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{{Short description|Class of 0-6-0 freight engines designed by Oliver Bulleid}}
{{about|the 0-6-0 tender locomotives introduced in 1942|the 0-4-4 tank locomotives introduced in 1903|SECR Q1 class}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox locomotive
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = SR Q1 class<ref name=Morgan-19>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|p=19}}</ref>
| name = SR Q1 class<ref name=Morgan-19>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|p=19}}</ref>
| powertype = Steam
| powertype = Steam
| image = SR Q1 Class C1 at Sheffield Park.jpg
| image = File:Bulleid Q1 0-6-0 at Feltham, 1947 - geograph.org.uk - 4826815.jpg
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Sole-preserved Q1 no. 33001 at Sheffield Park<!--First-of-class no. C1, as preserved-->
| caption = Bulleid Q1 0-6-0 at Feltham, 1947
| designer = [[Oliver Bulleid]]
| designer = [[Oliver Bulleid]]
| builder = SR [[Brighton Works]] (20),<br>SR [[Ashford Works]] (20)
| builder = {{ubl|SR [[Brighton Works]] (20)|SR [[Ashford Works]] (20)}}
| ordernumber =
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| serialnumber =
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| builddate = 1942
| builddate = 1942
| totalproduction = 40
| totalproduction = 40
| whytetype = 0-6-0
| whytetype = {{whyte|0-6-0}}
| uicclass = C h2
| uicclass = C h2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|ussg}}
| gauge = {{Track gauge|uksg|allk=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|5|ft|1|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|5|ft|1|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| minimumcurve =
| minimumcurve =
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| axleload =
| axleload =
| weightondrivers =
| weightondrivers =
| locoweight =
| locoweight = {{long ton|51|5|}}
| tenderweight =
| tenderweight = {{long ton|38|0|}}
| locotenderweight = {{TonCwt to t|89|5}}
|locotenderweight= {{long ton|89|5}}
| tendertype =
| tendertype =
| fueltype = Coal
| fueltype = [[Coal]]
| fuelcap = {{TonCwt to t|5|0}}
| fuelcap = {{long ton|5|0}}<br>{{convert|5|LT|0|Lcwt|t ST|1|disp=output only}}
| watercap = {{convert|3700|impgal|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| watercap = {{convert|3700|impgal|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| tendercap =
| tendercap =
Line 35: Line 39:
| boilerpressure = {{convert|230|lbf/in2|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| boilerpressure = {{convert|230|lbf/in2|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| feedwaterheater =
| feedwaterheater =
| firearea = {{convert|48.5|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}
| firearea = {{convert|27|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea =
| tubearea =
| fluearea =
| fluearea =
| tubesandflues =
| tubesandflues = {{convert|1302|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}
| fireboxarea =
| fireboxarea = {{convert|170|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}
| totalsurface =
| totalsurface = {{convert|1472|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}
| superheatertype =
| superheatertype =
| superheaterarea =
| superheaterarea = {{convert|218|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = Two, inside
| cylindercount = Two, inside
| cylindersize = {{convert|19|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| cylindersize = {{convert|19|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| valvegear =
| valvegear = [[Stephenson valve gear|Stephenson]]
| valvetype =
| valvetype = [[Piston valve (steam engine)|Piston]], outside admission
| valvetravel =
| valvetravel = {{convert|6+1/8|in|mm|2|abbr=on}}
| valvelap =
| valvelap = {{convert|1+5/8|in|mm|2|abbr=on}}
| valvelead =
| valvelead =
| transmission =
| transmission =
| topspeed =
| maxspeed =
| poweroutput =
| poweroutput =
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|30080|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|30080|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}}
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| trainbrakes =
| trainbrakes =
| safety =
| safety =
| railroad = [[Southern Railway (Great Britain)|SR]] » [[Southern Region of British Railways|BR(SR)]]
| operator = {{ubl|[[Southern Railway (Great Britain)|Southern Railway]]|→ [[British Railways]]}}
| railroadclass =
| operatorclass = SR: Q1
| powerclass = 5F
| powerclass = BR: 5FA (later 5F)
| numinclass =
| numinclass =
| roadnumber = SR: C1 – C40<br>BR: 33001–33040
| fleetnumbers = {{ubl|SR: C1 – C40|BR: 33001–33040}}
| officialname =
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| nicknames = Coffee Pots<br>Charlies<br>Ugly Ducklings
| axleloadclass =
| axleloadclass =
| locale =
| locale = [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Region]]
| deliverydate =
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| lastrundate =
| withdrawndate = 1963–1966
| withdrawndate = 1963–1966
| preservedunits =
| preservedunits = C1
| restoredate =
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| currentowner = [[National Railway Museum]]
| disposition = One preserved, remainder scrapped
| disposition = One preserved, remainder [[scrap]]ped
| notes =
| notes =
}}
}}
The '''SR Q1 class''' is a type of [[austerity]] [[steam locomotive]] constructed during the [[Second World War]]. The class was designed by [[Oliver Bulleid]] for use on the intensive freight turns experienced during wartime on the [[Southern Railway (Great Britain)|Southern Railway]] network. A total of 40&nbsp;locomotives were built. Bulleid incorporated many innovations and weight-saving concepts to produce a highly functional design. The class lasted in service until July 1966, and the first member of the class, number C1, has been preserved by the [[National Railway Museum]].
The '''SR Q1 class''' is a type of [[austerity]] [[steam locomotive]] constructed during the [[Second World War]]. The class was designed by [[Oliver Bulleid]] for use on the intensive freight turns experienced during wartime on the [[Southern Railway (Great Britain)|Southern Railway]] network. A total of 40&nbsp;locomotives were built. Bulleid incorporated many innovations and weight-saving concepts to produce a highly functional design. The class lasted in service until July 1966, and the first member of the class, number C1, has been preserved by the [[National Railway Museum]].


The highly unusual and controversial design represents the ultimate development of the British [[0-6-0]] freight engine, capable of hauling trains that were usually allocated to much larger locomotives on other railways. Among other nicknames, the class were known as "Coffee Pots" <ref>{{cite web |last=Glasspool|first=David|url=http://www.kentrail.org.uk/bulleid_q1_class.htm |title=Bulleid Class Q1| publisher=Kent Rail |accessdate = 2009-01-31}}</ref> and "Charlies"{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}.
The highly unusual and controversial design represents the ultimate development of the British {{whyte|0-6-0}} freight engine, capable of hauling trains that were usually allocated to much larger locomotives on other railways. Nicknames for the class included "Ugly Ducklings", "Coffee Pots",<ref>{{cite web |last=Glasspool|first=David|url=http://www.kentrail.org.uk/bulleid_q1_class.htm |title=Bulleid Class Q1| publisher=Kent Rail |access-date = 2009-01-31}}</ref> "Charlies", "Biscuit Tins", "Biscuit Barrels", "Clockworks" and "Frankensteins".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://steamcdn-a.akamaihd.net/steam/apps/258678/manuals/Bulleid%20Q1%20Class%20Manual.pdf?t=1474299179 |title=Bulleid Q1 Class| publisher=Victory Works |access-date = 2018-10-12}}</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==
In late 1939, the Southern Railway, until then primarily a high-density commuter railway serving London and South-East England, found itself on the British [[front line]] of the Second World War with a severe lack of modern freight handling capability.<ref name=Longworth>Longworth, section "Q1 class"</ref> The newest freight design was the [[SR Class Q|Q Class]] 0-6-0 of 1938, the last locomotive designed by [[Richard Maunsell]], built to essentially [[Victorian era]] principles;<ref name=Morgan-9>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|p=9}}</ref> these had been designed as replacements for many of the older 0-6-0s inherited by the Southern Railway in 1923,<ref>{{harvnb|Haresnape|1977|p=112}}</ref> and entered service in January 1938,<ref>{{harvnb|Bradley|1975|p=54}}</ref> Maunsell having retired at the end of October 1937 to be replaced by Bulleid.<ref>{{harvnb|Chacksfield|1998|p=146}}</ref>
In late 1939, the Southern Railway, until then primarily a high-density commuter railway serving London and South-East England, much of it [[Railway electrification|electrified]] with [[third-rail]] pick-up, found itself on the British [[front line]] of the Second World War, with a severe lack of modern freight-handling capability.<ref name=Longworth>Longworth, section "Q1 class"</ref> The newest freight design was the [[SR Q class|Q class]] 0-6-0 of 1938, the last locomotive designed by [[Richard Maunsell]]. Built to essentially [[Victorian era]] principles,<ref name=Morgan-9>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|p=9}}</ref> these had been designed as replacements for many of the older 0-6-0s inherited by the Southern Railway in 1923,<ref>{{harvnb|Haresnape|1977|p=112}}</ref> and entered service in January 1938.<ref>{{harvnb|Bradley|1975|p=54}}</ref> Maunsell, having retired at the end of October 1937, was replaced by Oliver Bulleid.<ref>{{harvnb|Chacksfield|1998|p=146}}</ref>


The Southern Railway became an essential strategic war asset because of its proximity to continental Europe, and needed to equip itself with adequate freight handling capability to transport the vast quantities of supplies and troops required for the conflict.<ref name=Whitehouse>{{harvnb|Whitehouse|Thomas|2002|p=6}}</ref> The brief stipulated a high route availability and high tractive effort.
The Southern Railway became an essential strategic war-asset because of its proximity to continental Europe, and needed to equip itself with adequate freight-handling capability to transport the vast quantities of supplies and troops required for the conflict.<ref name=Whitehouse>{{harvnb|Whitehouse|Thomas|2002|p=6}}</ref> The brief stipulated high route availability and high tractive effort.


== Construction history ==
== Construction history ==
The answer to this problem came from the drawing board of the Southern Railway's innovative [[Chief Mechanical Engineer]], Oliver Bulleid in the shape of the Q1. Using the minimum amount of raw materials, and with all superfluous features stripped away, he produced in 1942 the most powerful 0-6-0 steam locomotive ever to run on Britain's railways.<ref name=Herring>{{Harvnb|Herring|2000|pp=150–151}}</ref> The first twenty locomotives were constructed at [[Brighton Works|Brighton works]] and the remaining twenty at [[Ashford railway works|Ashford]]. Powerful and light, the Q1s formed the backbone of the Southern's heavy freight capability. The engine weighed less than 90 tons (90.6 tonnes) so could be used over more than 97% of the Southern Railway's route mileage.<ref name=Herring />
The answer to this problem came from the drawing board of the Southern Railway's innovative [[Chief Mechanical Engineer]], Oliver Bulleid, in the shape of the Q1. Using the minimum amount of raw materials, and with all superfluous features stripped away, he produced in 1942 the most powerful {{whyte|0-6-0}} steam locomotive ever to run on Britain's railways.<ref name=Herring>{{Harvnb|Herring|2000|pp=150–151}}</ref> The first twenty locomotives were constructed at [[Brighton railway works]] and the remaining twenty at [[Ashford railway works]]. Powerful and light, the Q1s formed the backbone of the Southern's heavy freight capability. The engine weighed less than 90 tons (90.6 tonnes) and could be used on more than 97% of the Southern Railway's route mileage.<ref name=Herring />


=== Design ===
=== Design ===
[[File:Southern Railway Q1 class 0-6-0 No 33001 on the Bluebell Line.jpg|thumb|Note the steeply inclined piston valves of the inside cylinders]]
[[File:Southern Railway Q1 class 0-6-0 No 33001 on the Bluebell Line.jpg|thumb|Note the steeply inclined piston valves of the inside cylinders]]
The class was one of several built under the wartime ''austerity'' regime, which stressed pure functionality above any considerations of style or decoration.<ref name=Longworth /> This austere approach to the design explains its functional appearance. One aspect of their shape was that, like Bulleid's [[SR Merchant Navy class]] and [[SR West Country and Battle of Britain classes]], they could be simply driven through a coach-washer for cleaning at a time when manpower for this time-consuming chore could not be spared.
The class was one of several built under the wartime ''austerity'' regime, which stressed pure functionality above any considerations of style or decoration.<ref name=Longworth /> This austere approach to the design explains its functional appearance. One aspect of their shape was that, like Bulleid's [[SR Merchant Navy class]] and [[SR West Country and Battle of Britain classes]], they could be simply driven through a coach-washer for cleaning at a time when manpower for this time-consuming chore could not be spared.


The unusual shape was also dictated by the use of materials; the lagging was made of a [[glass fibre]] insulation material known as 'Idaglass', which, although cheap and plentiful during the war years, could not support any weight, and therefore a separate casing was required which followed that seen in the [[SR Merchant Navy class|Merchant Navy class]] locomotives, and the boiler rings were adapted to lend the lagging the support needed.<ref name=Herring /> A copper, rather than steel, [[firebox (steam engine)|firebox]] was utilised, unlike Bulleid's [[4-6-2|Pacific]] designs.<ref name=Morgan-17>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|pp=17–19}}</ref> The wheels were smaller, 5&nbsp;ft 1 in (1.55 m) adaptations of the [[Bulleid Firth Brown]] type utilised on the Pacifics. The locomotive had two cylinders with [[Stephenson link]] outside admission piston valves, and was provided with a five-nozzle blast-pipe.<ref name=Morgan-10>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|p=10}}</ref>
The unusual shape was also dictated by the use of materials; the lagging was made of a [[glass fibre]] insulation material known as 'Idaglass', which, although cheap and plentiful during the war years, could not support any weight, and therefore a separate casing was required which followed that seen in the [[SR Merchant Navy class|Merchant Navy class]] locomotives, and the boiler rings were adapted to lend the lagging the support needed.<ref name=Herring /> A copper, rather than steel, [[firebox (steam engine)|firebox]] was utilised, unlike Bulleid's [[4-6-2|Pacific]] designs.<ref name=Morgan-17>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|pp=17–19}}</ref> The wheels were smaller, 5&nbsp;ft 1 in (1.55 m) adaptations of the [[Bulleid Firth Brown wheel]]s utilised on the Pacifics. The locomotive had two cylinders with [[Stephenson link]] outside admission piston valves, having a travel in full gear of {{convert|6+1/8|in|mm|2|abbr=on}} and a steam lap of {{convert|1+5/8|in|mm|2|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Bradley|1975|p=59}} It was provided with a five-nozzle blast-pipe.<ref name=Morgan-10>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|p=10}}</ref>

The boiler design was based upon that of the [[SR Lord Nelson class|''Lord Nelson'' class]], and the firebox used the same throatplate and backplate. The boiler barrel measured {{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|2|abbr=on}} in length, with diameters of {{convert|5|ft|0|in|m|2|abbr=on}} at the front and {{convert|5|ft|9|in|m|2|abbr=on}} at the back. The grate area was {{convert|27|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}, the heating surface of the 209 tubes and 21 flues was {{convert|1302|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}, that of the firebox was {{convert|170|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}} giving a total evaporative heating surface of {{convert|1472|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}; the superheater heating surface was {{convert|218|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Bradley|1975|pp=59–60}}


==Operational details==
==Operational details==
The Q1 was the final development of the British {{whyte|0-6-0}} main line steam locomotive. Later designs of medium-powered freight locomotives, such as the [[LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-0]] and [[LMS Ivatt Class 4]] Moguls, had a {{whyte|2-6-0}} wheel arrangement: the {{whyte|0-6-0}} wheel arrangement was not used in the BR Standard designs of locomotive.<ref name=Morgan-72>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|p=72}}</ref>


BR classified the Q1 class in the [[power classification]] 5F. This was unusual: few other {{whyte|0-6-0}}s exceeded the classification of 4F. Notable exceptions were the [[LNER Class J20]] (5F), [[LNER Class J39]] (4P5F) and [[LNER Class J38]] (6F).<ref name=Herring />
The Q1 represented the final development of the British 0-6-0 main line steam locomotive. Later designs of medium-powered freight locomotives, such as the [[LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-0]] and [[LMS Ivatt Class 4]] Moguls all had a [[2-6-0]] wheel arrangement; the 0-6-0 wheel arrangement was not used again in the BR Standard designs of locomotive.<ref name=Morgan-72>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|p=72}}</ref>


The Q1's route availability meant that although they were primarily freight locomotives they also frequently deputised on secondary passenger services. However, the class gained a reputation for poor braking on unfitted freight trains due to the light construction of the tender braking system.<ref name=Herring />
BR classified the Q1 class in the [[power classification]] 5F. This represented a rarity, as few other 0-6-0s exceeded the classification of 4F, with notable exceptions being the [[LNER Class J20]] (5F), [[LNER Class J39]] (4P5F) and [[LNER Class J38]] (6F).<ref name=Herring />


The Q1s thrived on their intended duties during World War II, and were an indispensable addition to the Southern locomotive fleet,<ref name=Whitehouse /> to such an extent that they all remained in service until the 1960s, long after they were intended to cease operation as an "austerity" design.<ref name=Herring /> Withdrawals began in 1963, when one had a broken cylinder that was deemed not worthy of repairing. The last example of the class was withdrawn in 1966.<ref>{{harvnb|Bradley|1975|pp=64–65}}</ref>
The Q1's route availability meant that although they were primarily freight locomotives, they also frequently deputised on secondary passenger services. However, the class gained a reputation for poor braking on unfitted freight trains due to the light construction of the tender braking system.<ref name=Herring />


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
The Q1s thrived on their intended duties during World War II, where the class had proved that they were an indispensable addition to the Southern locomotive fleet.<ref name=Whitehouse /> This was achieved to such an extent that they all remained in service until the 1960s, long after they were intended to cease operation as an "austerity" design.<ref name=Herring /> Withdrawals began in 1963, during the implementation of the BR Modernisation Plan which saw the end of steam operations on Britain's railways, the last example of the class being withdrawn in 1966.<ref>{{harvnb|Bradley|1975|pp=64–65}}</ref>
|+ Table of withdrawals
! Year !! Quantity in<br>service at<br> start of year !! Quantity<br>withdrawn !! Locomotive numbers
|-
| 1963 || 40 || 13 || align=left | 33002/05/08/11/13/16/19/21/24–25/28/31/37.
|-
| 1964 || 27 || 20 || align=left | 33001/03/07/10/12/14–15/17/22–23/29–30/32–36/38–40.
|-
| 1965 || 7 || 4 || align=left | 33004/09/18/26.
|-
| 1966 || 3 || 3 || align=left | 33006/20/27.
|-
|}


== Livery and numbering ==
== Livery and numbering ==
===Southern Railway and Bulleid numbering system===
===Southern Railway and Bulleid numbering system===


Livery of the Q1 Class was plain freight black, with Sunshine Yellow numbering on the cabside, and "Southern" lettering on the tender, shaded in green.<ref name=Morgan-25>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|p=25}}</ref> Bulleid advocated a continental style of locomotive nomenclature, based upon his experiences at the French branch of [[Westinghouse Electric]] before the [[First World War]], and those of his tenure in the rail operating department during that conflict. The Southern Railway number followed an adaptation of the [[UIC classification]] system where "C" refers to the number of coupled driving axles &ndash; in this case three. All these locomotives therefore carried numbers which started "C" followed by the individual identifier from C1 to C40.<ref name=retro>''Bulleids in Retrospect''</ref>
Livery of the Q1 Class was plain freight black, with Sunshine Yellow numbering on the cabside, and "Southern" lettering on the tender, shaded in green.<ref name=Morgan-25>{{Harvnb|Scott-Morgan|2003|p=25}}</ref> Bulleid advocated a continental style of locomotive nomenclature, based upon his experiences at the French branch of [[Westinghouse Electric]] before the [[First World War]], and those of his tenure in the rail operating department during that conflict. The Southern Railway number followed an adaptation of the [[UIC classification]] system where "C" refers to the number of coupled driving axles &ndash; in this case three. All these locomotives therefore carried numbers which started "C" followed by the individual identifier from C1 to C40.<ref name=retro>''Bulleids in Retrospect''</ref>
[[File:Feltham Locomotive Depot Q! Class geograph-2979665-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|No. 33016 at Feltham Locomotive Depot 11 May 1959.]]
[[File:Feltham Locomotive Depot Q! Class geograph-2979665-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|No. 33016 at Feltham Locomotive Depot 11 May 1959.]]


===Post-1948 (nationalisation)===
===Post-1948 (nationalisation)===
After nationalisation, the original Southern livery was in continued use, although with "[[British Railways]]" on the tender in Sunshine Yellow. From 1950 onwards, livery remained plain, although in the guise of British Railways Freight Black without lining of any description. The British Railways crest was located on the tender side.<ref name=Longworth /> Given the British Railways [[power classification]] 5F, the locomotives were also renumbered to the British Railways' standard numbering system as 33001&ndash;33040.<ref name=ABC>''Ian Allan ABC of British Railways'' 1958&ndash;59
After nationalisation, the original Southern livery was in continued use, although with "[[British Railways]]" on the tender in Sunshine Yellow. From 1950 onwards, livery remained plain, although in the guise of British Railways Freight Black without lining of any description. The British Railways crest was located on the tender side.<ref name=Longworth /> Given the British Railways [[power classification]] 5F, the locomotives were also renumbered to the British Railways' standard numbering system as 33001&ndash;33040.<ref name=ABC>''Ian Allan ABC of British Railways'' 1958&ndash;59
</ref>
</ref>


==Preservation==
==Preservation==
[[File:Southern C1 (8269510295).jpg|thumb|left|Southern C1 (8269510295)]]
Only one locomotive of the class survived into preservation. First-of-class 33001 (C1) has been preserved, and now resides at the [[National Railway Museum]] in [[York]], where it carries its original SR livery and number. Before its return to York in 2004, the locomotive worked on the [[Bluebell Railway]] in East Sussex.<ref name=Herring/>
[[File:Q1 railfest 290504 0011h.jpg|thumb|alt=C1 at Railfest, York, 29 May 2004 (Richard Salmon)|C1 at Railfest, York, 29 May 2004]]
Only one locomotive of the class survived into preservation. First-of-class 33001 (C1) has been preserved, and now resides at the [[National Railway Museum]] in [[York]], where it carries its original SR livery and number. Before it moved to York in 2004, the locomotive worked on the [[Bluebell Railway]] in West Sussex: it ran from 14 September 1980 to Spring 1983. Its second period of running was from 9 September 1992 to Summer 2000 and that is the last time it ran.<ref name=Herring/>


{{clear left}}
== In fiction ==

The locomotive [[Railway engines (Thomas and Friends)#Neville|Neville]] in the [[Thomas and Friends]] children's television series is based on the Q1 class.<ref>"Thomas and the New Engine."</ref>
==Model railways==
In 2007, [[Dapol]] introduced several [[British N gauge]] models of the Q1 in BR black livery.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Dapol 'N' gauge 'Q1' arrives|magazine=Hornby Magazine|first=Mike|last=Wild|page=82|issue=4|date=October 2007|location=Hersham|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing|issn=1753-2469|oclc=226087101}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
===Notes===
===Notes===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Reflist}}


=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Bradley |first=D.L. |title=Locomotives of the Southern Railway: Part 1 |date=October 1975 |publisher=[[Railway Correspondence and Travel Society|RCTS]] |location=London |isbn=0-901115-30-4 |ref=harv }}
*{{cite book |last=Bradley |first=D.L. |title=Locomotives of the Southern Railway: Part 1 |date=October 1975 |publisher=[[Railway Correspondence and Travel Society|RCTS]] |location=London |isbn=0-901115-30-4 }}
*''Bulleids in Retrospect'', Transport Video Publishing, Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire
*''Bulleids in Retrospect'', Transport Video Publishing, Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire
*{{cite book |last=Burridge |first=Frank |year=1975 |title=Nameplates of the Big Four |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford Publishing Company |isbn=0-902888-43-9 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Burridge |first=Frank |year=1975 |title=Nameplates of the Big Four |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford Publishing Company |isbn=0-902888-43-9 }}
*{{cite book |last=Chacksfield |first=John E. |title=Richard Maunsell: An Engineering Biography |series=The Oakwood Library of Railway History |year=1998 |publisher=Oakwood Press |location=Usk |isbn=0-85361-526-8 |id=OL102 |ref=harv }}
*{{cite book |last=Chacksfield |first=John E. |title=Richard Maunsell: An Engineering Biography |series=The Oakwood Library of Railway History |year=1998 |publisher=Oakwood Press |location=Usk |isbn=0-85361-526-8 |id=OL102 }}
*{{cite book |last=Haresnape |first=Brian |title=Maunsell Locomotives: A Pictorial History |year=1977 |publisher=[[Ian Allan]] |location=Shepperton |isbn=0-7110-0743-8 |id=CX/0183 |ref=harv }}
*{{cite book |last=Haresnape |first=Brian |title=Maunsell Locomotives: A Pictorial History |year=1977 |publisher=[[Ian Allan Publishing|Ian Allan]] |location=Shepperton |isbn=0-7110-0743-8 |id=CX/0183 }}
*{{cite book |last=Herring |first=Peter |year=2000 |title=Classic British Steam Locomotives |location=London |publisher=Abbeydale Press |chapter=Q1 Class |isbn=1-86147-057-6 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Herring |first=Peter |year=2000 |title=Classic British Steam Locomotives |location=London |publisher=Abbeydale Press |chapter=Q1 Class |isbn=1-86147-057-6 }}
*''Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives'', winter 1958–59 edition
*''Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives'', winter 1958–59 edition
*{{cite book |last=Longworth |first=Hugh |year=2005 |title=British Railway Steam Locomotives: 1948–1968 |publisher=Oxford Publishing Company |isbn=0-86093-593-0 |ref=harv }}
*{{cite book |last=Longworth |first=Hugh |year=2005 |title=British Railway Steam Locomotives: 1948–1968 |publisher=Oxford Publishing Company |isbn=0-86093-593-0 }}
*{{cite book |last=Scott-Morgan |first=John |year=2003 |title=The Story of the Q1s |location=Bishop's Waltham |publisher=KRB Publications |isbn=0-9544859-1-2 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Scott-Morgan |first=John |year=2003 |title=The Story of the Q1s |location=Bishop's Waltham |publisher=KRB Publications |isbn=0-9544859-1-2 }}
*''Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends'' (HIT Entertainment, 2006), season 9, episode 11: "Thomas and the New Engine."
*''Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends'' (HIT Entertainment, 2006), season 9, episode 11: "Thomas and the New Engine."
*{{cite book |last1=Whitehouse |first1=Patrick |last2=Thomas |first2=David St.John |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2002 |title=SR 150: A Century and a Half of the Southern Railway |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |ref=harv }}
*{{cite book |last1=Whitehouse |first1=Patrick |last2=Thomas |first2=David St.John |name-list-style=amp |year=2002 |title=SR 150: A Century and a Half of the Southern Railway |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles }}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|SR Q1 class}}
{{Commons category|SR Q1 class}}
* [http://www.semgonline.com/steam/q1_01.html SEMG 'Q1' pages]
* [https://sremg.org.uk/steam/q1class.shtml SEMG 'Q1' pages]
* [https://www.bluebell-railway.co.uk/bluebell/pics/q1.html Bluebell Railway's web page for C1].
* [http://ukhrail.uel.ac.uk/cgi-bin/rlylocos?NO=C1&NA=&CL=&CO=ANY&BL=&WN=&LO= Preserved locomotive database for C1]


{{SR Locomotives}}
{{SR Locomotives}}

{{good article}}
{{good article}}


[[Category:Southern Railway (UK) locomotives|Q1]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sr Q1 Class}}
[[Category:Southern Railway locomotives|Q1]]
[[Category:0-6-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:0-6-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1942]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1942]]
[[Category:Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]

Latest revision as of 03:01, 26 July 2024

SR Q1 class[1]
Bulleid Q1 0-6-0 at Feltham, 1947
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
DesignerOliver Bulleid
Builder
Build date1942
Total produced40
Specifications
Configuration:
 • Whyte0-6-0
 • UICC h2
Gauge4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Driver dia.5 ft 1 in (1.549 m)
Length54 ft 10.5 in (16.73 m)
Loco weight51 long tons 5 cwt (114,800 lb or 52.1 t)
Tender weight38 long tons 0 cwt (85,100 lb or 38.6 t)
Total weight89 long tons 5 cwt (199,900 lb or 90.7 t)
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacity5 long tons 0 cwt (11,200 lb or 5.1 t)
5.1 t; 5.6 short tons
Water cap.3,700 imp gal (16,800 L; 4,440 US gal)
Firebox:
 • Grate area27 sq ft (2.51 m2)
Boiler pressure230 lbf/in2 (1.59 MPa)
Heating surface:
 • Firebox170 sq ft (15.79 m2)
 • Tubes and flues1,302 sq ft (120.96 m2)
 • Total surface1,472 sq ft (136.75 m2)
Superheater:
 • Heating area218 sq ft (20.25 m2)
CylindersTwo, inside
Cylinder size19 in × 26 in (483 mm × 660 mm)
Valve gearStephenson
Valve typePiston, outside admission
Valve travel6+18 in (155.58 mm)
Valve lap1+58 in (41.28 mm)
Performance figures
Tractive effort30,080 lbf (133.80 kN)
Career
Operators
ClassSR: Q1
Power classBR: 5FA (later 5F)
Numbers
  • SR: C1 – C40
  • BR: 33001–33040
NicknamesCoffee Pots
Charlies
Ugly Ducklings
LocaleSouthern Region
Withdrawn1963–1966
PreservedC1
Current ownerNational Railway Museum
DispositionOne preserved, remainder scrapped

The SR Q1 class is a type of austerity steam locomotive constructed during the Second World War. The class was designed by Oliver Bulleid for use on the intensive freight turns experienced during wartime on the Southern Railway network. A total of 40 locomotives were built. Bulleid incorporated many innovations and weight-saving concepts to produce a highly functional design. The class lasted in service until July 1966, and the first member of the class, number C1, has been preserved by the National Railway Museum.

The highly unusual and controversial design represents the ultimate development of the British 0-6-0 freight engine, capable of hauling trains that were usually allocated to much larger locomotives on other railways. Nicknames for the class included "Ugly Ducklings", "Coffee Pots",[2] "Charlies", "Biscuit Tins", "Biscuit Barrels", "Clockworks" and "Frankensteins".[3]

Background

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In late 1939, the Southern Railway, until then primarily a high-density commuter railway serving London and South-East England, much of it electrified with third-rail pick-up, found itself on the British front line of the Second World War, with a severe lack of modern freight-handling capability.[4] The newest freight design was the Q class 0-6-0 of 1938, the last locomotive designed by Richard Maunsell. Built to essentially Victorian era principles,[5] these had been designed as replacements for many of the older 0-6-0s inherited by the Southern Railway in 1923,[6] and entered service in January 1938.[7] Maunsell, having retired at the end of October 1937, was replaced by Oliver Bulleid.[8]

The Southern Railway became an essential strategic war-asset because of its proximity to continental Europe, and needed to equip itself with adequate freight-handling capability to transport the vast quantities of supplies and troops required for the conflict.[9] The brief stipulated high route availability and high tractive effort.

Construction history

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The answer to this problem came from the drawing board of the Southern Railway's innovative Chief Mechanical Engineer, Oliver Bulleid, in the shape of the Q1. Using the minimum amount of raw materials, and with all superfluous features stripped away, he produced in 1942 the most powerful 0-6-0 steam locomotive ever to run on Britain's railways.[10] The first twenty locomotives were constructed at Brighton railway works and the remaining twenty at Ashford railway works. Powerful and light, the Q1s formed the backbone of the Southern's heavy freight capability. The engine weighed less than 90 tons (90.6 tonnes) and could be used on more than 97% of the Southern Railway's route mileage.[10]

Design

[edit]
Note the steeply inclined piston valves of the inside cylinders

The class was one of several built under the wartime austerity regime, which stressed pure functionality above any considerations of style or decoration.[4] This austere approach to the design explains its functional appearance. One aspect of their shape was that, like Bulleid's SR Merchant Navy class and SR West Country and Battle of Britain classes, they could be simply driven through a coach-washer for cleaning at a time when manpower for this time-consuming chore could not be spared.

The unusual shape was also dictated by the use of materials; the lagging was made of a glass fibre insulation material known as 'Idaglass', which, although cheap and plentiful during the war years, could not support any weight, and therefore a separate casing was required which followed that seen in the Merchant Navy class locomotives, and the boiler rings were adapted to lend the lagging the support needed.[10] A copper, rather than steel, firebox was utilised, unlike Bulleid's Pacific designs.[11] The wheels were smaller, 5 ft 1 in (1.55 m) adaptations of the Bulleid Firth Brown wheels utilised on the Pacifics. The locomotive had two cylinders with Stephenson link outside admission piston valves, having a travel in full gear of 6+18 in (155.58 mm) and a steam lap of 1+58 in (41.28 mm).[12] It was provided with a five-nozzle blast-pipe.[13]

The boiler design was based upon that of the Lord Nelson class, and the firebox used the same throatplate and backplate. The boiler barrel measured 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) in length, with diameters of 5 ft 0 in (1.52 m) at the front and 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) at the back. The grate area was 27 sq ft (2.51 m2), the heating surface of the 209 tubes and 21 flues was 1,302 sq ft (120.96 m2), that of the firebox was 170 sq ft (15.79 m2) giving a total evaporative heating surface of 1,472 sq ft (136.75 m2); the superheater heating surface was 218 sq ft (20.25 m2).[14]

Operational details

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The Q1 was the final development of the British 0-6-0 main line steam locomotive. Later designs of medium-powered freight locomotives, such as the LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-0 and LMS Ivatt Class 4 Moguls, had a 2-6-0 wheel arrangement: the 0-6-0 wheel arrangement was not used in the BR Standard designs of locomotive.[15]

BR classified the Q1 class in the power classification 5F. This was unusual: few other 0-6-0s exceeded the classification of 4F. Notable exceptions were the LNER Class J20 (5F), LNER Class J39 (4P5F) and LNER Class J38 (6F).[10]

The Q1's route availability meant that although they were primarily freight locomotives they also frequently deputised on secondary passenger services. However, the class gained a reputation for poor braking on unfitted freight trains due to the light construction of the tender braking system.[10]

The Q1s thrived on their intended duties during World War II, and were an indispensable addition to the Southern locomotive fleet,[9] to such an extent that they all remained in service until the 1960s, long after they were intended to cease operation as an "austerity" design.[10] Withdrawals began in 1963, when one had a broken cylinder that was deemed not worthy of repairing. The last example of the class was withdrawn in 1966.[16]

Table of withdrawals
Year Quantity in
service at
start of year
Quantity
withdrawn
Locomotive numbers
1963 40 13 33002/05/08/11/13/16/19/21/24–25/28/31/37.
1964 27 20 33001/03/07/10/12/14–15/17/22–23/29–30/32–36/38–40.
1965 7 4 33004/09/18/26.
1966 3 3 33006/20/27.

Livery and numbering

[edit]

Southern Railway and Bulleid numbering system

[edit]

Livery of the Q1 Class was plain freight black, with Sunshine Yellow numbering on the cabside, and "Southern" lettering on the tender, shaded in green.[17] Bulleid advocated a continental style of locomotive nomenclature, based upon his experiences at the French branch of Westinghouse Electric before the First World War, and those of his tenure in the rail operating department during that conflict. The Southern Railway number followed an adaptation of the UIC classification system where "C" refers to the number of coupled driving axles – in this case three. All these locomotives therefore carried numbers which started "C" followed by the individual identifier from C1 to C40.[18]

No. 33016 at Feltham Locomotive Depot 11 May 1959.

Post-1948 (nationalisation)

[edit]

After nationalisation, the original Southern livery was in continued use, although with "British Railways" on the tender in Sunshine Yellow. From 1950 onwards, livery remained plain, although in the guise of British Railways Freight Black without lining of any description. The British Railways crest was located on the tender side.[4] Given the British Railways power classification 5F, the locomotives were also renumbered to the British Railways' standard numbering system as 33001–33040.[19]

Preservation

[edit]
Southern C1 (8269510295)
C1 at Railfest, York, 29 May 2004 (Richard Salmon)
C1 at Railfest, York, 29 May 2004

Only one locomotive of the class survived into preservation. First-of-class 33001 (C1) has been preserved, and now resides at the National Railway Museum in York, where it carries its original SR livery and number. Before it moved to York in 2004, the locomotive worked on the Bluebell Railway in West Sussex: it ran from 14 September 1980 to Spring 1983. Its second period of running was from 9 September 1992 to Summer 2000 and that is the last time it ran.[10]

Model railways

[edit]

In 2007, Dapol introduced several British N gauge models of the Q1 in BR black livery.[20]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Scott-Morgan 2003, p. 19
  2. ^ Glasspool, David. "Bulleid Class Q1". Kent Rail. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  3. ^ "Bulleid Q1 Class" (PDF). Victory Works. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  4. ^ a b c Longworth, section "Q1 class"
  5. ^ Scott-Morgan 2003, p. 9
  6. ^ Haresnape 1977, p. 112
  7. ^ Bradley 1975, p. 54
  8. ^ Chacksfield 1998, p. 146
  9. ^ a b Whitehouse & Thomas 2002, p. 6
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Herring 2000, pp. 150–151
  11. ^ Scott-Morgan 2003, pp. 17–19
  12. ^ Bradley 1975, p. 59.
  13. ^ Scott-Morgan 2003, p. 10
  14. ^ Bradley 1975, pp. 59–60.
  15. ^ Scott-Morgan 2003, p. 72
  16. ^ Bradley 1975, pp. 64–65
  17. ^ Scott-Morgan 2003, p. 25
  18. ^ Bulleids in Retrospect
  19. ^ Ian Allan ABC of British Railways 1958–59
  20. ^ Wild, Mike (October 2007). "Dapol 'N' gauge 'Q1' arrives". Hornby Magazine. No. 4. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. p. 82. ISSN 1753-2469. OCLC 226087101.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Bradley, D.L. (October 1975). Locomotives of the Southern Railway: Part 1. London: RCTS. ISBN 0-901115-30-4.
  • Bulleids in Retrospect, Transport Video Publishing, Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire
  • Burridge, Frank (1975). Nameplates of the Big Four. Oxford: Oxford Publishing Company. ISBN 0-902888-43-9.
  • Chacksfield, John E. (1998). Richard Maunsell: An Engineering Biography. The Oakwood Library of Railway History. Usk: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-526-8. OL102.
  • Haresnape, Brian (1977). Maunsell Locomotives: A Pictorial History. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0743-8. CX/0183.
  • Herring, Peter (2000). "Q1 Class". Classic British Steam Locomotives. London: Abbeydale Press. ISBN 1-86147-057-6.
  • Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives, winter 1958–59 edition
  • Longworth, Hugh (2005). British Railway Steam Locomotives: 1948–1968. Oxford Publishing Company. ISBN 0-86093-593-0.
  • Scott-Morgan, John (2003). The Story of the Q1s. Bishop's Waltham: KRB Publications. ISBN 0-9544859-1-2.
  • Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends (HIT Entertainment, 2006), season 9, episode 11: "Thomas and the New Engine."
  • Whitehouse, Patrick & Thomas, David St.John (2002). SR 150: A Century and a Half of the Southern Railway. Newton Abbot: David and Charles.
[edit]