box |
|||
| location = Abu Musa Island (normals 1991-2020 extremes 1984-2020) |
|||
| metric first = Y |
|||
| single line = Y |
|||
| Jan record high C = 28.2 |
|||
| Feb record high C = 30.0 |
|||
| Mar record high C = 36.0 |
|||
| Apr record high C = 39.6 |
|||
| May record high C = 41.8 |
|||
| Jun record high C = 42.0 |
|||
| Jul record high C = 45.0 |
|||
| Aug record high C = 42.6 |
|||
| Sep record high C = 43.0 |
|||
| Oct record high C = 43.0 |
|||
| Nov record high C = 35.0 |
|||
| Dec record high C = 30.6 |
|||
| Jan high C = 23.2 |
|||
| Feb high C = 23.7 |
|||
| Mar high C = 25.6 |
|||
| Apr high C = 29.0 |
|||
| May high C = 32.5 |
|||
| Jun high C = 34.8 |
|||
| Jul high C = 36.6 |
|||
| Aug high C = 37.0 |
|||
| Sep high C = 35.7 |
|||
| Oct high C = 33.4 |
|||
| Nov high C = 29.4 |
|||
| Dec high C = 25.5 |
|||
| Jan mean C = 21.3 |
|||
| Feb mean C = 21.7 |
|||
| Mar mean C = 23.4 |
|||
| Apr mean C = 26.5 |
|||
| May mean C = 30.0 |
|||
| Jun mean C = 32.5 |
|||
| Jul mean C = 34.2 |
|||
| Aug mean C = 34.5 |
|||
| Sep mean C = 33.2 |
|||
| Oct mean C = 31.1 |
|||
| Nov mean C = 27.3 |
|||
| Dec mean C = 23.5 |
|||
| Jan low C = 18.3 |
|||
| Feb low C = 18.7 |
|||
| Mar low C = 20.4 |
|||
| Apr low C = 23.3 |
|||
| May low C = 26.7 |
|||
| Jun low C = 29.0 |
|||
| Jul low C = 30.9 |
|||
| Aug low C = 31.0 |
|||
| Sep low C = 29.5 |
|||
| Oct low C = 27.2 |
|||
| Nov low C = 23.8 |
|||
| Dec low C = 20.3 |
|||
| Jan record low C = 11.0 |
|||
| Feb record low C = 8.0 |
|||
| Mar record low C = 11.6 |
|||
| Apr record low C = 15.8 |
|||
| May record low C = 19.2 |
|||
| Jun record low C = 23.0 |
|||
| Jul record low C = 26.2 |
|||
| Aug record low C = 26.2 |
|||
| Sep record low C = 24.0 |
|||
| Oct record low C = 19.0 |
|||
| Nov record low C = 16.4 |
|||
| Dec record low C = 11.0 |
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| precipitation colour = green |
|||
| Jan precipitation mm = 29.5 |
|||
| Feb precipitation mm = 14.1 |
|||
| Mar precipitation mm = 28.5 |
|||
| Apr precipitation mm = 4.2 |
|||
| May precipitation mm = 0.2 |
|||
| Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.2 |
|||
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Sep precipitation mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Oct precipitation mm = 1.6 |
|||
| Nov precipitation mm = 15.7 |
|||
| Dec precipitation mm = 29.0 |
|||
| year precipitation mm = |
|||
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |
|||
| Jan precipitation days = 2.6 |
|||
| Feb precipitation days = 1.6 |
|||
| Mar precipitation days = 2.4 |
|||
| Apr precipitation days = 0.7 |
|||
| May precipitation days = 0.1 |
|||
| Jun precipitation days = 0.0 |
|||
| Jul precipitation days = 0.0 |
|||
| Aug precipitation days = 0.0 |
|||
| Sep precipitation days = 0.0 |
|||
| Oct precipitation days = 0.1 |
|||
| Nov precipitation days = 1.3 |
|||
| Dec precipitation days = 2.2 |
|||
| Jan humidity =60 |
|||
| Feb humidity =64 |
|||
| Mar humidity =69 |
|||
| Apr humidity =70 |
|||
| May humidity =72 |
|||
| Jun humidity =73 |
|||
| Jul humidity =70 |
|||
| Aug humidity =69 |
|||
| Sep humidity =68 |
|||
| Oct humidity =64 |
|||
| Nov humidity =58 |
|||
| Dec humidity =60 |
|||
| Jan dew point C =13.0 |
|||
| Feb dew point C =14.4 |
|||
| Mar dew point C =17.0 |
|||
| Apr dew point C =20.4 |
|||
| May dew point C =24.1 |
|||
| Jun dew point C =26.8 |
|||
| Jul dew point C =27.8 |
|||
| Aug dew point C =27.7 |
|||
| Sep dew point C =26.4 |
|||
| Oct dew point C =23.2 |
|||
| Nov dew point C =18.0 |
|||
| Dec dew point C =15.0 |
|||
| Jan sun =232 |
|||
| Feb sun =223 |
|||
| Mar sun =233 |
|||
| Apr sun =264 |
|||
| May sun =313 |
|||
| Jun sun =310 |
|||
| Jul sun =281 |
|||
| Aug sun =291 |
|||
| Sep sun =277 |
|||
| Oct sun =290 |
|||
| Nov sun =258 |
|||
| Dec sun =237 |
|||
| Jan uv =6 |
|||
| Feb uv =6 |
|||
| Mar uv =6 |
|||
| Apr uv =7 |
|||
| May uv =8 |
|||
| Jun uv =8 |
|||
| Jul uv =8 |
|||
| Aug uv =8 |
|||
| Sep uv =8 |
|||
| Oct uv =7 |
|||
| Nov uv =7 |
|||
| Dec uv =6 |
|||
|source = [[National Centers for Environmental Information|NOAA NCEI]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/AbumusaIsland_40890.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Abumusa Island |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |format=CSV}}</ref> |
|||
|source 2 =IRIMO(extremes)<ref name= records/> Weather atlas(UV)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/iran/abu-musa-climate |title=Climate and monthly weather forecast Abu Musa, Iran |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Weather Atlas}}</ref> |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Weather box |collapsed = yes |
|||
| location = Jazireh Abu Musa (1984–2010) |
|||
| metric first = Y |
|||
| single line = Y |
|||
| Jan record high C = 27.8 |
|||
| Feb record high C = 29.5 |
|||
| Mar record high C = 36.0 |
|||
| Apr record high C = 39.6 |
|||
| May record high C = 41.8 |
|||
| Jun record high C = 42.0 |
|||
| Jul record high C = 45.0 |
|||
| Aug record high C = 41.4 |
|||
| Sep record high C = 43.0 |
|||
| Oct record high C = 43.0 |
|||
| Nov record high C = 35.0 |
|||
| Dec record high C = 30.0 |
|||
| year record high C = 45.0 |
|||
| Jan high C = 23.0 |
|||
| Feb high C = 23.9 |
|||
| Mar high C = 25.5 |
|||
| Apr high C = 28.9 |
|||
| May high C = 32.5 |
|||
| Jun high C = 34.5 |
|||
| Jul high C = 36.3 |
|||
| Aug high C = 36.7 |
|||
| Sep high C = 35.4 |
|||
| Oct high C = 33.2 |
|||
| Nov high C = 29.6 |
|||
| Dec high C = 25.4 |
|||
| year high C = |
|||
| Jan mean C = 20.5 |
|||
| Feb mean C = 21.0 |
|||
| Mar mean C = 22.9 |
|||
| Apr mean C = 26.0 |
|||
| May mean C = 29.5 |
|||
| Jun mean C = 31.6 |
|||
| Jul mean C = 33.5 |
|||
| Aug mean C = 33.7 |
|||
| Sep mean C = 32.3 |
|||
| Oct mean C = 30.0 |
|||
| Nov mean C = 26.6 |
|||
| Dec mean C = 22.7 |
|||
| year mean C = |
|||
| Jan low C = 18.0 |
|||
| Feb low C = 18.5 |
|||
| Mar low C = 20.3 |
|||
| Apr low C = 23.1 |
|||
| May low C = 26.5 |
|||
| Jun low C = 28.8 |
|||
| Jul low C = 30.6 |
|||
| Aug low C = 30.8 |
|||
| Sep low C = 29.2 |
|||
| Oct low C = 26.8 |
|||
| Nov low C = 23.7 |
|||
| Dec low C = 20.0 |
|||
| year low C = |
|||
| Jan record low C = 11.0 |
|||
| Feb record low C = 8.0 |
|||
| Mar record low C = 11.6 |
|||
| Apr record low C = 15.8 |
|||
| May record low C = 19.2 |
|||
| Jun record low C = 23.4 |
|||
| Jul record low C = 26.2 |
|||
| Aug record low C = 26.8 |
|||
| Sep record low C = 24.0 |
|||
| Oct record low C = 19.0 |
|||
| Nov record low C = 17.0 |
|||
| Dec record low C = 11.0 |
|||
| year record low C = 8.0 |
|||
| precipitation colour = |
|||
| Jan precipitation mm = 30.0 |
|||
| Feb precipitation mm = 20.1 |
|||
| Mar precipitation mm = 28.1 |
|||
| Apr precipitation mm = 6.8 |
|||
| May precipitation mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.2 |
|||
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Sep precipitation mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Oct precipitation mm = 1.6 |
|||
| Nov precipitation mm = 5.8 |
|||
| Dec precipitation mm = 33.7 |
|||
| year precipitation mm = |
|||
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |
|||
| Jan precipitation days = 2.4 |
|||
| Feb precipitation days = 1.9 |
|||
| Mar precipitation days = 2.3 |
|||
| Apr precipitation days = 0.7 |
|||
| May precipitation days = 0.0 |
|||
| Jun precipitation days = 0.0 |
|||
| Jul precipitation days = 0.0 |
|||
| Aug precipitation days = 0.0 |
|||
| Sep precipitation days = 0.0 |
|||
| Oct precipitation days = 0.1 |
|||
| Nov precipitation days = 0.8 |
|||
| Dec precipitation days = 2.8 |
|||
| year precipitation days = 11.0 |
|||
| Jan humidity = 61 |
|||
| Feb humidity = 66 |
|||
| Mar humidity = 69 |
|||
| Apr humidity = 71 |
|||
| May humidity = 72 |
|||
| Jun humidity = 74 |
|||
| Jul humidity = 71 |
|||
| Aug humidity = 70 |
|||
| Sep humidity = 69 |
|||
| Oct humidity = 65 |
|||
| Nov humidity = 60 |
|||
| Dec humidity = 62 |
|||
| year humidity = |
|||
| Jan sun = 227.4 |
|||
| Feb sun = 225.9 |
|||
| Mar sun = 231.6 |
|||
| Apr sun = 267.4 |
|||
| May sun = 312.4 |
|||
| Jun sun = 315.8 |
|||
| Jul sun = 284.7 |
|||
| Aug sun = 294.5 |
|||
| Sep sun = 280.5 |
|||
| Oct sun = 293.9 |
|||
| Nov sun = 263.4 |
|||
| Dec sun = 228.9 |
|||
| year sun = |
|||
| source 1 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records),<ref name= records>*{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/7.asp |
|||
| title = Highest record temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010 |
|||
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization |
|||
| access-date = 8 April 2015 |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161105101537/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/7.asp |
|||
| archive-date = 5 November 2016 |
|||
| url-status = dead |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/6.asp |
|||
| title = Lowest record temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010 |
|||
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization |
|||
| access-date = 8 April 2015 |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161554/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/6.asp |
|||
| archive-date = 5 November 2016 |
|||
| url-status = dead |
|||
}}</ref> (temperatures),<ref name=temperatures>*{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/3.asp |
|||
| title = Average Maximum temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010 |
|||
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization |
|||
| access-date = 8 April 2015 |
|||
}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/5.asp |
|||
| title = Average Mean Daily temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010 |
|||
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization |
|||
| access-date = 8 April 2015 |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170419034833/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/5.asp |
|||
| archive-date = 19 April 2017 |
|||
| url-status = dead |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
|url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/2.asp |
|||
|title = Average Minimum temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010 |
|||
|publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization |
|||
|access-date = 8 April 2015 |
|||
|url-status = dead |
|||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160509094105/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/2.asp |
|||
|archive-date = 9 May 2016 |
|||
}}</ref> (precipitation),<ref name= precipitation>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/25.asp |
|||
| title = Monthly Total Precipitation in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010 |
|||
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization |
|||
| access-date = 8 April 2015 |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171007213719/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/25.asp |
|||
| archive-date = 7 October 2017 |
|||
| url-status = dead |
|||
}}</ref> (humidity),<ref name=humidity>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/14.asp |
|||
| title = Average relative humidity in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010 |
|||
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization |
|||
| access-date = 8 April 2015 |
|||
}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (days with precipitation),<ref name=precipdays>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/29.asp |
|||
| title = No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010 |
|||
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization |
|||
| access-date = 8 April 2015 |
|||
|url-status = dead |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160509095803/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/29.asp |
|||
| archive-date = 9 May 2016 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
(sunshine)<ref name=sunshine>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/42.asp |
|||
| title = Monthly total sunshine hours in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010 |
|||
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization |
|||
| access-date = 8 April 2015 |
|||
|url-status = dead |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160509095253/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/42.asp |
|||
| archive-date = 9 May 2016 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
| date=April 2016 |
|||
}} |
|||
{{clear}} |
|||
== See also == |
|||
{{stack|{{Portal|Iran|Engineering}}}} |
|||
* [[Iran–United Arab Emirates relations]] |
|||
* [[Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs]] |
|||
* [[Sir Abu Nu'ayr]] |
|||
* [[List of lighthouses in Iran]] |
|||
== References == |
|||
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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== Sources == |
|||
* [[Seyeed Ali Haghshenas|Haghshenas, Seyeed Ali]], ''[[Iran Historical Sovereignty over the Tunbs and BuMusa Islands]]''. 2010, [[Tehran]]. |
|||
== Further reading == |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| author = Schofield, Richard |
|||
| title = Unfinished Business: Iran, the Uae, Abu Musa and the Tunbs |
|||
| location = London |
|||
| publisher = Royal Institute of International Affairs |
|||
| year = 2003 |
|||
| isbn = 0-905031-90-3 |
|||
}} |
|||
==External links== |
== External links == |
||
{{Commons category |
{{Commons category-inline}} |
||
* {{Iranica|abu-musa-bu-musa|ABU MUSĀ}} |
|||
*[http://www.geocities.com/abu_musa_town/ History, description, map of Abu Musa and nearby islands] ([http://www.webcitation.org/5klXnnLVg Archived] 2009-10-24) |
|||
* [http://www.geocities.com/abu_musa_town/ History, description, map of Abu Musa and nearby islands] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20091026233905/http://geocities.com/abu_musa_town/ Archived] 2009-10-24) |
|||
*[http://www.thepersiangulf.org/abumusaandthetunbs.html History of Abu Musa and The Tunbs] |
|||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060106134449/http://thepersiangulf.org/abumusaandthetunbs.html History of Abu Musa and The Tunbs] |
|||
*[http://www.uaeinteract.com/news/?ID=147 UAE Interact Abu Musa News] |
|||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110525003743/http://www.uaeinteract.com/news/?ID=147 UAE Interact Abu Musa News] |
|||
*[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iran/facility/abu-musa.htm Abu Musa's military garrison] |
|||
*[http://www. |
* [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iran/facility/abu-musa.htm Abu Musa's military garrison] |
||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070622155007/http://www.american.edu/TED/abumusa.htm Dispute between Iran and Sharjah] |
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*[http://www.netnative.com/news/02/oct/1053.html Report of the International symposium on Modern Boundaries of Iran - Problems and practices of Iranian boundaries], Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, 10/15/02 |
|||
* [http://www.netnative.com/news/02/oct/1053.html Report of the International symposium on Modern Boundaries of Iran – Problems and practices of Iranian boundaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827132323/http://www.netnative.com/news/02/oct/1053.html |date=27 August 2019 }}, Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, 10/15/02 |
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* [https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/photos/NearEast/AbuMusaIRN.jpg Picture of Abu Musa Lighthouse] |
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Latest revision as of 19:05, 10 December 2024
Abu Musa Island in the Persian Gulf | |
  Abu Musa  Abu Musa | |
| Other names |
|
|---|---|
| Geography | |
| Location | Persian Gulf |
| Coordinates | 25°52′N 55°02′E / 25.867°N 55.033°E |
| Total islands | 1 |
| Area | 12.8 km2 (4.9 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 110 m (360 ft) |
| Highest point | Mount Halva |
| Administration | |
| Province | Hormozgan |
| Largest settlement | Abu Musa (pop. 1,953) |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 2,131 (2012) |
| Pop. density | 166/km2 (430/sq mi) |
 | |
| Location | Abu Musa, Iran |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 25°53′07″N 55°02′02″E / 25.88514°N 55.03394°E |
| Tower | |
| Construction | Masonry Tower |
| Shape | square short tower atop building[1][2] |
| Light | |
| Focal height | 130 m (430 ft)  |
| Range | 9 nmi (17 km; 10 mi) |
| Characteristic | Fl W 8s |
Abu Musa (Persian: بوموسا , IPA: [æbu mu'sɒ], Arabic: أبو موسى) is an Iranian 12.8-square-kilometre (4.9 sq mi) island in the eastern Persian Gulf, found near the entrance of Strait of Hormuz.[3] Due to the depth of sea, oil tankers and big ships have to pass between Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser Tunbs, making these islands some of the most strategic points in the Persian Gulf.[4] The island is under the administration of Iran, as part of the Hormozgan province.[5][6]
Name
[edit]Iranian inhabitants of Abu Musa call it "Gap-sabzu" (Persian: گپسبزو), which in Persian means "the great green place". On old Persian maps, the island is called:
- "Boum-Ouw" (Persian: بوماوو) or "Boum-Ouf" (Persian: بوماوف) which in Persian means "Waterland".
- "Boum-Souz" (Persian: بومسوز) or "Boum-Sou"/"Boum-Souw" (Persian: بومسو) or "Gap-Sabzou" (Persian: گپسبزو) which in Persian means "Green Land".[7]
In recent centuries it has also been called Bum Musa, Persian for "the land of Musa/Moses", instead of "Boum-Sou".[8]
In Arabic sources, "Abu Musa" (Arabic: أبو موسى) comes from Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, a companion of Muhammad, who stayed on the island in 643 CE before battling the Persians.[9][10]
Geography
[edit]Abu Musa island is located 70 kilometres (43 mi) south of Bandar-e Shenas and 59 kilometres (37 mi) north-northwest of Sharjah. Out of the 14 islands of Hormozgan, it is the farthest from the Iranian coast. Its highest point is the 110-metre (360 ft) Mount Halva[11] and has Abu Musa city as the center of the island. The weather in Abu Musa is warm and humid, a better climate compared to other islands in the Persian Gulf. It has the most diverse ecosystem, but lacks suitable soil and water for farming. Fishing is the main industry for the locals.
It is served by the regional Abu Musa Airport.
History
[edit]
The sovereignty of Iran on Abu Musa has been disputed by UAE, which inherited a dispute since 1971.[12][13] By common consent, the island had been under the control of the Al-Qasimi ruler of Sharjah.[14][15] In 1906 Salim bin Sultan, the uncle of Sharjah's ruler Saqr bin Khalid, awarded a concession for iron oxide deposits discovery in the island to three Arabs, whose workers extracted the mineral and agreed to sell it to Wonckhaus, a German enterprise. However, Saqr bin Khalid discovered and disagreed with the act, so he cancelled the grant. The workers were then removed from the island with assistance from the British, resulting in an international incident.[16][17]
After 1908, the UK controlled the island along with the other British-held islands in the Persian Gulf, including what is today the UAE. In the late 1960s, the UK transferred administration of the island to the British-appointed Sharjah, one of the seven sheikdoms that would later form the UAE.
After the UK announced in 1968 that it would end its administrative and military positions in the Persian Gulf, Iran moved to reattach the island politically to the mainland. On 30 November 1971 (two days before the official establishment of UAE), Iran and Sharjah signed a Memorandum of Understanding. They agreed to allow Sharjah to have a local police station and Iran to station troops on the island according to the map attached to the Memorandum of Understanding.[15] The agreement also divided the island's energy resources between the two signatories. "By agreeing to the pact, the tiny emirate prevented an invasion by Iran, which two days earlier had taken two other disputed islands, the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, which were even smaller and uninhabited."[18]
Iranian takeover
[edit]On 30 November 1971, a day before the UK officially left the region, Iran moved troops onto the island and were officially welcomed by the Sheik of Sharjah's brother, Sheik Saqer.[19]
UAE claim
[edit]The UAE took its sovereignty claim over Abu Musa and the two Tunb islands to a meeting of the United Nations Security Council of 9 December 1971. At that meeting, it was decided to "defer consideration of this matter to a later date".[20][21] Iraq (Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr era),[22] Kuwait,[23] Algeria,[24] South Yemen[24] and Libya[24] held the view that the territory rightfully belongs to the UAE.[25][26][27][28][29] Since that time, the UAE has consistently called in public statements[21][30] for either bilateral negotiations or by referring the issue to the International Court of Justice (or another form of international arbitration).[31]
Saddam Hussein attempted to justify the Iran–Iraq War by claiming that one of the objectives was to "liberate" Abu Musa and the Tunbs in the Persian Gulf. In 1992, Iran expelled "foreign" workers who operated the UAE-sponsored school, medical clinic, and power-generating station.[32] The dispute has also caused serious friction between Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah on the one hand and some other emirates of the UAE on the other. Ras Al Khaimah advocates tough measures against Iran. Dubai, on the other hand, believes that the conflict is unnecessary. The present ruler of Dubai (who is also Vice President, Prime Minister and Defence Minister of the UAE), Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, has earlier stated publicly that "he believes the tensions over the islands have been fabricated by the United States".[33]
In 2012 a visit to the island by Iranian president Ahmedinejad provoked a diplomatic incident.[34] Iran's historical claim to ownership over the islands roots back to the Parthian and Sasanian Empires, among others.[35] Iran considers the island to have been occupied by the UK and refers to the agreement between Iran and the emirate of Sharjah in 1971.[15]
Demographics
[edit]As of 2012[update], the island had about 2,131 inhabitants, making it Iran's smallest county.[36] The city of Abu Musa had 1,953 inhabitants in 2012, up 248 from 2006.[37]
Most of the native residents of the island speak the "Bandari" dialect of Persian.
UAE citizens living on the island allegedly face "great difficulties" with the lack of proper clinics and schools. Only one school exists on the island,[38] and it is used by 150 students.[39] Moreover, patients have to be transported to Sharjah to receive treatment, but that is sometimes not feasible because of the Iranian authorities.[39] In addition, Iran allegedly delays or blocks UAE's school and medical supplies from entering the island.[39]
Climate
[edit]The island’s climate is hot and arid. Classified as BWh under Köppen climate classification. The Island has warm to hot weather throughout the year, with all months averaging above 20 °C (68 °F), almost all of the annual precipitation falls during the winter season.
| Climate data for Abu Musa Island (normals 1991-2020 extremes 1984-2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.2 (82.8) |
30.0 (86.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
39.6 (103.3) |
41.8 (107.2) |
42.0 (107.6) |
45.0 (113.0) |
42.6 (108.7) |
43.0 (109.4) |
43.0 (109.4) |
35.0 (95.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
45.0 (113.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.2 (73.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
29.0 (84.2) |
32.5 (90.5) |
34.8 (94.6) |
36.6 (97.9) |
37.0 (98.6) |
35.7 (96.3) |
33.4 (92.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
30.5 (87.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.3 (70.3) |
21.7 (71.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
26.5 (79.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.5 (90.5) |
34.2 (93.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.2 (91.8) |
31.1 (88.0) |
27.3 (81.1) |
23.5 (74.3) |
28.3 (82.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
23.3 (73.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
29.0 (84.2) |
30.9 (87.6) |
31.0 (87.8) |
29.5 (85.1) |
27.2 (81.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
20.3 (68.5) |
24.9 (76.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
8.0 (46.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.2 (66.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.0 (51.8) |
8.0 (46.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 29.5 (1.16) |
14.1 (0.56) |
28.5 (1.12) |
4.2 (0.17) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.6 (0.06) |
15.7 (0.62) |
29.0 (1.14) |
123 (4.85) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.6 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 11 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 60 | 64 | 69 | 70 | 72 | 73 | 70 | 69 | 68 | 64 | 58 | 60 | 66 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.7 (81.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
21.2 (70.1) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 232 | 223 | 233 | 264 | 313 | 310 | 281 | 291 | 277 | 290 | 258 | 237 | 3,209 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 |
| Source 1: NOAA NCEI[40] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO(extremes)[41] Weather atlas(UV)[42] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Jazireh Abu Musa (1984–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.8 (82.0) |
29.5 (85.1) |
36.0 (96.8) |
39.6 (103.3) |
41.8 (107.2) |
42.0 (107.6) |
45.0 (113.0) |
41.4 (106.5) |
43.0 (109.4) |
43.0 (109.4) |
35.0 (95.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
32.5 (90.5) |
34.5 (94.1) |
36.3 (97.3) |
36.7 (98.1) |
35.4 (95.7) |
33.2 (91.8) |
29.6 (85.3) |
25.4 (77.7) |
30.4 (86.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
22.9 (73.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
29.5 (85.1) |
31.6 (88.9) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.7 (92.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
30.0 (86.0) |
26.6 (79.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
27.5 (81.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.5 (79.7) |
28.8 (83.8) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
29.2 (84.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
23.7 (74.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.7 (76.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
8.0 (46.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.2 (66.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
8.0 (46.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30.0 (1.18) |
20.1 (0.79) |
28.1 (1.11) |
6.8 (0.27) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.6 (0.06) |
5.8 (0.23) |
33.7 (1.33) |
126.3 (4.98) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 11.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 61 | 66 | 69 | 71 | 72 | 74 | 71 | 70 | 69 | 65 | 60 | 62 | 68 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 227.4 | 225.9 | 231.6 | 267.4 | 312.4 | 315.8 | 284.7 | 294.5 | 280.5 | 293.9 | 263.4 | 228.9 | 3,226.4 |
| Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[41] (temperatures),[43] (precipitation),[44] (humidity),[45] (days with precipitation),[46]
(sunshine)[47] | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]
- Iran–United Arab Emirates relations
- Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs
- Sir Abu Nu'ayr
- List of lighthouses in Iran
References
[edit]- ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Iran". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ NGA List of Lights – Pub.112 Archived 21 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 3 October 2016
- ^ Iranian Islands of Tunbs and Abu Musa Archived 23 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ Ibrahim Abed; Peter Hellyer (2001). United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective. Trident Press Ltd. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-1-900724-47-0. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016.
Iran claims Abu Musa Territorial and political ambitions, combined with the economic interests of influential elements within the government, helped strengthen the first Iranian claim to the island of Abu Musa in 1904. Iran began to challenge ...
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- ^ Ahmadi, Kourosh (2008). Islands and International Politics in the Persian Gulf: The Abu Musa and Tunbs in Strategic Context. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-415-45933-4.
- ^ a b c Mojtahedzadeh, Pirouz (1993). Countries and boundaries in the geopolitical region of the Persian Gulf (in Persian). The Institute for Political and International Studies. OCLC 651081387.
- ^ Issawi, Charles (1991). "European Economic Penetration, 1872–1921". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 605. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.
- ^ Laithwaite, John Gilbert (1934). "Red oxide on Abu Musa, 1898-1934". British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers. IOR/L/PS/18/B433 – via Qatar Digital Library.
- ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (30 April 2012). "A Tiny Island Is Where Iran Makes a Stand". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
- ^ Mojtahedzadeh, Pirouz (1999). Security and territoriality in the Persian Gulf. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 214. ISBN 0-7007-1098-1.
- ^ Mattair, Thomas (2005). The Three Occupied Islands of the UAE: The Tunbs and Abu Musa. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. ISBN 9948-00-765-4.
- ^ a b United Nations (1971). "Twenty-sixth Year, Supplement for October, November and December 1971". Official Records of the Security Council. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ United Nations Security Council (1972). Letter dated 72/07/17 from the representatives of Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, the Libyan Arab Republic, Morocco, Oman, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Sudan, The Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen to the President of the Security Council (PDF). New York: United Nations Supplement, Official Record. UNDOC:S/10740. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ United Nations Security Council (1992). Letter dated 92/09/14 from the Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General. New York: United Nations Annexes, Official Record. UNDOC: A/47/441. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ a b c United Nations Security Council (1971). Letter dated 71/12/03 from the representatives of Algeria, Iraq, the Libyan Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen to the President of the Security Council. New York: United Nations Supplement, Official Record. UNDOC:S/10409. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ United Nations Security Council (December 1994). Letter dated 94/12/22 from the Permanent Representative of Bahrain to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (PDF). New York: United Nations Annexes, Official Record. UNDOC: A/49/815. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ United Nations Security Council (1993). Letter dated 93/10/13 from the representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the General Assembly. New York: United Nations Annexes, Official Record. UNDOC: A/48/519. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ United Nations Security Council (September 1994). Letter dated 94/09/20 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (PDF). New York: United Nations Annexes, Official Record. UN DOC: A/49/412 S/1994/1078. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ United Nations Security Council (June 1995). Letter dated 95/06/21 from the Permanent Representative of Bahrain to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (PDF). New York: United Nations Annexes, Official Record. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
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- ^ United Nations (17 September 1997). "Letter dated 16 September 1997 from the Permanent Representative of the United Arab Emirates to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General" (PDF). United Nations General Assembly. Oceans and the Law of the Sea. 52nd Session. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ Mattair, Thomas (2005). The Three Occupied Islands of the UAE: The Tunbs and Abu Musa. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. pp. 165–166. ISBN 9948-00-765-4.
- ^ Pike, John. "Abu Musa Island – Iran Special Weapons Facilities". globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2006.
- ^ Rubin, Barry M. (2002). Crises in the Contemporary Persian Gulf. Routledge. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-7146-5267-2.
- ^ "Ahmadinejad's visit to island prompts UAE to recall Iran ambassador". CNN. 12 April 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "Fars Library". Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ "Archived copy". Retrieved 22 June 2011.[dead link]
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- ^ الأمير, نورا (2 February 2017). ""التربية" تفتح باب نقل المعلمين إلى مدرسة أبو موسى". Al Bayan (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ^ a b c Ashor, Ahmed (22 April 2010). "إماراتيّون في "أبوموسى" يعيشون حياة بدائية تحت الاحتلال" [Emiratis in Abu Musa live a primitive life under occupation]. Emarat Al Youm (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Abumusa Island" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ a b *"Highest record temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- "Lowest record temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Climate and monthly weather forecast Abu Musa, Iran". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ *"Average Maximum temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 8 April 2015.[permanent dead link]
- "Average Mean Daily temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- "Average Minimum temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Monthly Total Precipitation in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Average relative humidity in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 8 April 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Monthly total sunshine hours in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Sources
[edit]- Haghshenas, Seyeed Ali, Iran Historical Sovereignty over the Tunbs and BuMusa Islands. 2010, Tehran.
Further reading
[edit]- Schofield, Richard (2003). Unfinished Business: Iran, the Uae, Abu Musa and the Tunbs. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs. ISBN 0-905031-90-3.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Abu Musa Island at Wikimedia Commons
- "ABU MUSĀ" at Encyclopædia Iranica
- History, description, map of Abu Musa and nearby islands (Archived 2009-10-24)
- History of Abu Musa and The Tunbs
- UAE Interact Abu Musa News
- Abu Musa's military garrison
- Dispute between Iran and Sharjah
- Report of the International symposium on Modern Boundaries of Iran – Problems and practices of Iranian boundaries Archived 27 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, 10/15/02
- Picture of Abu Musa Lighthouse
25°52′N 55°02′E / 25.867°N 55.033°E
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| Abu Musa Lighthouse | |