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{{Short description|Minority group in Iraq}}
{{Ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Shabak
| group = Shabak
|caption =
| native_name =
|image = File:Shabak Flag.jpg
| native_name_lang =
|image_caption = Shabak Flag
| flag =
|poptime = 100,000<ref name="Kehl-BodrogiKellner-Heinkele1997">{{cite book|last1=Kehl-Bodrogi|first1=Krisztina|last2=Kellner-Heinkele|first2=Barbara|last3=Otter-Beaujean|first3=Anke|title=Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TUhwyBmBnI4C&pg=PA159|accessdate=29 October 2012|year=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10861-5|page=159}}</ref><ref name="Bruinessen2000">{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Bruinessen, van|title=Mullas, sufis and heretics: the role of religion in Kurdish society : collected articles|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZbPXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA259|accessdate=29 October 2012|year=2000|publisher=Isis Press|isbn=978-975-428-162-0|pages=259–}}</ref>
|popplace = [[Iraq]]
| image = Shabak Iraq.jpeg
| caption =
|langs = [[Shabaki]], [[Arabic]]
| population = 200,000–500,000 (2017 estimation)<ref>{{cite web |title=Crossroads: The future of Iraq's minorities after ISIS |url=https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/MRG_Rep_Iraq_ENG_May17_FINAL2.pdf |website=Minority Rights Group International |access-date=24 March 2019 |page=9}}</ref>
|religions = [[Shia Islam]], [[Alevism]], [[Ahl-e Haqq]]
| popplace = Largest settlements:<br>[[Mosul]], Gogjali, [[Bartella]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Part I: ISIS exploited the marginalized minority groups of Iraq|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/260420172|access-date=13 May 2017|agency=Rudaw|date=27 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=C.J. Edmonds|title=A Pilgrimage to Lalish|date=1967|page=87}}</ref>
| langs = [[Shabaki]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Christine M. Helms |title=Arabism and Islam: Stateless Nations and Nationless States |page=12}}</ref>
| religions = [[Shia Islam]] ([[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]]),<ref name="ShabaksofIraq" /> [[Sunni Islam]]
| related_groups =
}}
}}
'''Shabak people''' are a people who live mainly in the villages of Ali Rash, Khazna, Yangidja, and Tallara in [[Sinjar]] district in the province of [[Ninawa Governorate|Ninawa]] in northern [[Iraq]]. They speak [[Shabaki]], a [[Northwestern Iranian]] language.<ref name="Shabak">[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/shabak.htm Shabak], Encyclopaedia of The Orient.</ref> Their population was estimated at around 15,000 in the 1970s this religion exists since the 16th century.<ref>A. Vinogradov, ''Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak'', American Ethnologist, pp.207-218, [[American Anthropological Association]], 1974, p.208</ref> but it is believed to be more like 60,000 today.{{fact|date=May 2013}} Shabaks consist of three different ''ta'ifs'' or sects: the [[Bajalan]], Dawoody and [[Zengana]] and the Shabak proper.<ref>This is according to one "informant" to a researcher (Michiel Leezenberg, a professor of philosophy at the University of Amsterdam), as reported at the following address: [http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~siamakr/Kurdish/Papers/Leezenberg93/sec1.html Leezenberg article]</ref> Shabaks follow an independent religion, related to but distinct from orthodox [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]]. It is also claimed that they are descendants of [[Qizilbash]] from the army of [[Shah Ismail]]. this religion is started in the 16th century, because they considered as the lowest and poorest people of the village. the shabak people didn't like, so they started a own religion, to devend their own culture. <ref>[http://www.unpo.org/article/2610 The Turkmen of Iraq: Underestimated, Marginalized and exposed to assimilation terminology], [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|UNPO]] website</ref>


'''Shabaks''' ({{langx|ar|الشبك}}, {{langx|ku|شەبەک|translit=Şebek}}) are a group of people who live east of [[Mosul]] in [[Iraq]]. Their origin is uncertain and they are considered [[Kurds]] by some scholars.<ref name="Leezenberg" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=M. |title=Iraqi Kurds and Nation-Building |date=19 January 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-03408-3 |language=en |quote=Since Shabak Kurds—a minority religious group—were legally deprivedfrom purchasing land in Mosul and those ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leezenberg |date=December 1994 |title=The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan |url=https://eprints.illc.uva.nl/id/eprint/630/1/X-1994-07.text.pdf |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref> They speak [[Shabaki]] and live in a religious community (''ta'ifa'') in the [[Nineveh Plains]]. The ancestors of Shabaks were followers of the [[Safaviyya]] order, which was founded by the Kurdish mystic [[Safi-ad-din Ardabili]] in the early 14th century.<ref name="Vinogradov">{{cite journal|author1=Amal Vinogradov|title=Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak|journal=American Ethnologist|date=1974|volume=1|issue=1|pages=207–218|doi=10.1525/ae.1974.1.1.02a00110|doi-access=free}}</ref> The primary Shabak religious text is called the [[Buyruk (Shabak)|Buyruk]] or ''Kitab al-Manaqib'' (Book of Exemplary Acts), which is written in [[Iraqi Turkmens#Language|Turkmen]].<ref name="Bruinessen">{{cite book|author1=Martin van Bruinessen|title=Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society : Collected Articles|date=2000|publisher=Isis Press|page=3000}}</ref>
==Name==
The origin of the word ''shabak'' is not clear. One view maintains that ''shabak'' is an Arabic word ''شبك'' meaning ''intertwine'', reflecting their diverse society. The name of Shabekan is available among the tribes in [[Tunceli]], [[Turkey]] and as Shabakanlu in Khorasan northern east of [[Iran]].


Members of the three Kurdish tribes [[Bajalan (tribe)|Bajalan]] (or Bajarwans), [[Zangana (tribe)|Zangana]] and Dawoody live in the same villages as the Shabaks and are commonly mistaken for being Shabak.<ref name="ShabaksofIraq">{{cite book |author1=عبود، زهير كاظم، |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_j5t9suLNNQC |title=الشبك في العراق |date=2009 |publisher=AIRP |isbn=9789953362700 |pages=42 |language=ar}}</ref>
==Arabization and Anfal Campaign==
The geographical spread of Shabak people has been largely changed due to the massive deportations in the notorious [[Al-Anfal Campaign]] in 1988 and the refugee crisis in 1991. Many Shabaks along with [[Zengana]] and [[Hawrami]] were relocated and deported to concentration camps (''mujamma'at'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]) far away from their original homeland. Despite all these actions, Iraqi government efforts at [[forced assimilation]] and Arabization, as well as religious persecution of Shabaks has put them under increasing pressure. As one Shabak informant to a researcher put it:<ref>Michiel Leezenberg, ''The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan'', Publications of Insititute for Logic, Language & Computation (ILLC), University of Amsterdam, July 1994, p.6
</ref>
<blockquote>''The government said we are Arabs, not Kurds; but if we are, why did they deport us from our homes?''</blockquote>


==Origins==
==Religious beliefs==
The origins of the word ''Shabak'' are not clear. One theory is that ''Shabak'' is an [[Arabic]] word {{lang|ar|شبك}} that means ''intertwine'', indicating that the Shabak people originated from many different tribes. [[Austin Henry Layard]] considered Shabaks to be descendants of Kurds who originated in Iran, and believed that they might have affinities with the [[Ali-Ilahis]].<ref name="Leezenberg" /> [[Anastas Al-Karmali]] also argued that Shabaks were ethnic Kurds.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Shabak, Bektashis, Safawis, and Kizilbash |date=1987 |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |location=Syracuse |isbn=0-8156-2411-5 |edition=1}}</ref> Another theory suggests that the Shabaks originated from [[Anatolia]]n [[Turkmens|Turkomans]], who were forced to settle in the [[Mosul]] area after the defeat of [[Ismail I]] at the [[battle of Chaldiran]].<ref name="Leezenberg" />
Shabak religious beliefs contain elements from [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]]. There is a close affinity between the Shabak and the [[Yazidis]]; for example, Shabaks perform pilgrimage to Yazidi shrines.<ref name="Shabak"/>


==Deportation and forced assimilation==
Shabaks combine elements of [[Sufism]] with their own interpretation of ''divine reality'', which according to them, is more advanced than the literal interpretation of [[Qur'an]] known as [[Sharia]]. Shabak spiritual guides are known as ''pir'', who are individuals well versed in the prayers and rituals of the sect. Pirs themselves are under the leadership of the Supreme Head or ''Baba''. Pirs act as mediators between [[Divinity|Divine]] power and ordinary Shabaks. Their beliefs form a [[Syncretism|syncretic]] system with such features as private and public [[Confession (religion)|confession]] and allowing consumption of [[alcoholic beverage]]s. This last feature makes them distinct from the neighboring Muslim populations. The beliefs of the [[Yarsan]] closely resemble those of the Shabak people.<ref>A. Vinogradov, ''Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak'', American Ethnologist, pp.207-218, [[American Anthropological Association]], 1974, pp.214,215</ref>
After the 1987 census, the Iraqi regime started a revenge campaign against those Shabaks who chose to declare themselves Kurdish.<ref name="Leezenberg">{{cite journal|last1=Leezenberg|first1=Michiel|date=December 1994|title=The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan|url=https://eprints.illc.uva.nl/630/1/X-1994-07.text.pdf|journal=|publisher=University of Amsterdam|pages=5–6|access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> The campaign included both deportation and forced assimilation, and many of them (along with [[Zengana]] and [[Hawrami]] Kurds) were relocated to concentration camps (''mujamma'at'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]) that were located in the [[Harir]] area of the northern Iraq. An estimated 1,160 Shabaks were killed during this period. In addition, increasing efforts have been made to force the Shabaks to suppress their own identity in favour of being Arab. The Iraqi government's efforts of [[forced assimilation]], [[Arabization]], and religious persecution put the Shabaks under increasing threat. As one Shabak told a researcher: "The government said we are Arabs, not Kurds; but if we are, why did they deport us from our homes?"<ref name="Leezenberg" /> Shabak politician Salim al-Shabaki, a representative of Shabaks in the Iraqi parliament, said "The Shabaks are part of the Kurdish nation", emphasizing that Shabaks are ethnically Kurdish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/130920163 |title=Shabak minority want only Peshmerga to liberate their homes|agency=Rudaw|access-date=2016-10-24}}</ref>


Hunain al-Qaddo, a Shabak politician, was quoted by [[Human Rights Watch]] that: "The [[Peshmerga]] have no genuine interest in protecting his community, and that Kurdish security forces are more interested in controlling Shabaks and their leaders than protecting them."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/11/10/vulnerable-ground/violence-against-minority-communities-nineveh-provinces-disputed|title=On Vulnerable Ground|date=10 November 2009|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>
==traditions==


== Religious beliefs ==
The shabaks has many special traditions. once in a year they commemorate the people that died that year. the whole city isn't eating that day. when the people die, they when they die, they are buried. that tradition is called Jinanguan.
Shabaks regard themselves as [[Shia|Shia Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Imranali Panjwani|title=Shi'a of Samarra: The Heritage and Politics of a Community in Iraq|page=172}}</ref>


Shabaks combine elements of [[Sufism]] with their own concept of ''divine reality''. According to Shabaks, divine reality is more advanced than the literal reading of the [[Qur'an]], which is known as [[Sharia]]. Shabak spiritual guides are known as ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]s'', and they are well versed in the prayers and rituals of the sect. Pirs are under the leadership of the Supreme Head or ''[[Baba (honorific)|Baba]]''.<ref name="Leezenberg" /> Pirs act as mediators between divine power and ordinary Shabaks. Their beliefs form a syncretic faith that is similar to the beliefs of [[Yarsanism]].<ref name="Vinogradov" />
==Shabaks after the Iraq War==


Shabaks also consider the poetry of [[Ismail I]] to be revealed by Allah, and they recite Ismail's poetry during religious meetings.<ref name="Vinogradov" />
On October 27, 2012, several Shabak were killed in [[Mosul]] when gunmen invaded their homes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20110320?print=true |title=Iraq hit by deadly attacks on Eid al-Adha holiday |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=27 October 2012 |accessdate=29 October 2012 }}</ref> as part of a series of attacks during the [[Eid al-Adha]] holiday. On September 13, 2013, a female suicide bomber killed 21 people in a bombing at a Shabak funeral near Mosul.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/deadly-bombing-hits-iraqi-funeral.html?_r=0 New York Times: "Suicide Bomber Stages Deadly Attack at Funeral in Iraq’s North"] September 14, 2013</ref>


==References==
== Settlements ==
'''List of Shabak–majority settlements in the [[Nineveh Plains]]:'''<ref name="ShabaksofIraq" />
{{Reflist}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*Abbasiyah
*Ali Rash
*Badanat Sufla
*Badanat Ulya
*Basakhrah
*Basatliya Saghirah
*Baybukh
*Bazgirtan
*Bazwaya
*Chunji
*Darawish
*Dayrij
*Gogjali
*Gora Ghariban
*Judaydat
*Kahriz
*Khazna
*Kiretagh / Qaraytagh
*Manara Shabak
*Mufti
*Qara Shor
*Qara Tappa
*Sadah
*Salamiyah
*Shaqoli
*Shahrazad
*Sheikh Amir
*Tahrawa
*Tawajinah
*Terjilleh
*Tiskharab
<br><br>
'''List of mixed settlements in the Nineveh Plains:'''<ref name="ShabaksofIraq" />
*Abu Jarwan (Shabak–[[Bajalan|Bajalan Kurdish]])
*[[Bartella]] (Shabak–[[Assyrian people|Assyrian]])<ref>{{cite news |title='Trust is gone': Iraqi Christians fear returning due to Shiite militia |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2019/Feb-12/476387-trust-is-gone-iraqi-christians-fear-returning-due-to-shiite-militia.ashx |agency=The Daily Star - Lebanon |date=12 February 2019}}</ref>
*Basatliya (Shabak–[[Kurds|Kurdish]])
*Bashbitah (Mixed Kurdish)
*[[Bashiqa]] (Shabak–[[Yezidi]])
*Bir Hallan (Mixed Kurdish)
*Birma (Mixed Kurdish)
*Fadila (Mixed Kurdish)
*Hasan Shami (Mixed Kurdish–[[Arabs|Arab]])
*Jilu Khan (Mixed Kurdish)
*Kabarli (Mixed Kurdish)
*Kanunah (Mixed Kurdish)
*Kharabat Sultan (Mixed Kurdish)
*Khorsabad (Mixed Kurdish)
*Orta Kharab (Mixed Kurdish)
*[[Bakhdida]] / Qaraqosh / Hamdaniyah ([[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]-Shabak)<ref>{{cite news |author1=Erica Gaston |title=Iraq after ISIL: Qaraqosh, Hamdaniya District |url=https://www.gppi.net/2017/08/05/iraq-after-isil-qaraqosh-hamdaniya-district |access-date=25 March 2019 |agency=GPPi |date=5 August 2017}}</ref>
*Qarqashah (Mixed Kurdish)
*Shamsiyat (Shabak–[[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkmen]])
*Summaqiyah (Mixed Kurdish)
*Tall Akub (Mixed Kurdish)
*Tallara (Mixed Kurdish)
*Topzawah (Mixed Kurdish)
*Tubraq Ziyarah (Mixed Kurdish)
*Umar Qabji (Mixed Kurdish)
*Umarkan (Mixed Kurdish)
*Yangija (Mixed Kurdish)
*Yarimjah (Shabak–Turkmen)
*Zara Khatun (Mixed Kurdish)
}}

As of March 2019, all of the above settlements are under federal control and are [[disputed territories of Northern Iraq]].<ref>{{cite news |title=US State Dept. says Iraq's takeover of disputed areas caused 'abuse, atrocities' |url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/14032019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |agency=Rûdaw |date=14 March 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}


== Further research ==
== Further reading ==
* Ali, Salah Salim. ‘Shabak: A Curious sect in Islam’. ''[[Revue des études islamiques]]'' 60.2 (1992): 521-528. ({{ISSN|0336-156X}})
* Ali, Salah Salim. ‘Shabak: A Curious sect in Islam’. ''[[Revue des études islamiques]]'' 60. 2 (1992): 521-528. ({{ISSN|0336-156X}})
* Ali, Salah Salim. ‘Shabak: A Curious sect in Islam’. ''[[Hamdard Islamicus]]'' 23.2 (April–June 2000): 73-78. ({{ISSN|0250-7196}})
* Ali, Salah Salim. ‘Shabak: A Curious sect in Islam’. ''[[Hamdard Islamicus]]'' 23. 2 (April–June 2000): 73-78. ({{ISSN|0250-7196}})


{{Demographics of Iraq}}
==External links==
*[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/shabak.htm Encyclopedia of The Orient]
*[http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/MRGIraqReport.pdf Assimilation, Exodus, Eradication: Iraq’s minority communities since 2003] London, Minority Rights Group, 2007


{{DEFAULTSORT:Shabak People}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shabak People}}
[[Category:Shabak people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Iranian ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Religion in Iraq]]
[[Category:Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Shia communities]]
[[Category:Iranian peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic religion]]

Latest revision as of 12:03, 15 November 2024

Shabak
Total population
200,000–500,000 (2017 estimation)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Largest settlements:
Mosul, Gogjali, Bartella[2][3]
Languages
Shabaki, Arabic, Kurdish[4]
Religion
Shia Islam (Twelver),[5] Sunni Islam

Shabaks (Arabic: الشبك, Kurdish: شەبەک, romanized: Şebek) are a group of people who live east of Mosul in Iraq. Their origin is uncertain and they are considered Kurds by some scholars.[6][7][8] They speak Shabaki and live in a religious community (ta'ifa) in the Nineveh Plains. The ancestors of Shabaks were followers of the Safaviyya order, which was founded by the Kurdish mystic Safi-ad-din Ardabili in the early 14th century.[9] The primary Shabak religious text is called the Buyruk or Kitab al-Manaqib (Book of Exemplary Acts), which is written in Turkmen.[10]

Members of the three Kurdish tribes Bajalan (or Bajarwans), Zangana and Dawoody live in the same villages as the Shabaks and are commonly mistaken for being Shabak.[5]

Origins

[edit]

The origins of the word Shabak are not clear. One theory is that Shabak is an Arabic word شبك that means intertwine, indicating that the Shabak people originated from many different tribes. Austin Henry Layard considered Shabaks to be descendants of Kurds who originated in Iran, and believed that they might have affinities with the Ali-Ilahis.[6] Anastas Al-Karmali also argued that Shabaks were ethnic Kurds.[11] Another theory suggests that the Shabaks originated from Anatolian Turkomans, who were forced to settle in the Mosul area after the defeat of Ismail I at the battle of Chaldiran.[6]

Deportation and forced assimilation

[edit]

After the 1987 census, the Iraqi regime started a revenge campaign against those Shabaks who chose to declare themselves Kurdish.[6] The campaign included both deportation and forced assimilation, and many of them (along with Zengana and Hawrami Kurds) were relocated to concentration camps (mujamma'at in Arabic) that were located in the Harir area of the northern Iraq. An estimated 1,160 Shabaks were killed during this period. In addition, increasing efforts have been made to force the Shabaks to suppress their own identity in favour of being Arab. The Iraqi government's efforts of forced assimilation, Arabization, and religious persecution put the Shabaks under increasing threat. As one Shabak told a researcher: "The government said we are Arabs, not Kurds; but if we are, why did they deport us from our homes?"[6] Shabak politician Salim al-Shabaki, a representative of Shabaks in the Iraqi parliament, said "The Shabaks are part of the Kurdish nation", emphasizing that Shabaks are ethnically Kurdish.[12]

Hunain al-Qaddo, a Shabak politician, was quoted by Human Rights Watch that: "The Peshmerga have no genuine interest in protecting his community, and that Kurdish security forces are more interested in controlling Shabaks and their leaders than protecting them."[13]

Religious beliefs

[edit]

Shabaks regard themselves as Shia Muslims.[14]

Shabaks combine elements of Sufism with their own concept of divine reality. According to Shabaks, divine reality is more advanced than the literal reading of the Qur'an, which is known as Sharia. Shabak spiritual guides are known as pirs, and they are well versed in the prayers and rituals of the sect. Pirs are under the leadership of the Supreme Head or Baba.[6] Pirs act as mediators between divine power and ordinary Shabaks. Their beliefs form a syncretic faith that is similar to the beliefs of Yarsanism.[9]

Shabaks also consider the poetry of Ismail I to be revealed by Allah, and they recite Ismail's poetry during religious meetings.[9]

Settlements

[edit]

List of Shabak–majority settlements in the Nineveh Plains:[5]

  • Abbasiyah
  • Ali Rash
  • Badanat Sufla
  • Badanat Ulya
  • Basakhrah
  • Basatliya Saghirah
  • Baybukh
  • Bazgirtan
  • Bazwaya
  • Chunji
  • Darawish
  • Dayrij
  • Gogjali
  • Gora Ghariban
  • Judaydat
  • Kahriz
  • Khazna
  • Kiretagh / Qaraytagh
  • Manara Shabak
  • Mufti
  • Qara Shor
  • Qara Tappa
  • Sadah
  • Salamiyah
  • Shaqoli
  • Shahrazad
  • Sheikh Amir
  • Tahrawa
  • Tawajinah
  • Terjilleh
  • Tiskharab



List of mixed settlements in the Nineveh Plains:[5]

  • Abu Jarwan (Shabak–Bajalan Kurdish)
  • Bartella (Shabak–Assyrian)[15]
  • Basatliya (Shabak–Kurdish)
  • Bashbitah (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Bashiqa (Shabak–Yezidi)
  • Bir Hallan (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Birma (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Fadila (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Hasan Shami (Mixed Kurdish–Arab)
  • Jilu Khan (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Kabarli (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Kanunah (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Kharabat Sultan (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Khorsabad (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Orta Kharab (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Bakhdida / Qaraqosh / Hamdaniyah (Assyrian-Shabak)[16]
  • Qarqashah (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Shamsiyat (Shabak–Turkmen)
  • Summaqiyah (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Tall Akub (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Tallara (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Topzawah (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Tubraq Ziyarah (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Umar Qabji (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Umarkan (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Yangija (Mixed Kurdish)
  • Yarimjah (Shabak–Turkmen)
  • Zara Khatun (Mixed Kurdish)

As of March 2019, all of the above settlements are under federal control and are disputed territories of Northern Iraq.[17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Crossroads: The future of Iraq's minorities after ISIS" (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. p. 9. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Part I: ISIS exploited the marginalized minority groups of Iraq". Rudaw. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  3. ^ C.J. Edmonds (1967). "A Pilgrimage to Lalish". p. 87.
  4. ^ Christine M. Helms. Arabism and Islam: Stateless Nations and Nationless States. p. 12.
  5. ^ a b c d عبود، زهير كاظم، (2009). الشبك في العراق (in Arabic). AIRP. p. 42. ISBN 9789953362700.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Leezenberg, Michiel (December 1994). "The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan" (PDF). University of Amsterdam: 5–6. Retrieved 30 March 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ Ahmed, M. (19 January 2016). Iraqi Kurds and Nation-Building. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-03408-3. Since Shabak Kurds—a minority religious group—were legally deprivedfrom purchasing land in Mosul and those ...
  8. ^ Leezenberg (December 1994). "The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan" (PDF). Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  9. ^ a b c Amal Vinogradov (1974). "Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak". American Ethnologist. 1 (1): 207–218. doi:10.1525/ae.1974.1.1.02a00110.
  10. ^ Martin van Bruinessen (2000). Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society : Collected Articles. Isis Press. p. 3000.
  11. ^ The Shabak, Bektashis, Safawis, and Kizilbash (1 ed.). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 1987. ISBN 0-8156-2411-5.
  12. ^ "Shabak minority want only Peshmerga to liberate their homes". Rudaw. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  13. ^ "On Vulnerable Ground". Human Rights Watch. 10 November 2009.
  14. ^ Imranali Panjwani. Shi'a of Samarra: The Heritage and Politics of a Community in Iraq. p. 172.
  15. ^ "'Trust is gone': Iraqi Christians fear returning due to Shiite militia". The Daily Star - Lebanon. 12 February 2019.
  16. ^ Erica Gaston (5 August 2017). "Iraq after ISIL: Qaraqosh, Hamdaniya District". GPPi. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  17. ^ "US State Dept. says Iraq's takeover of disputed areas caused 'abuse, atrocities'". Rûdaw. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.

Further reading

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