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{{Short description|Yōkai}}
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[[File:Obake Karuta 4-06.jpg|thumb|right|160px|The card "{{nihongo|Boy with His Toungue Out Licking a Tōfu|した出し小僧のとうふなめ}}" from [[Obake karuta|yōkai karuta]]<ref name="妖怪かるた">{{Cite book|author=[[多田克己]]編|title=江戸妖怪かるた|year=1998|publisher=[[国書刊行会]]|isbn=978-4-3360-4112-8|pages=49頁}}</ref>]]
{{italic title}}
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[[File:Masayoshi Hitotsume-kozo.jpg|thumb|right|160px|A hitotsume-kozō from a [[kibyōshi]]. "Bakemono Chakutōchō" by Masayoshi Kitao.<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[アダム・カバット]]校注・編 |title=江戸化物草紙|year=1999|publisher=[[小学館]]|isbn=978-4-0936-2111-3|pages=43頁}}</ref>]]
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[[File:Obake Karuta 4-06.jpg|thumb|The card "{{nihongo|Boy with His Tongue Out Licking Tōfu|した出し小僧のとうふなめ}}" from ''[[Obake karuta|yōkai karuta]]''<ref name="妖怪かるた">{{Cite book|author=多田克己編|title=江戸妖怪かるた|year=1998|publisher=国書刊行会|isbn=978-4-3360-4112-8|pages=49頁}}</ref>]]
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'''Hitotsume-kozō''' (一つ目小僧) are a yōkai of Japan that take on the appearance of a bald child with one eye in the center of its forehead.
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[[File:Masayoshi Hitotsume-kozo.jpg|thumb|A ''hitotsume-kozō'' from the ''[[kibyōshi]]'' "Bakemono Chakutōchō" by Masayoshi Kitao.<ref>{{Cite book|author=アダム・カバット校注・編 |title=江戸化物草紙|year=1999|publisher=小学館|isbn=978-4-0936-2111-3|pages=43頁}}</ref>]]
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'''''Hitotsume-kozō''''' (一つ目小僧) are a ''[[Yōkai]]'' (supernatural apparition) of [[Japan]] that take on the appearance of a bald-headed child with one eye in the center of its forehead similar to a [[cyclops]].


==Summary==
==Summary==
They generally do not cause any injury, and they are said to suddenly appear and surprise people, and is a comparatively harmless type of yōkai. By that, it can be said that their behavior could also be understood in terms of the [[karakasa-obake]]. Perhaps because they don't perform bad deeds, when they are depicted in pictures, they are often depicted cutely, or in a humorous design.
They generally do not cause any injury, are said to suddenly appear and surprise people, and are a comparatively harmless type of yōkai. By that, it can be said that their behavior could also be understood in terms of the ''[[karakasa-obake]]''. Perhaps because they don't perform bad deeds, when they are depicted in pictures, they are often depicted cutely, or in a humorous design.


In [[obake karuta|yōkai karuta]], hitotsume-kozō are depicted carrying tōfu, but according to the yōkai researcher [[Katsumi Tada]], since "{{nihongo|mame|豆粒|bean pieces}}" leads to "{{nihongo|mametsu|魔滅|sound health}})", hitotsume-kozō are supposed to dislike beans, but somehow before anyone knew it the hitotsume-kozō switched to having tōfu as its favorite food. Additionally, this said to be related to the [[tōfu-kozō]].<ref name="妖怪かるた" />
In ''[[obake karuta|yōkai karuta]]'', ''hitotsume-kozō'' are depicted carrying ''tōfu'', but according to the ''yōkai'' researcher [[Katsumi Tada]], since "{{nihongo|mametsubu|豆粒|bean pieces}}" leads to "{{nihongo|mametsu|魔滅|sound health}}", hitotsume-kozō are supposed to dislike beans, but somehow before anyone knew it the ''hitotsume-kozō'' switched to having ''[[tōfu]]'' (made from soybeans) as its favorite food. Additionally, this said to be related to the ''[[tōfu-kozō]]''.<ref name="妖怪かるた" />


They take on the appearance of a kozō (a monk in training), but there is also the theory that they come from the yōkai from [[Mount Hiei]], the '''{{nihongo|ichigan hitoashi hōshi|一眼一足法師|one-eyed one-footed hōshi}}''' said to be what the 18th Tendaizasu, [[Ryōgen]] turned into (see also, [[hitotsume-nyūdō]]).<ref name="youkaizukan">{{Cite book|author=[[京極夏彦]]・多田克己編著|title=妖怪図巻|year=2000|publisher=国書刊行会|isbn=978-4-336-04187-6|pages=164–165頁}}</ref>
They take on the appearance of a ''kozō'' (a monk in training), but there is also the theory that they come from the ''yōkai'' from [[Mount Hiei]], the '''{{nihongo|ichigan hitoashi hōshi|一眼一足法師|one-eyed one-footed Buddhist priest}}''' said to be what the 18th Tendaizasu, [[Ryōgen]] turned into. See also [[Hitotsume-nyūdō]].<ref name="youkaizukan">{{Cite book|author=京極夏彦・多田克己編著|title=妖怪図巻|year=2000|publisher=国書刊行会|isbn=978-4-336-04187-6|pages=164–165頁}}</ref>


==Hitotsume-kozō in classics==
==In classics==
They can frequently be seen in [[kaidan]], essays, and modern folkloristics material, but the story from "{{nihongo|Kaidanoi no Tsue|怪談老の杖}}" by Tōsaku Ikō is especially well-known. In [[Yotsuya, Tokyo|Yotsuya]], [[Edo]], there lived a man named Ojima Yakiemon (小嶋弥喜右衛門), and headed towards the estate of the samurai family Asanuno for business, and when he waited in the room, a kozō about ten years of age appeared, and rolled up and rolled down the hanging scroll in the [[tokonoma]] over and over. When Yakiemon warned him about playing a prank, the kozō said "shut up" while turning around, and there was only one eye on his face. Yakiemon raised a shriek and fell down, and was sent back to his home by the people of the estate who were surprised by his voice. afterwards, according to the people of the estate, this kind of strange occurrence happens about 4 or 5 times each year, but it doesn't particularly do anything bad. Even though Yakiemon slept for about 20 days, he returned to being as robust as he was before.<ref>{{Cite book|author=平秼東作|editor=[[柴田宵曲]]編|year=2008|title=奇談異聞辞典|publisher=[[筑摩書房]]|series=[[ちくま学芸文庫]]|isbn=978-4-480-09162-8|pages=551–552頁|chapter=怪談老の杖}}</ref>
They can frequently be seen in [[kaidan (parapsychology)|kaidan]], essays, and modern folkloristics material, but the story from "{{nihongo|Kaidanoi no Tsue|怪談老の杖}}" by Tōsaku Ikō is especially well-known. In [[Yotsuya, Tokyo|Yotsuya]], [[Edo]], there lived a man named Ojima Yakiemon (小嶋弥喜右衛門), and headed towards the estate of the samurai family Asanuno for business, and when he waited in the room, a kozō about ten years of age appeared, and rolled up and rolled down the hanging scroll in the [[tokonoma]] over and over. When Yakiemon warned him about playing a prank, the kozō said "shut up" while turning around, and there was only one eye on his face. Yakiemon raised a shriek and fell down, and was sent back to his home by the people of the estate who were surprised by his voice. Afterward, according to the people of the estate, this kind of strange occurrence happens about four or five times each year, but it doesn't particularly do anything bad. Even though Yakiemon slept for about 20 days, he returned to being as robust as he was before.<ref>{{Cite book|author=平秼東作|editor=柴田宵曲編|year=2008|title=奇談異聞辞典|publisher=筑摩書房|series=ちくま学芸文庫|isbn=978-4-480-09162-8|pages=551–552頁|chapter=怪談老の杖}}</ref>


It is said that hitotsume-kozō appear more frequently outside than inside. According to the "{{nihongo|Aizu Kaidan Shū|会津怪談集}}", near the {{nihongo|Honshi no Chō|本四ノ丁}} in [[Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima|Aizuwakamatsu]], a girl met a child who was 8 or 9 years of age who asked "onee-san, do you money?" and upon answering "I want," the child face had only one eye, and the girl was glared at by that one eye fainted right there.<ref>{{Cite book|author=川口芳昭編|title=会津ふるさと夜話|year=1978|publisher=歴史春秋社|volume=2|pages=28頁}}</ref> Also, in the "Okayama no Kaidan," at Kamimomiimaidani, [[Kumenan, Okayama|Kumenan]], [[Kume District, Okayama|Kume District]], [[Okayama Prefecture]], there was a hill road called {{nihongo|Hitokuchizaka|一口坂|"one mouth hill"}}, and in the past, when one walks that path at night, a bright blue light together with a hitotsume-kozō would appear, and those who are unable to stand due to surprise/fear would be licked by one mouthful of a long toungue, and this would be where the name Hitokuchizaka came from.<ref>{{Cite book|author=佐藤米司|title=岡山の怪談|year=1979|publisher=[[日本文教出版 (岡山県)|日本文教出版]]|series=岡山文庫|pages=42頁}}</ref>
It is said that hitotsume-kozō appear more frequently outside than inside. According to the "{{nihongo|Aizu Kaidan Shū|会津怪談集}}", near the {{nihongo|Honshi no Chō|本四ノ丁}} in [[Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima|Aizuwakamatsu]], a girl met a child who was eight or nine years of age who asked "onee-san, do you money?" and upon answering "I want," the child face had only one eye, and the girl was glared at by that one eye fainted right there.<ref>{{Cite book|author=川口芳昭編|title=会津ふるさと夜話|year=1978|publisher=歴史春秋社|volume=2|pages=28頁}}</ref> Also, in the "Okayama no Kaidan", at Kamimomiimaidani, [[Kumenan, Okayama|Kumenan]], [[Kume District, Okayama|Kume District]], [[Okayama Prefecture]], there was a hill road called {{nihongo|Hitokuchizaka|一口坂|"one mouth hill"}}, and in the past, when one walks that path at night, a bright blue light together with a hitotsume-kozō would appear, and those who are unable to stand due to surprise/fear would be licked by one mouthful of a long tongue, and this would be where the name Hitokuchizaka came from.<ref>{{Cite book|author=佐藤米司|title=岡山の怪談|year=1979|publisher=日本文教出版|series=岡山文庫|pages=42頁}}</ref>


In yōkai depictions from the Edo period such as the [[Hyakkai Zukan]], the "Bakemono Zukushi," and the "Bakemono Emaki," it was depicted under the name {{nihongo|Mehitotsu-bō|目一つ坊}}.<ref>{{Cite book|title=日本妖怪大事典|pages=5頁}}</ref> Also, in Oshu, they are called "hitotsu managu."<ref>[[柳田國男]] 『日本の伝説』 [[角川文庫]] 初版1953年（15版1977年） 65頁。</ref>
In yōkai depictions from the Edo period such as the [[Hyakkai Zukan]], the "Bakemono Zukushi", and the "Bakemono Emaki", it was depicted under the name {{nihongo|Mehitotsu-bō|目一つ坊}}.<ref>{{Cite book|title=日本妖怪大事典|pages=5頁}}</ref> Also, in Oshu, they are called "hitotsu managu."<ref>柳田國男 『日本の伝説』 角川文庫 初版1953年（15版1977年） 65頁。</ref>


Also in [[rakugo]], people with one eye (including children) would appear, and in the program "{{nihongo|Ichigankoku|一眼国|"One Eyed Country"}}," it told of how a charlatan heard about a one-eyed person witnessed about 120 or 130 ri north of Edo on an empty field, and went out to capture one to show as exhibition for the sake of profit, and he found a one-eyed child, and when he attempted to take him away, there was a big uproar and he was surrounded by a great number of people, and he was the one captured. All of the people were one-eyed, and it ended with "how strange he is, he has two eyes," and "quickly, let's put him on exhibition" (furthermore, geographically, 120 ri north of Edo would be about 470 kilometers, which would be the Iwate or Akita Prefecture).
Also in [[rakugo]], people with one eye (including children) would appear, and in the program "{{nihongo|Ichigankoku|一眼国|"One Eyed Country"}}", it told of how a charlatan heard about a one-eyed person witnessed about 120 or 130 ri north of Edo on an empty field. He went out to capture one to show as an exhibit for the sake of profit. He found a one-eyed child, and when he attempted to take him away, there was a big uproar and he was surrounded by a great number of people who captured him. All of the people were one-eyed, and it ended with "how strange he is, he has two eyes", and "quickly, let's put him on exhibit" (furthermore, geographically, 120 ri north of Edo would be about 470 kilometers, which would be the Iwate or Akita Prefecture).


==Hitotsume-kozō in folk religion==
==In folk religion==
In the [[Kantō region]], there is the legend that on the night of {{nihongo|Kotoyōka|事八日}}, the 8th day on the 2nd month and the 8th day of the 12th month in the lunisolar calendar, they would come from mountain villages together with a [[mikaribaba]], and perform the custom of putting a bamboo basket in front of their house in order to drive it away. Also, depending on the region, [[Osmanthus heterophyllus|hiiragi]] are used to pierce baskets, but this is what "to stab one eye" means in those places.<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[村上健司]]編著|title=日本妖怪大事典|year=2005|publisher=[[角川書店]]|series=Kwai books|isbn=978-4-04-883926-6|pages=274–276頁}}</ref> On Kotoyōka, in the past there were many regions people would not do their work and stay confined in their homes, but sometime, this ritual of seclusion in the house was interpreted as staying in the home since monsters would appear, and there is also a theory that these monsters are the hitotsume-kozō and the mikaribaba.<ref>{{Cite book|title=日本妖怪大事典|pages=310頁}}</ref>
In the [[Kantō region]], there is the legend that on the night of {{nihongo|Kotoyōka|事八日}}, the eighth day on the second month and the eighth day of the 12th month in the lunisolar calendar, they would come from mountain villages together with a [[mikaribaba]], and perform the custom of putting a bamboo basket in front of their house in order to drive it away. Also, depending on the region, [[Osmanthus heterophyllus|hiiragi]] are used to pierce baskets, but this is what "to stab one eye" means in those places.<ref>{{Cite book|author=村上健司編著|title=日本妖怪大事典|year=2005|publisher=角川書店|series=Kwai books|isbn=978-4-04-883926-6|pages=274–276頁}}</ref> On Kotoyōka, in the past there were many regions that people would not do their work and stay confined in their homes, but sometimes, this ritual of seclusion in the house was interpreted as staying in the home since monsters would appear; there is also a theory that these monsters are the hitotsume-kozō and the mikaribaba.<ref>{{Cite book|title=日本妖怪大事典|pages=310頁}}</ref>


Also in the legends of the Kantō region, hitotsume-kozō would go around houses carrying a notebook on Kotoyōka and would investigate houses that had bad door fastenings or bad manners, and determine their fortune,<ref name="旅と伝説">{{Cite journal|author=[[柳田國男]]|date=September 1933|title=年中行事調査標目|journal=旅と伝説|volume=6巻|issue=9号（通巻69号）|pages=86頁|publisher=[[三元社]]}}</ref> or report it to the [[yakubyōgami]] and bring about misfortune.<ref name="幻想世界">{{Cite book|author=多田克己|title=幻想世界の住人たち|year=1990|publisher=[[新紀元社]]|series=Truth in fantasy|volume=IV|isbn=978-4-915146-44-2|pages=281頁}}</ref> On this occasion, on the 8th day of the 12th month, the hitotsume-kozō would record in a notebook the errors of each house and temporarily hand it to the [[dōsojin]], and since they would be retrieving it on the 8th day of the 2nd month, and as a practice to burn away the notebook, in [[Seya-ku, Yokohama|Seya-ku]], [[Yokohama]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], they would make a temporary shrine to the dōsojin and on the 14th day of the 1st month, burn it in [[sagichō|dondoyaki]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/seya/shoukai/minwa/minwa15.html|title=瀬谷区の民話と昔話 第十五話：一つ目小僧|work=横浜市瀬谷区 区政推進課|accessdate=2008-12-25}}</ref> and in [[Izu Peninsula|Izu region]] in [[Shizuoka Prefecture]], on the 15th day of the first month, there is the custom of burning a statue of a dōsojin in fire in the dōsojin festival.<ref name="旅と伝説" /> With this, the hitotsume-kozō who was supposed to retrieve the notebook from the dōsojin on the 8th day of the 2nd month would no longer be there, thus evading misfortune.<ref name="旅と伝説" /><ref name="幻想世界" />
Also in the legends of the Kantō region, hitotsume-kozō would go around houses carrying a notebook on Kotoyōka and would investigate houses that had bad door fastenings or bad manners, and determine their fortune,<ref name="旅と伝説">{{Cite journal|author=柳田國男|date=September 1933|title=年中行事調査標目|journal=旅と伝説|volume=6巻|issue=9号（通巻69号）|pages=86頁}}</ref> or report it to the [[yakubyōgami]] and bring about misfortune.<ref name="幻想世界">{{Cite book|author=多田克己|title=幻想世界の住人たち|year=1990|publisher=新紀元社|series=Truth in fantasy|volume=IV|isbn=978-4-915146-44-2|pages=281頁}}</ref> On this occasion, on the eighth day of the 12th month, the hitotsume-kozō would record in a notebook the errors of each house and temporarily hand it to the [[dōsojin]], and since they would be retrieving it on the eighth day of the second month, and as a practice to burn away the notebook, in [[Seya-ku, Yokohama|Seya-ku]], [[Yokohama]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], they would make a temporary shrine to the dōsojin and on the 14th day of the first month, burn it in [[sagichō|dondoyaki]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/seya/shoukai/minwa/minwa15.html|title=瀬谷区の民話と昔話 第十五話：一つ目小僧|website=横浜市瀬谷区 区政推進課|access-date=2008-12-25|archive-date=2013-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922111714/http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/seya/shoukai/minwa/minwa15.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Izu Peninsula|Izu region]] in [[Shizuoka Prefecture]], on the 15th day of the first month, there is the custom of burning a statue of a dōsojin in a fire in the dōsojin festival.<ref name="旅と伝説" /> With this, the hitotsume-kozō who was supposed to retrieve the notebook from the dōsojin on the eighth day of the second month would no longer be there, thus evading misfortune.<ref name="旅と伝説" /><ref name="幻想世界" />


===Atypical gods (kami)===
===Atypical gods (kami)===
[[Kunio Yanagita]], a great authority on [[folkloristics]], based on the thought that "yōkai are gods (kami) that have come to ruin," it has been explained that hitotsume-kozō are fallen [[Yama-no-Kami|mountain gods]]. There are several regions that have the legend that "mountain gods are cross-eyed ([[trabismus]])," and since "has one eye" was a common way to say "cross-eyed," this is also originated from the divine spirits of the mountain. Also, there are hints that there existed people who lost a leg and an eye as a [[sacrifice]] in old rituals, and according to [[hunter]]s and [[lumberjack]]s, in a legend related to nature gods deified in the mountains, one can catch a glimpse of atypical gods that took on an appearance with one eye and one foot. Other than this, since, among those who were employed in smelting iron in a [[Tatara (furnace)|tatara]], there were many people who lost one eye, there is the theory that it is related to one-eyed god, [[Ame no Mahitotsu no Kami]] that people employed at iron smelting have put their faith into.
[[Kunio Yanagita]], a great authority on [[folkloristics]], based on the thought that "yōkai are gods (kami) that have come to ruin", it has been explained that hitotsume-kozō are fallen [[Yama-no-Kami|mountain gods]]. There are several regions that have the legend that "mountain gods are cross-eyed ([[strabismus]])", and since "has one eye" was a common way to say "cross-eyed", this is also originated from the divine spirits of the mountain. Also, there are hints that there existed people who lost a leg and an eye as a [[sacrifice]] in old rituals, and according to [[hunter]]s and [[lumberjack]]s, in a legend related to nature gods deified in the mountains, one can catch a glimpse of atypical gods that took on an appearance with one eye and one foot. Other than this, since, among those who were employed in smelting iron in a [[Tatara (furnace)|tatara]] there were many people who lost one eye, there is the theory that it is related to one-eyed god, [[Ame no Mahitotsu no Kami]] that people employed at iron smelting have put their faith into.


==Cyclopia==
==Cyclopia==
{{main|Cyclopia}}
{{main|Cyclopia}}
There is an inherited deformity called [[cyclopia]]. When the mother is deficient in [[Vitamin A]] or other nutrients, the [[cerebrum]] is unable to divide to the left and right, and accompanying this there is also only one eyeball. More than just abnormalities with the brain, nerves, or respiratory system, it is a condition that results in death in the womb before even birth. Vitamin A is, other than green vegetables, also contained in many animal foods, and in Japan, which did not have much of a culture in eating meat, it might not have been strange to be deficient in Vitamin A. With this background, since hitotsume-kozō have the appearance of a child and the clothing of a young priest, it is thought that babies born with one eye were called this, which is where it started.<ref>{{Cite web|author=山田敏之|date=2007-06-29|url=http://www.sony-ef.or.jp/library/rakugo/2_ex.html|title=第2回 『一眼国』と複眼思考 解説編|work=[http://www.sony-ef.or.jp/library/rakugo/ 落語に学ぶ]|publisher=[[ソニー教育財団]]|accessdate=2009-12-05}}</ref><ref name="まめこぞう">{{Cite web|author=|date=2007-01-08|url=http://www.0462.net/blog/mamekozo/index.html?page=2133|title=まめこぞうの旅 座間の歴史探検 第34話 一つ目小僧地蔵|work=[http://www.0462.net/index.html あなたの知らない座間がある 0462.net]|publisher=[[座間市]]商店会連合会|accessdate=2009-12-05}}</ref>
There is an inherited deformity called [[cyclopia]]. When the mother is deficient in [[Vitamin A]] or other nutrients, the [[cerebrum]] is unable to divide to the left and right, and accompanying this there is also only one eyeball. More than just abnormalities with the brain, nerves, or respiratory system, it is a condition that results in death in the womb before even birth. Vitamin A is, other than green vegetables, also contained in many animal foods, and in Japan, which did not have much of a culture in eating meat, it might not have been strange to be deficient in Vitamin A. With this background, since hitotsume-kozō have the appearance of a child and the clothing of a young priest, it is thought that babies born with one eye were called this, which is where it started.<ref>{{Cite web|author=山田敏之|date=2007-06-29|url=http://www.sony-ef.or.jp/library/rakugo/2_ex.html|title=第2回 『一眼国』と複眼思考 解説編|website=落語に学ぶ ([[Rakugo]] ni Manabu)|publisher=ソニー教育財団|access-date=2009-12-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110200707/http://www.sony-ef.or.jp/library/rakugo/2_ex.html|archive-date=2007-11-10}}</ref><ref name="まめこぞう">{{Cite web|date=2007-01-08|url=http://www.0462.net/blog/mamekozo/index.html?page=2133|title=まめこぞうの旅 座間の歴史探検 第34話 一つ目小僧地蔵|website=あなたの知らない座間がある 0462.net|publisher=座間市商店会連合会|access-date=2009-12-05|archive-date=2010-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105231745/http://www.0462.net/blog/mamekozo/index.html?page=2133|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In [[Zama, Kanagawa|Zama]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], in 1932 (Showa 7), a skull with only one eye socket was dug up from the cemetery inside the city, and it was presumed to have been the result of someone who was attacked by wild dogs after collapsing, and a "Hitotsume-kozō Jizō" was constructed as a memorial for this, and afterwards people connected it with the legend of hitotsume-kozō and conveyed between people.<ref>{{Cite book|author=座間市文化財調査委員会執筆編集|title=座間市文化財調査報告書|year=1984|publisher=座間市教育委員会|volume=第9集|pages=96–97頁}}</ref> There is also the viewpoint that the owner of the skull had cyclopia.<ref name="まめこぞう" />
In [[Zama, Kanagawa|Zama]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], in 1932 (Showa 7), a skull with only one eye socket was dug up from the cemetery inside the city, and it was presumed to have been the result of someone who was attacked by wild dogs after collapsing, and a "Hitotsume-kozō Jizō" was constructed as a memorial for this, and afterwards people connected it with the legend of hitotsume-kozō and conveyed between people.<ref>{{Cite book|author=座間市文化財調査委員会執筆編集|title=座間市文化財調査報告書|year=1984|publisher=座間市教育委員会|volume=第9集|pages=96–97頁}}</ref> There is also the viewpoint that the owner of the skull had cyclopia.<ref name="まめこぞう" />

⚫
==References==
⚫
{{reflist}}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Cyclops]]
*[[Cyclopes]]
*[[List of legendary creatures from Japan]]
*[[List of legendary creatures from Japan]]

⚫
==References==
⚫
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://hyakumonogatari.com/2012/03/12/tofu-kozo-the-tofu-boy/ Tōfu-kozō – The Tofu Boy | 百物語怪談会 Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai], by Mizuki Shigeru at hyakumonogatari.com
*[http://en.gigazine.net/news/20081230_youkai_bronze/ 133 Yokai Statues on Mizuki Shigeru Road] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313190747/http://en.gigazine.net/news/20081230_youkai_bronze/ |date=2017-03-13 }}; scroll down to see 84. Hitotsume Kozou (One-eyed boy)
{{Japanese folklore long}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hitotsume-kozo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hitotsume-kozo}}
[[Category:Japanese legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Mythic humanoids]]
[[Category:Mythic humanoids]]
[[Category:Yōkai]]
[[Category:Yōkai]]
[[Category:Mythological monsters]]
[[Category:Cyclopes]]

Latest revision as of 08:25, 23 September 2023

The card "Boy with His Tongue Out Licking Tōfu (した出し小僧のとうふなめ)" from yōkai karuta[1]
A hitotsume-kozō from the kibyōshi "Bakemono Chakutōchō" by Masayoshi Kitao.[2]

Hitotsume-kozō (一つ目小僧) are a Yōkai (supernatural apparition) of Japan that take on the appearance of a bald-headed child with one eye in the center of its forehead similar to a cyclops.

Summary

[edit]

They generally do not cause any injury, are said to suddenly appear and surprise people, and are a comparatively harmless type of yōkai. By that, it can be said that their behavior could also be understood in terms of the karakasa-obake. Perhaps because they don't perform bad deeds, when they are depicted in pictures, they are often depicted cutely, or in a humorous design.

In yōkai karuta, hitotsume-kozō are depicted carrying tōfu, but according to the yōkai researcher Katsumi Tada, since "mametsubu (豆粒, bean pieces)" leads to "mametsu (魔滅, sound health)", hitotsume-kozō are supposed to dislike beans, but somehow before anyone knew it the hitotsume-kozō switched to having tōfu (made from soybeans) as its favorite food. Additionally, this said to be related to the tōfu-kozō.[1]

They take on the appearance of a kozō (a monk in training), but there is also the theory that they come from the yōkai from Mount Hiei, the ichigan hitoashi hōshi (一眼一足法師, one-eyed one-footed Buddhist priest) said to be what the 18th Tendaizasu, Ryōgen turned into. See also Hitotsume-nyūdō.[3]

In classics

[edit]

They can frequently be seen in kaidan, essays, and modern folkloristics material, but the story from "Kaidanoi no Tsue (怪談老の杖)" by Tōsaku Ikō is especially well-known. In Yotsuya, Edo, there lived a man named Ojima Yakiemon (小嶋弥喜右衛門), and headed towards the estate of the samurai family Asanuno for business, and when he waited in the room, a kozō about ten years of age appeared, and rolled up and rolled down the hanging scroll in the tokonoma over and over. When Yakiemon warned him about playing a prank, the kozō said "shut up" while turning around, and there was only one eye on his face. Yakiemon raised a shriek and fell down, and was sent back to his home by the people of the estate who were surprised by his voice. Afterward, according to the people of the estate, this kind of strange occurrence happens about four or five times each year, but it doesn't particularly do anything bad. Even though Yakiemon slept for about 20 days, he returned to being as robust as he was before.[4]

It is said that hitotsume-kozō appear more frequently outside than inside. According to the "Aizu Kaidan Shū (会津怪談集)", near the Honshi no Chō (本四ノ丁) in Aizuwakamatsu, a girl met a child who was eight or nine years of age who asked "onee-san, do you money?" and upon answering "I want," the child face had only one eye, and the girl was glared at by that one eye fainted right there.[5] Also, in the "Okayama no Kaidan", at Kamimomiimaidani, Kumenan, Kume District, Okayama Prefecture, there was a hill road called Hitokuchizaka (一口坂, "one mouth hill"), and in the past, when one walks that path at night, a bright blue light together with a hitotsume-kozō would appear, and those who are unable to stand due to surprise/fear would be licked by one mouthful of a long tongue, and this would be where the name Hitokuchizaka came from.[6]

In yōkai depictions from the Edo period such as the Hyakkai Zukan, the "Bakemono Zukushi", and the "Bakemono Emaki", it was depicted under the name Mehitotsu-bō (目一つ坊).[7] Also, in Oshu, they are called "hitotsu managu."[8]

Also in rakugo, people with one eye (including children) would appear, and in the program "Ichigankoku (一眼国, "One Eyed Country")", it told of how a charlatan heard about a one-eyed person witnessed about 120 or 130 ri north of Edo on an empty field. He went out to capture one to show as an exhibit for the sake of profit. He found a one-eyed child, and when he attempted to take him away, there was a big uproar and he was surrounded by a great number of people who captured him. All of the people were one-eyed, and it ended with "how strange he is, he has two eyes", and "quickly, let's put him on exhibit" (furthermore, geographically, 120 ri north of Edo would be about 470 kilometers, which would be the Iwate or Akita Prefecture).

In folk religion

[edit]

In the Kantō region, there is the legend that on the night of Kotoyōka (事八日), the eighth day on the second month and the eighth day of the 12th month in the lunisolar calendar, they would come from mountain villages together with a mikaribaba, and perform the custom of putting a bamboo basket in front of their house in order to drive it away. Also, depending on the region, hiiragi are used to pierce baskets, but this is what "to stab one eye" means in those places.[9] On Kotoyōka, in the past there were many regions that people would not do their work and stay confined in their homes, but sometimes, this ritual of seclusion in the house was interpreted as staying in the home since monsters would appear; there is also a theory that these monsters are the hitotsume-kozō and the mikaribaba.[10]

Also in the legends of the Kantō region, hitotsume-kozō would go around houses carrying a notebook on Kotoyōka and would investigate houses that had bad door fastenings or bad manners, and determine their fortune,[11] or report it to the yakubyōgami and bring about misfortune.[12] On this occasion, on the eighth day of the 12th month, the hitotsume-kozō would record in a notebook the errors of each house and temporarily hand it to the dōsojin, and since they would be retrieving it on the eighth day of the second month, and as a practice to burn away the notebook, in Seya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, they would make a temporary shrine to the dōsojin and on the 14th day of the first month, burn it in dondoyaki.[13] In Izu region in Shizuoka Prefecture, on the 15th day of the first month, there is the custom of burning a statue of a dōsojin in a fire in the dōsojin festival.[11] With this, the hitotsume-kozō who was supposed to retrieve the notebook from the dōsojin on the eighth day of the second month would no longer be there, thus evading misfortune.[11][12]

Atypical gods (kami)

[edit]

Kunio Yanagita, a great authority on folkloristics, based on the thought that "yōkai are gods (kami) that have come to ruin", it has been explained that hitotsume-kozō are fallen mountain gods. There are several regions that have the legend that "mountain gods are cross-eyed (strabismus)", and since "has one eye" was a common way to say "cross-eyed", this is also originated from the divine spirits of the mountain. Also, there are hints that there existed people who lost a leg and an eye as a sacrifice in old rituals, and according to hunters and lumberjacks, in a legend related to nature gods deified in the mountains, one can catch a glimpse of atypical gods that took on an appearance with one eye and one foot. Other than this, since, among those who were employed in smelting iron in a tatara there were many people who lost one eye, there is the theory that it is related to one-eyed god, Ame no Mahitotsu no Kami that people employed at iron smelting have put their faith into.

Cyclopia

[edit]
Main article: Cyclopia

There is an inherited deformity called cyclopia. When the mother is deficient in Vitamin A or other nutrients, the cerebrum is unable to divide to the left and right, and accompanying this there is also only one eyeball. More than just abnormalities with the brain, nerves, or respiratory system, it is a condition that results in death in the womb before even birth. Vitamin A is, other than green vegetables, also contained in many animal foods, and in Japan, which did not have much of a culture in eating meat, it might not have been strange to be deficient in Vitamin A. With this background, since hitotsume-kozō have the appearance of a child and the clothing of a young priest, it is thought that babies born with one eye were called this, which is where it started.[14][15]

In Zama, Kanagawa Prefecture, in 1932 (Showa 7), a skull with only one eye socket was dug up from the cemetery inside the city, and it was presumed to have been the result of someone who was attacked by wild dogs after collapsing, and a "Hitotsume-kozō Jizō" was constructed as a memorial for this, and afterwards people connected it with the legend of hitotsume-kozō and conveyed between people.[16] There is also the viewpoint that the owner of the skull had cyclopia.[15]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b 多田克己編 (1998). 江戸妖怪かるた. 国書刊行会. pp. 49頁. ISBN 978-4-3360-4112-8.
  2. ^ アダム・カバット校注・編 (1999). 江戸化物草紙. 小学館. pp. 43頁. ISBN 978-4-0936-2111-3.
  3. ^ 京極夏彦・多田克己編著 (2000). 妖怪図巻. 国書刊行会. pp. 164–165頁. ISBN 978-4-336-04187-6.
  4. ^ 平秼東作 (2008). "怪談老の杖". In 柴田宵曲編 (ed.). 奇談異聞辞典. ちくま学芸文庫. 筑摩書房. pp. 551–552頁. ISBN 978-4-480-09162-8.
  5. ^ 川口芳昭編 (1978). 会津ふるさと夜話. Vol. 2. 歴史春秋社. pp. 28頁.
  6. ^ 佐藤米司 (1979). 岡山の怪談. 岡山文庫. 日本文教出版. pp. 42頁.
  7. ^ 日本妖怪大事典. pp. 5頁.
  8. ^ 柳田國男 『日本の伝説』 角川文庫 初版1953年（15版1977年） 65頁。
  9. ^ 村上健司編著 (2005). 日本妖怪大事典. Kwai books. 角川書店. pp. 274–276頁. ISBN 978-4-04-883926-6.
  10. ^ 日本妖怪大事典. pp. 310頁.
  11. ^ a b c 柳田國男 (September 1933). "年中行事調査標目". 旅と伝説. 6巻 (9号（通巻69号）): 86頁.
  12. ^ a b 多田克己 (1990). 幻想世界の住人たち. Truth in fantasy. Vol. IV. 新紀元社. pp. 281頁. ISBN 978-4-915146-44-2.
  13. ^ "瀬谷区の民話と昔話 第十五話：一つ目小僧". 横浜市瀬谷区 区政推進課. Archived from the original on 2013-09-22. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  14. ^ 山田敏之 (2007-06-29). "第2回 『一眼国』と複眼思考 解説編". 落語に学ぶ (Rakugo ni Manabu). ソニー教育財団. Archived from the original on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
  15. ^ a b "まめこぞうの旅 座間の歴史探検 第34話 一つ目小僧地蔵". あなたの知らない座間がある 0462.net. 座間市商店会連合会. 2007-01-08. Archived from the original on 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
  16. ^ 座間市文化財調査委員会執筆編集 (1984). 座間市文化財調査報告書. Vol. 第9集. 座間市教育委員会. pp. 96–97頁.
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