Franc-Garde: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox military unit |
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[[Image:Flag of the collaborationist French Militia.svg|thumb|right|Flag with the Milice's [[gamma]] symbol.]] |
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| unit_name = Franc-Garde |
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The '''Franc-Garde''' (English Free Guard) was the armed wing of the [[France|French]] [[Milice]] (Militia) and was taken alone or alongside German forces in major battles against the [[Maquis (World War II)|Maquis]] from late 1943 to August 1944. |
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| native_name = |
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| image = Flag of the collaborationist French Militia.svg |
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| alt = |
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| caption = Flag with the Milice's [[gamma]] symbol. |
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| dates = 1943–45 |
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| country = {{flag|Vichy France}} |
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| countries = |
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| allegiance = {{flag|Nazi Germany}} |
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| branch = |
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| type = [[Armed militia]] |
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| role = To support the ''[[Révolution nationale]]'' |
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| size = 4000 |
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| garrison = |
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| equipment = |
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| battles = |
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| decorations = |
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| battle_honours = |
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| battle_honours_label = |
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| disbanded = |
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| flying_hours = |
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| website = |
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<!-- Commanders --> |
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<!-- Insignia --> |
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| identification_symbol = |
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<!-- Aircraft --> |
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| aircraft_attack = |
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| aircraft_bomber = |
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| aircraft_electronic = |
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| aircraft_fighter = |
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| aircraft_helicopter = |
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| aircraft_helicopter_attack = |
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| aircraft_helicopter_cargo = |
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| aircraft_helicopter_multirole = |
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| aircraft_helicopter_observation = |
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| aircraft_helicopter_transport = |
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| aircraft_helicopter_trainer = |
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| aircraft_helicopter_utility = |
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| aircraft_interceptor = |
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| aircraft_patrol = |
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| aircraft_recon = |
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| aircraft_trainer = |
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}} |
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The '''''Franc-Garde''''' ({{langx|en|Free Guard}}) was the armed wing of the [[Vichy_France|French]] ''[[Milice]]'' (Militia), operating alone or alongside German forces in major battles against the [[Maquis (World War II)|Maquis]] from late 1943 to August 1944. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The creation of the ''Franc-Garde'' was announced on 30 January 1943 and it was deployed on 2 June of the same year in the Calabres camp near [[Vichy]] with Jean de Vaugelas serving as its commander. The group promised its volunteers were promised a salary of 3,600 francs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Living with the Enemy|last=Ott|first=Sandra|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=9781107178205|location=Cambridge|pages=74}}</ref> By 1944, the group had swelled to 131, mostly young fighting men.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Riviera at War: World War II on the Côte d'Azur|last=Kundahl|first=George|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd|year=2017|isbn=9781784538712|location=London|pages=5}}</ref> Once it saw action, the ''Franc-Garde'' became the most important connecting link to the ''[[Schutzstaffel|SS]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Persecution and Rescue: The Politics of the "Final Solution" in France, 1940-1944|last=Seibel|first=Wolfgang|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2016|isbn=9780472118601|location=Ann Arbor|pages=98}}</ref> Some of its members were also documented serving in the [[Battle of Berlin|1945 battle of Berlin]], taking part in the defense of the city's government district.<ref name=":1" /> |
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The Franc-Garde, soon announced the creation of the French Militia on 30 January 1943, was actually implemented June 2 the same year in [[Calabria]] camp near [[Vichy]]. Its field of action, initially confined to the former free zone, was formally extended to the former occupied zone as of January 27, 1944. His role was to support the national revolution undertaken by the Vichy government in predominantly involved in policing, but also assisting, inter alia, the clearing of bombed cities. In the words of Secretary General of the French Militia, Joseph Darnand, in his keynote address January 30, 1943, the Franc-Garde should be "educated and technically prepared to fight to be always ready to maintain the order ". It was his review: The Assault. |
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The ''Milice'' also used the group to recruit volunteers who would serve in the ''[[Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts|Waffen SS]]'', particularly those that would be deployed in the [[33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)|SS Charlemagne Division]]. This recruitment earned the ''Milice'' light arms that were used within France. |
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The Franc-Garde consisted of two parts: |
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#Free-Standing Garde, cantoned and unpaid, and |
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#the franc-Garde volunteer, whose members, militiamen ordinary screened, could be mobilized through precise and timely action when summoned. |
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The ''Franc-Garde'',was initially confined to the former free zone, its access |
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The first two were trained thirty piloted in cities where dissent was the most active: Lyon and Annecy. The names of thirty hundred and should not be misled on the real effective. For example, the trentaine d'Annecy, became hundred, had only 72 men in May 1944. According to the Information Service of the French Committee of National Liberation in February 1944, the Franc-Garde men gathered in 1687, a cohort in Vichy, a hundred in Lyon, Marseille and Toulouse, and thirty in each of forty-five departments of the south. In any case, even with the mobilization of volunteers in the spring and summer 1944, the size of the Franc-Garde never exceeded 4,000 men. |
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Was formally extended to the former occupied zone as of January 27, 1944. Its stated role was to support the ''national revolution'' undertaken by the Vichy government, predominantly through policing, but also assisting, {{lang|la|inter alia}}, in the clearing of bombed cities. In the words of Secretary General of the French Militia, [[Joseph Darnand]] in his keynote address January 30, 1943, the ''Franc-Garde'' should be "technically trained and combat-ready in order to be at all times prepared to maintain order". The ''Franc-Garde'' had its own publication: ''L'assaut'' (The Assault). |
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The ''Franc-Garde'' consisted of two parts: the permanent ''Franc-Garde'', cantoned and paid, and the ''Franc-Garde'' volunteers, who were selected ordinary militiamen and could be mobilized for precise and timely action when summoned. |
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In principle, any intervention by the Free Guard should be preceded by a verbal or written requisition sent by the prefect to the officer commanding the unit required, which was not always the case in practice. |
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The first two units were formed on an experimental basis in Lyon and Annecy, the cities where there was the most dissent. |
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In October - November 1944, facing the advance of allied troops, thousands of militiamen (10 to 15 000 active militants) left the national territory. Among them, about 2,500 franc-gardes were declared fit to fight: |
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In principle, any intervention by the Free Guard was to be preceded by a verbal or written requisition sent by the prefect to the officer commanding the required unit, but this was not always the case in practice. |
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* 1800 were sent to the camp [[Wildflecken]] near the city of [[Ulm]] in Germany where they were located within the 57th SS Infantry Regiment, formed by survivors of the [[Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism|LVF]], and in the 58th SS Infantry Regiment formed by survivors of the Sturmbrigade Frankreich, in the context of the 33rd SS Grenadier Division Charlemagne. |
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In October – November 1944, faced with the advance of allied troops, several thousand militiamen (out of a total of ten- to fifteen-thousand) left France for Germany and Italy. Of those, about 2,500 ''franc-gardes'' were declared fit to fight: |
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* 500 others formed a battalion of infantry, under the direct command of the naval officer Carus, former head of staff of the Militia, who will fight Italian partisans alongside the fascists [[Italian Social Republic|RSI]] in Northern Italy. |
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* 1800 were sent to the [[Lager Heuberg]] camp<ref>See entry of fallen or deceased soldiers of the "Marsch-Btl. Franc Garde" in the following two lists. First list: Kriegsgraeber Ehrenfriedhof A, B, C, E Nr. B 58, Friedhofsamt Tuebingen, and second list: Oeffentliche Kriegsgraeberliste vom 11. Januar 1954, Friedhofsamt Tuebingen</ref> near the city of [[Ulm]] in Germany where they were placed in the 57th SS Infantry Regiment, formed mostly of survivors of the [[Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism|LVF]], and in the 58th SS Infantry Regiment formed of survivors of the Sturmbrigade Frankreich, in the context of the [[33rd_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Charlemagne_(1st_French)|33rd SS Grenadier Division Charlemagne]]. |
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* 500 formed an infantry battalion, under the direct command of Carus, the naval officer and former chief of staff of the Militia, who went on to fight Italian partisans alongside the [[Italian Social Republic|RSI]] fascists in Northern Italy. |
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==Organization and equipment== |
==Organization and equipment== |
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[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-107-24, Frankreich, Einsatz gegen die Resistance.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the Resistance captured by the milice.]] |
[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-107-24, Frankreich, Einsatz gegen die Resistance.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the Resistance captured by the milice.]] |
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The Franc-Garde consisted of volunteers (typically, after a year's membership in the Militia), aged 18 to 45 years old, who lived in barracks and were paid based on the official salary of a sergeant of the Police National. |
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===Organization=== |
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The ''Franc-Garde'' consisted of volunteers (typically enrolled after a year's membership in the Militia), aged 18 to 45 years old, living in barracks and paid based on the official salary of a sergeant of the ''[[National Police (France)|Police National]]''. |
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* Organisation: |
* Organisation: |
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** main (hand) consisting of a chief and four men; |
** ''main'' (hand) consisting of a chief and four men; |
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** dizaine (ten) (corresponding to |
** ''dizaine'' (ten) (corresponding to a combat group); |
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** trentaine ( |
** ''trentaine'' (thirty) a small section – in principle at least one in each provincial capital; |
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** centaine (hundred) a small company |
** ''centaine'' (hundred) a small company – in principle at least one in each regional capital city. There were two types: "normal" – traveling on foot or bicycle and "mobile" – with motorbikes, cars and trucks; |
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** ''cohorte'' (cohort) a small battalion of three hundred; |
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*** normal traveling on foot or bicycle and |
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** ''centre'' (center) a small regiment of several cohorts. |
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*** mobile with motorbikes, cars and trucks; |
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** cohorte (cohort) a small battalion of three hundred; |
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** Centre (center) a small regiment of several cohorts. |
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The above names did not necessarily correspond to the true size of a unit. For example, the ''trentaine d'Annecy'', which became a ''centaine'', had only 72 men in May 1944. According to the Information Service of the [[French Committee of National Liberation]] in February 1944, the Franc-Garde numbered 1687: a ''cohorte'' in Vichy, a ''centaine'' in Lyon, Marseille and Toulouse, and a ''trentaine'' in each of forty-five departments of the south. In any case, even with the mobilization of volunteers in the spring and summer 1944, the ''Franc-Garde'' never exceeded 4,000 men. |
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* Uniform: |
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===Uniform=== |
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The francs-gardes, the only militia in uniform, adopted the dark blue dress Alpine model 1941 ("ski" trousers worn with gaiters and boots, jacket and belt, khaki shirt, black tie, beret tilted to the left). |
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The ''Francs-Gardes'', the only uniformed militia, adopted the 1941 dark blue Alpine dress uniform ("ski" trousers worn with gaiters and boots, jacket and belt, khaki shirt, black tie, beret tilted to the left). |
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The symbol of a white Greek letter [[gamma]], on black, was used in a metal badge worn in the right buttonhole and in an embroidered badge on the beret. In combat situations, usually in the fight against the guerrillas, the Franc-garde could wear an [[Adrian helmet]]. |
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The symbol of a white Greek letter [[gamma]], on black, was used in a metal badge worn in the right buttonhole and in an embroidered badge on the beret. In combat situations, usually in the fight against the guerrillas, the ''Franc-Garde'' might wear an [[Adrian helmet]]. |
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* Armament: |
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===Armament=== |
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Because of the reluctance of the German Army, the Franc-Garde was only slowly and gradually armed. Its officers had handguns from the outset, but it was not until autumn 1943, following the upsurge in attacks against its members, that the Franc-Garde received some pistols recovered from British drops to the Resistance. In January 1944 the Franc-Garde was authorized to draw on stockpiles of arms built up after the military armistice, and in March 1944 it was authorized to form a section of machine guns and mortars to participate in the attack on the wooded country of [[Glières]]. Finally, each Ten was equipped with two machine pistols [[Stenguns]], the French MAC 24/29 machine-gun and MAS 36 rifles. Following a German refusal, the Franc-Garde could never get heavy weapons, artillery or armored vehicles. |
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Due to the reluctance of the German Army, the ''Franc-Garde'' was only slowly and gradually armed. Officers had pistols from the outset, but it was not until autumn 1943, following the upsurge in attacks against its members, that the ''Franc-Garde'' received some pistols recovered from British drops to the Resistance. In January 1944 the ''Franc-Garde'' was authorized to draw on stockpiles of arms built up after the military armistice, and in March 1944 it was authorized to form a machine gun and mortar section to participate in the attack on the wooded country of [[Maquis des Glières]] resistance group. Finally, each ''dizaine'' was equipped with two [[Sten]] submachine guns, the French [[MAC 24/29]] machine gun and [[MAS 36]] rifles. As a result of refusal by the Germans, the ''Franc-Garde'' was never issued with heavy weapons, artillery or armored vehicles. |
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In 1944, a Franc-Garde school was set up in Poitiers.<ref>Jean-Henri Calmon, Occupation, Résistance et Libération dans la Vienne en 30 questions , Geste éditions, coll. (Occupation, Resistance and Liberation in Vienna in 30 questions), Jean-Clément Martin (ed.), The Nativity, 2000, 63 p. (ISBN 2-910919-98-6), p 41</ref> |
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In 1944 also, a ''Franc-Garde'' school was set up in Poitiers.<ref>Jean-Henri Calmon, Occupation, Résistance et Libération dans la Vienne en 30 questions , Geste éditions, coll. (Occupation, Resistance and Liberation in Vienna in 30 questions), Jean-Clément Martin (ed.), The Nativity, 2000, 63 p. ({{ISBN|2-910919-98-6}}), p 41</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Secret police]] |
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* [[Joseph Darnand]]'s ''[[Service d'ordre légionnaire]]'' (SOL) |
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*[[Maquis du Vercors]] |
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==Notes and references== |
==Notes and references== |
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| Line 56: | Line 152: | ||
* Pascal Ory, Les Collaborateurs 1940-1945, éditions du Seuil, 1976 . Pascal Ory, Les Contributors 1940-1945, Editions du Seuil, 1976. |
* Pascal Ory, Les Collaborateurs 1940-1945, éditions du Seuil, 1976 . Pascal Ory, Les Contributors 1940-1945, Editions du Seuil, 1976. |
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{{Vichy France}} |
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==See also== |
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* [[Secret police]] |
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* [[Joseph Darnand]]'s ''[[Service d'ordre légionnaire]]'' (SOL) |
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{{commons category|World War II France Milice}} |
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*[[Maquis des Glières]] |
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*[[Maquis du Vercors]] |
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[[Category:Far-right politics in France]] |
[[Category:Far-right politics in France]] |
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[[Category:National security institutions]] |
[[Category:National security institutions]] |
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[[Category:Political repression]] |
[[Category:Political repression in France]] |
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[[Category:Defunct law enforcement agencies of France]] |
[[Category:Defunct law enforcement agencies of France]] |
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[[Category:Military of Vichy France]] |
[[Category:Military of Vichy France]] |
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[[Category:French |
[[Category:French collaboration during World War II]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Paramilitary organizations based in France]] |
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[[Category:Government paramilitary forces]] |
[[Category:Government paramilitary forces]] |
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[[Category:1943 establishments in France]] |
[[Category:1943 establishments in France]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:45, 26 October 2024
| Franc-Garde | |
|---|---|
 Flag with the Milice's gamma symbol. | |
| Active | 1943–45 |
| Country |  Vichy France |
| Allegiance |  Nazi Germany |
| Type | Armed militia |
| Role | To support the Révolution nationale |
| Size | 4000 |
The Franc-Garde (English: Free Guard) was the armed wing of the French Milice (Militia), operating alone or alongside German forces in major battles against the Maquis from late 1943 to August 1944.
History
[edit]The creation of the Franc-Garde was announced on 30 January 1943 and it was deployed on 2 June of the same year in the Calabres camp near Vichy with Jean de Vaugelas serving as its commander. The group promised its volunteers were promised a salary of 3,600 francs.[1] By 1944, the group had swelled to 131, mostly young fighting men.[1][2] Once it saw action, the Franc-Garde became the most important connecting link to the SS.[3] Some of its members were also documented serving in the 1945 battle of Berlin, taking part in the defense of the city's government district.[3]
The Milice also used the group to recruit volunteers who would serve in the Waffen SS, particularly those that would be deployed in the SS Charlemagne Division. This recruitment earned the Milice light arms that were used within France.
The Franc-Garde,was initially confined to the former free zone, its access Was formally extended to the former occupied zone as of January 27, 1944. Its stated role was to support the national revolution undertaken by the Vichy government, predominantly through policing, but also assisting, inter alia, in the clearing of bombed cities. In the words of Secretary General of the French Militia, Joseph Darnand in his keynote address January 30, 1943, the Franc-Garde should be "technically trained and combat-ready in order to be at all times prepared to maintain order". The Franc-Garde had its own publication: L'assaut (The Assault).
The Franc-Garde consisted of two parts: the permanent Franc-Garde, cantoned and paid, and the Franc-Garde volunteers, who were selected ordinary militiamen and could be mobilized for precise and timely action when summoned.
The first two units were formed on an experimental basis in Lyon and Annecy, the cities where there was the most dissent.
In principle, any intervention by the Free Guard was to be preceded by a verbal or written requisition sent by the prefect to the officer commanding the required unit, but this was not always the case in practice.
In October – November 1944, faced with the advance of allied troops, several thousand militiamen (out of a total of ten- to fifteen-thousand) left France for Germany and Italy. Of those, about 2,500 franc-gardes were declared fit to fight:
- 1800 were sent to the Lager Heuberg camp[4] near the city of Ulm in Germany where they were placed in the 57th SS Infantry Regiment, formed mostly of survivors of the LVF, and in the 58th SS Infantry Regiment formed of survivors of the Sturmbrigade Frankreich, in the context of the 33rd SS Grenadier Division Charlemagne.
- 500 formed an infantry battalion, under the direct command of Carus, the naval officer and former chief of staff of the Militia, who went on to fight Italian partisans alongside the RSI fascists in Northern Italy.
Organization and equipment
[edit]
Organization
[edit]The Franc-Garde consisted of volunteers (typically enrolled after a year's membership in the Militia), aged 18 to 45 years old, living in barracks and paid based on the official salary of a sergeant of the Police National.
- Organisation:
- main (hand) consisting of a chief and four men;
- dizaine (ten) (corresponding to a combat group);
- trentaine (thirty) a small section – in principle at least one in each provincial capital;
- centaine (hundred) a small company – in principle at least one in each regional capital city. There were two types: "normal" – traveling on foot or bicycle and "mobile" – with motorbikes, cars and trucks;
- cohorte (cohort) a small battalion of three hundred;
- centre (center) a small regiment of several cohorts.
The above names did not necessarily correspond to the true size of a unit. For example, the trentaine d'Annecy, which became a centaine, had only 72 men in May 1944. According to the Information Service of the French Committee of National Liberation in February 1944, the Franc-Garde numbered 1687: a cohorte in Vichy, a centaine in Lyon, Marseille and Toulouse, and a trentaine in each of forty-five departments of the south. In any case, even with the mobilization of volunteers in the spring and summer 1944, the Franc-Garde never exceeded 4,000 men.
Uniform
[edit]The Francs-Gardes, the only uniformed militia, adopted the 1941 dark blue Alpine dress uniform ("ski" trousers worn with gaiters and boots, jacket and belt, khaki shirt, black tie, beret tilted to the left).
The symbol of a white Greek letter gamma, on black, was used in a metal badge worn in the right buttonhole and in an embroidered badge on the beret. In combat situations, usually in the fight against the guerrillas, the Franc-Garde might wear an Adrian helmet.
Armament
[edit]Due to the reluctance of the German Army, the Franc-Garde was only slowly and gradually armed. Officers had pistols from the outset, but it was not until autumn 1943, following the upsurge in attacks against its members, that the Franc-Garde received some pistols recovered from British drops to the Resistance. In January 1944 the Franc-Garde was authorized to draw on stockpiles of arms built up after the military armistice, and in March 1944 it was authorized to form a machine gun and mortar section to participate in the attack on the wooded country of Maquis des Glières resistance group. Finally, each dizaine was equipped with two Sten submachine guns, the French MAC 24/29 machine gun and MAS 36 rifles. As a result of refusal by the Germans, the Franc-Garde was never issued with heavy weapons, artillery or armored vehicles.
In 1944 also, a Franc-Garde school was set up in Poitiers.[5]
See also
[edit]Notes and references
[edit]- ^ a b Ott, Sandra (2017). Living with the Enemy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 74. ISBN 9781107178205.
- ^ Kundahl, George (2017). Riviera at War: World War II on the Côte d'Azur. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. p. 5. ISBN 9781784538712.
- ^ a b Seibel, Wolfgang (2016). Persecution and Rescue: The Politics of the "Final Solution" in France, 1940-1944. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 98. ISBN 9780472118601.
- ^ See entry of fallen or deceased soldiers of the "Marsch-Btl. Franc Garde" in the following two lists. First list: Kriegsgraeber Ehrenfriedhof A, B, C, E Nr. B 58, Friedhofsamt Tuebingen, and second list: Oeffentliche Kriegsgraeberliste vom 11. Januar 1954, Friedhofsamt Tuebingen
- ^ Jean-Henri Calmon, Occupation, Résistance et Libération dans la Vienne en 30 questions , Geste éditions, coll. (Occupation, Resistance and Liberation in Vienna in 30 questions), Jean-Clément Martin (ed.), The Nativity, 2000, 63 p. (ISBN 2-910919-98-6), p 41
Sources and bibliography
[edit]- Jacques Delperrié de Bayac, Histoire de la Milice, 1918–1945, (History of the Militia, 1918–1945), Fayard, 1969, reprinted in paperback Marabout.
- Pierre Giolitto, Histoire de la Milice, (History of the Militia), Editions Perrin, collection Tempus, 2002.
- David Littlejohn, Foreign Legions of the Third Reich (volume 1), James Bender Publishing, USA 1987 .
- Pascal Ory, Les Collaborateurs 1940-1945, éditions du Seuil, 1976 . Pascal Ory, Les Contributors 1940-1945, Editions du Seuil, 1976.
Categories:
- Far-right politics in France
- National security institutions
- Political repression in France
- Defunct law enforcement agencies of France
- Military of Vichy France
- French collaboration during World War II
- Paramilitary organizations based in France
- Government paramilitary forces
- 1943 establishments in France
- 1944 disestablishments in France