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{{Short description |Afghan diaspora in India}}
{{original research|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group= Afghans in India
| group = Afghans in India
| image =
|image=[[File:KaderKhan-cropped.jpg]][[File:Celina Jaitley at Swarovski Gems event (4) (cropped).jpg]]
|caption=[[Kader Khan]], [[Celina Jaitley]]
| caption =
|langs= [[Hindi]]{{·}}[[Urdu]]{{·}}[[Languages of Afghanistan|others]]
| langs = [[Hindi]]{{·}}[[Urdu]]{{·}}[[Pashto]]{{·}}[[Dari]]
| population =
|poptime= 11,251,000<ref>http://joshuaproject.net/print.php?rog3=IN&peo3=14256</ref><ref>Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. 4 September 2006. </ref>
15,806 [[Afghan refugees]] (2021)<ref name="Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees"/><ref name="Afghan refugees in India cast adrift amid coronavirus pandemic"/><br />
|popplace= [[Delhi]]
4,504 Afghan students (2021)<ref name="Over 4,500 Afghan students on Indian campuses hold their breath"/>
|rels= [[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Sikhism]]{{·}}[[Islam]]
| popplace = [[Delhi]]{{·}}[[Kolkata]]{{·}}[[Bengaluru]]{{·}}[[Visakhapatnam]]{{·}}[[Hyderabad]]
|related= [[Afghan diaspora]], [[Pashtun diaspora]], [[Rohilla]],[[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh]],[[Pathans of Gujarat]] and
| rels = [[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Sikhism]]{{·}}[[Islam]]{{·}}[[Christianity]]<ref>[http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/an-afghan-church-grows-in-delhi/ An Afghan Church Grows in Delhi]. July 22, 2013. Retrieved 2015-02-04.</ref><ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2013/july/afghanistan-christian-converts-in-new-delhi-india.html?paging=off Where Afghan Christians Flee After Converting to Christianity]. July 25, 2013. Retrieved 2015-02-04.</ref>
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several Pathan communities in India.
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}
}}


'''Afghan Indians''' are [[Aadhaar|Indian citizens]] and non-citizen [[domicile (law)|residents]] born in, or with ancestors from, [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Afghan refugees in search of Indian identity">{{cite web |title=Afghan refugees in search of Indian identity |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2005/5/428c967e4/afghan-refugees-search-indian-identity.html |publisher=UNHCR |date=May 19, 2005 |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=Afghan Refugees In India Fret Over The News Back Home, And Their Own Legal Status |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/17/1028542798/afghans-refugees-in-neighboring-india-painfully-follow-news-of-their-home-countr |access-date=August 19, 2021 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> As of early 2021, there are at least 15,806 [[Afghans]] temporarily residing in [[India]] under a special protection and care of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR).<ref name="Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees"/><ref name="Afghan refugees in India cast adrift amid coronavirus pandemic"/> Apart from citizens and expatriates, there are a number of communities in India who trace their ancestry back to [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] forefathers of [[Pashtunistan]].
'''Afghan refugees in India''' are a community numbering up to 10,000.<ref name=UNHCR/> Most are recent [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] refugees who fled the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Taliban regime]] and political instability in [[Afghanistan]]; they are concentrated in and around [[Delhi]]. Muslim families account for about 10% of Afghan nationals in India, although recent migration has seen a boost in numbers.


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==History==
Apart from citizens and expatriates, there are hundreds of [[Islam in India|Muslim communities in India]] who trace their ancestries back to [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] forefathers. Before the creation of the modern state of Afghanistan, the term ''[[Afghan]]'' was used synonymously with Pashtun, and there has been much history of Pashtuns that have lived in India. There are an estimate of 11.3 million [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] in India.<ref>http://joshuaproject.net/print.php?rog3=IN&peo3=14256</ref> Several of Pashtun descent Indians migrated to Pakistan after the partition.
{{Further|Afghanistan–India relations}}
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The earliest record of [[Afghans|Afghan]]s in India is [[List of Pashtun empires and dynasties|during the late 13th century]] when they began migrating during the [[Khalji dynasty]] who formed an empire in [[Northern India]]. It was founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji and became the second Muslim dynasty to rule the Delhi sultanate of India.<ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book|last1=Chaurasia|first1=Radhey Shyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=2002|isbn=81-269-0123-3|location=|page=337|quote=The Khiljis were a Central Asian Turkic dynasty but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court|access-date=2010-08-23}}</ref><ref name="Cavendish">{{cite book|last1=Cavendish|first1=Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C|title=World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2006|isbn=0-7614-7571-0|location=|page=320|quote=The sultans of the Slave Dynasty were Turkic [[Central Asian]]s, but the members of the new dynasty, although they were also Turkic, had settled in Afghanistan and brought a new set of customs and culture to Delhi.|authorlink=|accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref> The [[Lodi dynasty]] ruled Northern India until the invasion of [[Babur]] in 1526, at which point the [[Mughal Empire]] was created. During this period Afghans from [[Kabulistan]] began arriving to India for business and pleasure. The [[Sur Empire]] replaced the Mughal Empire from 1540 to 1557. Other Pashtuns began invading India until the [[Sikh Empire]] came to power. This formed a barrier between Afghanistan ([[Durrani Empire]]) and British India. Afghans were required visas to enter India after this period.


The distinguished military general and eminent Sufi saint, [[Malik Ibrahim Bayu]] of [[Ghazni]], came to Delhi in the early 14th century to serve under the tutelage of Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]], becoming commander-in-chief in 1324 AD. As a general, he was sent by The Sultan to punish the Raja Bithal, the Governor ([[Subedar]]) of [[Bihar]], due to several complaints he had received against the governor, and furthermore, because of his tyranny and rebellious nature towards The Sultan of Delhi. After a fierce battle, the Raja was killed and his army was defeated. The conquest of Bihar was a brilliant achievement, and on this occasion, the Sultan conferred upon Syed Ibrahim Malik the title of "Madarul Mulk" means Malik or Saif-o-Daulat (Administrator and King of Sword and Wealth). Following Syed Ibrahim Malik's remarkable conquest, he was appointed the Governor of the State of Bihar, after which he chose to settle with his family and relatives in [[Bihar Sharif]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/syedmallicks/history |title=Google Sites: Sign-in }}</ref> He served as the governor of Bihar and general for a few years, from 1351 to 1353 AD, and during his time as general in Bihar, led many expeditions such as Deora and Khatangi, along with others. When the fighting had finally stopped, Syed Ibrahim Malik established law and order in the region. After peace prevailed, one night, when Syed Ibrahim Malik Baya headed out of the fort, he was assassinated by a group of enemy soldiers, hidden in the darkness outside. Syed Ibrahim Malik died on Sunday, 13th Dul Hajj 753 AH/20 January 1353 AD. His body was brought to [[Bihar Sharif]] for burial, where he had lived nearly his entire life with his family, relatives, and kinsmen.
Currently, there are no or very few ethnic Afghans that retained their culture in India, except for a few in the remote [[Jammu and Kashmir]] region that India has control over. The North-Western Frontier Province (now called [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) was incorporated into [[British Raj|British India]] in the late 19th century. Pashtuns were known as Afghans of British India.


The [[Pashtun]] ruler of Bihar [[Sher Shah Suri]] (Farid Khan) defeated the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Humayun]] in 1540. After his accidental death in 1545, his son [[Islam Shah]] became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal army under [[Babur]] and then as the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son [[Humayun]] was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Shah overran the state of Bengal and established the [[Sur Dynasty]]. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself a gifted administrator as well as a capable general. His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably [[Akbar]], son of Humayun. He extended the Grand Trunk Road from Chittagong in the frontiers of the province of Bengal in near eastern India to Kabul in Afghanistan in the far northwest of the country.
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==History==
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The earliest record of Afghans in India is during the late 13th century when the [[Khilji dynasty]] formed an empire in [[Northern India]]. They belonged to a [[Turkic people|Turkic tribe]] but were treated by Indians as ethnic [[Afghan]]s due to their [[Pashtunization|adoption of some Afghan habits and customs]].<ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |last1=Chaurasia|first1=Radhey Shyam |authorlink=|coauthors=|year=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |location=|isbn=81-269-0123-3 |page=337|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |accessdate=2010-08-23 |quote=The Khiljis were a Central Asian Turkic dynasty but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court.}}</ref><ref name="Cavendish">{{cite book|title=World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa |last1=Cavendish |first1=Marshall |authorlink=|coauthors=|year=2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish |location=|isbn=0-7614-7571-0 |page=320|url=http://books.google.com/?id=j894miuOqc4C |accessdate=2010-08-23 |quote=The sultans of the Slave Dynasty were Turkic [[Central Asian]]s, but the members of the new dynasty, although they were also Turkic, had settled in Afghanistan and brought a new set of customs and culture to Delhi.}}</ref> The [[Lodi dynasty]] was made up of local ethnic Afghans. They ruled Northern India until the invasion of [[Babur]] in 1526, at which point the [[Mughal Empire]] was created. During this period Afghans from [[Kabulistan]] began arriving to India for business and pleasure. The [[Sur Empire]] replaced the Mughal Empire from 1540 to 1557. Rulers of Sur Empire were also Afghans. Other Afghans began invading India until the [[Sikh Empire]] came to power with the help of the [[British Raj|British Empire]]. This formed a barrier between Afghanistan ([[Durrani Empire]]) and British India. Afghans were required visas to enter India after this period.


During the 19th century many Afghans migrated to India. Prominent among them were the families of [[Nawab of Sardhana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft|title=The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire|first=Roper|last=Lethbridge|date=31 March 1893|publisher=London Macmillan|accessdate=31 March 2023|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> and the [[Qizilbashi]] Agha family of [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ww12.pakkapapita.com/?p=5452|title=pakkapapita.com|website=ww12.pakkapapita.com|accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref> Both the families had martial lineage and belonged to the feudal aristocracy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aghafamilyofsrinagarkashmir.wordpress.com/|title=Agha Family of Srinagar Kashmir|website=Agha Family of Srinagar Kashmir|accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref>
During the 20th century, small number of Afghans immigrated to India whos children became involved in [[Bollywood]] film making industry. This includes, [[Feroz Khan]], [[Kader Khan]] and others. After the start of the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] in 1979, a number of Afghans immigrated to India. Most of them were Hindu and Sikh Afghans. Thousands of Afghan refugees that have been living in India have since become Indian citizens.<ref>http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/441190254.html</ref><ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e4876d6&submit=GO 2013 UNHCR regional operations profile - South Asia]</ref><ref name=UNHCR>[http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/news/opendoc.htm?tbl=NEWS&id=441190254&page=news UNHCR]</ref>


== Pashto-speaking Communities of Jammu and Kashmir and elsewhere ==
=== Partition of India and the arrival of Afghan refugees ===
{{Further|Afghan refugees|Afghan diaspora|UNHCR Representation in India}}
[[File:Feroz Khan.jpg|thumb|[[Bollywood]] actor and director [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] in 2005]]
Before and after the [[partition of India]] in 1947, a number of Afghans left their native areas in order to take permanent residency in major Indian cities such as [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]]. Some of those immigrants got involved in the [[Bollywood]] film industry, which had already been dominated by people originating from the [[Pashtunistan]] region. Some of the well-known Indian actors and producers of Afghan heritage are [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Salim Khan]] and [[Kader Khan]]. All of the early Afghans have acquired citizenship of India in accordance with Indian law. As such, they are widely recognized as Indians.


After the start of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1979, approximately 60,000 [[Afghans]] took temporary residency in India, most of them being Hindu and Sikh Afghans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Religion/Islamophobia-AntiMuslim/Civil%20Society%20or%20Individuals/RitumbraM1.pdf |title=Rohingyas in India |page=7 |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |date=2020 |access-date=2021-08-25 |quote=In the 1980s, the Afghan-Soviet war brought about 60,000 Afghan (majority Sikh and Hindu) refugees in India.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/afghan-refugees-in-india-face-an-uncertain-future-49343 |title=Afghan refugees in India face an uncertain future |publisher=TRT World |access-date=August 20, 2021 |date=2021-08-25}}</ref><ref name="Alam2021">{{cite web |last1=Alam |first1=Majid |title=As India Mulls Giving Asylum to Afghan Nationals, A Look at Its Refugee Policy And Citizenship Rules |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/as-india-mulls-giving-asylum-to-afghan-nationals-a-look-at-its-refugee-policy-and-citizenship-rules-4097981.html |publisher=[[News18]] |access-date=18 August 2021 |language=English |date=18 August 2021}}</ref> Many of them have subsequently immigrated to countries in [[Europe]], [[North America]] and [[Oceania]]. Some have returned to their native areas in Afghanistan after the formation of the [[Presidency of Hamid Karzai|Karzai administration]] in late 2001.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-23968427 |title=Indian diarist Sushmita Banerjee shot dead in Afghanistan |publisher=BBC News |date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref> Those that remained in India have applied for [[Indian nationality law|citizenship of India]].<ref name="Afghan refugees in search of Indian identity"/>
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There are a large number of Pashto-speaking Pakhtuns in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/05aug13/news.htm|title=Special focus on Gujjars, Paharis: CM|publisher=[[Daily Excelsior]]|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref> Although their exact numbers are hard to determine, it is at least in excess of 100,000 for it is known that in 1954 over 100,000 nomadic Pakhtuns living in Kashmir Valley were granted Indian
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citizenship.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm|title=Pakhtoons in Kashmir|date=20 July 1954|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-08-22|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Today [[jirga]]s are frequently held.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061030/asp/nation/story_6934322.asp|title=Justice rolls in Kashmir, Afghan-style|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref> Those settled and living in the Kashmir Valley speak [[Pashto language|Pashto]], and are found chiefly in the southwest of the valley, where Pashtun colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting are the Kukikhel [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridis]] of Dramghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashto. They wear colorful dress and carry swords and shields. The [[Afridi]]s and the Machipurians, who belong to the [[Yusufzai]] tribe, are liable to military service, in return for which they hold certain villages free of revenue. The Pashtuns chiefly came in under the [[Durranis]], but many were brought by [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharajah Gulab Singh]] for service on the frontier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/P/people.htm|title=Saiyids, Mughals, Pashtuns and Galawans|publisher=OPF|accessdate=2007-06-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070515140617/http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/P/people.htm |archivedate = 15 May 2007}}</ref> Pashto is also spoken in two villages, Dhakki and Changnar (Chaknot), located on the [[Line of Control]] in [[Kupwara District]].<ref name="SIL">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sil.org/silewp/2005/silewp2005-008.pdf|title=A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir|publisher=[[SIL International]]|accessdate=2009-06-11}}</ref> In response to demand by the Pashtun community living in the state, Kashir TV has recently launched a series of Pushto-language programs.<ref>http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001207/j&k.htm</ref>


On January 1, 2016, [[Adnan Sami]] became a citizen of India. He is Pashtun from his father [[Arshad Sami Khan]]'s side. Adnan's grandfather General Mehfooz Jan hailed from [[Herat]] in Afghanistan and was the governor of four provinces in that country, namely [[Herat Province|Herat]], [[Kabul Province|Kabul]], [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]] and [[Balkh Province|Balkh]], under the reign of King [[Amanullah Khan]]. Adnan's great-grandfather General Ahmed Jan was the military adviser to King [[Abdur Rahman Khan]]. General Ahmed Jan was the conqueror of [[Kafiristan]] and named it [[Nuristan]]. However, at the time of the [[Habibullah Kalakani]] revolution in Afghanistan, Adnan's grandfather General Mehfooz Jan was assassinated. The family moved to [[Peshawar]], which was a part of [[British India]] at that time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/Adnan-Sami-Fastest-fingers-first/articleshow/37852222.cms|title=Adnan Sami: Fastest fingers first|work=The Times of India|date=16 April 2001 }}</ref>
Many Afghans in India from Afghanistan happen to be ethnic Pashtuns.


According to UNHCR, India currently hosts at least 15,806 [[Afghan refugees]] within its borders.<ref name="Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees">{{citation|url=https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/Statistical%20Factsheet%20Onward%20movements%20of%20Afghan%20refugees%20March-April%202021.pdf|title=Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees |date=March–April 2021|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref><ref name="Afghan refugees in India cast adrift amid coronavirus pandemic">{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/afghan-refugees-in-india-hit-by-covid-19/a-55160916 |title=Afghan refugees in India cast adrift amid coronavirus pandemic |publisher=DW News |date=May 10, 2020 |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref><ref name="Lalwani2021">{{cite web |last1=Lalwani |first1=Vijayta |title=As tensions rise in Afghanistan, refugees in Delhi worry about their relatives back home |url=https://scroll.in/article/1000390/as-tensions-rise-in-afghanistan-refugees-in-delhi-worry-about-their-relatives-back-home |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |language=English |date=18 July 2021}}</ref> Religiously, they include [[Hinduism in Afghanistan|Hindus]], [[Sikhism in Afghanistan|Sikhs]], [[Islam in Afghanistan|Muslims]] and [[Christianity in Afghanistan|Christians]]<ref name="India says it will prioritize Hindus and Sikhs in issuing 'emergency visas' to Afghans"/><ref name="Afghan refugees in search of Indian identity"/><ref name="An Afghan Church Grows in Delhi">{{cite news |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/an-afghan-church-grows-in-delhi/ |title=An Afghan Church Grows in Delhi |work=The New York Times |date=July 22, 2013 |access-date=2015-02-04}}</ref><ref name="Where Afghan Christians Flee After Converting to Christianity">{{cite news |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2013/july/afghanistan-christian-converts-in-new-delhi-india.html |title=Where Afghan Christians Flee After Converting to Christianity |publisher=Christianity Today |date=July 25, 2013 |access-date=2015-02-04}}</ref> The majority of them reside in the capital [[Delhi]], specifically in the neighborhoods of [[Lajpat Nagar]], [[Bhogal]] and [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]].<ref name="Aafaq2021">{{cite web |last1=Aafaq |first1=Zafar |date=August 17, 2021 |title='Our future unknown': Afghan nationals in India wary of Taliban |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/17/afghanistan-nationals-india-taliban-new-delhi |access-date=2021-08-25 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English}}</ref> In addition to the refugees, thousands of Afghan students study in [[List of universities in India|Indian universities]].<ref name="Over 4,500 Afghan students on Indian campuses hold their breath">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/over-4500-afghan-students-on-indian-campuses-hold-their-breath/articleshow/85419799.cms |title=Over 4,500 Afghan students on Indian campuses hold their breath |work=The Times of India |access-date=August 18, 2021 |date=2021-08-25}}</ref>
Despite really good relations between Afghanistan, the government of India does not recognize Pathans ethnicity being synonymous with Afghan nationality (an ongoing contentious issue within Afghanistan and it's relation with Pakistan over control of KPK and FATA.).If [[Akhand Bharat|India annexed or rejoined with Pakistan]], then the good relations between Afghanistan and India may rapidly deteriorate, with India taking Pakistan's place.


[[Afghan identity card|Afghan citizens]] use India as a temporary place of residence until they are [[third country resettlement|firmly settled]] in countries of Europe, North America or Oceania.<ref name="Tough times follow Afghan refugees fleeing Taliban to Delhi">{{cite news |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Tough times follow Afghan refugees fleeing Taliban to Delhi |publisher=The Indian Express |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/news/tough-times-follow-afghan-refugees-fleeing-taliban-to-delhi/1146123/ |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref> Those who are denied admission into those countries can either remain in India, travel to another country, or return to Afghanistan. In 2021, following the end of the latest [[war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|war in Afghanistan]], India offered an emergency visa (the 'e-Emergency X-Misc Visa') to some Afghan nationals.<ref name="India says it will prioritize Hindus and Sikhs in issuing 'emergency visas' to Afghans">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/17/world/asia/india-afghanistan-visas.html |title=India says it will prioritize Hindus and Sikhs in issuing 'emergency visas' to Afghans. |work=The New York Times |access-date=August 19, 2021 |date=2021-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India announces emergency e-visa for Afghans |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-announces-emergency-e-visa-for-afghans/article35952475.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=2021-08-18 |language=English |date=17 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Alam2021"/> Much of [[Christianity in Afghanistan|Afghanistan's Christian community]] thrives within India. Prior to 2021, Some Afghani refugees have trouble getting long term visas enabling work and permission to study despite being granted refugee status by UNHCR. Many had issues with enrolling their children in school.<ref name="Tough times follow Afghan refugees fleeing Taliban to Delhi" /> Despite these difficulties, some had managed to operate "shops, restaurants and pharmacies."<ref name="Aafaq2021" /><ref name="NPR" /><ref name="Iyengar2018">{{cite web |last1=Iyengar |first1=Radhika |date=28 July 2018 |title=The Afghan Christian refugees of Delhi |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HsxjKA5Fe121EoOCqeaA0I/The-Afghan-Christian-refugees-of-Delhi.html |access-date=18 August 2021 |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=English}}</ref>
==Indians of putative ethnic Afghan descent==
* [[Rohillas]]
* [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Pathans of Bihar]]
* [[Pathans of Punjab]]
* [[Pathans of Rajasthan]]
* [[Pathans of Gujarat]]
* [[Afghan actor Humyoon Shams Khan]]


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== Pashto-speaking communities in India ==
==List of Indians of Afghan descent==
{{Further|Pashtun diaspora|Pathans in India}}
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2012}}
The following are places where [[Pashtun culture]] can be found: Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal and Indore); Punjab (Maler Kotla); Bihar (Gaya, Sherghati, Patna, Aurangabad and Sasaram); and Uttar Pradesh (Malihabad, Etawah, Shahjahanpur, Rampur).
* [[Kader Khan]]

* [[Shahrukh Khan]]- [[Bollywood]] Actor, Director and Producer
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There are a large number of [[Pashto]]-speaking Pakhtuns in the Indian states of [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]] and the territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/05aug13/news.htm|title=Special focus on Gujjars, Paharis: CM|publisher=[[Daily Excelsior]]|access-date=2009-08-22}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Although their exact numbers are hard to determine, it is at least in excess of 100,000 for it is known that in 1954 over 100,000 nomadic Pakhtuns living in Kashmir Valley were granted Indian
* [[Salman Khan]]-[[Bollywood]] Actor
⚫
citizenship.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209153349/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2004|title=Pashtoons in Kashmir|date=20 July 1954|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-08-22|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Today [[jirga]]s are frequently held.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061030/asp/nation/story_6934322.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204003248/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061030/asp/nation/story_6934322.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2013|title=Justice rolls in Kashmir, Afghan-style|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=2009-08-22}}</ref> Those settled and living in the Kashmir Valley speak [[Pashto]], and are found chiefly in the southwest of the valley, where Pashtun colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting are the Kukikhel [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridis]] of Dramghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashto. They wear colorful dress and carry swords and shields. The [[Afridi]]s and the Machipurians, who belong to the [[Yusufzai]] tribe, are liable to military service, in return for which they hold certain villages free of revenue. The Pashtuns chiefly came in under the [[Durranis]], but many were brought by [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharajah Gulab Singh]] for service on the frontier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/P/people.htm|title=Saiyids, Mughals, Pashtuns and Galawans|publisher=OPF|access-date=2007-06-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070515140617/http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/P/people.htm |archive-date = 15 May 2007}}</ref> Pashto is also spoken in two villages, Dhakki and Changnar (Chaknot), located on the [[Line of Control]] in [[Kupwara district]].<ref name="SIL">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sil.org/silewp/2005/silewp2005-008.pdf|title=A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir|publisher=[[SIL International]]|access-date=2009-06-11}}</ref> In response to demand by the Pashtun community living in the state, Kashir TV has recently launched a series of Pushto-language programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001207/j&k.htm|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Jammu & Kashmir}}</ref>
* [[Aamir Khan]]-Bollywood Actor
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]-Bollywood Actor
* [[Feroz Khan]] - Indian actor
* [[Sanjay Khan]] - Indian actor
* [[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]] - Film director
* [[Zayed Khan]] - Indian actor
* [[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]] - Indian politician
* [[Celina Jaitley]] - Indian actress
* [[Salim Durani]] - Indian cricketer


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[Afghanistan–India relations]]
* [[Afghans in Pakistan]]
⚫
* [[Afghanistan-India relations]]
* [[Indians in Afghanistan]]
* [[Indians in Afghanistan]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{EI3|last=Gommans|first=Jos J. L.|author-link=Jos Gommans|title=Afghāns in India|year=2007|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/afghans-in-india-COM_0013?s.num=119&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.start=100&s.q=Khan}}


{{Afghan diaspora}}
{{Afghan diaspora}}
{{Pashtun Diaspora}}
{{Immigration to India}}
{{Immigration to India}}


Line 71: Line 66:
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent| ]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Immigration to India]]
[[Category:Diasporas in India]]
[[Category:Pashtun diaspora]]
[[Category:Pashtun diaspora in Asia]]

Latest revision as of 02:50, 16 December 2024

Afghans in India
Total population
15,806 Afghan refugees (2021)[1][2]
4,504 Afghan students (2021)[3]
Regions with significant populations
Delhi · Kolkata · Bengaluru · Visakhapatnam · Hyderabad
Languages
Hindi · Urdu · Pashto · Dari
Religion
Hinduism · Sikhism · Islam · Christianity[4][5]

Afghan Indians are Indian citizens and non-citizen residents born in, or with ancestors from, Afghanistan.[6][7] As of early 2021, there are at least 15,806 Afghans temporarily residing in India under a special protection and care of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).[1][2] Apart from citizens and expatriates, there are a number of communities in India who trace their ancestry back to Pashtun forefathers of Pashtunistan.

History

[edit]
Further information: Afghanistan–India relations

The earliest record of Afghans in India is during the late 13th century when they began migrating during the Khalji dynasty who formed an empire in Northern India. It was founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji and became the second Muslim dynasty to rule the Delhi sultanate of India.[8][9] The Lodi dynasty ruled Northern India until the invasion of Babur in 1526, at which point the Mughal Empire was created. During this period Afghans from Kabulistan began arriving to India for business and pleasure. The Sur Empire replaced the Mughal Empire from 1540 to 1557. Other Pashtuns began invading India until the Sikh Empire came to power. This formed a barrier between Afghanistan (Durrani Empire) and British India. Afghans were required visas to enter India after this period.

The distinguished military general and eminent Sufi saint, Malik Ibrahim Bayu of Ghazni, came to Delhi in the early 14th century to serve under the tutelage of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq, becoming commander-in-chief in 1324 AD. As a general, he was sent by The Sultan to punish the Raja Bithal, the Governor (Subedar) of Bihar, due to several complaints he had received against the governor, and furthermore, because of his tyranny and rebellious nature towards The Sultan of Delhi. After a fierce battle, the Raja was killed and his army was defeated. The conquest of Bihar was a brilliant achievement, and on this occasion, the Sultan conferred upon Syed Ibrahim Malik the title of "Madarul Mulk" means Malik or Saif-o-Daulat (Administrator and King of Sword and Wealth). Following Syed Ibrahim Malik's remarkable conquest, he was appointed the Governor of the State of Bihar, after which he chose to settle with his family and relatives in Bihar Sharif.[10] He served as the governor of Bihar and general for a few years, from 1351 to 1353 AD, and during his time as general in Bihar, led many expeditions such as Deora and Khatangi, along with others. When the fighting had finally stopped, Syed Ibrahim Malik established law and order in the region. After peace prevailed, one night, when Syed Ibrahim Malik Baya headed out of the fort, he was assassinated by a group of enemy soldiers, hidden in the darkness outside. Syed Ibrahim Malik died on Sunday, 13th Dul Hajj 753 AH/20 January 1353 AD. His body was brought to Bihar Sharif for burial, where he had lived nearly his entire life with his family, relatives, and kinsmen.

The Pashtun ruler of Bihar Sher Shah Suri (Farid Khan) defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun in 1540. After his accidental death in 1545, his son Islam Shah became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal army under Babur and then as the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Shah overran the state of Bengal and established the Sur Dynasty. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself a gifted administrator as well as a capable general. His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably Akbar, son of Humayun. He extended the Grand Trunk Road from Chittagong in the frontiers of the province of Bengal in near eastern India to Kabul in Afghanistan in the far northwest of the country.

During the 19th century many Afghans migrated to India. Prominent among them were the families of Nawab of Sardhana[11] and the Qizilbashi Agha family of Srinagar, Kashmir.[12] Both the families had martial lineage and belonged to the feudal aristocracy.[13]

Partition of India and the arrival of Afghan refugees

[edit]
Further information: Afghan refugees, Afghan diaspora, and UNHCR Representation in India
Bollywood actor and director Feroz Khan in 2005

Before and after the partition of India in 1947, a number of Afghans left their native areas in order to take permanent residency in major Indian cities such as Mumbai and Bangalore. Some of those immigrants got involved in the Bollywood film industry, which had already been dominated by people originating from the Pashtunistan region. Some of the well-known Indian actors and producers of Afghan heritage are Feroz Khan, Salim Khan and Kader Khan. All of the early Afghans have acquired citizenship of India in accordance with Indian law. As such, they are widely recognized as Indians.

After the start of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979, approximately 60,000 Afghans took temporary residency in India, most of them being Hindu and Sikh Afghans.[14][15][16] Many of them have subsequently immigrated to countries in Europe, North America and Oceania. Some have returned to their native areas in Afghanistan after the formation of the Karzai administration in late 2001.[17] Those that remained in India have applied for citizenship of India.[6]

On January 1, 2016, Adnan Sami became a citizen of India. He is Pashtun from his father Arshad Sami Khan's side. Adnan's grandfather General Mehfooz Jan hailed from Herat in Afghanistan and was the governor of four provinces in that country, namely Herat, Kabul, Nangarhar and Balkh, under the reign of King Amanullah Khan. Adnan's great-grandfather General Ahmed Jan was the military adviser to King Abdur Rahman Khan. General Ahmed Jan was the conqueror of Kafiristan and named it Nuristan. However, at the time of the Habibullah Kalakani revolution in Afghanistan, Adnan's grandfather General Mehfooz Jan was assassinated. The family moved to Peshawar, which was a part of British India at that time.[18]

According to UNHCR, India currently hosts at least 15,806 Afghan refugees within its borders.[1][2][19] Religiously, they include Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims and Christians[20][6][21][22] The majority of them reside in the capital Delhi, specifically in the neighborhoods of Lajpat Nagar, Bhogal and Malviya Nagar.[23] In addition to the refugees, thousands of Afghan students study in Indian universities.[3]

Afghan citizens use India as a temporary place of residence until they are firmly settled in countries of Europe, North America or Oceania.[24] Those who are denied admission into those countries can either remain in India, travel to another country, or return to Afghanistan. In 2021, following the end of the latest war in Afghanistan, India offered an emergency visa (the 'e-Emergency X-Misc Visa') to some Afghan nationals.[20][25][16] Much of Afghanistan's Christian community thrives within India. Prior to 2021, Some Afghani refugees have trouble getting long term visas enabling work and permission to study despite being granted refugee status by UNHCR. Many had issues with enrolling their children in school.[24] Despite these difficulties, some had managed to operate "shops, restaurants and pharmacies."[23][7][26]

Pashto-speaking communities in India

[edit]
Further information: Pashtun diaspora and Pathans in India

The following are places where Pashtun culture can be found: Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal and Indore); Punjab (Maler Kotla); Bihar (Gaya, Sherghati, Patna, Aurangabad and Sasaram); and Uttar Pradesh (Malihabad, Etawah, Shahjahanpur, Rampur).

There are a large number of Pashto-speaking Pakhtuns in the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal and the territory of Jammu and Kashmir.[27] Although their exact numbers are hard to determine, it is at least in excess of 100,000 for it is known that in 1954 over 100,000 nomadic Pakhtuns living in Kashmir Valley were granted Indian citizenship.[28] Today jirgas are frequently held.[29] Those settled and living in the Kashmir Valley speak Pashto, and are found chiefly in the southwest of the valley, where Pashtun colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting are the Kukikhel Afridis of Dramghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashto. They wear colorful dress and carry swords and shields. The Afridis and the Machipurians, who belong to the Yusufzai tribe, are liable to military service, in return for which they hold certain villages free of revenue. The Pashtuns chiefly came in under the Durranis, but many were brought by Maharajah Gulab Singh for service on the frontier.[30] Pashto is also spoken in two villages, Dhakki and Changnar (Chaknot), located on the Line of Control in Kupwara district.[31] In response to demand by the Pashtun community living in the state, Kashir TV has recently launched a series of Pushto-language programs.[32]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees (PDF), UNHCR, March–April 2021, retrieved 24 August 2021
  2. ^ a b c "Afghan refugees in India cast adrift amid coronavirus pandemic". DW News. 10 May 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Over 4,500 Afghan students on Indian campuses hold their breath". The Times of India. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  4. ^ An Afghan Church Grows in Delhi. July 22, 2013. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
  5. ^ Where Afghan Christians Flee After Converting to Christianity. July 25, 2013. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
  6. ^ a b c "Afghan refugees in search of Indian identity". UNHCR. 19 May 2005. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Afghan Refugees In India Fret Over The News Back Home, And Their Own Legal Status". NPR. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  8. ^ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 337. ISBN 81-269-0123-3. Retrieved 23 August 2010. The Khiljis were a Central Asian Turkic dynasty but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court
  9. ^ Cavendish, Marshall (2006). World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. p. 320. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0. Retrieved 23 August 2010. The sultans of the Slave Dynasty were Turkic Central Asians, but the members of the new dynasty, although they were also Turkic, had settled in Afghanistan and brought a new set of customs and culture to Delhi.
  10. ^ "Google Sites: Sign-in".
  11. ^ Lethbridge, Roper (31 March 1893). "The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire". London Macmillan. Retrieved 31 March 2023 – via Internet Archive.
  12. ^ "pakkapapita.com". ww12.pakkapapita.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  13. ^ "Agha Family of Srinagar Kashmir". Agha Family of Srinagar Kashmir. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  14. ^ "Rohingyas in India" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2020. p. 7. Retrieved 25 August 2021. In the 1980s, the Afghan-Soviet war brought about 60,000 Afghan (majority Sikh and Hindu) refugees in India.
  15. ^ "Afghan refugees in India face an uncertain future". TRT World. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  16. ^ a b Alam, Majid (18 August 2021). "As India Mulls Giving Asylum to Afghan Nationals, A Look at Its Refugee Policy And Citizenship Rules". News18. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  17. ^ "Indian diarist Sushmita Banerjee shot dead in Afghanistan". BBC News. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  18. ^ "Adnan Sami: Fastest fingers first". The Times of India. 16 April 2001.
  19. ^ Lalwani, Vijayta (18 July 2021). "As tensions rise in Afghanistan, refugees in Delhi worry about their relatives back home". Scroll.in.
  20. ^ a b "India says it will prioritize Hindus and Sikhs in issuing 'emergency visas' to Afghans". The New York Times. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  21. ^ "An Afghan Church Grows in Delhi". The New York Times. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  22. ^ "Where Afghan Christians Flee After Converting to Christianity". Christianity Today. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  23. ^ a b Aafaq, Zafar (17 August 2021). "'Our future unknown': Afghan nationals in India wary of Taliban". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  24. ^ a b "Tough times follow Afghan refugees fleeing Taliban to Delhi". The Indian Express. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  25. ^ "India announces emergency e-visa for Afghans". The Hindu. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  26. ^ Iyengar, Radhika (28 July 2018). "The Afghan Christian refugees of Delhi". Mint. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  27. ^ "Special focus on Gujjars, Paharis: CM". Daily Excelsior. Retrieved 22 August 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  28. ^ "Pashtoons in Kashmir". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 20 July 1954. Archived from the original on 9 December 2004. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
  29. ^ "Justice rolls in Kashmir, Afghan-style". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
  30. ^ "Saiyids, Mughals, Pashtuns and Galawans". OPF. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
  31. ^ "A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  32. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Jammu & Kashmir".

Further reading

[edit]
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