Ford (disambiguation): Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
Modifying redirect categories using Capricorn ♑ |
||
| (19 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
#REDIRECT [[Ford]] |
|||
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2011}} |
|||
{{pp-semi-indef}}{{pp-move-indef}} |
|||
{{Infobox company |
|||
| name = Ford Motor Company |
|||
| logo = [[File:Ford Motor Company Logo.svg|250px]] |
|||
| image = File:FordGlassHouse.jpg |
|||
| image_caption = Ford World Headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, USA, known as the ''Glass House''. |
|||
| type = [[Public company]] |
|||
| traded_as = {{nyse|F}}<br />([[S&P 500|S&P 500 Component]]) |
|||
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]] |
|||
| foundation = {{Start date and years ago|1903|6|16}} |
|||
| founder = [[Henry Ford]] |
|||
| location_city = [[Dearborn, Michigan]] |
|||
| location_country = U.S. |
|||
| area_served = Worldwide |
|||
| key_people = [[William Clay Ford, Jr.|William C. Ford, Jr.]]<br /><small>([[Chairman|Executive Chairman]])</small><br />[[Alan Mulally|Alan R. Mulally]]<br /><small>([[President]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])</small> |
|||
| products = Automobiles<br>[[Luxury Car|Luxury Vehicles]]<br />[[Commercial vehicle|Commercial Vehicles]]<br>[[List of auto parts|Automotive parts]] |
|||
| services = [[Finance|Automotive finance]]<br />[[Vehicle leasing]]<br />[[Service (motor vehicle)|Vehicle service]] |
|||
| revenue = {{nowrap|{{increase}} {{USD|146.91 billion|link=yes}} <small>(2013)</small><ref name="AR2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE%3AF&fstype=ii&ei=OYkgU8CdC4-ukgWhKQ|title=2013 Annual Report |date=March 14, 2013 |accessdate=August 2, 2013 |publisher=Google Finance |location=USA |format=PDF}}</ref>}} |
|||
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{USD|5.42 billion}} <small>(2013)</small><ref name="AR2013"/> |
|||
| net_income = {{increase}} {{USD|7.15 billion}} <small>(2013)</small><ref name="AR2013"/> |
|||
| assets = {{increase}} {{USD|202.02 billion}} <small>(2013)</small><ref name="AR2013"/> |
|||
| equity = {{increase}} {{USD|26.38 billion}} <small>(2013)</small><ref name="AR2013"/> |
|||
| num_employees = 181,000 <small>(2013)</small><ref name="AR2013"/> |
|||
| divisions = [[List of Ford vehicles|Ford]]<br />[[Lincoln Motor Company|Lincoln]]<br>[[Motorcraft]] |
|||
| subsid = {{Collapsible list|title=List| |
|||
'''Transportation''' |
|||
* [[Ford Australia]] |
|||
** [[Ford Performance Vehicles]] |
|||
* [[Ford do Brasil]] |
|||
** [[Troller Veículos Especiais|Troller]] |
|||
* [[Ford of Europe]] |
|||
** [[Ford of Britain]] |
|||
** [[Ford Germany]] |
|||
* [[Ford Racing]] |
|||
** [[Ford Team RS]] |
|||
** [[Special Vehicle Team]] |
|||
* [[AutoAlliance Thailand]] (50%) |
|||
* [[Blue Diamond Truck Company|Blue Diamond Trucks]] (50%) |
|||
* [[Ford Sollers]] (50%) |
|||
* [[Jiangling Motors]] (49%) |
|||
* [[Otosan]] (41%) |
|||
* [[Changan Ford Mazda]] (35%) |
|||
* [[Aston Martin]] (15%) |
|||
* [[Mazda]] (2.1%) |
|||
* [[Ford Lio Ho]] (70%) |
|||
'''Finance''' |
|||
* [[Ford Motor Credit Company|Ford Credit]] |
|||
'''Other''' |
|||
* [[Automotive Components Holdings]] |
|||
* [[Getrag]] (50%) |
|||
'''International''' |
|||
* [[Ford Motor Company of Argentina|Ford of Argentina]] |
|||
* [[Ford Motor Company of Canada|Ford of Canada]] |
|||
* [[Ford India Private Limited|Ford of India]] |
|||
* [[Ford Motor Company of Japan|Ford of Japan]] |
|||
* [[Ford Motor Company of Korea|Ford of Korea]] |
|||
* [[Ford Motor Company of New Zealand|Ford of New Zealand]] |
|||
* [[Ford Motor Company Philippines|Ford of Philippines]] |
|||
* [[Ford Motor Company of Taiwan|Ford of Taiwan]]}} |
|||
| owner = [[Ford family tree|Ford Family]] (2%) |
|||
| company_slogan = Drive one.<br /> Have you driven a Ford lately?<br /> Built Ford Tough<br /> Powered by You<br /> Feel the difference<br />Make Everyday Exciting<br />One Ford |
|||
| homepage = [http://corporate.ford.com/ Ford.com] |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Redirect category shell| |
|||
The '''Ford Motor Company''' (also known as simply '''Ford''') is an American [[multinational corporation|multinational]] automaker headquartered in [[Dearborn, Michigan]], a suburb of [[Detroit]]. It was founded by [[Henry Ford]] and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the [[List of Ford vehicles|Ford]] brand and most luxury cars under the [[Lincoln Motor Company|Lincoln]] brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, [[Troller]], and Australian performance car manufacturer [[Ford Performance Vehicles|FPV]]. In the past it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns a 2.1% stake in [[Mazda]] of Japan, a 15% stake in [[Aston Martin]] of the United Kingdom, and a 49% stake in [[Jiangling Motors|Jiangling]] of China. It also has a number of joint-ventures, two in China ([[Changan Ford Mazda]] and [[Ford Lio Ho]]), one in Thailand ([[AutoAlliance Thailand]]), one in Turkey ([[Ford Otosan]]), and one in Russia ([[Ford Sollers]]). It is listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] and is controlled by the [[Ford family tree|Ford family]], although they have minority ownership.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/sites/joannmuller/2010/12/02/ford-familys-stake-is-smaller-but-theyre-richer-and-remain-firmly-in-control/ Ford Family's Stake Is Smaller, But They're Richer And Still Firmly In Control]</ref> It is described by ''[[Forbes]]'' as "the most important industrial company in the history of the United States."<ref>Alix, Jay (30 October 2013). [http://www.forbes.com/sites/danbigman/2013/10/30/how-general-motors-was-really-saved-the-untold-true-story-of-the-most-important-bankruptcy-in-u-s-history/ "How General Motors Was Really Saved: The Untold True Story Of The Most Important Bankruptcy In U.S. History"]. [[Forbes|forbes.com]]. Retrieved 30 October 2013.</ref> |
|||
{{R to disambiguation page}} |
|||
{{R from move}} |
|||
Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving [[assembly line]]s; by 1914 these methods were known around the world as [[Fordism]]. Ford's former UK subsidiaries [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and [[Land Rover]], acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to [[Tata Motors]] in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker [[Volvo cars|Volvo]] from 1999 to 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ford.com/about-ford/news-announcements/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-motor-company-completes-sale-33059|title=Ford Motor Company Completes Sale of Volvo to Geely|date=August 2, 2010|work=Ford Motor Co.|accessdate=August 2, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, Ford discontinued the [[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]] brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. |
|||
Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker and the [[Automotive industry#By manufacturer|fifth-largest]] in the world based on 2010 vehicle sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2011/01/hyundai-4th-largest-automaker-overtakes-ford/| title=Hyundai 4th Largest Automaker, Overtakes Ford| publisher=The Truth about Cars|year=2011|accessdate=January 28, 2011}}</ref> At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|author=ACEA |url=http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/files/20110114_PRPC-FINAL-1012.xls |title=NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY MANUFACTURER EUROPEAN UNIUM (EU) |publisher=ACEA |accessdate=January 28, 2011}}</ref> Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 [[Fortune 500]] list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/full_list/ |title=Fortune 500|publisher=CNN |accessdate=November 27, 2010}}</ref> In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.ford.com/doc/2008_annual_report.pdf |title=Ford Motor Company / 2008 Annual Report| chapter=Operating Highlights|format=PDF|page=1 |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants and facilities worldwide. |
|||
The company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/joannmuller/2014/03/09/william-clay-fords-legacy-cemented-familys-dynasty/ |title=William Clay Ford's Legacy Cemented Family's Dynasty |author=Joann Muller |date=March 9, 2014}}</ref> |
|||
{{TOC limit|limit=3}} |
|||
==History== |
|||
[[File:Henry ford 1919.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Henry Ford]] (ca. 1919)]] |
|||
[[File:1910Ford-T.jpg|thumb|right|A 1910 Model T, photographed in [[Salt Lake City]]]] |
|||
{{main|History of Ford Motor Company}} |
|||
===20th century=== |
|||
Henry Ford's first attempt at a car company under his own name was the [[Henry Ford Company]] on November 3, 1901, which became the [[Cadillac Motor Company]] on August 22, 1902, after Ford left with the rights to his name. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a converted factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably [[John Francis Dodge|John]] and [[Horace Elgin Dodge|Horace Dodge]] (who would later found [[Dodge Brothers Motor Vehicle Company|their own]] car company). During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]. Groups of two or three men worked on each car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Within a decade the company would lead the world in the expansion and refinement of the [[assembly line]] concept; and Ford soon brought much of the part production in-house in a [[vertical integration]] that seemed a better path for the era. |
|||
Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company, which would go on to become one of the world's largest and most profitable companies, as well as being one to survive the [[Great Depression]]. As one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world, the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous family control for over 100 years. |
|||
After the first modern [[automobile]] was already created in the year 1886 by [[Germany|German]] inventor [[Karl Benz|Carl Benz]] ([[Benz Patent-Motorwagen]]), more efficient production methods were needed to make the automobile affordable for the middle-class; which Ford contributed to, for instance by introducing the first moving [[assembly line]] in 1913. |
|||
In 1908 Ford introduced the first engine with a removable cylinder head, in the [[Model T]]. In 1930, Ford introduced the [[Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Model A]], the first car with safety glass in the windshield.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/enwiki/static/NA/Ford/1930_Ford/1930_Ford_Brochure_02/1930%20Ford-14-15.html |title=1930 model brochure - Beauty of Line - Mechanical excellence |publisher=Ford |year=1929 |accessdate=2012-05-24}}</ref> Ford launched the first low priced V8 engine powered car in 1932. |
|||
Ford offered the Lifeguard safety package from 1956, which included such innovations as a standard deep-dish steering wheel, optional front, and, for the first time in a car, rear seatbelts, and an optional padded dash.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/enwiki/static/NA/Ford/1956%20Ford/1956_Ford_Fairlane_Brochure/1956%20Ford%20Fairlane-06.html |title=1956 Ford Fairlane Brochure|publisher=Ford |year=1955 |accessdate=2012-05-24}}</ref> Ford introduced child-proof door locks into its products in 1957, and in the same year offered the first retractable hardtop on a mass-produced six-seater car. The Ford Mustang was introduced in 1964. In 1965 Ford introduced the seat belt reminder light. |
|||
With the 1980s, Ford introduced several highly successful vehicles around the world. During the 1980s, Ford began using the advertising slogan, "Have you driven a Ford, lately?" to introduce new customers to their brand and make their vehicles appear more modern. In 1990 and 1994 respectively, Ford also acquired [[Jaguar Cars]] and [[Aston Martin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-ford-motor-company/|title=The History of Ford Motor Company|date=17 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=22 June 2012}}</ref> During the mid- to late 1990s, Ford continued to sell large numbers of vehicles, in a booming [[United States|American]] economy with a soaring stock market and low fuel prices. |
|||
With the dawn of the new century, legacy healthcare costs, higher fuel prices, and a faltering economy led to falling market shares, declining sales, and diminished profit margins. Most of the corporate profits came from financing consumer automobile loans through [[Ford Motor Credit Company]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Leggett |first=Theo |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4297305.stm |title=Ford fighting to keep its shine |publisher=BBC News |date=March 6, 2005 |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
===21st century=== |
|||
[[File:Bill Ford 2011.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[William Clay Ford, Jr.]], great-grandson of Henry Ford, serves as the [[executive chairman]] at the board of Ford Motor Company.]] |
|||
By 2005, both Ford and [[General motors|GM]]'s corporate bonds had been downgraded to junk status,<ref>{{cite news|author=Post Store |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A41573-2005May6.html |title=GM, Ford Bond Ratings Cut to Junk Status |work=The Washington Post |date=May 6, 2005 |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> as a result of high U.S. health care costs for an [[Aging in the American workforce|aging workforce]], soaring gasoline prices, eroding market share, and an over dependence on declining [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] sales. Profit margins decreased on large vehicles due to increased "incentives" (in the form of rebates or low interest financing) to offset declining demand.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_19991124/ai_n13845438 Rebate wars]{{dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> In the latter half of 2005, Chairman Bill Ford asked newly appointed Ford Americas Division President [[Mark Fields (businessman)|Mark Fields]] to develop a plan to return the company to profitability. Fields previewed the Plan, named ''[[The Way Forward]]'', at the December 7, 2005 board meeting of the company and it was unveiled to the public on January 23, 2006. "The Way Forward" included resizing the company to match market realities, dropping some unprofitable and inefficient models, consolidating production lines, closing 14 factories and cutting 30,000 jobs.<ref>{{cite news | authors = M. Maynard and V. Bajaj | title = Ford to Cut Up to 30,000 Jobs and 14 Plants in Next 6 Years |work=The New York Times | date = January 23, 2006 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/23/automobiles/23cnd-ford.html?ei=5090&en=cf46b8ec2384929d&ex=1295672400&adxnnl=1&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&adxnnlx=1163187340-bR8cdDJ67iqlJbzzYR/lig }}</ref> |
|||
Ford moved to introduce a range of new vehicles, including "[[Crossover SUV]]s" built on [[unibody]] car platforms, rather than more [[body-on-frame]] chassis. In developing the hybrid electric powertrain technologies for the [[Ford Escape Hybrid]] SUV, Ford licensed similar Toyota hybrid technologies<ref>{{cite news|first=Todd|last=Zaun|first2=Danny|last2=Hakim|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E6DE153EF933A25750C0A9629C8B63 |title=Ford to License Toyota's Hybrid Technology|newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 10, 2004 |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> to avoid patent infringements.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nussbaum |first=Bruce |url=http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/NussbaumOnDesign/archives/2005/11/is_ford_innovat_1.html |title=Is Ford Innovative? Part Two |work=Business Week |date=November 1, 2005 |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> Ford announced that it will team up with electricity supply company [[Southern California Edison]] (SCE) to examine the future of [[plug-in hybrid]]s in terms of how home and vehicle energy systems will work with the electrical grid. Under the multi-million-dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]s into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings", according to Ford.<ref name = "akhrum">{{cite web|url=http://www.eere.energy.gov/news/enn.cfm#id_11093 |title=EERE News: EERE Network News |publisher=Eere.energy.gov |date=September 15, 2010 |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref><ref name="edison">[http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=26326 Ford Motor Company – Press Release – Ford Motor Company And Southern California Edison Join Forces To Advance A New Transportation And Energy Vision<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> |
|||
[[William Clay Ford Jr.]], great-grandson of Henry Ford (and better known by his nickname "Bill"), was appointed Executive Chairman in 1998, and also became Chief Executive Officer of the company in 2001, with the departure of [[Jacques Nasser]], becoming the first member of the Ford family to head the company since the retirement of his uncle, [[Henry Ford II]], in 1982. Upon the retirement of President and Chief Operation Officer [[Jim Padilla]] in April 2006, Bill Ford assumed his roles as well. Five months later, in September, Ford named [[Alan Mulally]] as President and CEO, with Ford continuing as Executive Chairman. In December 2006, the company raised its borrowing capacity to about $25 billion, placing substantially all corporate assets as collateral.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061128/AUTO01/611280378 |title=Ford Bets The House |publisher=The Detroit News |date=November 28, 2006 |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> Chairman Bill Ford has stated that "bankruptcy is not an option".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.forbes.com/2006/04/05/ford-bankruptcy-cuts-cx_gl_0405autofacescan15.html|first=Greg|last=Levine|title=Ford CEO: 'Honesty' Best Weapon Against Bankruptcy |work=Forbes |date=April 5, 2006 |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> Ford and the [[United Auto Workers]], representing approximately 46,000 hourly workers in North America, agreed to a historic contract settlement in November 2007 giving the company a substantial break in terms of its ongoing retiree health care costs and other economic issues. The agreement included the establishment of a company-funded, independently run [[Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association]] (VEBA) trust to shift the burden of retiree health care from the company's books, thereby improving its balance sheet. This arrangement took effect on January 1, 2010. As a sign of its currently strong cash position, Ford contributed its entire current liability (estimated at approximately {{USD|5.5 billion}} as of December 31, 2009) to the VEBA in cash, and also pre-paid {{USD|500 million}} of its future liabilities to the fund. The agreement also gives hourly workers the job security they were seeking by having the company commit to substantial investments in most of its factories. |
|||
The automaker reported the largest annual loss in company history in 2006 of $12.7 billion,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://money.cnn.com/2007/01/25/news/companies/ford_2006_loss/index.htm |publisher=CNN | title=Ford: Biggest loss ever | date=January 25, 2007 | accessdate=May 2, 2010 | first1=Chris | last1=Isidore}}</ref> and estimated that it would not return to profitability until 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6298463.stm |title=Ford hit by record $12.7bn loss |publisher=BBC News |date=January 25, 2007 |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> However, Ford surprised [[Wall Street]] in the second quarter of 2007 by posting a $750 million profit. Despite the gains, the company finished the year with a $2.7 billion loss, largely attributed to finance restructuring at [[Volvo cars|Volvo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ec11f244-cacc-11dc-a960-000077b07658.html |title=Ford takes $2.4bn writedown for Volvo |newspaper=FinancialTimes |date=January 24, 2008 |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
On June 2, 2008, Ford sold its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to [[Tata Motors]] for $2.3 billion.<ref name="r_20080602">{{cite news |title=Tata Motors completes acquisition of Jag, Land Rover |date=June 2, 2008 |publisher=Thomson Reuters |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSBMA00084220080602 |accessdate=June 2, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080630/FREE/940478590/1528/newsletter01 |title=On U.S. tour, Mr. Tata gives Jaguar and Rover dealers a hug: AutoWeek Magazine |publisher=Autoweek.com |accessdate=June 18, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
During Congressional hearings held in November 2008 at Washington D.C., and in a show of support, Ford's Alan Mulally stated that "We at Ford are hopeful that we have enough liquidity. But we also must prepare ourselves for the prospect of further deteriorating economic conditions". Mulally went on to state that "The collapse of one of our competitors would have a severe impact on Ford" and that Ford Motor Company's supports both Chrysler and General Motors in their search for government bridge loans in the face of conditions caused by the [[2007–2012 global financial crisis|2008 financial crisis]].<ref>[http://www.banking.senate.gov/public/_files/Mulally0Ford12408FinalWrittenTestimony.pdf?_r=1&em Ford's Mulally Testifies to Senate on November 18, 2008.] Retrieved November 30, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97481354 |title=Ford Exec: 'We Are Sensitive To Public Opinion' |work=NPR.org |date=November 25, 2008 |accessdate=February 25, 2013}}</ref> Together, the three companies presented action plans for the sustainability of the industry. Mulally stated that "In addition to our plan, we are also here today to request support for the industry. In the near-term, Ford does not require access to a government bridge loan. However, we request a credit line of $9 billion as a critical backstop or safeguard against worsening conditions as we drive transformational change in our company" <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/business/19auto.html?_r=1&em Detroit Chiefs Plead for Aid. New York Times on November 18, 2008.]. Retrieved November 21, 2008.</ref> GM and Chrysler received government loans and financing through [[T.A.R.P.]] legislation funding provisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/28312112 |title=GM and Chrysler to Receive Up to $17.4 Billion in Loans |publisher=CNBC.com |date=December 19, 2008 |accessdate=September 19, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
|||
On December 19, the cost of [[credit default swap]]s to insure the debt of Ford was 68 percent the sum insured for five years in addition to annual payments of 5 percent. That meant $6.8 million paid upfront to insure $10 million in debt, in addition to payments of $500,000 per year.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/rbssConsumerGoodsAndRetailNews/idUKN1944446120081219 GM, Ford default swaps fall on Bush bailout plan], Karen Brettell, Reuters, December 19, 2008</ref> In January 2009, Ford reported a $14.6 billion loss in the preceding year, a record for the company. The company retained sufficient liquidity to fund its operations. Through April 2009, Ford's strategy of debt for equity exchanges erased $9.9 billion in liabilities (28% of its total) in order to leverage its cash position.<ref name=Dolan>Dolan, Matthew D., and John D. Stoll (April 7, 2009).[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123902308085992679.html Ford Trims Debt 28%]. ''The Wall Street Journal.'' Retrieved on July 23, 2009.</ref> These actions yielded Ford a $2.7 billion profit in fiscal year 2009, the company's first full-year profit in four years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/29/business/29ford.html|title=Ford Profit Comes as Toyota Hits a Bump|work=The New York Times |date=January 28, 2010|accessdate=February 2, 2010 | first=Nick | last=Bunkley}}</ref> |
|||
In 2012, Ford's corporate bonds were upgraded from junk to investment grade again, citing sustainable, lasting improvements.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bomey|first=Nathan|title=The Blue Oval is Ford's again as credit upgrade frees automaker's assets from mortgage|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120522/BUSINESS0102/120522056/Moody-Ford-credit-upgrade|newspaper=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> |
|||
On October 29, 2012, Ford announced the sale of its climate control components business, its last remaining automotive components operation, to Detroit Thermal Systems LLC for an undisclosed price.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/29/us-ford-valeo-idUSBRE89S05C20121029|title=Ford to sell climate control business to Detroit Thermal Systems|date=October 29, 2012 |work= Reuters }}</ref> |
|||
On November 1, 2012, Ford announced that [[CEO]] [[Alan Mulally]] will stay with the company until 2014. Ford also named [[Mark Fields (businessman)|Mark Fields]], the president of operations in Americas, as its new chief operating officer <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2012/11/01/us/ap-us-ford-ceo.html?ref=news&_r=0|title=Ford's Mulally Stays Through 2014, Fields Is COO|work= The New York Times}}</ref> Ford's CEO Mulally was paid a compensation of over $174 million in his previous seven years at Ford since 2006. The generous amount has been a sore point for some workers of the company.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/mulally-puts-focus-back-fords-cars-trucks-0 |title=Mulally puts the focus back on Ford's cars, trucks |first1=Dee-Ann |last1=Durbin |first2=Tom |last2=Krisher |work=ap.org |date=January 8, 2014 |accessdate=January 8, 2014}}</ref> |
|||
===Logo evolution=== |
|||
<gallery> |
|||
File:Ford logo 1903.png|1903 |
|||
File:Ford logo 1909.png|1909 |
|||
File:Ford logo oval 1912.png|1912 |
|||
File:Ford logo 1912.png|1912 variant |
|||
File:Ford logo 1927.png|1927 |
|||
File:Ford Motor Company Logo.svg|2003–Present |
|||
</gallery> |
|||
==Corporate affairs== |
|||
===Executive management=== |
|||
Members of the Ford board as of 2012 are: [[Dick Gephardt|Richard A. Gephardt]], Stephen Butler, Ellen Marram, [[Kimberly Casiano]], [[Alan Mulally]] (President and CEO), [[Edsel Ford II]], [[Homer Neal]], William Clay Ford Jr. (Executive Chairman), [[Jorma Ollila]], Irvine Hockaday Jr., [[John L. Thornton]], and [[William Clay Ford, Sr.]] (Director Emeritus).<ref name="fmci">{{cite web|url=http://corporate.ford.com/about-ford/governance/board-of-directors/board-of-directors-801p|title=Board of Directors|publisher=Ford Motor Company|accessdate=March 9, 2011}}</ref> |
|||
The main corporate officers are: [[Lewis Booth]] (Executive Vice President, Chairman ([[Premier Automotive Group|PAG]]) and Ford of Europe), [[Mark Fields (businessman)|Mark Fields]] (Executive Vice President, President of [[The Americas]]), [[Donat Leclair]] (Executive Vice President and CFO), Mark A. Schulz (Executive Vice President, President of International Operations), and Michael E. Bannister (Group Vice President; Chairman & CEO Ford Motor Credit),<ref name="fmci"/> Paul Mascarenas (Vice President of Engineering, The Americas Product Development). |
|||
===Financial results=== |
|||
In 2010, Ford earned a net profit of $6.6 billion and reduced its debt from $33.6 billion to $14.5 billion lowering interest payments by $1 billion following its 2009 net profit of $2.7 billion.<ref name=2010results>Durbin, Dee Ann and Tom Kirshner (January 28, 2011).[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9L1EJCO0.htm Ford 2010 profit highest in a decade as sales rise].''Bloomberg Business Week''. Retrieved January 30, 2011.</ref><ref name="annualreport2009">{{cite web|url=http://corporate.ford.com/doc/2009_annual_report.pdf |title=Ford Motor Company / 2009 Annual Report| chapter=Operating Highlights|format=PDF|accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> In the U.S., the F-Series was the best-selling vehicle for 2010. Ford sold 528,349 F-Series trucks during the year, a 27.7% increase over 2009, out of a total sales of 1.9 million vehicles, or every one out of four vehicles Ford sold. Trucks sales accounts for a big slice of Ford's profits, according to USA Today.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/columnist/krantz/2011-03-30-ford-stock-rising-gas-prices.htm |title=As gas prices rise, is Ford stock still a good bet? |date=March 30, 2011 |author=Matt Krantz |work=USA Today }}</ref> |
|||
Ford's realignment also included the sale of its wholly owned subsidiary, [[The Hertz Corporation|Hertz Rent-a-Car]] to a [[private equity]] group for $15 billion in cash and debt acquisition. The sale was completed on December 22, 2005. A 50–50 joint venture with [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] of India, called [[Ford India Private Limited|Mahindra Ford India, Limited]] (MIFL), ended with <!--the sale of Ford's 15 percent stake in 2005 (incorrect!)--> Ford buying out Mahindra's remaining stake in the company in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expansionmanagement.com/cmd/articledetail/articleid/17483/default.asp |title=Ford Commits $75 Million For India Operations |publisher=Expansionmanagement.com |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> Ford had previously upped its stake to 72% in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.mapsofindia.com/automobile/car-manufacturers/ford-india.html |title=Ford India Private Ltd, Ford Cars India, Ford Motors India, Ford Fiesta India, Ford in India |publisher=Business.mapsofindia.com |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
==Operations== |
|||
Ford has manufacturing [[List of Ford factories|operations]] worldwide, including in the United States, Canada, Mexico, China, the United Kingdom, Germany, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Australia and South Africa. Ford also has a cooperative agreement with Russian automaker [[GAZ]]. |
|||
===North America=== |
|||
[[File:The Ford building -- Jericho Turnpike, Mineola, Garden City.jpg|thumbnail|left|Ford dealer in [[Garden City, New York]], ca. 1930-1945]] |
|||
In the first five months of 2010, auto sales in the U.S. rose to 4.6 million cars and light trucks, an increase of 17% from a year earlier. The rise was mainly caused by the return of commercial customers that had all but stopped buying in 2009 during the recession. Sales to individual customers at dealerships have increased 13%, while fleet sales have jumped 32%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704067504575304951455734906.html |title=Auto-Sales Optimism Fades |date=June 14, 2010 |author=Neal E. Boudette and Sharon Terlep |work=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref> Ford reported that 37% of its sales in May came from fleet sales when it announced its sales for the month increased 23%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2010/06/02/news/companies/auto_sales/index.htm |title=GM, Ford sales gains outpace Toyota |date=June 2, 2010 |author=Chris Isidore |publisher=CNNMoney.com }}</ref> In the first seven months of 2010, vehicle sales of Ford increased 24%, including retail and fleet sales. Fleet sales of Ford for the same period rose 35% to 386,000 units while retail sales increase 19%. Fleet sales account for 39 percent of Chrysler's sales and 31 percent for GM's.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100809/RETAIL01/308099960/1401 |title=Fleets fuel surge at GM, Chrysler |date=August 9, 2010 |author=Jesse Snyder |publisher=Automotive News }}</ref> |
|||
===Europe=== |
|||
{{main|Ford of Europe}} |
|||
[[File:Ford's Dunton Technical Centre - geograph.org.uk - 218069.jpg|thumb|Ford's [[Dunton Technical Centre]] in [[Laindon]], [[United Kingdom]], the largest automotive research and development facility in the country<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theengineer.co.uk/news/back-to-the-future-for-ford/302785.article|title=Back to the future for Ford|accessdate=28 February 2012|publisher=The Engineer|date=26 October 2007}}</ref>]] |
|||
[[File:Aachen Ford-Entwicklungszentrum.jpg|thumb|The Ford Research Center in [[Aachen]], [[Germany]]]] |
|||
At first, [[Ford Germany|Ford in Germany]] and [[Ford of Britain|Ford in Britain]] built different models from one another until the late 1960s, with the [[Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] and then the [[Ford Capri]] being common to both companies. Later on, the [[Ford Taunus]] and [[Ford Cortina]] became identical, produced in [[left hand drive]] and right hand drive respectively. Rationalisation of model ranges meant that production of many models in the UK switched to elsewhere in Europe, including Belgium and Spain as well as Germany. The [[Ford Sierra]] replaced the Taunus and Cortina in 1982, drawing criticism for its radical aerodynamic styling, which was soon given nicknames such as "Jellymould" and "The Salesman's Spaceship." |
|||
Increasingly, the Ford Motor Company has looked to [[Ford Europe|Ford of Europe]] for its "world cars", such as the Mondeo, Focus, and [[Ford Fiesta|Fiesta]], although sales of European-sourced Fords in the U.S. have been disappointing. The Focus has been one exception to this, which has become America's best selling compact car since its launch in 2000. {{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} |
|||
In February 2002, Ford ended car production in the UK. It was the first time in 90 years that Ford cars had not been made in Britain, although production of the [[Ford Transit|Transit]] van continued at the company's [[Southampton]] facility until mid-2013, engines at [[Bridgend]] and [[Ford Dagenham|Dagenham]], and transmissions at [[Halewood]]. Development of European Ford is broadly split between [[Dunton Wayletts|Dunton]] in Essex (powertrain, Fiesta/Ka, and commercial vehicles) and [[Cologne]] (body, chassis, electrical, Focus, Mondeo) in Germany. Ford also produced the [[Thames Trader|Thames]] range of commercial vehicles, although the use of this brand name was discontinued circa 1965. |
|||
Elsewhere in continental Europe, Ford assembles the [[Ford Mondeo|Mondeo]] range in [[Genk]] (Belgium), Fiesta in [[Valencia]] (Spain) and [[Cologne]] (Germany), Ka in Valencia (Spain), Focus in Valencia (Spain), [[Saarlouis]] (Germany) and [[Vsevolozhsk]] (Russia). Transit production is in [[İzmit|Kocaeli]] (Turkey), [[Southampton]] (UK), and Transit Connect in [[İzmit|Kocaeli]] (Turkey). |
|||
Ford also owns a joint-venture production plant in Turkey. [[Otosan|Ford Otosan]], established in the 1970s, manufactures the [[Ford Transit Connect|Transit Connect]] compact panel van as well as the "Jumbo" and long-wheelbase versions of the full-size Transit. This new production facility was set up near [[İzmit|Kocaeli]] in 2002, and its opening marked the end of Transit assembly in Genk. |
|||
Another joint venture plant near [[Setúbal]] in Portugal, set up in collaboration with [[Volkswagen]], formerly assembled the [[Ford Galaxy|Galaxy]] people-carrier as well as its sister ships, the [[Volkswagen Sharan|VW Sharan]] and [[SEAT Alhambra]]. With the introduction of the third generation of the Galaxy, Ford has moved the production of the people-carrier to the Genk plant, with Volkswagen taking over sole ownership of the Setúbal facility. |
|||
In 2008, Ford acquired a majority stake in [[Automobile Craiova]], Romania. Starting 2009, the [[Ford Transit Connect]] was Ford's first model produced in [[Craiova]], followed, in 2012, by low-capacity car engines and a new small class car, the [[Ford B-Max|B-Max]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-business-5496775-ford-build-low-capacity-car-engines-craiova-south-romania-starting-late-2010.htm |title=Ford to build low capacity car engines at hotnews.ro |publisher=English.hotnews.ro |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
Ford Europe has broken new ground with a number of relatively futuristic car launches over the last 50 years. |
|||
Its 1959 [[Ford Anglia|Anglia]] two-door saloon was one of the most quirky-looking small family cars in Europe at the time of its launch, but buyers soon became accustomed to its looks and it was hugely popular with British buyers in particular. It was still selling well when replaced by the more practical [[Ford Escort (Europe)|Escort]] in 1967. |
|||
The third incarnation of the Ford Escort was launched in 1980 and marked the company's move from rear-wheel drive saloons to front-wheel drive hatchbacks in the small family car sector. |
|||
The fourth generation Escort was produced from 1990 until 2000, although its successor – the [[Ford Focus (international)|Focus]] – had been on sale since 1998. On its launch, the Focus was arguably the most dramatic-looking and fine-handling small family cars on sale, and sold in huge volumes right up to the launch of the next generation Focus at the end of 2004. |
|||
The 1982 [[Ford Sierra]] – replacement for the long-running and massively popular [[Ford Cortina|Cortina]] and [[Ford Taunus|Taunus]] models – was a style-setter at the time of its launch. Its ultramodern aerodynamic design was a world away from a boxy, sharp-edged Cortina, and it was massively popular just about everywhere it was sold. A series of updates kept it looking relatively fresh until it was replaced by the front-wheel drive [[Ford Mondeo|Mondeo]] at the start of 1993. |
|||
The rise in popularity of small cars during the 1970s saw Ford enter the mini-car market in 1976 with its [[Ford Fiesta|Fiesta]] hatchback. Most of its production was concentrated at [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] in Spain, and the Fiesta sold in huge figures from the very start. An update in 1983 and the launch of an all-new model in 1989 strengthened its position in the small car market. |
|||
On October 24, 2012, Ford announced that it would be closing its [[Genk]] assembly plant in eastern [[Belgium]] by the end of 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2012/10/24/world/europe/ap-eu-belgium-ford-.html |title=Union: Ford to Close Belgian Plant in 2014|date=October 24, 2012 |work=The New York Times }}</ref> |
|||
===Oceania=== |
|||
In Australia and New Zealand, the popular [[Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]] has long been considered the average family car and is considerably larger than the Mondeo, Ford's largest car sold in Europe. Between 1960 and 1972, the Falcon was based on a U.S. model of the same name, but since then has been entirely designed and manufactured in Australia, occasionlly being manufactured in New Zealand. Like its [[General Motors]] rival, the [[Holden Commodore]], the Falcon uses a rear wheel drive layout. High performance variants of the Falcon running locally built engines produce up to {{Convert|362|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. A [[Coupé utility|ute]] (short for "utility", known in the US as [[pickup truck]]) version is also available with the same range of drivetrains. In addition, Ford Australia sells highly tuned limited-production Falcon sedans and [[pickup truck|utes]] through its performance car division, [[Ford Performance Vehicles]]. |
|||
In Australia, the Commodore and Falcon have traditionally outsold all other cars and comprise over 20% of the new car market. In New Zealand, Ford was second in market share in the first eight months of 2006 with 14.4 per cent.<ref>{{cite news | title = Kia soars ahead of the others | date = September 20, 2006 | url = http://subs.nzherald.co.nz/search/story.cfm?storyid=0008D79C-84BE-150F-80B783027AF100AD| work=The New Zealand Herald}}{{dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> More recently Ford has axed its Falcon-based LWB variant of its lineup– the Fairlane and LTD ranges, and announced that their Geelong engine manufacturing plant may be shut down from 2013. They have also announced local manufacturing of the Focus small car starting from 2011. |
|||
In Australia, the Laser was one of [[Ford Motor Company of Australia|Ford Australia]]'s most successful models, and was manufactured in Ford's [[Homebush, New South Wales|Homebush]] plant from 1981 until the plant's closure in September 1994. It outsold the Mazda 323, despite being almost identical to it, due to the fact the Laser was manufactured in Australia and Ford was perceived as a local brand. |
|||
In New Zealand, the Ford Laser and Telstar were assembled alongside the Mazda 323 and 626 until 1997, at the Vehicle Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) plant in [[Wiri]], [[Auckland]]. The [[Ford Sierra|Sierra]] wagon was also assembled in New Zealand, owing to the popularity of [[station wagon]]s in that market. |
|||
The scheduled closure of Ford's Australian manufacturing base in 2016 was confirmed in late May 2013. Headquartered in the Victorian suburb of Broadmeadows, the company had registered losses worth AU$600 million over the five years prior to the announcement. It was noted that the corporate fleet and government sales that account for two-thirds of large, local car sales in Australia are insufficient to keep Ford's products profitable and viable in Australia. The decision will affect 1200 Ford workers—over 600 employees in Geelong and more than 500 in Broadmeadows—who will lose their jobs by October 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford’s exit spells the end of the road for manufacturing|url=http://theconversation.com/fords-exit-spells-the-end-of-the-road-for-manufacturing-14594?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest+from+The+Conversation+for+24+May+2013&utm_content=Latest+from+The+Conversation+for+24+May+2013+CID_2ce0fc9b82bc5720f851241e57b13e45&utm_source=campaign_monitor&utm_term=Fords%20exit%20spells%20the%20end%20of%20the%20road%20for%20manufacturing|work=The Conversation Australia|publisher=The Conversation Media Group|accessdate=26 May 2013|author=Remy Davison|date=24 May 2013}}</ref> |
|||
===East and Southeast Asia=== |
|||
Ford formed its first passenger-vehicle joint venture in China in 2001, six years behind GM and more than a decade after VW. It has spent as of 2013 $4.9 billion to expand its lineup and double production capacity in China to 600,000 vehicles. This includes Ford’s largest-ever factory complex in the southwestern city of Chongqing. Ford had 2.5 percent of the Chinese market in 2013, while VW controlled 14.5 percent and GM had 15.6 percent, according to consultant LMC Automotive. GM outsells Ford in China by more than six-to-one.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-15/ford-outsells-toyota-in-china-as-4-9-billion-bet-pays.html | work=Bloomberg | first=Keith | last=Naughton | title=Ford Outsells Toyota in China as $4.9 Billion Bet Pays | date=April 15, 2013}}</ref> |
|||
[[File:Ford stamping plant Geelong.jpg|thumb|right|The Ford stamping plant in Geelong, Australia]] |
|||
With the acquisition of a stake in Japanese manufacturer [[Mazda]] in 1979, Ford began selling Mazda's Familia and Capella (also known as the [[Mazda Familia|323]] and [[Mazda 626|626]]) as the [[Ford Laser]] and [[Ford Telstar|Telstar]], replacing the European-sourced Escort and Cortina. Through its relationship with Mazda, Ford also acquired a stake in South Korean manufacturer [[Kia Motors|Kia]], which built the (Mazda-based) [[Ford Festiva]] from 1988–1993, and the [[Ford Festiva|Ford Aspire]] from 1994–1997 for export to the United States, but later sold their interest to [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] (which also manufactured the Ford Cortina until the 1980s). Kia continued to market the Aspire as the Kia Avella, later replaced by the Rio and once again sold in the US. |
|||
Ford's presence in Asia has traditionally been much smaller, confined to [[Malaysia]], Singapore, Hong Kong, the [[Philippines]], and [[Taiwan]], where Ford has had a joint venture with [[Ford Lio Ho|Lio Ho]] since the 1970s. Ford began assembly of cars in [[Thailand]] in 1960, but withdrew from the country in 1976, and did not return until 1995, when it formed a joint venture with Mazda called Auto Alliance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ford.co.th/servlet/ContentServer?cid=1178851736434&pagename=FTHEN%2FDFYPage%2FFord-Default&c=DFYPage |title=About Ford Thailand |publisher=Ford.co.th |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> Now in Bo-win Sub District, Sriracha District of the [[Chonburi (city)|Chonburi]] it is located The Ford Motor Company (Thailand) Limited, making passenger automobiles. |
|||
On April 30, 2013, Ford Motor Co. launched their car and truck line in [[Myanmar]]. Previously, heavy importation taxes have stifled imported car purchases in Myanmar, but due to currency reform, lifting of previous import restrictions, and the abolishment of [[shadow currency]], Myanmar's car market has grown in demand.<ref name="investvine">{{cite web|url=http://investvine.com/ford-rolls-into-myanmars-car-market/|title=Ford rolls into Myanmar’s car market|first=Arno|last=Maierbrugger|work=Inside Investor|date=1 May 2013|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref> |
|||
====Ford of Japan==== |
|||
Ford established a manufacturing facility in the port city of Yokohama in February 1925, where Model T vehicles were assembled using imported [[knock-down kit]]s. The factory subsequently produced 10,000 Model A's up to 1936. Production ceased in 1940 as a result of political tensions between Japan and the United States. |
|||
After World War II, Ford did not have a presence in Japan, as the Ford facility was appropriated by the Japanese Government until 1958, when property was returned as a possession of the Ford Motor Company and became a research and development location for Ford partner Mazda. In 1979, Ford acquired a 24.5% ownership stake in Mazda, and in 1982 Ford and Mazda jointly established a sales channel to sell Ford products in Japan, including vehicles manufactured in North America, at a dealership called ''[[:ja:オートラマ|Autorama]] (Japanese)''. The Autorama sales channel was renamed Ford Sales of Japan in 1997.<ref>[http://www.autointell.com/asian_companies/mazda/mazda-company/mazda-relation-ford-01.htm Automotive Intelligence]. Autointell.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</ref> |
|||
Vehicles sold at ''Autorama'' locations were the North American assembled Ford Explorer, Probe (1989–1998), Mustang, Taurus (1989–1997), Thunderbird (1990–1993), Lincoln Continental, and Lincoln LS. Ford products manufactured in Europe that were sold in Japan were the [[Ford Mondeo]], [[Ford Ka|Ka]], [[Ford Focus|Focus]], [[Ford C-Max|Focus C-MAX]], [[Ford Fiesta|Fiesta]], and the [[Ford Galaxy|Galaxy]]. Mazda manufactured Ford vehicles in Japan and sold them as Fords at the Autorama locations. They were the [[Ford Telstar]] (Mazda Capella), [[Ford Laser|Laser]], [[Ford Festiva|Festiva]], [[Mazda Demio|Festiva Mini Wagon]], [[Ford Ixion|Ixion]] (Mazda Premacy), [[Ford Freda|Freda]] (Mazda Bondo Friendee), [[Ford Spectron|Spectron]] (Mazda Bongo), and commercial trucks J80 and the J100 (Mazda Bongo truck). |
|||
Ford increased its shareholding in Mazda to 33.4% in 1996. Ford currently sells a small range of vehicles in Japan; as of October 2010, the Ford Mustang, Escape, Explorer (and Explorer truck), [[Ford Kuga]], [[Lincoln Navigator]] and [[Lincoln MKX]] were available in Japan. Ford maintains a regional office in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. |
|||
=== South and West Asia === |
|||
[[Ford India Private Limited|Ford India]] began production in 1998 at [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], with its Ford Escort model, which was later replaced by locally produced [[Ford Ikon]] in 2001. It has since added Fusion, Fiesta, Mondeo and Endeavour to its product line. |
|||
On March 9, 2010, Ford Motor Co. launched its first made-for-India compact car. Starting at 349,900 ($7,690), the [[Ford Figo|Figo]] is Ford's first car designed and priced for the mass Indian market.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/sns-ap-as-india-ford-figo,0,4503838.story|title=Ford launches Figo compact, hopes for cool entry into India's hot auto market|date=March 9, 2010|accessdate=March 9, 2010 | work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> On July 28, 2011, Ford India signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the State of [[Gujarat]] for the construction of an assembly and engine plant in [[Sanand]], and planned to invest approximately {{USD|1 billion}} on a 460-acre site.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.india.ford.com/servlet/Satellite?c=DFYArticle&cid=1248918257189&pageid=1178851252772&pagename=wrapper&site=FIPL&sub_c=DFYPage&sub_id=1178851252772&t=controller|title=Ford Announces Manufacturing and Engine Plant in Gujarat, India|date=July 28, 2011}}</ref> |
|||
Ford's market presence in the Middle East has traditionally been small, partly due to previous Arab boycotts of companies dealing with Israel. Ford and Lincoln vehicles are currently marketed in ten countries in the region.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ford Motor Company: Global Websites | url = http://www.ford.com/en/company/about/countrySites/default.htm }}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]], Kuwait, and the [[UAE]] are the biggest markets. Ford also established itself in [[Egypt]] in 1926, but faced an uphill battle during the 1950s due to the hostile nationalist business environment.<ref>{{cite journal |
|||
| last = Tignor |
|||
| first = Robert, L. |
|||
| title = In The Grip Of Politics: The Ford Motor Company Of Egypt, 1945–1960 |
|||
| journal=Middle East Journal |
|||
| volume = 44 |
|||
| issue = 3 |
|||
| pages = 383–198 |
|||
| date = Summer 1990 |
|||
| url = |
|||
| doi = |
|||
| id = |
|||
}}</ref> Ford's distributor in Saudi Arabia announced in February 2003 that it had sold 100,000 Ford and Lincoln vehicles since commencing sales in November 1986. Half of the Ford/Lincoln vehicles sold in that country were [[Ford Crown Victoria]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title = Al Jazirah Vehicles Hits 100,000 Mark with Ford and Lincoln in Saudi Arabia | url = http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=14319 }}</ref> In 2004, Ford sold 30,000 units in the region, falling far short of [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]' 88,852 units and [[Nissan Motors]]' 75,000 units. |
|||
===South America=== |
|||
During much of the 20th century, Ford faced protectionist government measures in South America, with the result that it built different models in different countries, without particular regard to rationalization or [[economy of scale]] inherent to producing and sharing similar vehicles between the nations. In many cases, new vehicles in a country were based on those of the other manufacturers it had entered into production agreements with, or whose factories it had acquired. For example, the [[Ford Corcel|Corcel]] and [[Ford Del Rey|Del Rey]] in Brazil were originally based on [[Renault]] vehicles. |
|||
In 1987, [[Ford do Brasil|Ford of Brasil]] and [[Ford Motor Company of Argentina|Ford of Argentina]] merged their operations with the Brazilian and Argentinan operations of [[Volkswagen Group]], forming a new joint-venture company called [[Autolatina]] with a shared model range. Sales figures and profitability were disappointing, and Autolatina was dissolved in 1995. With the advent of [[Mercosur]], the regional common market, Ford was finally able to rationalize its product line-ups in those countries. Consequently, the [[Ford Fiesta]] and [[Ford EcoSport]] are only built in Brazil, and the [[Ford Focus (international)|Ford Focus]] only built in [[Argentina]], with each plant exporting in large volumes to the neighboring countries. Models like the [[Ford Mondeo]] from Europe could now be imported completely built up. Ford of Brazil produces a pick-up truck version of the Fiesta, the [[Ford Courier|Courier]], which is also produced in South Africa as the [[Ford Bantam]] in [[driving on the left or right|right hand drive]] versions. |
|||
===Africa=== |
|||
In Africa, Ford's market presence has traditionally been strongest in South Africa and neighbouring countries, with only trucks being sold elsewhere on the continent. Ford in South Africa began by importing kits from Canada to be assembled at its Port Elizabeth facility. Later Ford sourced its models from the UK and Australia, with local versions of the Ford Cortina including the XR6, with a 3.0 V6 engine, and a [[Ford P100|Cortina-based 'bakkie' or pick-up]], which was exported to the UK. In the mid-1980s Ford merged with a rival company, owned by [[Anglo American plc|Anglo American]], to form the [[South African Motor Corporation]] ([[Samcor]]). |
|||
Following international condemnation of [[apartheid]], Ford divested from South Africa in 1988, and sold its stake in Samcor, although it licensed the use of its brand name to the company. Samcor began to assemble Mazdas as well, which affected its product line-up, and saw the European Fords like the Escort and Sierra replaced by the [[Mazda]]-based Laser and [[Ford Telstar|Telstar]]. Ford bought a 45 per cent stake in [[Samcor]] following the demise of apartheid in 1994, and this later became, once again, a wholly owned subsidiary, the Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa. Ford now sells a local sedan version of the Fiesta (also built in India and Mexico), and the Focus. The Falcon model from Australia was also sold in South Africa, but was dropped in 2003, while the Mondeo, after briefly being assembled locally, was dropped in 2005. |
|||
==Products and services== |
|||
===Automobiles=== |
|||
{{See also|List of Ford vehicles|List of Mercury vehicles}} |
|||
[[File:2013 Lincoln MKS -- 2012 DC.JPG|thumb|The 2013 model year [[Lincoln MKS]]]] |
|||
As of 2012 Ford Motor Company sells a broad range of automobiles under the Ford marque worldwide, and an additional range of luxury automobiles under the [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]] marque in the United States. The company has sold vehicles under a number of other marques during its history. The [[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]] brand was introduced by Ford in 1939, continuing in production until 2011 when poor sales led to its discontinuation.<ref>{{cite press release |
|||
|title=Ford To Expand Lincoln Lineup and Brand Emphasis; Mercury Production Ends In Fourth Quarter of 2010 |
|||
|publisher=Ford Motor Company |
|||
|date=June 2, 2010 |
|||
|url=http://corporate.ford.com/news-center/news/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-to-expand-lincoln-lineup-and-32749 |
|||
}}</ref> In 1958, Ford introduced the [[Edsel]] brand, but poor sales led to its discontinuation in 1960. In 1985, the [[Merkur]] brand was introduced in the United States to market products produced by Ford of Europe; it was discontinued in 1989. |
|||
Ford acquired the British sports car maker [[Aston Martin]] in 1989, later selling it on March 12, 2007,<ref>{{cite press release |
|||
|title=Ford Announces Agreement to Sell Aston Martin |
|||
|publisher=Ford Motor Company |
|||
|date=March 12, 2007 |
|||
|accessdate=February 6, 2013 |
|||
|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=25635 |
|||
}}</ref> although retaining a 15% stake,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/12/business/worldbusiness/12iht-ford.4881210.html?_r=0 |title=Ford sells Aston Martin unit |work=The New York Times |first=Nick |last=Bunkley |date=March 12, 2007 |accessdate=February 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailypressdot.com/aston-martin-main-owner-is-looking-for-buyers/757312/ |title=Aston Martin main owner is looking for buyers |work=Daily Press |first=Steven |last=Lee |date=November 12, 2012|accessdate=February 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/3/12/123723.shtml |title=Ford Sells Major Stake in Aston Martin |work=newsmax.com |date=March 12, 2007 |accessdate=February 6, 2013}}</ref> and bought [[Volvo Cars]] of Sweden in 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.cision.com/volvo/r/volvo-enters-into-agreement-with-ford-to-sell-volvo-cars-for-sek-50-billion,c6053|title=AB Volvo – press release|work=[[Cision]]|accessdate=January 28, 1999}}</ref> selling it to [[Zhejiang Geely Holding Group]] in 2010. In November 2008, it reduced its 33.4% [[controlling interest]] in [[Mazda]] of Japan to a 13.4% non-controlling interest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miscstuff.wordpress.com/2008/11/18/ford-to-dump-mazda-sell-20-stake/ |title=Ford to Sell 20% of stake in Mazda " Stuff going on in the world |publisher=Miscstuff.wordpress.com |date=November 18, 2008 |accessdate=June 18, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ijnTbIWCfIBkF8Cxsv1ckWMkmfngD94H8SR03 ]{{dead link|date=June 2009}}</ref> On November 18, 2010, Ford reduced their stake further to just 3%, citing the reduction of ownership would allow greater flexibility to pursue growth in emerging markets. Ford and Mazda remain strategic partners through exchanges of technological information and joint ventures, including an American joint venture plant in Flat Rock, Michigan called [[Auto Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.ford.com/news-center/news/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-to-change-stake-in-mazda-both-33588 |title=Ford to Change Stake in Mazda|publisher=Ford Motor Company|date=November 18, 2010 |accessdate=March 9, 2011}}</ref> Ford sold the United Kingdom-based [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and [[Land Rover]] companies and brands to [[Tata Motors]] of India in March 2008. |
|||
In 2011, J.D. Power ranked Ford 23rd in initial quality, a drop from fifth in 2010.<ref name=forbesjdpower11/> ''Consumer Reports'' magazine likewise decided not to recommend several new Ford SUVs, blaming the Sync entertainment and phone system used.<ref name=forbesjdpower11>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2011/06/22/autos/ford_jd_power_initial_quality/index.htm |title=Sync sinks Ford's J.D. Power quality ratings |date=Jun 23, 2011 |author=Peter Valdes-Dapena |work=Fortune }}</ref> |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
|- |
|||
! Marque !! Country of origin !! Years used/owned !! Markets |
|||
|- |
|||
| Ford || United States || 1903 to present || Global |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]] || United States || 1922 to present || North America, Middle East |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mercury (Automobile)|Mercury]] || United States || 1939 to 2011 || North America |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Edsel]] || United States || 1958 to 1960 || North America |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Merkur]] || United States || 1985 to 1989 || North America |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] || United Kingdom || 1989 to 2008 || Global |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Aston Martin]] || United Kingdom || 1989 to 2007 || Global |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]] || Sweden || 1999 to 2010 || Global |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Land Rover]] || United Kingdom || 2000 to 2008 || Global |
|||
|} |
|||
===Trucks=== |
|||
[[File:Ford 1939.jpg|thumb|An advert for the 1939 Ford V-8 pick-up truck]] |
|||
[[File:Ford 1961.JPG|thumb|An advert for the 1961 Ford H-Series truck]] |
|||
Ford has produced trucks since 1908. Countries where Ford commercial vehicles are or were made include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada (badged [[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]] too), France, Germany, India, Netherlands, Philippines, Spain (badged [[Ebro trucks|Ebro]] too), Turkey, UK (badged also [[Fordson]] and [[Thames Trader|Thames]]) and USA. |
|||
From the 1940s to late 1970s Ford's [[Ford F-Series]] were used as the base for light trucks for the North American market. |
|||
Most of these ventures are now extinct. The European one that lasted longest was the lorries arm of [[Ford of Britain]], which was eventually sold to [[Iveco]] group in 1986, and whose last significant models were the [[Ford Transcontinental|Transcontinental]] and the [[Ford Cargo (Europe)|Cargo]]. |
|||
In the United States, Ford's heavy trucks division ([[Truck classification|Classes 7 and 8]]) was sold in 1997 to [[Freightliner Trucks]], which rebranded the lineup as [[Sterling Trucks|Sterling]].<ref name="sterling_news_release">{{cite web|url=http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1137391-1-0-0-0-0-0-8-7145-0-0-0-0-0-0-1.html|title=Daimler Trucks North America Plans Decisive Response to Changed Economic Environment|accessdate=June 18, 2009}}</ref> Freightliner is in the process of discontinuing this line. |
|||
Line of heavy trucks made by Ford for the North American market: |
|||
* [[Ford F-650]] – joint venture model from 2000 to present |
|||
* [[Ford L-Series Trucks|Ford L9000]] – last model year 1999 |
|||
* [[Ford L-Series Trucks|Ford LNT9000]] – short nose tandem axle from 1970s to 1997 |
|||
* [[Ford L-Series Trucks|Ford LT9000]] – tandem axle with last model year 1997 |
|||
* [[Ford L-Series Trucks|Ford FT900]] – until 1998 |
|||
* [[Ford L-Series Trucks|Ford LT8000]] – last model year 1998 |
|||
* [[Ford L-Series Trucks|Ford L7000]] – last model year 1996 |
|||
Ford continues to manufacture medium duty trucks under the [[F-650]] and [[Ford F-650|F-750]] badges. In 2001, the company entered into a joint venture with [[Navistar International]] to produce medium and heavy duty commercial trucks.<ref name=BD1>{{Cite press release | title = FORD, NAVISTAR JOIN FORCES TO CREATE BLUE DIAMOND TRUCK COMPANY | publisher=Ford Motor Company | date = August 7, 2001 | url = http://media.ford.com/article_pdf.cfm?article_id=9165 | format= PDF | accessdate =February 4, 2010}}</ref> The first new model from the new corporation, known as Blue Diamond Truck Company LLC,<ref name=BD1 /> was the 2006 model year LCF,<ref name="LCF1">{{cite web |url=http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucks_ford_enters_lcf/ |title=Ford enters LCF commercial market |accessdate=February 4, 2011 |publisher=Penton Media, Inc. |work=Trailer Body Builders.com |author=Rick Weber |date=November 2004}}</ref> the first Ford branded cab-over-engine design in the United States since Freightliner's acquisition of the [[Ford Cargo|Cargo]] in the mid-1990s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}. The LCF was discontinued in 2009<ref name="LCF2">{{cite web |url=http://www.fordtrucksonline.com/new-ford-low-cab-forward-specs.htm |title=LCF Update 2009 |accessdate=February 4, 2011 |publisher=HDG/Battlefield Ford |work=Fordtrucksonline |author=Rick Weber}}</ref> and Ford's 2011 medium and heavy-duty commercial offerings are limited to the two F-Series.<ref name="Med1">{{cite web |url=http://www.commtruck.ford.com/vehicles/medium_duty/ |title=Medium Duty |accessdate=February 4, 2011 |publisher=Ford Motor Company |work=Ford Commercial Truck}}</ref> |
|||
In 1999 the end of the F800 meant Ford was not producing in any F-series heavy truck chassis. |
|||
In Europe, Ford manufactures the [[Ford Transit]] jumbo van which is classed as a Large Goods Vehicle and has a payload of up to 2,265 kg, there are options of a panel van, pickup or chassis cab. The Ford Transit is also available as a light van called the [[Ford Transit Connect]] and the [[Ford Ranger]] pickup is available.<ref>[http://www.ford.co.uk/Commercialvehicles Ford UK Commercial Vehicles.] ford.co.uk. Retrieved June 9, 2010.</ref> |
|||
===Buses=== |
|||
[[File:1980sThomasFordSheffield.jpg|thumb|A Ford B700 bus chassis, with a body by [[Thomas Built Buses|Thomas Built]]]] |
|||
Ford manufactured complete buses in the company's early history, but today the role of the company has changed to that of a [[second stage manufacturer]]. In North America, the [[Ford E-Series|E-Series]] is still used as a chassis for small school buses and the [[Ford F-650|F-650]] is used in commercial bus markets. In the 1980s and 1990s, the medium-duty [[Ford B-Series|B700]] was a popular chassis used by school bus body manufacturers including [[Thomas Built Buses|Thomas Built]], [[Ward Body Works|Ward]] and [[Blue Bird Corporation|Blue Bird]], but Ford lost its market share due to industry contraction and agreements between body manufacturers. Older bus models included: |
|||
Prior to 1939, Ford buses were based on truck bodies: |
|||
* Model B – 1930s |
|||
* Model T – 1920s |
|||
* F-105 school bus |
|||
During World War II Ford manufactured [[Ford Transit bus]], a series of small transit buses with bodies built by second party:<ref name="detroittransithistory.info">{{cite web|author=HBCraig,II |url=http://www.detroittransithistory.info/PhotoGalley/Photos1940sA.html |title=Bus Photos 1940's - Pg.1 |publisher=Detroit Transit History.Info |date=1945-09-09 |accessdate=2012-01-27}}</ref> |
|||
* 09-B/19-B City transit bus – 1939–1941 |
|||
* 19-B/29-B City transit bus – 1941–1942 |
|||
* 49-B/79-B City transit bus – 1944–1947 |
|||
* 69-B City transit bus – 1946–1947 |
|||
* 29-B City transit bus – 1946–1947 |
|||
* 72-T transit bus – 1944–1945 |
|||
After 1946 the Transit City bus was sold as ''Universal Bus'' with the roof changed from fabric/wood to all metal: |
|||
* 79-B Universal transit bus – 1946–1947 |
|||
Succeeding the [[Ford Transit bus]] was the [[Ford 8M]] buses: |
|||
* 8MB transit bus – with Wayne Works 1948–? |
|||
Following World War II and from 1950s onwards Ford lost out to [[General Motors]].<ref name="detroittransithistory.info"/> This led to the end of transit buses for Ford in North America. |
|||
* [[Ford B-Series|B500 or B-series]] – 1950-1990s based on Ford F-series truck chassis used by school bus body manufacturers |
|||
In Europe, Ford manufactures the [[Ford Transit]] [[Minibus]] which is classed in Europe as a Passenger Carrying Vehicle and there are options of 12, 15 or 17 seaters.<ref>[http://www.ford.co.uk/Commercialvehicles/TransitMinibus/Overview Ford UK Minibus.] ford.co.uk. Retrieved June 9, 2010.</ref> In the past European models included: |
|||
* EM |
|||
* N-138 |
|||
* D series buses (Australia) |
|||
===Tractors=== |
|||
[[File:Ford-Tractor.jpg|thumb|A Ford N series tractor]] |
|||
The "Henry Ford and Son Company" began making [[Fordson tractor]]s in Henry's hometown of Springwells (later part of [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]]), Michigan from 1907 to 1928, from 1919 to 1932, at [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland, and 1933–1964 at [[Ford Dagenham|Dagenham]], England, later transferred to [[Basildon]]. They were also produced in [[Leningrad]] beginning in 1924. |
|||
In 1986, Ford expanded its tractor business when it purchased the Sperry-New Holland skid-steer loader and hay baler, hay tools and implement company from [[Sperry Corporation]] and formed Ford-New Holland which bought out [[Versatile (company)|Versatile]] tractors in 1988. This company was bought by [[Fiat]] in 1993 and the name changed from Ford New Holland to New Holland. [[New Holland Ag|New Holland]] is now part of [[CNH Global]]. |
|||
===Financial services=== |
|||
Ford offers automotive finance through [[Ford Motor Credit Company]]. |
|||
===Automotive components=== |
|||
Ford's ''FoMoCo'' parts division sells aftermarket parts under the [[Motorcraft]] brand name. It has spun off its parts division under the name [[Visteon]]. |
|||
==Motorsport== |
|||
{{main|Ford Racing}} |
|||
Along with [[Carroll Shelby International|Shelby]] and [[Chevrolet]], Ford is one of only three American constructors to win titles on the international scene at the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] [[List of world championships#Open|World Championships]]. As a constructor, Ford won the [[World Sportscar Championship]] three times in [[1966 World Sportscar Championship season|1966]], [[1967 World Sportscar Championship season|1967]] and [[1968 World Sportscar Championship season|1968]], and the [[World Rally Championship]] three times in [[1979 World Rally Championship season|1979]], [[2006 World Rally Championship season|2006]] and [[2007 World Rally Championship season|2007]]. |
|||
===Stock car racing=== |
|||
[[File:Todd Kluever.jpg|thumb|NASCAR [[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] race car]] |
|||
Ford is one of three manufacturers in [[NASCAR]]'s three major series: [[Sprint Cup Series]], [[Nationwide Series]], and [[Camping World Truck Series]]. Major teams include [[Roush Fenway Racing]], [[Team Penske]], and [[Richard Petty Motorsports.]] Ford is represented by the [[mid-size]] [[Ford Fusion (North American)|Fusion]] in the Sprint Cup, the [[Ford Mustang|Mustang]] in the Nationwide Series, and by the [[F-150]] in the Camping World Truck Series. Some of the most successful NASCAR Fords were the aerodynamic fastback [[Ford Torino]], [[Ford Torino Talladega]], [[Mercury Cyclone Spoiler II]], and [[Mercury Montego]]s, and the aero-era [[Ford Thunderbird]]s. The Ford nameplate has won eight [[Sprint Cup Series#Manufacturer's Championship|manufacturer's championships]] in Sprint Cup, while Mercury has won one. In the Sprint Cup Series, Ford earned its 1,000th victory in the [[2013 Quicken Loans 400]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Held|first=Scott|url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2013/06/16/nascar-sprint-cup-michigan-race-recap.html|title=Biffle emerges late, lands Michigan victory|publisher=[[NASCAR]]|date=June 16, 2013|accessdate=June 16, 2013}}</ref> The Ford Fusion is also used in the [[ARCA Remax Series]]. Ford had last won in the Cup Series with [[Kurt Busch]] in 2004. |
|||
===Formula One=== |
|||
Ford was heavily involved in [[Formula One]] for many years, and supplied engines to a large number of teams from 1967 until 2004. These engines were designed and manufactured by [[Cosworth]], the racing division that was owned by Ford from 1998 to 2004. Ford-badged engines won 176 Grands Prix between 1967 and 2003 for teams such as [[Team Lotus]] and [[McLaren]]. Ford entered Formula One as a constructor in 2000 under the [[Jaguar Racing]] name, after buying the [[Stewart Grand Prix]] team which had been its primary 'works' team in the series since 1997. Jaguar achieved little success in Formula One, and after a turbulent five seasons, Ford withdrew from the category after the [[2004 Formula One season|2004 season]], selling both Jaguar Racing (which became [[Red Bull Racing]]) and Cosworth (to [[Gerald Forsythe]] and [[Kevin Kalkhoven]]).<ref>{{cite news | last = Moffitt | first = Alastair | title = Red Bull give Jaguar F1 wings | publisher=Red Bull give Jaguar F1 wings | date = November 15, 2004 | url = http://sport.independent.co.uk/motor_racing/article20376.ece | location=London}}</ref> |
|||
===Rally=== |
|||
[[File:Neste Oil Rally 2010 - Jari-Matti Latvala in shakedown.jpg|thumb|[[Jari-Matti Latvala]] driving the [[Ford Focus RS WRC 09]] in 2010.]] |
|||
{{main|Ford World Rally Team}} |
|||
Ford has a long history in [[rallying]] and has been active in the [[World Rally Championship]] since the beginning of the world championship, the [[1973 World Rally Championship season|1973 season]]. Ford took the [[1979 World Rally Championship season|1979]] manufacturers' title with [[Hannu Mikkola]], [[Björn Waldegård]] and [[Ari Vatanen]] driving the [[Ford Escort RS1800]]. In the [[Group B]] era, Ford achieved success with [[Ford RS200]]. Since the [[1999 World Rally Championship season|1999 season]], Ford has used various versions of the [[Ford Focus WRC]] to much success. In the [[2006 World Rally Championship season|2006 season]], [[BP-Ford World Rally Team]] secured Ford its second manufacturers' title, with the Focus RS WRC 06 built by [[M-Sport]] and driven by "[[Flying Finns]]" [[Marcus Grönholm]] and [[Mikko Hirvonen]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://sport.independent.co.uk/motor_racing/article1998877.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Rallying: Gronholm victory delivers manufacturers' title to Ford | first=Neale | last=Graham | date=November 20, 2006 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> Continuing with Grönholm and Hirvonen, Ford successfully defended the manufacturers' world championship in the [[2007 World Rally Championship season|2007 season]]. Ford is the only manufacturer to score in the points for 92 consecutive races; since the [[2002 World Rally Championship season|2002 season]] opener [[Monte Carlo Rally]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.juwra.com/stats_make_points_finish_streaks.html |title=Statistics – Longest make points finish streaks |publisher=juwra.com |accessdate=September 30, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
===Sports cars=== |
|||
{{main|Ford GT#Racing}} |
|||
Ford sports cars have been visible in the world of sports car racing since 1964. Most notably the [[Ford GT40|GT40]] won the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] four times in the 1960s and is the only American car to ever win overall at this prestigious event. Ford also won the [[1968 International Championship for Makes]] with the GT40, which still stands today as one of the all-time greatest racing cars. Swiss team [[Matech GT Racing]], in collaboration with Ford Racing, opened a new chapter with the [[Ford GT]], winning the Teams title in the 2008 [[FIA GT3 European Championship]]. |
|||
[[File:Barbers02.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang GT]] (racing GT car)]] |
|||
{{main|Ford Mustang#Racing}} |
|||
The [[Ford Mustang]] has arguably been Ford's most successful sports car. [[Jerry Titus]] won the 1965 SCCA Pro B National Championship with a Mustang and the model went on to earn Ford the SCCA [[Trans-Am Championship]] title in both 1966 and 1967. Ford won the Trans-Am Championship again in 1970 with [[Parnelli Jones]] and [[George Folmer]] driving [[Boss 302 Mustang]]s for [[Bud Moore Engineering]]. Ford took the 1985 and 1986 IMSA GTO Championship with Mustangs driven by [[John Jones (driver)|John Jones]] and [[Scott Pruett]] before returning to Trans-Am glory with a championship in 1989 with [[Dorsey Schroeder]]. Ford dominated Trans-Am in the 1990s with [[Tommy Kendal]] winning championships in 1993, 1995, 1996, and 1997 with [[Paul Gentilozi]] adding yet another title in 1999. In 2005 the Ford Mustang FR500C took the championship in the Rolex [[Koni Challenge]] Series in its first year on the circuit. In 2007 Ford added a victory in the GT4 European Championship. 2008 was the first year of the Mustang Challenge for the Miller Cup, a series which pits a full field of identical factory built Ford Mustang race cars against each other. Also in 2008, Ford won the manufacturers championship in the Koni Challenge Series and HyperSport drivers Joe Foster and Steve Maxwell won the drivers title in a Mustang GT. |
|||
===Touring cars=== |
|||
[[File:Winterbottom2008.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ford Performance Racing]] [[Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]] [[V8 Supercar]] at Eastern Creek in Australia in 2008.]] |
|||
Ford has campaigned touring cars such as the [[Ford Focus (international)|Focus]], [[Ford Falcon (Australia)|Falcon]], and [[Ford Contour|Contour]]/[[Ford Mondeo|Mondeo]] and the [[Ford Sierra|Sierra]] [[Cosworth]] in many different series throughout the years. Notably, Mondeo drivers finished 1,2,3 in the 2000 [[British Touring Car Championship]] and Falcon drivers placed 1,2,3 in the [[2005 V8 Supercar Championship Series]]. |
|||
===Other=== |
|||
In the [[Indianapolis 500]], Ford powered [[American Championship Car Racing|IndyCars]] won 17 times between 1965 and 1996{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}. Ford has also branched out into drifting with the introduction of the new model Mustang. Most noticeable is the Turquoise and Blue Falken Tires Mustang driven by Vaughn Gittin Jr, A.K.A. "JR" with 750 RWHP (Rear Wheel Horsepower). In [[drag racing]], [[John Force Racing]] drivers [[John Force]], [[Tony Pedregon]], and [[Robert Hight]] have piloted [[Ford Mustang]] [[Funny Car]]s to several [[National Hot Rod Association|NHRA]] titles in recent seasons. Teammates [[Tim Wilkerson]] and [[Bob Tasca III]] also drive Mustangs in Funny Car. [[Formula Ford]], a formula for single-seater cars without wings and originally on road tires were conceived in 1966 in the UK as an entry-level formula for racing drivers. Many of today's racing drivers started their car racing careers in this category. |
|||
==Environmental initiatives== |
|||
[[File:Ford leaf road logo.jpg|thumb|All Ford's [[alternative fuel vehicle|alternative fuel]] and [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]] models are identified by Ford's leaf road logo badge.]] |
|||
===Compressed natural gas=== |
|||
The [[alternative fossil fuel]] vehicles, such as some versions of the [[Crown Victoria]] especially in fleet and taxi service, operate on [[compressed natural gas]]—or CNG. Some CNG vehicles have dual fuel tanks – one for gasoline, the other for CNG – the same engine can operate on either fuel via a selector switch. |
|||
===Flexible fuel vehicles=== |
|||
[[File:Ford Focus Flexifuel in Madrid with flexifuel badging.jpg|thumb|The Ford Focus Flexifuel was the first [[Common ethanol fuel mixtures#E85|E85]] [[flexible fuel vehicle]] commercially available in the European market.]] |
|||
[[Flexible fuel vehicle]]s are designed to operate smoothly using a wide range of available [[ethanol fuel]] mixtures—from pure gasoline, to [[bioethanol]]-gasoline blends such as [[E85]] (85% [[ethanol fuel|ethanol]] and 15% gasoline) or [[Common ethanol fuel mixtures|E100]] (neat [[hydrous]] ethanol) in Brazil. Part of the challenge of successful marketing alternative and flexible fuel vehicles in the U.S., is the general lack of establishment of sufficient [[fueling station]]s, which would be essential for these vehicles to be attractive to a wide range of consumers. Significant efforts to ramp up production and distribution of [[E85]] fuels are underway and expanding.<ref>{{cite web | title = Alternative Power: Michigan sets sights on ethanol to become an energy hotbed | url = http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2006603290456 }}{{dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> Current Ford E100 Flex sold in the Brazilian market are the [[Ford Courier|Courier]], [[Ford EcoSport]], [[Ford Fiesta]], [[Ford Focus (international)|Ford Focus]] and [[Ford Ka]]. |
|||
===Electric vehicles=== |
|||
Ford expects [[electric vehicle]]s will represent a "major portion" of its lineup a decade from now as the automaker breaks away from a recent reliance on pickup trucks and SUVs. The stakes are high because Ford's stepped-up investment is coming at a time when the U.S. government is demanding steep increases in fuel economy and has put money forward to help automakers adopt new fuel-saving technologies.<ref name=autoblog>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/03/05/ford-ceo-mullaly-expects-major-portion-of-fords-will-be-electr/|title=Ford CEO Mullaly expects "major portion" of Fords will be electric within a decade|accessdate=September 30, 2010|work=autoblog.com}}</ref> |
|||
Ford will partner with [[Coulomb Technologies]] to provide nearly 5,000 free in-home [[charging station]]s for some of the automaker's first electric vehicle customers, under the Ford Blue Oval ChargePoint Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automotive-fleet.com/News/Story/2010/06/Ford-Coulomb-to-Provide-EV-Charging-Stations.aspx |title=Ford, Coulomb to Provide EV Charging Stations – News |publisher=Automotive Fleet |date=June 2, 2010 |accessdate=September 30, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
====Hybrid electric vehicles==== |
|||
[[File:Ford Escape plug-in hybrid.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Escape]] [[plug-in hybrid]] test vehicle.]] |
|||
[[File:George Bush visit Kansas City Assembly.jpg|thumb|Mulally (second from left) with then-President [[George W. Bush]] at the [[Kansas City Assembly]] plant in [[Claycomo, Missouri|Claycomo]], Missouri on March 20, 2007, [[wikt:touting|touting]] Ford's new hybrid cars.]] |
|||
{{Main|Hybrid electric vehicle}} |
|||
In 2004 Ford and Toyota agreed a patent sharing accord which granted Ford access to certain hybrid technology patented by Toyota; in exchange Ford licensed Toyota some of its own patents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/10/business/ford-to-use-toyota-s-hybrid-technology.html |title=Ford to Use Toyota's Hybrid Technology – The New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=March 10, 2004 |accessdate=August 1, 2009 | first=Todd | last=Zaun}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB107880303676250060.html |title=Toyota to License Hybrid Patents For Use by Ford |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=March 9, 2004 |accessdate=August 1, 2009 | first=Yoshio | last=Takahashi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Eldridge |first=Earle |url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2004-03-09-hybrid_x.htm |title=Ford borrows from Toyota's blueprints for new hybrid Escape |work=USA Today |date=March 9, 2004 |accessdate=August 1, 2009}}</ref> In 2005 Ford introduced the [[Ford Escape Hybrid|Hybrid-Electric Escape]]. With this vehicle, Ford was third to the automotive market with a [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid electric vehicle]] and the first hybrid electric [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] to market. This was also the first hybrid electric vehicle with a [[flexible fuel]] capability to run on [[E85]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Ford Develops World's First Ethanol-Fueled Hybrid Marrying Two Gasoline-Saving Technologies | url = http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=22474 }}</ref> The Escape's platform mate [[Mercury Mariner]] was also available with the hybrid-electric system in the 2006 model year—a full year ahead of schedule. The similar [[Mazda Tribute]] will also receive a hybrid-electric powertrain option, along with many other vehicles in the Ford vehicle line. |
|||
In 2005 Ford announced a goal to make 250,000 hybrids a year by 2010, but by mid-2006 announced that it would not meet that goal, due to excessively high costs and the lack of sufficient supplies of the hybrid-electric batteries and drivetrain system components.<ref>{{cite web | last =Vanzieleghem | first =Bruno | title =Bill Ford eats his words: No 250,000 hybrids a year by 2010 | publisher=autoblog.com | date =June 29, 2006 | url =http://green.autoblog.com/2006/06/29/bill-ford-eats-his-words-no-250-000-hybrids-a-year-by-2010/ | accessdate =August 27, 2009}}</ref> Instead, Ford has committed to accelerating development of next-generation hybrid-electric power plants in Britain, in collaboration with Volvo. This engineering study is expected to yield more than 100 new hybrid-electric vehicle models and derivatives. |
|||
In September 2007 Ford announced a partnership with [[Southern California Edison]] (SCE) to examine how [[plug-in hybrid]]s will work with the electrical grid. Under the multi-million-dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]s into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings", according to Ford.<ref name = "akhrum"/><ref name="edison"/> |
|||
On June 12, 2008 [[USDOE]] expanded its own fleet of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with the addition of a Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid Flex-Fuel Vehicle. The vehicle is equipped with a {{convert|10|kW|adj=on}} [[lithium-ion]] battery supplied by [[Johnson Controls-Saft]] that stores enough electric energy to drive up to {{convert|30|mi}} at speeds of up to {{convert|40|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=11816 |title=EERE News: DOE to Award $30 Million for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Demonstrations |publisher=Apps1.eere.energy.gov |date=June 12, 2008 |accessdate=June 18, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
In March 2009 Ford launched hybrid versions of the [[Ford Fusion Hybrid]] and the [[Mercury Milan Hybrid]] in the United States, both as 2010 models.<ref name=GreenCar0409>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/04/us-hybrid-sales-in-march-2009-down-44-yearonyear-monthly-new-vehicle-market-share-of-25.html#more|title=US Hybrid Sales in March 2009 Down 44% Year-on-Year; Monthly New Vehicle Market Share of 2.5%|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=April 3, 2009|accessdate=June 6, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
Current and planned Ford hybrid electric vehicles include the [[Ford Escape Hybrid]] (2004–present), [[Mercury Mariner]] (2006–present), [[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]/[[Mercury Milan]] (2009–present) and [[Ford Edge]]/[[Lincoln MKX]] (2009/10–present). |
|||
====All-electric vehicles==== |
|||
Ford ended the [[Think City]] experiment and ordered all the cars repossessed and destroyed, even as many of the people leasing them begged to be able to buy the cars from Ford. After outcry from the lessees and activists in the US and Norway, Ford returned the cars to Norway for sale. |
|||
Bill Ford was one of the first top industry executives to make regular use of a [[battery electric vehicle]], a [[Ford Ranger EV]], while the company contracted with the [[United States Postal Service]] to deliver electric postal vans based on the Ranger EV platform. Ford discontinued a line of electric [[Ford Ranger|Ranger]] [[pickup truck]]s and ordered them destroyed, though it reversed in January 2005, after environmentalist protest.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lydersen |first=Kari |url=http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/2534 |title=Activists Deride Ford over Fuel Inefficiency, ?Greenwashing? – The NewStandard |publisher=Newstandardnews.net |accessdate=September 30, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
The North American [[Ford Focus (North America)|Focus]] EV is based on next generation Focus fuel vehicle, converted to an electric propulsion system as a Production EV by Magna International, and is planned to be launched in late 2011. Ford plans to have 10,000 Focus EVs on the road beginning in late 2011 in partnership with [[Magna International]] and it will be a global vehicle that will be sold in the three key markets of North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific. The Focus EV has a maximum range of about 160 kilometers or 100 miles, and a top speed of about 120+ kilometers or 75+ miles per hour.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20090112.RAUTOMAGNA12/TPStory/TPBusiness/?page=rss&id=GAM.20090112.RAUTOMAGNA12 |title=This page is available to GlobePlus subscribers |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto |accessdate=June 18, 2009 |deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=September 2013|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/report-magna-international-may-build-fords-electric-car.html |title=More details emerge on Ford's upcoming electric compact – MotorAuthority – Car news, reviews, spy shots |publisher=MotorAuthority |accessdate=June 18, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
Current and planned Ford electric vehicles include the all-electric [[Ford Transit Connect|Transit Connect]] (2010–present), the [[Ford Focus EV]] (2011–present), the [[Ford C-Max|C-MAX Energi]] (on sale from third quarter 2012) and the [[Ford Fusion EV]] (on sale from third quarter 2012).<ref name=autoblog/><ref name="energy1">{{cite web|url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12178 |title=EERE News: Chrysler, Ford, and Other Automakers Pursue Electric Vehicles |publisher=Apps1.eere.energy.gov |date=January 14, 2009 |accessdate=June 18, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
Ford [[battery electric vehicle]] (BEV) demonstrators are included in a British project that is part of the UK government's zero carbon vehicle fleet of [[Ford Focus BEV|Focus BEVs]]. The BEV demonstrator fleet is being developed partly with public funding from the government's [[Technology Strategy Board]] (TSB), which promotes innovative industry-led projects that reduce CO2 while benefiting the UK's transport system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/article.aspx?id=99963&lk=dm |title=UK: Ford vehicles set for London EV trial: Automotive News & Comment |publisher=Just-auto.com |date=June 24, 2009 |accessdate=August 1, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
===Hydrogen=== |
|||
Ford also continues to study [[Fuel Cell]]-powered electric powertrains, and has demonstrated hydrogen-fueled [[internal combustion engine]] technologies, as well as developing the next-generation hybrid-electric systems. Compared with conventional vehicles, [[hybrid vehicle]]s and/or [[fuel cell]] vehicles decrease air pollution emissions as well as sound levels, with favorable impacts upon respiratory health and decrease of [[noise health effects]]. |
|||
Ford has launched the production of [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen-powered]] shuttle buses, using hydrogen instead of gasoline in a standard [[Hydrogen vehicle#Hydrogen internal combustion|internal combustion engine]], for use at airports and convention centers.<ref>{{cite news | last = Hoffman | first = Bryce G | title = Ford to produce 'green' buses | publisher=The Detroit News | date = July 18, 2006 | url = http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060718/AUTO01/607180312 }}</ref> At the 2006 [[Greater Los Angeles Auto Show]], Ford showcased a hydrogen fuel cell version of its Explorer SUV. The Fuel cell Explorer has a combined output of {{Convert|174|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. It has a large hydrogen storage tank which is situated in the center of the car taking the original place of the conventional model's automatic transmission. The centered position of the tank assists the vehicle reach a notable range of {{convert|350|mi|km|0}}, the farthest for a fuel cell vehicle so far. The fuel cell Explorer the first in a series of prototypes partly funded by the [[United States Department of Energy]] to expand efforts to determine the feasibility of hydrogen- powered vehicles. The fuel cell Explorer is one of several vehicles with green technology being featured at the L.A. show, including the 2008 Ford Escape Hybrid, PZEV emissions compliant Fusion and Focus models and a 2008 Ford F-Series Super Duty outfitted with Ford's clean diesel technology. |
|||
===Increased fuel efficiency=== |
|||
[[File:Ford EcoBoost logo.jpg|thumb|All Ford's models with [[EcoBoost]] engines are identified by Ford's leaf road logo badge.]] |
|||
Ford Motor Company announced it will accelerate its plans to produce more fuel-efficient cars, changing both its North American manufacturing plans and its lineup of vehicles available in the United States. In terms of North American manufacturing, the company will convert three existing truck and sport utility vehicle (SUV) plants for small car production, with the first conversion at its Michigan Truck Plant. In addition, Ford's assembly plants near Mexico City, Mexico, and in Louisville, Kentucky, will convert from pickups and SUVs to small cars, including the Ford Fiesta, by 2011. Ford will also introduce to North America six of its European small vehicles, including two versions of the Ford Fiesta, by the end of 2012. And last but not least, Ford is stepping up its production of fuel-efficient "[[EcoBoost]]" V-6 and four-cylinder engines, while increasing its production of hybrid vehicles. |
|||
Ford of Europe developed the [[ECOnetic]] programme to address the market and legislative need for higher fuel efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. As opposed to the [[hybrid engine]] technology used in competitor products such as the [[Toyota Prius]], ECOnetic improves existing technology. Using lower consuming [[Ford Duratorq engine|Duratorq TDCi]] diesel engines, and based on a combination of improved aerodynamics, lower resistance and improved efficiency, the [[Ford Fiesta]] is currently the lowest emitting mass-produced car in Europe,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autotrader.co.uk/EDITORIAL/CARS/news/FORD/Ford_Fiesta_ECOnetic_UKs_greenest_car.html|title=Ford Fiesta ECOnetic – UK's greenest car|publisher=AutoTrader.co.uk|date=July 23, 2008|accessdate=April 13, 2011}}</ref> while the [[Ford Focus (international)|2012 Ford Focus ECOnetic]] will have better fuel consumption than the Prius or the [[Volkswagen Golf]] [[BlueMotion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autotrader.co.uk/articles/2011/04/cars/ford/focus/ford-focus-econetic-80mpg|title=Ford Focus ECOnetic: 80mpg|publisher=AutoTrader.co.uk|date=April 7, 2011|accessdate=April 13, 2011}}</ref> ECOnetic is not presently planned to be sold in North American due to current perceived lower consumer demand.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kiley |first=David |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_37/b4099060491065.htm |title=The 65 mpg Ford the U.S. Can't Have |work=BusinessWeek |date=September 4, 2008 |accessdate=May 9, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
Ford has challenged University teams to create a vehicle that is simple, durable, lightweight and come equipped with a base target price of only $7,000. The students from [[Aachen University]] created the "[[2015 Ford Model T]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=29155 |title=INSPIRING INNOVATION: 100 YEARS LATER, GLOBAL STUDENTS CREATE 21ST CENTURY MODEL T CONCEPTS, Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Media.ford.com |date=October 1, 2008 |accessdate=June 18, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=132692 |title=Details Revealed on Postmodern 2015 Ford Model T and Model T2 |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=October 1, 2008 |accessdate=June 18, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
In 2000, under the leadership of the current Ford chairman, William Clay Ford, the Company announced<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=105&STORY=/www/story/07-27-2000/0001276963 |title=Ford Commits to Major SUV Fuel Economy Gains |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date=July 27, 2000 |accessdate=September 30, 2010}}</ref> a planned 25 percent improvement in the average mileage of its light truck fleet – including its popular [[sport utility vehicle|SUVs]] – to be completed by the 2005 [[calendar year]]. In 2003, Ford announced that competitive market conditions and technological and cost challenges would prevent the company from achieving this goal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Koenig |first=Bill |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aMlQX0p5EMyI&refer=us |title="Ford to Cut New-Car Greenhouse Emissions 30% by 2020" April 9, 2008 Bloomberg.com May 1, 2008 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=April 9, 2008 |accessdate=September 30, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
Researchers at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] have, however, listed Ford as the seventh-worst corporate producer of air pollution, primarily because of the [[manganese]] compounds, [[1,2,4-trimethylbenzene]], and [[glycol ethers]] released from its [[casting (metalworking)|casting]], truck, and assembly plants.<ref>[http://www.rtknet.org/new/tox100/toxic100.php?database=t1&detail=1&datype=T&reptype=a&company1=&company2=9201&chemfac=fac&advbasic=bas [[Political Economy Research Institute]]]{{dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> The United States Environmental Protection Agency has linked Ford to 54 [[Superfund]] toxic waste sites, twelve of which have been cleaned up and deleted from the list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicintegrity.org/superfund/Company.aspx?act=6695 |title=Center for Public Integrity |publisher=Publicintegrity.org |accessdate=September 30, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
For the 2007 model year, Ford had thirteen U.S. models that achieve 30 miles per gallon or better (based on the highway fuel economy estimates of the EPA) and several of Ford's vehicles were recognized in the EPA and Department of Energy Fuel Economy Guide for best-in-class fuel economy. Ford claimed to have eliminated nearly three million pounds of smog-forming emissions from their U.S. cars and light trucks over the 2004 to 2006 model years.<ref>[http://www.ford.com/aboutford/microsites/sustainability-report-2006-07/env.htm Ford Motor Company, May 1, 2008]{{dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> |
|||
===PC power management=== |
|||
On March 2010, Ford announced its [[PC power management]] system which it developed with NightWatchman software from [[1E]]. The company is expected to save $1.2m on power cost and reduce carbon footprint by an estimated 16,000 to 25,000 metric tons annually when the system is fully implemented. |
|||
PC power management is being rolled out to all Ford computer users in US this month{{when|date=June 2013}} and it will be used in Ford operations around the world later in the year. Computers with this power profile enabled will monitor its usage patterns and decides when it can be turned off. PC user will be alerted of the approaching power down time and given the opportunity to delay it. |
|||
According to company reduction in carbon footprint and power cost will be achieved by developing 'Power Profiles' for every PC in the company.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/healthcare-and-pharmaceuticals/2010/03/power-ford-software-computers|title=Ford Motor rolls out PC power management|date=March 24, 2010|publisher=NewStatesman|accessdate=March 24, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
==Sponsorships== |
|||
Ford sponsors numerous events and sports facilities around the US, most notably the [[Ford Center (Evansville)|Ford Center]] in downtown [[Evansville, Indiana]], and [[Ford Field]] in downtown [[Detroit]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/04/09/retire-us-ford-media-idUSTRE53863920090409|title=Ford gets $22.5 million in NCAA Final Four exposure|accessdate=May 25, 2012|publisher=Reuters|date=April 9, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
Ford has also been a major sponsor of the [[UEFA Champions League]] for over two decades and is also a longtime sponsor of the Sky media channel's coverage of Premier League football. Senior Ford marketer Mark Jones explained in May 2013 the process behind the two sponsorship deals: |
|||
<blockquote> |
|||
We start with a blank piece of paper and work out if the sponsorship still works for us and ask does it meet our objectives? We want to find a moment in time when people come together and have a collective experience and we achieve this through the sponsorships.<ref>{{cite web|title='We never expected to be Champions League sponsor for 21 years' says Ford marketer|url=http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1183826/we-expected-champions-league-sponsor-21-years-says-ford-marketer|work=Marketing Magazine|publisher=Haymarket|accessdate=October 21, 2013|author=John Reynolds|date=May 24, 2013}}</ref></blockquote> |
|||
==Sales numbers== |
|||
<!-- please add more markets as new columns --> |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
|- |
|||
! Calendar Year |
|||
! US sales |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1999 |
|||
| 4,163,369<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/press/date/20010103/press033466.html |title=Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record |publisher=Theautochannel.com |accessdate=April 28, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2000 |
|||
| 4,202,820 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2001 |
|||
| 3,971,364 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2002 |
|||
| 3,623,709<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2004/01/05/175829.html |title=Ford's F-Series Truck Caps 22nd Year in a Row as America's Best-Selling Vehicle With a December Sales Record |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=November 17, 2004 |accessdate=April 28, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2003 |
|||
| 3,483,719 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2004 |
|||
| 3,331,676<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/04/204860.html |title=Ford Achieves First Car Sales Increase Since 1999 |publisher=Theautochannel.com |date=November 17, 2004 |accessdate=April 28, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2005 |
|||
| 3,153,875 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2006 |
|||
| 2,901,090<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://media.ford.com/article_download.cfm?article_id=27379 |title=Ford Motor Company 2007 sales |date=January 3, 2008}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2007 |
|||
| 2,507,366 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2008 |
|||
| 1,988,376<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/dec08sales.pdf |format=PDF|title=F-Series drives ford to higher market share for third consecutive month |date=January 5, 2009 |publisher=Ford |location=USA |accessdate=May 14, 2009}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2009 |
|||
| 1,620,888<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=31604 |title=FORD CAPS 2009 WITH 33 PERCENT SALES INCREASE, FIRST FULL-YEAR MARKET SHARE GAIN SINCE 1995, Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Ford |location=USA |date=January 5, 2010 |accessdate=September 30, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2010 |
|||
| 1,935,462<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33704 |title=FORD’S 2010 SALES UP 19 PERCENT – LARGEST INCREASE OF ANY FULL-LINE AUTOMAKER; FOUNDATION SET FOR GROWTH IN 2011 | Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Ford |location=USA |date=2011-01-04 |accessdate=2012-01-27}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2011 |
|||
| 2,143,101<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/mdc/public/page/2_3022-autosales.html |title=Auto Sales - Markets Data Center - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |accessdate=Jan 27, 2012}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2012 |
|||
| 2,250,165<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/Dec12sales.pdf|title=December 2012 Sales |publisher=Ford |location=USA |date=Jan 3, 2013 |accessdate=Mar 2, 2013}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2013 |
|||
| 2,493,918<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2014/01/03/december-2013-sales.html |title=Ford Motor Company Delivers Best Sales Year Since 2006; Ford Is Top Brand with Records for Fiesta, Fusion, Escape |publisher=Ford |location=USA |date=January 3, 2014 |accessdate=January 10, 2014}}</ref> |
|||
|} |
|||
{{clear}} |
|||
==See also== |
|||
{{Portal|Metro Detroit|Companies}} |
|||
* [[Detroit Automobile Company]] |
|||
* [[Firestone and Ford tire controversy]] |
|||
* [[The Henry Ford]] |
|||
* [[Smith Electric Vehicles]] |
|||
* [[Eugene Turenne Gregorie]] |
|||
* [[Soybean Car]] |
|||
* [[Dodge v. Ford Motor Company]] |
|||
==Notes== |
|||
{{reflist|35em}} |
|||
==References and further reading== |
|||
{{refbegin|colwidth=35em}} |
|||
* Bak, Richard. ''Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire'' (2003) |
|||
* Bardou; Jean-Pierre, Jean-Jacques Chanaron, Patrick Fridenson, and James M. Laux. ''The Automobile Revolution: The Impact of an Industry'' University of North Carolina Press, 1982 |
|||
* Batchelor, Ray. ''Henry Ford: Mass Production, Modernism and Design'' Manchester U. Press, 1994 |
|||
* Bonin, Huber et al. ''Ford, 1902–2003: The European History'' 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English on Ford operations in Europe; reviewed in Len Holden, Len. "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in ''Business History '' Volume 47, #January 1, 2005 pp 122–127 |
|||
* [http://www.spiritatwork.org/knowledgecenter/dissertations/bowman_tim_spirituality_at_work.pdf Bowman, Timothy J. ''Spirituality at Work: An Exploratory Sociological Investigation of the Ford Motor Company''. London School of Economics and Political Science, 2004] |
|||
* Brinkley, Douglas G. ''Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress'' (2003) |
|||
* Brinkley, Douglas. "Prime Mover". ''American Heritage'' 2003 54(3): 44–53. on Model T |
|||
* Bryan, Ford R. ''Henry's Lieutenants'', 1993; ISBN 0-8143-2428-2 |
|||
* Bucci, Federico. ''Albert Kahn: Architect of Ford'' Princeton Architectural Press, 1993 |
|||
* Cabadas, Joseph P. ''River Rouge: Ford's Industrial Colossus'' (2004), heavily illustrated |
|||
* Dempsey, Mary A. "Fordlandia' ''Michigan History'' 1994 78(4): 24–33. Ford's rubber plantation in Brazil |
|||
* Flink, James. ''America Adopts the Automobile, 1895–1910'' MIT Press, 1970 |
|||
* Foster, Mark S. "The Model T, The Hard Sell, and Los Angeles Urban Growth: The Decentralization of Los Angeles During the 1920s." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 44.4 (November 1975): 459–84 |
|||
* David Halberstam, ''The Reckoning'' (1986) detailed reporting on the crises of 1973-mid-1980s |
|||
* Iacocca, Lee and William Novak. ''Iacocca: An Autobiography'' (1984) |
|||
* Jacobson, D. S. "The Political Economy of Industrial Location: the Ford Motor Company at Cork 1912–26." Irish Economic and Social History [Ireland] 1977 4: 36–55. Ford and Irish politics |
|||
* Lacey, Robert "Ford: The Men and the Machine" (Heinnemann, London) 0 414 401027 (1986) |
|||
* Levinson, William A. ''Henry Ford's Lean Vision: Enduring Principles from the First Ford Motor Plant'', 2002; ISBN 1-56327-260-1 |
|||
* Kuhn, Arthur J. ''GM Passes Ford, 1918–1938: Designing the General Motors Performance-Control System.'' Pennsylvania State University Press, 1986 |
|||
* Magee, David. ''Ford Tough: Bill Ford and the Battle to Rebuild America's Automaker'' (2004) |
|||
* [[Graeme Maxton|Maxton, Graeme P.]] and John Wormald, ''Time for a Model Change: Re-engineering the Global Automotive Industry'' (2004) |
|||
* May, George S. ''A Most Unique Machine: The Michigan Origins of the American Automobile Industry'' Eerdman's, 1975 |
|||
* Maynard, Micheline. ''The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market'' (2003) |
|||
* McIntyre, Stephen L. "The Failure of Fordism: Reform of the Automobile Repair Industry, 1913–1940: ''Technology and Culture'' 2000 41(2): 269–299. repair shops rejected flat rates |
|||
* {{Cite book | first= Allan | last=Nevins |author2=Frank Ernest Hill | authorlink=Allan Nevins | title =Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company | publisher=Charles Scribners' Sons | location = New York | year = 1954}} |
|||
* {{Cite book | first= Allan | last=Nevins |author2=Frank Ernest Hill | title=Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933 | publisher=Charles Scribners' Sons | location = New York | year = 1957 | authorlink=Allan Nevins}} |
|||
* {{Cite book | first= Allan | last=Nevins |author2=Frank Ernest Hill | title=Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962 | publisher=Charles Scribners' Sons | location = New York | year = 1962 | authorlink=Allan Nevins}} |
|||
* Rubenstein; James M. ''The Changing U.S. Auto Industry: A Geographical Analysis'' Routledge, 1992 |
|||
* Shiomi, Haruhito and Kazuo Wada. ''Fordism Transformed: The Development of Production Methods in the Automobile Industry'' Oxford University Press, 1995 |
|||
* {{Sorensen1956}} |
|||
* Studer-Noguez; Isabel. ''Ford and the Global Strategies of Multinationals: The North American Auto Industry'' Routledge, 2002 |
|||
* Tedlow, Richard S. "The Struggle for Dominance in the Automobile Market: the Early Years of Ford and General Motors" ''Business and Economic History'' 1988 17: 49–62. Ford stressed low price based on efficient factories but GM did better in oligopolistic competition by including investment in manufacturing, marketing, and management |
|||
* Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Automobile Industry and its Tycoon" ''Explorations in Entrepreneurial History'' 1969 6(2): 139–157. argues Ford did NOT have much influence on US industry |
|||
* Watts, Steven. '' The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century'' (2005) |
|||
* Wik, Reynold M. ''Henry Ford and Grass-Roots America.'' University of Michigan Press, 1972. impact on farmers |
|||
* Wilkins, Mira and Frank Ernest Hill, ''American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents'' Wayne State University Press, 1964 |
|||
* Williams, Karel, Colin Haslam and John Williams, "Ford versus 'Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production?" ''Work, Employment & Society'', Vol. 6, No. 4, 517–555 (1992), stress on Ford's flexibility and commitment to continuous improvements. |
|||
{{refend}} |
|||
==External links== |
|||
{{commons category|Ford}} |
|||
* [http://corporate.ford.com/about-ford/global-vehicles-sites Official gateway to global websites] |
|||
* [http://www.thefordstory.com/ The Ford Story] |
|||
* {{OpenCorp}} |
|||
{{Navboxes|list1= |
|||
{{Ford Motor Company}} |
|||
{{Ford Motor Company vehicles}} |
|||
{{North American bus builders}} |
|||
{{Automotive industry in the United States}} |
|||
{{Ford postwar template}} |
|||
{{Modern North American Ford vehicles}} |
|||
{{Early Ford trucks}} |
|||
{{Modern North American Ford trucks}} |
|||
{{Modern European Ford vehicles}} |
|||
{{Ford Australia timeline}} |
|||
{{British Leyland}} |
|||
{{British Car Industry}} |
|||
{{Houston Astros owners}} |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]] |
|||
[[Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] |
|||
[[Category:Car manufacturers of the United States]] |
|||
[[Category:Ford Motor Company| ]] |
|||
[[Category:Bus manufacturers|Ford]] |
|||
[[Category:Companies established in 1903]] |
|||
[[Category:Companies based in Wayne County, Michigan]] |
|||
[[Category:Emergency services equipment makers]] |
|||
[[Category:Lawn and garden tractors]] |
|||
[[Category:Motor vehicle battery manufacturers]] |
|||
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan]] |
|||
[[Category:Tractor manufacturers of the United States]] |
|||
[[Category:Truck manufacturers]] |
|||
[[Category:Dearborn, Michigan]] |
|||
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers]] |
|||
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States]] |
|||
[[Category:1903 establishments in the United States]] |
|||
[[Category:Publicly traded companies of the United States]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 16:45, 24 December 2023
Redirect to:
This page is a redirect. The following categories are used to track and monitor this redirect:
|