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The following is a '''timeline of the [[History of Baltimore|history]] of the city of [[Baltimore]],''' [[Maryland]], USA.


==18th century==
The following is a '''timeline of the [[History of Baltimore|history]] of the City of [[Baltimore]],''' [[Maryland]], USA.
* 1729 - Town of [[Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore|Baltimore]] founded.
{{Dynamic list}}
* 1752 - 25 houses and 200 inhabitants.<ref name=brit1910 />
{{TOC right}}
* 1763 - Mechanical Fire Company organized.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Fire Company Library Associations of Baltimore, 1838-1858 |author= John Calvin Colson |journal= Journal of Library History |volume= 21 |date=Winter 1986 }}</ref>
* 1767 - Baltimore designated [[Baltimore County, Maryland|county]] seat.<ref name=brit1910 />
* 1770 - [[Henry Fite House]] built.
* 1773 - ''Maryland Journal, and the Baltimore Advertiser'' newspaper begins publication.<ref name="lc">{{cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/titles/results/?state=Maryland&county=&city=Baltimore&year1=1690&year2=2012&terms=&frequency=&language=&ethnicity=&labor=&material_type=&lccn=&rows=50&sort=date |title=US Newspaper Directory |location=Washington DC |work=Chronicling America |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
* 1775 - Population: 5,934
* 1776 - December - [[Second Continental Congress]] meeting begins.
* 1782 - [[Lexington Market]] founded.
* 1784 - [[Christmas Conference (Methodism)]]
* 1787 - 1,955 dwellings in town.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews |publication-place = Boston |author = Jedidiah Morse |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL23272543M/The_American_gazetteer |title = The American gazetteer |chapter-url=http://www.archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n45/mode/2up |chapter=Baltimore |ol = 23272543M |publication-date = 1797 }}</ref>
* 1790 - Population: 13,503 people.<ref name=varle>{{Citation |publisher = S. Young |publication-place = Baltimore |author = Charles Varle |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL19370655M/A_complete_view_of_Baltimore |title = A complete view of Baltimore |ol = 19370655M |publication-date = 1833 }}</ref>
* 1794 - [[James Calhoun (mayor of Baltimore)|James Calhoun]] becomes mayor.
* 1795 - [[Holliday Street Theater]] opens.
* 1796
** City of Baltimore incorporated.
** Library Company of Baltimore founded.<ref name=jewett>{{Citation |publisher = Smithsonian |publication-place = Washington D.C |author = Charles Coffin Jewett |authorlink=Charles Coffin Jewett |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BNQ0Dw3xFCIC |title = Notices of public libraries in the United States of America |year = 1851 |publication-date = 1851 }}</ref>


==17th CENTURY==
==19th century==
* 1608 - Captain [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]] sails up Chesapeake Bay and records first description of area that would become future site of Baltimore, then a hunting ground for local American Indians. Smith sails up and records in his map and journal "a river not inhabited yet navigable," which he names the "Bolus Flu" - Indian who hunt in the region call it the "Patapsco".
* 1632 - Charter to Colony granted by King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] of England to [[George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore|George Calvert]] (1579−1632), First [[Baron Baltimore|Lord Baltimore]].
* 1634 - ''"[[The Ark (English ship)|The Ark]]"'' and ''"[[Maryland Dove|The Dove]]"'', ships of the second Lord Baltimore [[Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore|Cecilius Calvert]]'s (1605−1675) colonizing expedition, lands [[Maryland Day|March 25th]] (later celebrated as "Maryland Day" - official state holiday) at [[Blakistone Island Light|Blakistone Island]] (later [[St. Clement's Island State Park|St. Clement's]]), later at [[St. Mary's City]], where they establish a capital in future [[St. Mary's County, Maryland|St. Mary's County]] bringing first European and African settlers to the future colony of the [[Province of Maryland]], with his brother [[Leonard Calvert]], (1606−1647), sent as first Governor.
* 1650 - [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|"Ann Arundell" County]] "erected" (founded/established) further north along western shore of [[Chesapeake Bay]] of older original English settlements in southern Maryland near [[St. Mary's City, Maryland|St. Mary's City]] along the [[Potomac River]]. Named for [[Anne Arundell|Ann Arundell]], (1615-1649). Eventually this county will border southern Baltimore City and County along [[Patapsco River]]'s southern shore.
* 1659 - [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]] "erected" (founded/established) in the northeast section of [[Province of Maryland|Province]], north of new [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|"Ann Arundell" County]]. Includes what is now [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore City]], [[Baltimore County]], [[Harford County, Maryland|Harford]] and [[Cecil County, Maryland|Cecil]] Counties (and northern portions just south a few miles from high points of land along southern shore of [[Patapsco River]] of previous [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|"Ann Arundell"]] [antique spelling]), along with future additional [[Howard County, Maryland|Howard]], [[Carroll County, Maryland|Carroll]], and [[Kent County, Maryland|Kent]] Counties (south to [[Chester River]]). Officeholder of [[Baltimore County Sheriff's Office|Sheriff for Baltimore County]] first designated in legal papers from the [[General Assembly of Maryland|General Assembly]].
* 1661 - First court sits for Baltimore County, meeting at Capt. Thomas Howell's place in what is now modern [[Cecil County, Maryland|Cecil County]].
** Charles Gorsuch, a Quaker patents 50 acres of land on narrow jagged peninsula which juts out into the [[Patapsco River]], between what is (later by the 18th century) called the Northwest Branch to the north and the Middle and Ferry Branches to the south and southwest, ending in "Whetstone Point" (including future old "South Baltimore" areas with [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill]], [[Locust Point, Baltimore|Locust Point]], Riverside neighborhoods, Spring Gardens, Ferry Bar and [[Fort McHenry]]). He promises to pay Lord Baltimore, [[Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore|Cecilius Calvert]], 61 pounds sterling per year for the use of the land.
** David Jones hires Peter Carroll to survey 380 acres along the stream which is later named "[[Jones Falls]]" in his honor. He built a house and is said to be future Baltimore's first settler.
* 1663 - Alexander Mountenay patented land named "Mountenay's Neck" along the Harford Run stream, (where Central Avenue is now paved over in old East Baltimore's [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown]], later known Old Town neighborhoods such as [[Little Italy, Baltimore|"Little Italy"]] are located) and which is later sold and resurveyed to William Fell.
** Land is also patented along [[Curtis Bay, Baltimore|Curtis Bay]] and [[Curtis Creek]] southwest off the lower [[Patapsco River]] estuary in future adjoining northern [[Anne Arundel County]] and southern [[Baltimore]] City, (after 1919 Annexation) to Paul Kinsey naming it "Curtis's Neck" and followed in 1679, by his friend George Yates nearby with a grant called "Denchworth", although there is no person of a family of the name "Curtis" appearing in the [[Province of Maryland|Province's]] early land records (which is also applied to the previously named "Broad Creek").
* 1664 - Capt. Thomas Todd purchases land at [[North Point, Maryland|North Point]], end of the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula (in southeastern [[Baltimore County]]), between the [[Back River (Maryland)|Back River]] and the [[Patapsco River|Patapsco]], followed by John Boring, merchant in 1679.
* 1668 - Thomas Cole takes up 550 acres of property named "Cole's Harbor" in future site of northern Baltimore Town (from Harford Run on the east to future Howard Street on the west and to Madison Street in the north) and combines with "Todd's Range" along the "Basin's" (later [[Inner Harbor]]) waterfront, when later sold to James Todd with later owners being [[Daniel Carroll]] ["I - the first"], (1696−1751), and [[Charles Carroll of Annapolis]], (1702−1782) who assembled and bought almost 1,000 acres in 1696.
** "Timber Neck" parcel stretching along future Howard, Paca and Eutaw Streets, patented by John Howard, ancestor to later famous scion and [[Revolutionary War]] military officer, [[John Eager Howard]], (1752-1827).
* 1673/74 - [[Cecil County, Maryland|Cecil County]] formed from northeastern portion of Baltimore County and temporarily includes future [[Kent County, Maryland|Kent County]] on upper Eastern Shore.
* 1683 - First mention in records for [[Baltimore County]] of a "county seat" with a "port of entry" designated by the [[Maryland General Assembly]] on the [[Bush River (Maryland)|Bush River]], later called "Old Baltimore" (in future [[Harford County]]).
* 1692 - "Patapsco Hundred" Parish of the established (official) [[Church of England]] in the colonial [[Province of Maryland]] established for [[Baltimore County]] near Colgate Creek (near modern site of the Dundalk and Sea Girt Marine Terminals of the [[Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore|Port of Baltimore]]), on the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula of southeastern [[Baltimore County]] along the north shore of the lower [[Patapsco River]]. Later Parish is named as [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|St. Paul's Church or Parish]] (of the [[Portal:Anglicanism|"Anglican" Church]]) with small log building erected. One of the authorized "Original Thirty" parishes designated in the [[Province of Maryland|Province]]. Later parish church moves in 1730 to newly founded [[History of Baltimore|Baltimore Town]] on the headwaters of "The Basin" of the [[Patapsco River]]'s Northwest Branch. After several previous sites purchased and later discarded in the Town, final location is chosen at present Lot #19 of the 1730 "Original Survey" bounded by Forest Street (future North Charles Street), New Church Lane (later East Lexington Street), future East Saratoga Street, and future St. Paul's Lane (modern St. Paul Street/Place/Preston Gardens). Lot perched on edge of jagged cliff to east overlooking old southwestward loop of [[Jones Falls]] where first brick church building in town (of later three successor structures) is completed in 1739, with surrounding cemetery. Oldest church and congregation in greater Baltimore area and one of the oldest in [[Maryland|state]].

==18th CENTURY==

===1700s−1740s===
* 1704 - Provincial law requires that enough trees be cut down to widen the main roads to twenty feet and that roads be marked. Marking system consists of cutting slashes in tree trunks: one vertical slash on a road leading to a church and three horizontal lines, two close together and one a bit higher on roads leading to a county courthouse.
* 1706 - [[Port of Baltimore]] established as an authorized for shipping of tobacco and other products by colonial [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly of]] the [[Province of Maryland]] for the upper [[Chesapeake Bay]] region at the head of the [[Patapsco River]]'s Northwest Branch, in "The Basin" (now called "[[Inner Harbor]]"), west of inlet and small island at the mouth of the "[[Jones Falls]]" stream and "Harford Run" (later covered by Central Avenue in 19th century) further to the east, both of which flow from the north, and a small stream flowing from the west, later called "Uhler's Run". Situated below the jagged cliff heights (later known after 1788 as "[[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill]]") to the south which overlook the protected harbor which has a twelve-foot depth, enough for ocean-going sailing ships, along a narrow peninsula (old South Baltimore) leading to [[Fort McHenry|Whetstone Point]]. Although only a few ships make anchor the first years by Whetstone Point, it never grows into a town as did deeper anchorages further upstream at future Fells Point and Baltimore Town.
* 1711 - [[Charles Carroll of Annapolis]], (XXX-XXXX), sells 31 acres to Jonathan Hanson who erects a mill, probably the first along the [[Jones Falls]] in the vicinity of the intersection with later-day Holliday Street.
* 1715 - [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly of Maryland]] authorizes convening of a Court to serve the growing numbers of residents - farmers, merchants, mechanics, shipbuilders in northeastern [[Maryland]] which is now called "[[Baltimore County]]", since 1659 and sets four sessions per year for the Court on the first Tuesday of March, June, August and November.
* 1723 - Capt. Robert North takes up residence in the County and is one of the original lot owners. He commands the ship "Content " which he carries in freight this year.
* 1726 - Richard Gist lays out future port community for Edward Fell originally called "Fell's Prospect" and surveys three dwellings, several tobacco houses, an orchard and a mill - Jonathan Hanson's. Fell builds a store, and the area eventually came to be called "[[Fells Point, Baltimore|Fell's Point]]". Edward Fell's brother William, a carpenter arrives from [[Lancashire, England]] in 1730 and purchases 100 acres named "Copus Harbor" at "Long Island Point" (vicinity of modern Lancaster Street, near Philpot Street - east of [[Jones Falls]] mouth - today's "[[Harbor East, Baltimore|Harbor East]] and new developments at "Harbor Point" in 2013) and builds house and shipyard.
* 1728 - John Cockey (whose brother Thomas purchased property in "Limestone Valley" on the York Road up in central [[Baltimore County]] giving his name to the future [[Cockeysville, Maryland|Cockeysville]]) purchases land near the Patapsco.
* 1729 - County citizens petition the [[Maryland General Assembly|Colonial Assembly]] to establish a Town for the ease of exporting tobacco and importing goods from overseas and further expanding the 1706 [[Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore|Port and Harbor]]. Original site planned and designated was on north shore of the Patapsco's "Middle Branch" (also known as "Ridgeley's Cove") owned by John Moale, a merchant from Devonshire, England who later objected to the site of the new Town, believing that valuable iron ore deposits were located there. So the first commissioners appointed - ("Gentlemen of Consequence": Thomas Tolley, William Hamilton, William Buckner, Dr. George Walker, Richard Gist, Dr. George Buchanan, and William Hammond) instead purchased to the northeast, 60 acres of land of [[Charles Carroll the Settler|Charles Carroll]]'s "Cole's Harbor/Todd's Range" along the north side of the future "Basin" ([[Inner Harbor]]) at the head of the Northwest Branch of the [[Patapsco River]] from [[Daniel Carroll|Daniel]], (1696-1751), and [[Charles Carroll of Annapolis]] (1702−1782) and county surveyor Philip Jones plans to lay out three streets: [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|Calvert]], [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|Forest (later called Charles)]] which ran north to south, and the east-west Long or later called Market (after the 1760s and still later further as East and West Baltimore) Street. "The Town of [[Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore|Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore]]" was then founded with the sole resident of the area at the time: John Fleming (whose house stood near southeast corner of Forest (future South Charles) and King George (later East Lombard) Streets).
* 1730 - The "Original Survey" taken on January 12, and 60 one-acre lots were laid out by County Surveyor Philip Jones beginning at an oak tree located then at present site of Forest (South Charles) and future Camden Streets. Three streets laid out and confirmed: Calvert, Forest (Charles), and Long (later Market, then Baltimore Street), with smaller streets/alleys: Hanover, German and Water Streets with "Great Eastern Road" running along the northwest edge connecting [[Philadelphia]] to the northeast, with [[Georgetown, D.C.|Georgetown, Maryland]] to the southwest and [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]] to the south (Provincial capital since 1694). Southwestern village boundary along "Uhler's Run" (stream − later Uhler's Alley, − southwest of Forest and King George Streets (later South Charles and West Lombard Sts.). Waterfront shoreline with first wharves located along waterfront of the "Basin" (later Inner Harbor) at German and Water Streets (at approximate site of modern Redwood/Water Streets - three blocks further north of modern (2013) shoreline/"Harborplace"). "Steiger's Meadow" (northeast of town) and "Harrison's Marsh" (east of town) were along the west bank of the [[Jones Falls]] stream to the east of new Town. Charles Carroll, as owner of the property has first choice and chooses Lot #49 at Calvert Street and the Basin, Philip Jones, the surveyor picks Lot #37 on the Basin at the foot of Charles Street. Sixteen men take up lots that first day, many along the waterfront. Process continues over the next few years with some later forfeiting their claim for not building within eighteen months. Ten years later some lots are still held by the town commissioners - so not exactly a boom town right off.
** [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|St. Paul's Anglican Parish]], of the "established" (colony-supported) [[Church of England]], established earlier in 1692 as one of "Original Thirty" parishes in the [[Province of Maryland|Colony]], is moved from rough church structure originally near Colgate Creek on the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula (near modern Dundalk and Sea Girt Marine Terminals of the [[Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore|Port of Baltimore]], previously Harbor Field airport in the 1930s), between lower Patapsco and [[Back River (Maryland)|Back Rivers]] to the southeast of [[Baltimore County]]. Later a year after establishment of new town, St. Paul's Parish purchases Lot #19 at southeast of Forest Street (later North Charles Street) and lot extends to the east to St. Paul's Lane (later St. Paul Street/Place/"Preston Gardens") overlooking rugged cliffs above Jones Falls loop to the southwest before turning north again, and south lot boundary to New Church Lane (later East Lexington Street − renamed after [[American Revolution]] − later vicinity known as North Charles and East Saratoga Streets). Construction of church as first brick building in town begins the following year.
* 1731 - Baltimore Ironworks Company formed by [[Daniel Dulany the Elder]], [[Benjamin Tasker, Sr.]], and members of the [[Carroll family]]: Dr. Charles Carroll, Charles Carroll, Esq., and Daniel Carroll who establish iron ore pits, furnace works and export through Baltimore and Fells Point.
* 1732 - "[[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jones's Town]]", a tract of ten acres of 20 lots along four streets (also later called "Old Town" by the 19th century) laid out by county surveyor Philip Jones for relative David Jones; established along northeast bank of [[Jones Falls]] which flows into the Patapsco east of "The Basin".
* 1739 - First brick building completed in town built for church for [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|"Old St. Paul's Anglican Parish"]] at Forest (Charles) Street and Fish Lane (later East Saratoga Street) on northern edge of town perched on cliffs to the east overlooking St. Paul's Lane (now Street/Place) and the [[Jones Falls]] loop using 600,000 bricks newly manufactured in Baltimore by Charles Wells. Building faces future Lexington Street side to the south and Lower Town. Cemetery laid out around church building. New Church Street laid out south of new church building (later renamed Lexington Street after American Revolution).
* 1740 - [[Methodist]] iternerant preacher and missionary [[George Whitefield]] (1714−1770), preaches here inspired by evangelical [[First Great Awakening]] revival meetings and English ministers [[John Wesley]], (1703−1791), and [[Charles Wesley]], (1707−1788).
* 1741 - First brick house built for Edward Fortrell from Ireland with free-stone corners, two stories high with peaked roof at northwest corner of Calvert Street and Fish Lane (later East Fayette Street. Later site of James Buchanan mansion/townhouse of 1799 − later sold to U.S. Sen. [[Reverdy Johnson]] and ransacked in 1835 [[Baltimore bank riot]], also future site of southeast corner of 1894−99 [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|Baltimore City/Clarence Mitchell Courthouse]], opposite future Courthouse/Battle Monument Square.
* 1745 - Merger of "Jones's Town" and "Baltimore Town" authorized on September 28 enlarges the original settlement on the [[Patapsco River]] with an important wooden bridge constructed at Bridge Street (later Gay Street) crossing the [[Jones Falls]] stream with "Harrison's Marsh" (on land of Thomas Harrison) to the south and "Steiger's Meadow" to the northwest by the "Loop" flowing from the north to southwest, then northeast, then continuing further south to the Patapsco River's "Basin" separating the two villages. The merged villages are to be called "Baltimore Town".
* 1746 - Town Commissioners hire Capt. Robert North to build fence around former Jones's Town area and then follow two years later with a subscription by townspeople to build post and fence around Baltimore Town and keep in repair, prohibiting raising hogs and geese, with three gates - one at west end of Long or Market Street, one at the upper part of Bridge Street over the Jones Falls (Gay Street) and a third smaller portal near the north end of Charles Street near St. Paul's Church for foot passengers, completed 1750. Unfortunately, the next few winters are severe and scavengers strip pieces for winter firewood and by 1752, remnants are sold off.
* 1747 - Town's first attempt to deal with the flimsy wooden structures of the era and constant threat of conflagration was to have housekeepers to be subject to a ten shilling fine if they do not "keep a ladder high enough to extend to the top of the roof of such house or if their chimneys blaze out."
was another order of the town commissioners and that if a fire does break out, for all to grab a bucket and come running. At. night, two men lead the way, one carrying a torch and the other blowing a fog horn.
** Seven ships have called at the port of Baltimore this year with fifteen arriving the following year, all bound for London.

===1750s–1790s===
* 1750 - First German Reformed Church organized. Second oldest Protestant congregation in town. Invites Rev. John Christian Faber to become their pastor in 1756 and begin building a structure just north of [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Old St. Paul's Anglican Church]] ([[Church of England]]) on Forest (North Charles) Street, with some Evangelical Lutherans worshipping with them. Congregation later moves to Front Street at East Baltimore Street by Jones Falls west bank, but structure damaged by flood before completion − help to finish building given by ministers of other local churches - Anglican, Presbyterian and Lutheran. Later building surmounted by tall steeple and prominent "town clock". First German Reformed congregation later relocates in 1928 to [[York Road (Baltimore)|York Road]] in [[Rodgers Forge, Maryland|Rodgers Forge]] (in northern suburbs) and merges with daughter church − St. Stephen's).
* 1751 - Subscription and lottery attempt fails to build public market house for Baltimore Town. But successful twelve years later by 1763 at northwest corner of Long Street (later Market, then Baltimore Street) and Bridge Street (later Gay Street). Replaced by later Centre (Marsh) Market in 1782 at Market (East Baltimore) Street and Market Place/Harrison Street by west bank of Jones Falls, and supplemented by other markets in western precincts (Lexington Market) and eastern precincts (Broadway Market in Fells Point) by 1784.
** Further sanitary regulations promulgated by the town commissioners: "Whereas several persons permit stinking fish, dead creatures or carrion to lie on their Lotts or in the Streets near their doors which are very offensive Nuisances and contrary to Act of Assembly, the Commissioners therefore Order the Clerk to put up advertisements to inform such Persons that they are to remove them . . "
* 1752 - First Census taken of Baltimore Town lists 30 names of settlers, first census of surrounding Baltimore County enumerates free whites − 11,345, white servants and convicts − 1,501, black and mulatto slaves − 4,143, free blacks and mulattos − 204.
** First historic illustration drawing of the new Town by John Moale (son of man who objected to original town site on Middle Branch), showing approximately 25 houses - four of brick, one brick church, two taverns (Payne's and Kaminsky's - on corner of future Grant and Mercer Streets alleys in the block bounded by modern German/Redwood, Light, Water and South Calvert Streets endures as wooden frame structure with "Dutch" hipped roof, tavern later raised higher on stone foundation which becomes ground/first floor until photographed and razed in 1870), one brewery (Barnetz Brothers), one tobacco inspection warehouse, one wharf, a barber shop and an insurance office. The country-like view, with its few buildings and rolling hills and forests of topography was taken looking north from the overlook on rugged cliffside heights (later named [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill]] after 1788), to the south of "The Basin" (later called the "[[Inner Harbor]]".
** School first organized by Mr. James Gardner at South and Second (later Water) Streets along harbor shoreline.
* 1753 - Influential citizens John Stevenson, Richard Chase, John Moale, William and Nicholas Rogers, John Ridgely, Nicholas Ruxton Gay, William Lux and Brian Philpot manage lottery to raise money for building additional public wharf.
* 1754 - [[Mount Clare (Maryland)|Mount Clare Mansion]] begins construction on "Georgia Plantation" estate, north of [[Gwynns Falls]] stream, Middle Branch ("Ridgeley's Cove") of Patapsco River and southwest of growing town along the [[Georgetown, D.C.|Georgetown Road]] (later called Columbia Road, then as [[U.S. Route 1 in Maryland|Washington Boulevard]], also future [[U.S. Route 1 in Maryland|U.S. Route 1]] running from Maine to Florida by the 1920's). Near future city neighborhood of [[Pigtown, Baltimore|Pigtown]] (and Washington Village), restored and gentrified community of [[Ridgely's Delight, Baltimore|"Ridgely's Delight"]] and in future [[Carroll Park (Baltimore, Maryland)|Carroll Park]] which is purchased by City along with house and restored as historic site in XXXX. Mansion construction of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] architectural style built to about 1760 by [[John Henry Carroll]], brother of [[Charles Carroll (barrister)]], (1723−1783), and cousin of [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton]], (1737−1832), who is most famous as an American patriot as later delegate to [[Second Continental Congress]], last surviving signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], and honorary layer of "First Stone" for the new [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] in 1828.
* 1755 - After occasionally worshipping with Reformed Protestant Germans in Baltimore Town, [[History of the Germans in Baltimore|Lutherans from Germany]] establish separate [[Portal:Lutheranism|Evangelical Lutheran]] congregation and begin meeting in various homes of members. Later moves in 1758/1762? to Bridge Street (later known as North Gay Street) west of [[Jones Falls]], near future East Saratoga Street with small brick church constructed with bell tower. Later moves one block south on Bridge Street down to corner with New Church Street (later after [[American Revolution|Revolution]] known as East Lexington Street) and becomes known as "Zion Church of the City of Baltimore" or also as Old [[Zion Lutheran Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Zion Lutheran Church]]. After fire damage, building rebuilt without front bell tower in Georgian/Federal style in 1807−08, designed and built by parish members George Rohrback and Johann Mekenheimer.
* German Reformed congregation invites Rev. John Christian Faber to become pastor and begin building structure just north of first church in town - [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Old St. Paul's Anglican Church]] on [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|Forest (Charles) Street]], some Evangelical Lutherans participate in worship with Reformed friends.
* 1757 - [[Smallpox]] epidemic in colonial capital city of [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]] to the south, drives [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly]] legislature to meet for sessions in Baltimore.
* 1759 - Arrival of [[French Canadian]] refugees beginning around 1755, expelled by British officials from [[Acadia]] ([[Nova Scotia]] province in [[New France]] (in future [[Canada]]) after their victory at the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] near [[Quebec City]] in the [[French and Indian War]]/[[Seven Years' War]] (in Europe). The new immigrants who settle around [[Charles Street|South Forest]] and west of King George's (Lombard) Streets, near old "Uhler's Run" (stream), southwest of the Town and west of the "The Basin" harbor ([[Inner Harbor]]), which becomes known in the late 18th Century and early 19th Century as "Frenchtown". Additional influx of pioneer frontier colonial settlers from [[Appalachian Mountains]] of western Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia driven or forced back east by [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] and [[French Royal Army|French military]].
* 1761 - After occasionally joining German Lutherans and [[Portal:Calvinism|Reformed (Protestants)]] in services established earlier, [[Church of Scotland|Presbyterians (Scottish)]] and [[Puritans|Reformed English Protestants]] (many [[Scotch-Irish American|"Scots-Irish"]] from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]) began worshipping in local houses around "The Basin" harbor and constructed a log church two years later for their congregation at East Lane (later East Fayette) and Bridge (later North Gay) Streets, which was followed in 1765, by a more substantial brick church several blocks west at the northwest corner of East Fayette and North (later renamed Guilford Avenue) Streets. First minister called for this [[First Presbyterian Church and Manse (Baltimore, Maryland)|First Presbyterian Church of Baltimore]] is the Rev. Dr. [[Patrick Allison]], (1740-1802), a most influential man, both in his church and denomination and in the educational, cultural and civic affairs of the town for forty years. Rev. Allison is also instrumental in organizing the regional [[Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)|Presbytery of Baltimore]], later in 1786, and a larger national General Assembly of [[Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)|Presbyterians]], along with participating in joint endeavors with the later Roman Catholic bishop and Anglican priest, with forming several schools, attempting establishment of a college, various lectures and literary societies and the organization of a [[subscription library|subscription/membership community library]] for the educated elite.
* 1763 - [[Fells Point, Baltimore|Fells Point]] established further east along the Northwest Branch of the [Patapsco River]], west of small peninsula near the inlet formed by [[South Central Avenue Historic District|"Harford Run"]], a stream channeled between two parallel lanes of old Canal Street, and later under modern, paved-over [[Central Avenue (Baltimore)|Central Avenue]] as it reaches the main Patapsco River's Northwest Branch. The new waterfront port town, east of Baltimore Town and quickly becomes a major shipbuilding area with its deeper channel and pier berths, extending along eastern northern shore of Patapsco to confluence with "Harris Creek" (now under the modern-day industrial and residential community of [[Canton, Baltimore|Canton]]), site of later 18th Century shipbuilding yards including David Stoddart's where the [[USS Constellation (1797)|''"U.S.F. Constellation"'']] is built, first ship of the [[Original six frigates of the United States Navy|"Original Six Frigates"]] of the newly re-organized [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] in 1797.
** "The Mechanical Company" organized as first volunteer fire fighting company in town. Six years later, a new revolutionary invention, a hand fire engine is discovered on board a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] ship anchored in the harbor, which the Company buys for 99 pounds sterling (=$264) and named it "The Dutchman", enabling Baltimoreans to boast that they had a fire engine ten years before [[Boston]] and thirty years before [[Paris]]. Mechanical Company of volunteer firemen, later forms a local militia unit and develops into a social and political club which endures 250 years later. The Mechanical Fire Company is followed for the next several decades by several other fire-fighting companies to approximately 17 by unification in 1858.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Fire Company Library Associations of Baltimore, 1838-1858 |author= John Calvin Colson |journal= Journal of Library History |volume= 21 |date=Winter 1986 }}</ref>
** First public market house for the town of two stories height erected with 3,000 English pounds raised by lottery. Town Commissioners William Lyon, Nicholas Gay, John Moale, and Archibald Buchanan lease land on July 16th from Thomas Harrison at eight pounds per year at northwest corner of Long Street, (soon to be renamed - Market Street - later renamed again as East Baltimore Street) at intersection with Bridge (later North Gay) Street on the eastern edge of Harrison's Marsh by the western bank of the [[Jones Falls]], (later known as the "[[Power Plant Live!|Centre Market]]" or occasionally as "Marsh Market" - named for the nearby swamp to the south and west along the west bank of the Falls owned by Harrison). Market built with second floor for entertainment, cultural and educational events and indoor mass public assemblies. Lottery stages to build market house, buy two fire engines and a parcel of leather buckets and enlarge the public wharf. The scheme is to sell 3,000 tickets at 20 shillings each, with "winners" of 1,062 tickets to draw prizes amounting to 2,480 pounds, leaving a net gain for the public improvements of 510 pounds. Near-by Harrison Street, later to the south as "Market Place" and its central horse fountain were later sites of subsequent market houses in 1851 and 1907 lasting to 1984. Centre Market House is also the location on the second and third floors of the 1851 landmark structure for the [[Maryland Institute College of Art|"Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts"]] until the "[[Great Baltimore Fire]]" of 1904, then M.I.'s College of Art and Design rebuilt 1907 on top floors in the northern market building of three parallel structures until the early 1980s when razed for Baltimore "Metro" subway "Shot Tower/Market Place" station. Currently the "Port Discovery" children's museum in the old "Fish Market", middle market building of three reconstructed.
* 1765 - British Parliament's "[[Stamp Act]]" led to protests against first direct tax levied on the American colonies by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and provoked mass assemblies and growing unrest throughout the [[Thirteen Colonies]] and at [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|Baltimore County Courthouse]] in Square on Calvert Street, between New Church Street (East Lexington) and Fish Lane (later East Fayette Street).
* 1767 - Baltimore Town designated as the [[Baltimore County, Maryland|county]] seat is moved from Old Joppa with new courthouse built in a square the following year (1768) at north end of North Calvert Street and between Fish Lane (later East Fayette) and New Church Street (East Lexington) on town's northern border near cliff overlooking southwestward loop of Jones Falls at a cost of 900 pounds raised by townsfolk with whipping post, pillory and stocks constructed in square and new jail further out. Controversy and political battles throughout County with Joppa residents result.<ref name=brit1910 />
* 1769 - [[Portal:Lutheranism|Evangelical Lutherans]] at Old [[Zion Lutheran Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Zion Lutheran Church]] at North Gay and East Lexington Streets, begin [[German language]] instruction in school.
* 1770 - Large substantial [[Henry Fite House]] built of brick with three and half stories at southwest corner of South Sharp (to the north was future North Liberty Street - after the Revolution) and Market (later West Baltimore) Streets on western edge of Town. Later used tavern and hotel by German immigrant son Jacob Fite, and daughter Elizabeth Fite Rehnienke. Used as temporary National Capitol as [[Second Continental Congress]] meets there December 1776 to February 1777, after [[Philadelphia]] is occupied by the British, known then as ''"Congress Hall"'' (or later as ''"Old Congress Hall"'' - endures until [[Great Baltimore Fire]] of 1904).
** Roman Catholics bolstered by influx of French Acadians from [[Nova Scotia]] and some Irishmen previously celebrate Mass by the Rev. John Ashton at converted chapel in room of old Edward Fortrell's first brick home (who had returned to Ireland) at Calvert Street and Fish Lane (later East Fayette Street). Lot purchased on northwest corner from [[Charles Carroll of Annapolis|Charles Carroll]] of North Charles and West Saratoga Streets for St. Peter's Congregation, with red-brick building completed finally in 1783 with adjoining rectory and small cemetery across street from [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Old St. Paul's Anglican Church]]
* 1771 - Organization of [[History of the Germans in Baltimore|German Reformed]] congregation (later known as [[Otterbein Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Otterbein Church]] at South Sharp and West Conway Streets) by Rev. Dr. [[Philip Otterbein]], (1726−1813).
* 1773 - '' "The Maryland Journal, and the Baltimore Advertiser"'', first newspaper in town begins publication August 20, at Market Street (later East Baltimore Street) near South Lane under [[William Goddard (patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]] and sister [[Mary Katherine Goddard]] who also serves as Postmaster (mistress) of Baltimore. This is the oldest ancestor of later merged newspapers which became the [[Baltimore News-American]] in 1964, closed in 1986 by the Hearst Company).<ref name="lc">{{cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/titles/results/?state=Maryland&city=Baltimore&rows=50&sort=date |title=US Newspaper Directory |location=Washington DC |work=Chronicling America |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
** Baltimore Town (which had already absorbed nearby village across [[Jones Falls]], of [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jones Town]] a few years earlier) now merges with [[Fells Point, Baltimore|Fells Point]] of 80 acres to form combined town government and council.
** [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly of Maryland]] establishes first Alms House and adjoining Work House for Baltimore County and Town's poor, indigent and disabled on land purchased from William Lux for 350 pounds northwest of town in square bounded by Howard, Eutaw, Biddle and Garden Streets with trustees appointed: Charles Ridgely, William Lux, John Moale, William Smith, Samuel Purviance of the Town, and Andrew Buchanan and Harry Dorsey Gough from the County. Becomes the ancestor of the later Bayview Asylum, later Baltimore City Hospitals and the modern [[Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center]] on [[Maryland Route 150|Eastern Avenue]], east of the city.
** [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly of Maryland]] also authorizes the taking up of a public subscription or later a public lottery to establish a common public market house to be located and built in Baltimore Town, the county seat of [[Baltimore County]] for commerce and trading.
** Baptist members in town erect first permanent meeting house with a dwelling for pastor, school house and establish cemetery at North Front and East Fayette Streets alongside east bank of Jones Falls (future site of [[Phoenix Shot Tower]] constructed later in 1828 off President Street Boulevard). This congregation of First Baptist Church of Baltimore Town later moves to 4200 Liberty Heights Avenue in Dorchester-Gwynn Oak-[[Forest Park, Baltimore|Forest Park]] area, of northwest Baltimore.
** Jewish settlers arrive as permanent residents with Benjamin Levy, shopkeeper with wife Rachel, and son Robert Morris Levy - named for good friend, wealthiest American and future Revolutionary War government financier.
** Estimated population of town is 6,000 compared with Philadelphia − 40,000 and New York − 25,000.
* 1774 - Baltimore and Maryland send representatives to [[First Continental Congress]] meeting in [[Philadelphia]] and [[Annapolis Convention (1774-1776)]]
** Demonstrations, mass meetings at the County Courthouse Square on Calvert Street (future site of [[Battle Monument]] for War of 1812 victory, 1815–22) and anti-tax and anti-British speeches along with organization of a local [[Committee of Correspondence]] to forment colonists' rights.
* 1775 - Maryland revolutionary leaders began to govern colony through "Provincial Convention" which sends delegates to the [[Second Continental Congress]] also in Philadelphia.
** Baltimore Town listed as having 564 houses, 5,934 inhabitants.
* 1776 - Maryland sends last Royal Governor [[Sir Robert Eden, 1st Baronet, of Maryland|Sir Robert Eden]] under Lord Baltimore's proprietary government of [[Henry Harford]], (illegitimate son of [[Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore|Frederick Calvert, 6th and last Lord Baltimore]]) packing to England from Annapolis.
** Publishing of text on July 10 in local Baltimore newspaper of new [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], adopted by [[Second Continental Congress]] in [[Philadelphia]] the week before, July 4.
** Reading aloud by a speaker or "town crier" in public at the Courthouse Square at the northern edge of the Town on North Calvert Street, between New Church Street (now East Lexington) and Fish Lane (now East Fayette Street), (also in the next century to become [[Battle Monument]] Square) on July 23, of the words of the official "[[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]", passed two weeks before in Philadelphia at [[Independence Hall]] (then known as the "Old Pennsylvania State House"), on July 2 and 4. Baltimorean [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton]] is delegate and later becomes last surviving signer. Later celebrated as "Independence Day".
** ''"Declaration and Charter of Rights and form of government for the state of Maryland"'' - title of new constitution for independent State drawn up by convention in [[Annapolis]] and adopted November 3, 1776.
** In December - [[Second Continental Congress]] begins meeting in tavern/hotel (formerly [[Henry Fite House]] − later named "Congress Hall" at southwest corner of Liberty Street/South Sharp Street (later Hopkins Place) and West Baltimore Street (then Market Street) − (later site in 1962 of [[Baltimore Civic Center]]/First Mariner Arena) after [[Continental Army]]'s evacuation from new capital at [[Philadelphia]] upon British occupation after battles in [[Pennsylvania]] at [[Battle of Brandywine|Brandywine]] and [[Battle of Germantown|Germantown]]. British fleet from New York feints going past at Baltimore and sails up [[Chesapeake Bay]] going northeast to land at [[Elkton, Maryland|Head of Elk]] in [[Cecil County, Maryland|Cecil County]]. Baltimore Town serves as "temporary American capital" until February 1777. "Old Congress Hall" later becomes residence and office for New England merchant and financier, [[George Peabody]],(1795-1869), after he arrives in city in 1816 to spend twenty years here, going on to New York City and London, to become one of the richest men in the world at that time, endowing several Baltimore and Massachusetts institutions with his fortune. "Fite House"/"Congress Hall" lasts until destroyed in [[Great Baltimore Fire]] of 1904.
* 1780 - Meeting of [[Anglican]] clergy and lay representatives in [[Chestertown, Maryland]] on the [[Eastern Shore of Maryland|Eastern Shore]] to establish a [[Episcopal Diocese of Maryland|Diocese of Maryland]] composed of clergy and parishes of the [[Church of England]] in the newly free and independent State. Later establishment nine years later of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America]] in 1789, independent from the Mother Church. Later "Episcopalians" remains part of a growing [[Anglican Communion]] as the [[British Empire]] continued to spread world-wide in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Later American revision of the traditional [[Book of Common Prayer]] for church services, [[Christian worship|worship]] and [[liturgy|liturgies]].
* 1781 - Several American [[Continental Army]] and [[Kingdom of France|French]] regiments under the command of the [[Marquis de Lafayette]] (A French nobleman and officer who volunteers his services to [[George Washington|General George Washington]]) passes through the town in April heading south to Virginia to reinforce the Southern forces under [[Nathanael Greene|Gen. Nathaniel Greene]] facing [[British Army]] Gen. [[Lord Cornwallis]] coming up from the Carolinas. A banquet and a dancing ball is held in honor of the youngn general and his officers and a request is made of the ladies of Baltimore to sew and repair additional uniforms, clothing and supplies for the American troops. In the next few days the former ballroom is transformed into a clothing factory and the outfitting of the soldiers is commenced by the daughters and wives of the city, supervised by Mrs. David Poe, mother of future poet and literary figure [[Edgar Allan Poe]]. The youthful Marquis sends a letter of thanks and additionally stops in November on his way back north after the successful surrender of the "Redcoats" at the [[Siege of Yorktown|Siege and Battle of Yorktown]]. Later additional allied armies aid the Patriot cause with Royal French troops under [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de Rochambeau|Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, the "Comte de Rochambeau"]], with additional allied German regiments to the French king, [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] and Gen. [[George Washington]]'s [[Continental Army]] make three camps for several weeks in September surrounding the town on their quick march south from north outside New York City and [[Newport, Rhode Island]], to lay siege to Gen. [[Lord Cornwallis]]'s British Army at [[Yorktown, Virginia]] the next month, leading to his surrender. Three camps of the thousands of Patriot and allied soldiers surround the town, one - located southwest of "The Basin" ([[Inner Harbor]] area) at the future [[Camden Yards]] sports stadiums site, two - north in "Howard's Woods" of [[Maryland Line]] Continental troops commander - Col. [[John Eager Howard]]'s estate "Belvidere", and three - east along the stream [[South Central Avenue Historic District|Harford Run]] (now paved over by Central Avenue) near [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown]] (later also known as "Old Town"). Troops returned north early the following year, after the successful conclusion and surrender of [[Cornwallis]] in October.
* 1782 - Supplementing the first "Centre Market" on Harrison Street/Market Place at East Baltimore Street west of Jones Falls, a "Western Precincts Market" (later known as "[[Lexington Market]]") becomes active, along with former Hanover Market (at Hanover and Camden Streets) in old "Frenchtown" (now South Baltimore) in 1784, and the Fells Point Market in 1785, (also known then as Eastern Precincts Market − later becomes Broadway Market in [[Fells Point, Baltimore|Fells Point]], sited at the foot of Broadway along waterfront. Originally an outdoor or tented marketplace during 18th century. By 1803, group of wood sheds and outside stalls along West Lexington Street are constructed, from North Eutaw to Paca Streets, then further west from North Paca Street to North Greene Street. Later 19th century extensions with a fish market go further west to Pearl Street and with tents and open stalls along Lexington Street to the east to North Liberty/Sharp Streets, through the later retail/department store shopping district. Second, third and fourth of a series of city markets erected in various quarters of the city, growing to eleven by the early 1900s. Composed of two-story brick assembly halls (often elaborately built with clock towers or steeples) on second floor with market spaces beneath and wooden sheds, stalls and tents at the rear and sides which are open on alternating "Market Days" Disastrous 1949 fire destroys center wooden section of Market between Paca and Greene Streets which are temporarily replaced by Quonset hut and two new square larger Market structures with a parking garage attached dedicated in 1952. In 1974, section of West Lexington Street, east of The Market between North Eutaw Street to North Liberty/Sharp Street-Hopkins Place barred from vehicular traffic and converted to pedestrian-only "Lexington Mall" until the early 2010s.
* 1783 -
** [[Confederation Congress]] meeting temporarily at the [[Maryland State House]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]] ratifies the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] ending the [[Revolutionary War]] as [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] recognizes American independence. General [[George Washington]] passes through city with military escort and parade, ceremonies, and banquets at the old Fountain Inn (famous hotel at St. Paul-Light Street, between Market (later East Baltimore) Street and German (later Redwood) Street). After his overnight stop, the commander-in-chief's procession moves on south to surrender his commission of authority and command of the [[Continental Army]] back to the Congress in session. Ceremony held in the "Old Senate Chamber" of the [[Maryland State House|State House]], the temporary National Capitol, and returns home next day to "[[Mount Vernon]]", on the [[Potomac River]], southeast of [[Alexandria, Virginia]].
** Committee of Health, set up in later part of the year, under appointment by Baltimore Town commissioners. With its continuous operation ever since, descending into a modern [[Baltimore City Department of Health]], makes it the oldest permanent municipal body in America (and possibly the World), devoted to public health
* 1784 - [[Christmas Conference (Methodism)]] meets at Lovely Lane Chapel/Meeting House (site now located in small alley), north off German Street (later East Redwood), east of [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|South Calvert Street]], to organize future [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] in America (later merged [1968] into The [[United Methodist Church]] and ordination of first [[presbyter|minister]] and [[bishop]] [[Francis Asbury]], (1745-1816),. Congregation later renamed Light Street Methodist Episcopal Church when moved two blocks west to nearby new location (on Light Street by Wine Alley and German/Redwood Street), then later known as First Methodist Episcopal Church. Moved again further north to [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|St. Paul]] and 23rd Streets in [[Charles Village, Baltimore|Peabody Heights/Charles Village]] in 1884, (as "Centennial monument to Methodism in America" in elaborate gray stone [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival styled]] building with tall landmark tower designed by famous New York architect [[Stanford White]] where congregation later resumed use of name of [[Lovely Lane Methodist Church|Lovely Lane Church]] in later 20th century and established historic Methodist Museum.
** Calvert Street extended further north beyond limits of town to "Howard's Woods" and [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|"Belvedere"]] estate of Col. [[John Eager Howard]], (1752–1827), (commander of famous "[[Maryland Line]]" regiment of [[Continental Army]] troops in [[Revolutionary War]]. First [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|Baltimore Town and County Court House]] raised 20 feet high on stone arches by contractor Leonard Harbaugh to save building and permit passage of street to the north beneath through Courthouse Square (known as "Courthouse on Stilts").
** Second brick building completed after four years of building (cornerstone laid April 25, 1780) in front of former 1739 structure for [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Old St. Paul's Parish]] and dedicated May 30, 1784 on Whitsuntide/Pentecost. Previous church in rear torn down in November 1786, except for wooden bell steeple which is erected in middle of surrounding cemetery.
** Night Watch and appointment of constables for daytime patrols authorized to town commissioners. Beginnings of future [[Baltimore Police Department|Baltimore City Police Department]]. Watchmen and constable patrols later reorganized in 1857, under a Police Marshal after riots, voting frauds and increased corruption under "[[Know-Nothings]]" political movement, (appointment of [[George Proctor Kane]] during [[American Civil War|Civil War-era]]) and brought under state control with appointment by [[Governor of Maryland]] in 1860. [[Union Army]] places city under martial law and arrests Marshal and members of new Police Board for disloyalty, later confined in [[Fort McHenry]] and [[Fort Warren (Massachusetts)|Fort Warren]] in [[History of Boston|Boston]] in 1861 and runs police force to 1865. Police commissioner as department head appointments begun in 1920, authority transferred to [[Mayor of Baltimore]] in the 1980s.
** William Murphy, local bookseller, established a small circulating library among interested customers and town citizens.
** A survey is made among town citizens as to the work of the town commissioners and services needed with people's needs of government. Citizens begin to discuss and write in local newspaper about the need for a charter and incorporation of town or to become a city and what that would entail, require and cost.
** Brigadier General [[Mordecai Gist]] arrives from [[Annapolis]] and the Southern Theatre of the War with remnants of the "[[Maryland Line]]", about 300 men, on July 27th, followed in September by Major General [[Nathanael Greene|Nathaniel Greene]], commander of southern army, [[Continental Army]], accompanied by Major Hyrne, arrived in the town from [[Charleston, South Carolina]].
** First convention meets of the local newly organized [[Episcopal Diocese of Maryland|Diocese of Maryland]], formed in [[Chestertown, Maryland]]. Adopts a new constitution recognizing the separation of church and state, with no special status for members of the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]] faith in the [[Church of England]] in the state.
* 1785 - First German Reformed Church builds building at Market (later East Baltimore) and Front Streets, by Jones Falls with contributions from membership.
** Construction of church for [[History of the Germans in Baltimore|German Reformed]] congregation from 1771 (later known as [[Otterbein Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Otterbein]] United Methodist Church) at South Sharp and West Conway Streets. (oldest church building still in use in city). Led by [[Philip William Otterbein]] (1726-1813), later forms [[Church of the United Brethren in Christ]].
* 1786 - [[Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)|Presbytery of Baltimore]] organized, led by Rev. Dr. [[Patrick Allison]], (1740-1802), of [[First Presbyterian Church and Manse (Baltimore, Maryland)|First Presbyterian Church of Baltimore]], then located at North Street (now Guilford Avenue) and East Fayette Street.
* 1787 - 1,955 dwellings in town.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews |publication-place = Boston |author = Jedidiah Morse |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL23272543M/The_American_gazetteer |title = The American gazetteer |chapterurl=http://www.archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n45/mode/2up |chapter=Baltimore |publication-date = 1797 }}</ref>
* 1788 - Assemblies, debates, newspaper articles and elections commence around issue of whether Maryland should ratify new [[United States Constitution]] drawn up in Philadelphia by convention meeting during the summer. Baltimoreans celebrate adoption of new government by having parade of various town officials, units and tradesmen processing to the rugged cliff-side heights south of the town and harbor for a festival picnic that Fall. Site thereafter always known as "[[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill"]].
* 1789 - Ceremonial procession of newly elected first [[President of the United States]] [[George Washington]] escorted through city in mid-April by local militia regiments, officials and bands on his way north from home at [[Mount Vernon]], near [[Alexandria, Virginia]] to New York City's [[Federal Hall]] for his first inauguration April 30. Elaborate banquet and toasts held at the famous Fountain Inn, most important local hotel at northeast corner of [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|Light/St. Paul]] and German (now Redwood) Streets.
** Ordination of first Roman Catholic bishop in America, Father [[John Carroll (bishop)|John Carroll]] and erection of first see [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|(diocese)]] in the Nation at Baltimore, encompassing all of the U.S.A. He returns to city the next year for installation and establishment of the first Catholic cathedral ("pro-cathedral") at St. Peter's Congregation (established 1770) at northwestern side of North Charles and West Saratoga Streets (across the street from [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Old St. Paul's Episcopal Church]], oldest Anglican/Episcopal parish in Maryland.
** Formation of an independent [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Protestant Episcopal Church in the U.S.A.]], separated from the [[Church of England]], (the "Mother Church"); [[Episcopal Diocese of Maryland|Diocese of Maryland]] previously organized nine years before in [[Chestertown, Maryland]] elects and ordains its first [[bishop]] for the "Episcopalians" in America is [[Thomas John Claggett]], (1743-1816), who is consecrated at Trinity Church in 1792 for the new Diocese. The American Church remains an important part of the growing world-wide [[Anglican Communion]] which follows the later expansion of the [[British Empire]] during the 19th and 20th Centuries. Adoption of its own American revision of the [[Book of Common Prayer]] for church services of [[liturgy|liturgies]] and [[worship|Christian worship]].
** Baltimore Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery founded.
* 1790 - Population of the town: 13,503 people in the [[1790 United States Census|First official census of the new United States Federal Government]], now to be taken every decade.<ref name=varle>{{Citation |publisher = S. Young |publication-place = Baltimore |author = Charles Varle |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL19370655M/A_complete_view_of_Baltimore |title = A complete view of Baltimore |publication-date = 1833 }}</ref>
* 1791 - [[St. Mary's Seminary and University|St. Mary's Seminary]] established in former tavern on Hookstown Road (northwestern road heading out of city - now Pennsylvania Avenue) by the first American Bishop [[John Carroll (bishop)|John Carroll]].
** Construction of large brick Georgian/Federal-style Rectory completed after two years for minister, Dr. William West of Old St. Paul's Parish (since 1779) at West Saratoga Street at north end of newly named Liberty Street-extension of South Sharp Street, who dies before completion. Occupied by next minister, Rev. Joseph J.G. Bend after Dr. West dies. Known as the "Parsonage on the Hill", it becomes the oldest continuously residential home occupied in the city to the early 1990s. Replaces earlier wood-frame St. Paul's parsonage at Forest (later North Charles) and New Church (later Lexington) Streets − site of Fidelity Building), one block south.
* 1793 - Additional French refugees from Caribbean island colony of Santo Domingo (modern [[Haiti]]) arrive in port following rebellion by local Negro slaves under [[Toussaint L'Overture]] and settle in local "Frenchtown" community (southwest of Charles and Lombard Streets, west of the "Basin"), joining earlier [[Acadia]]ns (French Canadian) from [[Nova Scotia]] and British persecution in the mid 1750's.
* 1794 - [[James Calhoun (mayor of Baltimore)|James Calhoun]] becomes mayor of Baltimore Town (to 1804). Maryland's first fire insurance company, the [[Baltimore Equitable Society]] (later on southeast corner of East Fayette and North Paca Streets) founded and remains in business up to 2000's. Fire insurance Policy No. 1, issued April 10, 1794 to Humphrey Pierce, for 3-story brick building/dwelling on East Baltimore, between South and Calvert Streets. Cast-iron fire mark device issued with policy on June 25th, 1794, to Edward Walsh, placed on building at 1635 Shakespeare Street, Fells Point.
* 1795 - [[Holliday Street Theater]] opens on Holliday Street between East Fayette and Lexington (then Orange Alley) Streets, designed by architect [[Robert Cary Long, Jr.|Robert Cary Long, Sr.]] (father of more famous son/architect-[[Robert Cary Long, Jr.]] and becomes most important playhouse in the city.
* 1796 -
* City of Baltimore incorporated with approximate population of 20,000 and begins functioning next year. [[James Calhoun]] continues as first mayor (to 1804).
* Library Company of Baltimore founded and opens on October 22 at home of Mr. Williams on Lemon Street, later incorporated by the [[Maryland General Assembly|State Legislature]] on January 20, 1797. Located at Old Assembly-Rooms building (landmark Georgian/Federal two-story structure with front pediment and large rooms on first level for social levees, dancing and receptions/dinners/banquets for the up-and-coming "social set"), designed by Col. Nicholas Rogers (of "Druid Hill" estate) with later architect [[Robert Cary Long, Jr.|Robert Cary Long, Sr.]] as builder, along with James Donaldson and Hessington & Lander. Constructed next door to future famous Holliday Street playhouse at northeast corner of Holliday and East Fayette Streets, built 1798 .<ref name=jewett>{{Citation |publisher = Smithsonian |publication-place = Washington D.C |author = Charles Coffin Jewett |authorlink=Charles Coffin Jewett |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=BNQ0Dw3xFCIC |title = Notices of public libraries in the United States of America |publication-date = 1851 }}</ref>
* 1797 - Incorporation of old Baltimore Town completed into new entity "Mayor and City Council of Baltimore" (City of Baltimore) begins functioning with elections as [[James Calhoun (mayor of Baltimore)|James Calhoun]] continues as now first Mayor (to 1804) with new city offices established by 1800 at 90 Baltimore Street (formerly Market Street). Some of the City officials of the time were: 8 superintendents of pumps, 7 measurers of lumber, 4 wood corders, 2 hay weighers, 3 commissioners of the watch and lighting, 2 inspectors of flour, 1 inspector of salt provisions.
** Launching of first ship on September 9 of [[Original six frigates of the United States Navy|"Original Six Frigates"]] for new re-organized [[United States Navy]] is the ''"[[USS Constellation|U.S.F. Constellation]]"'', built on Harris Creek (near modern [[Canton, Baltimore|Canton]]) by David Stoddard in his navy yard, designed by the revolutionary, precedent-setting shipbuilder/architect [[Joshua Humphreys]], (1751-1838), with 36 guns. Later known as the ''"Yankee Clipper"'', the [[USS Constellation|''"U.S.F. Constellation"'']], under the command of its first captain, [[Thomas Truxton]], is soon joined by others from other East Coast ports: [[USS Constitution|''"Constitution"'']] (Boston), [[USS United States (1797)|''"United States"'']], [[USS Congress (1799)|''"Congress"'']], [[USS President (1800)|''"President"'']], [[USS Chesapeake (1799)|''"Chesapeake"'']] (or ''"Independence"'') in the later 1790s. The new American Naval ships soon establish a formidable reputation for speed and armament when the [[Quasi-War with France|"quasi-naval war"]] breaks out with the new [[First French Republic|French Republic]] late in the decade and later conflicts with the pirate Muslim sultanates of North Africa, nicknamed the "[[First Barbary War|Barbary Coast]]" in the early 1800s.
** Capt. [[David Porter (naval officer)|David Porter, Sr.]], establishes a "signal-house" on "[[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill]]" on a wooden tower to signal notices of any in-coming ships passing the point at Bodkin Creek (Rock Point) or North Point. Later replaced after [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and the earthworks of the [[Union Army]]'s [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Fort Federal Hill]] by another more well-built, architecturally-pleasing wooden-frame tower until razed in the 1880s. Rugged, jagged heights overlooking downtown business district [[Inner Harbor|"Basin"]] on southern side in future [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill]] community in South Baltimore.
** [[Maryland Science Center|Maryland Academy of Science and Literature]] originally founded as an amateur scientific society of curious and intellectual gentlemen of the Town. Sometimes operates small museum and astronomical observatory and meets infrequently for discussions, debates and lectures. Later re-organizes several times and continues throughout the 19th and 20th into 21st Centuries
* 1798 -
** Reconstruction begins of old [[Revolutionary War]] fortifications at Fort Whetstone at end of southern peninsula between Basin (modern Inner Harbor) and Northwest Branch of [[Patapsco River]] on its north side to Middle and Ferry (now Southern) Branches on its south side. Star-shaped [[Fort McHenry]], renamed for [[James McHenry]], third Secretary of War under Presidents [[George Washington]] and [[John Adams]].
** With support of town's doctors, state legislature appropriates $8,000 and later adds another $3,000 for construction of a City Hospital for the "sick and lunatics", City Council committee chooses site at Broadway and East Monument Street and opens Baltimore General Dispensary.
* 1799 - Organization of the [[MedChi|Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland]] (state medical society - known as "Med Chi") by 101 physicians in the State at [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]] in January. Later becomes a state affiliate of the national body, the [[American Medical Association]] when it is founded in 1847.
** City Council outlaws any further buildings of wood to be constructed in new city to lessen increasing chances of fire.

==19th CENTURY==
[[Image:1867 Mitchell Map of Baltimore, Maryland - Geographicus - Baltimore-mitchell-1867.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Baltimore, 1867]]
[[Image:1867 Mitchell Map of Baltimore, Maryland - Geographicus - Baltimore-mitchell-1867.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Baltimore, 1867]]
* 1800 - Population: 26,504 people.<ref name=dir1812>{{Citation |publisher = Printed by B.W. Sower, & Co. for the publisher |publication-place = Baltimore |author = William Fry |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24653908M/Fry's_Baltimore_directory_for_the_year_1812 |title = Fry's Baltimore directory, for the year 1812 |ol = 24653908M |publication-date = 1812 }}</ref>

* 1803
===1800s–1840s===
** [[Fort McHenry]] built.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/fomc/historyculture/history-of-fort-mchenry.htm |title=History of Fort McHenry |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |access-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
* 1800 - Population of the new city on the Patapsco at the beginning of the 19th Century: 26,504 people (according to the [[1800 United States Census|Second Decennial United States Census of 1800]].<ref name=dir1812>{{Citation |publisher = Printed by B.W. Sower, & Co. for the publisher |publication-place = Baltimore |author = William Fry |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24653908M/Fry's_Baltimore_directory_for_the_year_1812 |title = Fry's Baltimore directory, for the year 1812 |publication-date = 1812 }}</ref>
** Dispensary incorporated.<ref name=varle />
* 1803 -
* 1806 - [[St. Mary's Seminary and University|St. Mary's College and Theological Seminary]] incorporated.
** [[Fort McHenry]] building reconstruction completed at end of peninsula to Whetstone Point between Northwest Branch and Middle or Ferry Branches of [[Patapsco River]] after four years of construction replacing earlier fortifications of old Fort Whetstone with earthen embankments from [[Revolutionary War]]-era. Named for [[James McHenry]], (1753-1816), of Maryland, third [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] (1796–1800) under Presidents [[George Washington]] (administration: 1789-1797) and [[John Adams]], (administration: 1797-1801). Later attacked by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] during [[War of 1812]] in September 1814 during [[Battle of Baltimore]], then used as prison for Southern sympathizers during [[American Civil War|Civil War]], finally as major military hospital with several temporary wooden structures surrounding old brick fort during [[World War I]]. Transferred by [[United States War Department|U.S. War Department]] to City for use as a public park in 1914, during "[[Star Spangled Banner]]" Centennial Celebration, but interrupted by military hospital service, 1917-1919. Buildings razed and limited restoration attempted until transferred to new [[National Park Service]] of [[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of the Interior]] as a national historic site. Nearby residential and industrial community develops on the peninsula named [[Locust Point, Baltimore|Locust Point]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/fomc/historyculture/history-of-fort-mchenry.htm |title=History of Fort McHenry |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
* 1807
** Dispensary founded and incorporated for providing primitive medical and drug need for indigent citizens of the burgeoning town.<ref name=varle />
** [[University of Maryland, Baltimore|University of Maryland]] founded.
** Secession of parishioners from [[First Presbyterian Church and Manse (Baltimore, Maryland)|First Presbyterian Church of Baltimore]] (founded 1761) at East Fayette and North (now Guilford Avenue) after death of long-tme minister Rev. [[Patrick Allison]] in 1802. Conflict spills over into national politics over calling new pastor between Dr. [[James Inglis]] (supporter of [[Alexander Hamilton|Hamilton]]'s [[Federalist Party|Federalists]]), versus Dr. [[John Glendy]], (follower of [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson's]] [[Democratic-Republican Party|Republicans]]). Eventual formation of later [[Second Presbyterian Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Second Presbyterian Church]] with Glendy as minister with new congregation promising to build new structure which is located later at East Baltimore and Lloyd Streets in [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown/Old Town]] of East Baltimore.
** Baltimore Museum established.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Printed by R.J. Matchett |publication-place = Baltimore |author = C. Keenan |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL23411032M/The_Baltimore_directory_for_1822_'23 |title = The Baltimore directory for 1822 & '23 |ol = 23411032M |publication-date = 1822 }}</ref>
* 1805 - Fourth [[Baltimore County Circuit Courthouse|Baltimore County Courthouse]] and second [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|Baltimore County/City Courthouse]] began construction on southwest corner of [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|North Calvert Street]] and East Lexington Street across from old Courthouse Square with old "Courthouse on Stilts" with cupola stood from 1769 to 1771, when [[county seat]] was moved from old Joppa, 1769. Here was where the [[Declaration of Independence]] was read to local populace, July 26, 1776 and site of many mass meetings Town's population during crisis events. Old structure said to be "in a state of ruinous decay, and the public records therein deposited considerably endangered". Designed by local builder and woodworker George Milleman of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]-[[Federal architecture|Federal styles architecture]]. Additional construction work done by William Steuart with stonework and Col. James Mosher with bricklaying. Initial outlaid cost of $50,000 and later another $3,000 per year during building, finally additional $20,000 for completion and for construction of neighboring watch-house, project finally completed 1809, with records moved and new court in session. Struck by disastrous fire in 1835 and rebuilt, lasted until razed 1894 when replaced by present third City Courthouse, completed 1900 (renamed 1985 for civil rights activist [[Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr.]]).
* 1806 - [[St. Mary's Seminary and University|St. Mary's Seminary]] relocates from old tavern on Hookstown Road (modern Pennsylvania Avenue) since 1791 to North Paca Street, by St. Mary's and Orchard Streets (in later [[Seton Hill Historic District|Seton Hill]] neighborhood, in northwestern edge of downtown, off Druid Hill Avenue and Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard). Adds secular institution for men - St. Mary's College in 1805, incorporated by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Roman Catholic Diocese of Baltimore]] which served as a prominent collegiate institution of secular higher learning in the first-half of the 19th Century for some of Baltimore's talented youth and soon-to-be leading men, sponsored by the [[Sulpicians]] religious order until closed in 1852 and soon replaced in the Diocese by [[Loyola University Maryland|Loyola College]] and [[Loyola Blakefield|Loyola High School]] run by the [[Jesuits]] (Society of Jesus).
** Cornerstone laid in July for new Cathedral for [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Roman Catholic Diocese of Baltimore]], located on hill north of smaller city in "Howard's Woods" on the [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|"Belvidere" estate]] of Col. [[John Eager Howard]], (1752−1827), former commander of the famed "[[Maryland Line]]" regiment in the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolution]]. Ceremonies conducted by first [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Bishop]] in America, [[John Carroll (bishop)|John Carroll]], (1735-1815), (located on future "Cathedral Hill" on Cathedral Street, between West Mulberry and West Franklin Streets in [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere]] neighborhood). Designed by famous British-American architect [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], (1764−1820), in [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] style architecture. Construction will continue for fifteen years until dedication twenty years later, although still partially un-completed with the cupolas with distinctive [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] style [[minaret]]s added later in 1836, and the columned front portico in the 1870s (under the supervision of architect's grandson - noted lawyer, artist, literary figure and civic leader [[John H. B. Latrobe]].
* 1807 -
** [[University of Maryland, Baltimore|University of Maryland]] founded in downtown Baltimore along with future [[College of Medicine of Maryland]] as the oldest public and fifth oldest medical school in the United States. Later construction in 1812−13 of domed structure resembling the ancient [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] in [[Rome]], with a [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] designed front portico now known as "Davidge Hall" (named for first professor and dean, Dr. [[John Beale Davidge]] in 1959, after a later structure bearing his name was razed) at the northeast corner of West Lombard and South Greene Streets. Oldest continuously-used building for medical education in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Later additional graduate schools of Law, Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Social Work are added to the University which eventually expands to a state-wide, multi-campus system, two hundred years later.
** Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts established by [[Rembrandt Peale]], (1778−1860), and [[Charles Willson Peale]] (1741−1827), at northwest corner of East Baltimore Street and North Calvert Street. Replaces earlier museum and gallery of 1812-1813 on Holliday near East Lexington Streets. Later run by [[P. T. Barnum]].<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Printed by R.J. Matchett |publication-place = Baltimore |author = C. Keenan |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL23411032M/The_Baltimore_directory_for_1822_'23 |title = The Baltimore directory for 1822 & '23 |publication-date = 1822 }}</ref>
** Baltimore Circulating Library in business.<ref name=davies />
** Baltimore Circulating Library in business.<ref name=davies />
* 1809 - Joseph Robinson's Circulating Library in business.<ref name=davies>{{cite web |url=http://www.princeton.edu/~davpro/databases/index.html |title=American Libraries before 1876 |author= Davies Project |publisher=Princeton University |access-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
* 1808 - [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Roman Catholic Diocese of Baltimore]] elevated by [[Pius VII|Pope Pius VII]] (1742-1823, served 1800-1823), to status of an archdiocese with creation of additional dioceses of ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bardstown|Bardstown]] in [[Bardstown, Kentucky]] for the West, later the "see" was moved in 1841 to the larger nearby river port town of [[Louisville, Kentucky]] as the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville|Diocese of Louisville]] for the Western U.S.) on the [[Ohio River]] and appointments of additional bishops for dioceses across America: ([[Archdiocese of Philadelphia|Philadelphia]], [[Archdiocese of New York|New York]], and [[Archdiocese of Boston|Boston]], with Baltimore's [[John Carroll (bishop)|Bishop John Carroll]], now also elevated to [[archbishop]], serving as a supervisor of other areas in the "premier see". Carroll serves as first [[Archbishop of Baltimore]], later establishing the first [[synod]]s and [[convocation]]s of priests and bishops for the Church until his death in 1815.
* 1810
** Dedication of [[St. Mary's Seminary Chapel]] designed by [[Maximilian Godefroy|J. Maxmilian M. Godefroy]] on North Paca Street with additional [[St. Mary's Seminary and University|Seminary]] (founded 1791 on Pennsylvania Avenue site) and first set of L-shaped Seminary and College buildings in [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]-[[Federal architecture|Federal style architecture]] surrounding in quadrangle, oldest [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] seminary in U.S.A. Seminary buildings replaced in the 1870s by second set of structures in [[Victorian architecture]], later razed 1975 and replaced by present St. Mary's Park in future [[Seton Hill Historic District|Seton Hill]] community..
** Population: 46,535 people.<ref name=dir1812 />
* 1809 - Joseph Robinson's Circulating Library established in business.<ref name=davies>{{cite web |url=http://www.princeton.edu/~davpro/databases/index.html |title=American Libraries before 1876 |author= Davies Project |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
** [[Alex. Brown & Sons]] incorporated.
** Completion of new second [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|Baltimore County/City Courthouse]] at southwest corner ofNorth Calvert Street and East Lexington Street after four years construction project begun 1805. Razing of old "Courthouse on Stilts" in middle of old Courthouse Square (sometimes briefly called "Washington Square" then). Later site is designated and initial laying of cornerstone July 4, 1815 for future [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]] here until later decision that summer of being too tall for limited area of location. Then designated as site for shorter [[Battle Monument]] commemorating fallen in [[Battle of Baltimore]] from 1814, with construction from 1815 to 1827.
* 1810 -
* 1814
** September - [[Battle of Baltimore]]
** Population counted by the [[1810 United States Census|Third United States Census of 1810]]: 46,535 people in Baltimore, making it now the third largest city in America under figures from the [[1810 United States Census|U.S. Census]].<ref name=dir1812 />
** [[Peale Museum]] opens.
** [[Alex. Brown & Sons]] originally formed by Alexander Brown in 1800, incorporated firm and joined by sons [[Sir William Brown, 1st Baronet, of Richmond Hill|William]], [[George Brown (financier)|George]], John and James. Becomes world-famous financial investment firm and later located by 1901 at southwest corner of East Baltimore and North Calvert Streets, which their small, elaborate building notably survived [[Great Baltimore Fire]] in downtown in February 1904. Later addition to the west of similarly styled buildings by 1907. Old headquarters historically restored in the early 1980s by Chevy Chase Bank (later absorbed by [[Capital One Bank]]) of [[Bethesda, Maryland]]. Venerable Brown financial firm absorbed by [[Bankers Trust]] firm in 1997, and later [[BT Alex. Brown]] taken over by German giant [[Deutsche Bank]] banking conglomerate in 1999 and relocates to Commerce Place tower of 1991 at East Baltimore Street, between South and Commerce Streets in the 2000s. Later influential descendent member of the family is [[George William Brown]] (1812-1890), lawyer, civic reformer leader and Mayor of Baltimore during the early [[American Civil War|Civil War]] in 1860-1861 and involved in the infamous [[Baltimore riot of 1861|Pratt Street Riots of 1861]]. A noted attorney, he was also a founder of the Library Company of the Baltimore Bar, located on the second floor of the second [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|Baltimore City and County Courthouse]] in 1840 and advocated for a free [[public library]] in 1859, twenty-three years before [[Enoch Pratt]] endowed and organized his Free Library gift to the City (1882-1886).
* 1815
* 1811 - First issue of what becomes well-known national newspaper ''"[[Niles Weekly Register]]"'' published by [[Hezekiah Niles]], (1777−1839), - (previous editor of ''"Baltimore Evening Post and Mercantile Daily Advertiser"'', from 1805−1811), on Saturday, September 7. Niles publishes illustrated paper from Baltimore for 25 years until September 1836, until passed to his son William Ogden Niles who continues paper in expanded form and revamped format from the city for one year until he moves printing office in September 1837, to [[History of Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]], under new title of ''"Niles National Register"''. Father and founder Hezekiah dies in Wilmington, Delaware in April 1839, aged 63. Paper's publication offices moved back to Baltimore in May 1839, and continues from there under widow Sallay Ann Niles sells to Jeremiah Hughes, former editor of an Annapolis paper who continues the ''"Register"'' until ceasing publication in February 1848.
** [[Battle Monument]] erected.<ref name=brit1910 />
** [[Metropolitan Transition Center|Maryland Penitentiary]] constructed and opened in November east of [[Jones Falls]] and previous [[Baltimore City Jail]] opened a decade earlier (later renamed in the 1990s as Baltimore City Detention Center) on future East Madison Street off [[Greenmount Avenue]]. Later becomes second oldest correctional facility in America, (next to [[Eastern State Penitentiary]] in [[History of Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Rebuilt in the 1890s with two massive stone [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style wings with large landmark central section under pyramid capstone roof. Houses "death row" and execution chambers for death penalty. Later becomes "flagship" institution of [[Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services|Maryland state correctional system]] with several state-wide locations (Jessup, Hagerstown, Princess Anne, and Cumberland) and renamed in the 1990s as [[Metropolitan Transition Center]]
** Baltimore Exchange opens.<ref name=yeatman>{{cite journal |title=Literary Culture and the Role of Libraries in Democratic America: Baltimore, 1815-1840 |author=Joseph Lawrence Yeatman |journal=Journal of Library History |volume=20 |date=Fall 1985 }}</ref>
* 1812 - Construction of domed revolutionary-designed lecture hall and classroom building for new [[University of Maryland, Baltimore|University of Maryland Medical College]], later known as "Davidge Hall" (named for Dr. [[College of Medicine of Maryland|John Beale Davidge]]), at northeast corner of West Lombard at South Greene Streets, designed by [[Robert Cary Long, Jr.]] (1810-1849). Landmark with front portico has name of school painted on wall behind massive white front [[Doric order|Doric]] columns, remains a city landmark into 21st century.
* 1816
** Riot and attack by pro-war sympathizers in old [[Democratic-Republican Party|Republican Party]] against Federalist-leaning editors, led by [[Alexander Contee Hanson]], (1786-1819) of the anti-war [[Federalist Party]] newspaper ''"The Federal Republican"'' offices two days after a sharply divided [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] declares war against [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] in the [[War of 1812]], on June 22 at South Gay and Second (later Water) Streets tearing down and leveling building and throwing presses, type and paper into streets. Hanson takes refuge in home of partner Jacob Wagner on [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|South Charles Street]] (between Pratt and Lombard Streets) and issues another editorial condemming the city watch (police), the town and the mayor and comparing to [[French Revolution]] radicalism on July 27. Later on July 29, and one month (June 18) after the war declaration, [[Maryland National Guard|Maryland State Militia]] with cannon under Major John Barney (brother of famed naval Commander [[Joshua Barney]], (1759-1818), and General [[John Stricker]], (1758-1825), (later of [[Battle of North Point|North Point battle]] fame), along with Mayor [[Edward Johnson (mayor)|Edward Johnson]] (1767-1829) prevail upon editors and escorts endangered newspapermen after day-long attacks and riots in the streets around the Federalists' house to new 11-year-old [[Baltimore City Jail]] on east side of [[Jones Falls]] (near modern East Madison Street and The Fallsway), for protection. Later that night, another mob attacks and drags out the prisoners, assisted by a man named "Mumma", who opens the back gates, and literally tries to tear them to shreds, kills a former Revolutionary War general, James Lignan, maims and injures former Washington aide General [[Henry Lee III|Henry ("Light Horse Harry") Lee]], (father of late [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] officer and [[Confederate Army|Confederate]] General [[Robert E. Lee]]) and injures many others. Tragic incident brands Baltimore, the then hated nickname of "Mob Town". Local reaction is so severe that [[Federalist Party (United States)|"Federalists"]] win National Congressional elections that Fall, electing [[Alexander Contee Hanson|Hanson]] to [[United States Congress|Congress]]. Considered to be the first incident in America of martyrs for "Freedom of the Press" (with a listing on a memorial to press freedom at the "[[Newseum]]" in [[Rosslyn, Virginia]] in 1995, across the Potomac River from Washington, sponsored by the [[Gannett Company|Gannett newspaper syndicate/chain]], later relocated to prominent [[Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site|Pennsylvania Avenue]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]).
** [[Asbury College (Maryland)|Asbury College]] founded.
** Baltimore and Fells Point become great center and base for outfitting "[[privateers]]" on anything American that could float and hold some artillery to raid [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] maritime commerce. With their [[Royal Navy]] so busy defending the British Isles, colonies and trade plus military communication routes from [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. Captains like Thomas Boyle commanding the "Chasseur" (later becomes famous with the slogan of the "Pride of Baltimore" and namesake for future late 20th Century two replica ships built as "good will ambassadors") and the "Comet" and with Joshua Barney, (1759-1818), captaining the "Rossie", earning for the city another nickname as "the nest of pirates". New types of ships are developed such as the sleek "[[Baltimore clipper]]", which are fast and can dart into shallow coastal waters for protection.
** [[Delphian Club]] founded.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Uhler | first = John Earle | date = December 1925 | title = The Delphian Club: A Contribution to the Literary History of Baltimore in the Early Nineteenth Century | url = https://archive.org/details/marylandhistoric2019mary/page/304/mode/2up | journal = Maryland Historical Magazine | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | page = 305}}</ref>
Regular U.S. Navy warships like some of the "Original Six" frigates of 1797, such as the ''"[[USS Constitution|U.S.F. Constitution]]"'' (of [[Boston]]) and ''"[[USS Constellation (1797)|U.S.F. Constellation]]"'' from [[Baltimore]] have several stunning victories but later get bottled up in American harbor by later British blockade of east coast, later stifling Baltimore commerce. Most War action in first year is on the [[Great Lakes]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] borders.
* 1819 - [[Independent Order of Odd Fellows]] founded.
* 1813 - [[Holliday Street Theatre]] (also known then as the "New Theatre" or "Baltimore Theatre") of original wooden construction from 1794 to 1795, rebuilt in stone and brick with Greek Revival motifs by [[Robert Cary Long, Jr.|Robert Cary Long, Sr.]] and opened on May 10 with first performance. Owned by joint stock company with Col. James Mosher and cost $50,000. Located on east side of Holliday Street between East Lexington and East Fayette Streets next to earlier Long project, the famous old "Assembly-Rooms" (also of Greek Revival style) for social levees, dances and receptions of the moderately wealthy and comfortable social set, built in the late 1790s.
* 1820 - Population: 62,738 people
**. British [[Royal Navy]] and [[British Army|Army]] under command of hated Rear Admiral Sir [[George Cockburn]] (1772-1853), raid towns and villages up and down shores of [[Chesapeake Bay]] from their base on Virginia's [[Tangier Island]] making the Bay a "British Lake". Attack and burn [[Havre de Grace, Maryland|Havre de Grace]] in northeast [[Harford County, Maryland|Harford County]]. [[Chesapeake Bay Flotilla]] of Commodore [[Joshua Barney]], (1759-1818), of barges and small boats defy British sea power, but are chased up the [[Patuxent River]] and scuttled the following year at Pig Point.
* 1821
** Committee of three important military visitors (Maj. Gen. [[Samuel Smith (Maryland)|Samuel Smith]], (1752-1839), Maj.[[George Armistead]],(1780-1818), Brig. Gen. [[John Stricker]], (1758-1825), and her brother-in-law, Commodore [[Joshua Barney]], (1759-1818), call upon Mrs. [[Mary Young Pickersgill]] (1776-1857), at her Federal-style corner townhouse at East Pratt Street (formerly 44 ueen Street) at Albemarle Street, east of the [[Jones Falls]] in [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown/Old Town]] to request she make a huge American flag of 30 by 42 feet in size with fifteen red and white stripes and fifteen stars of wool bunting and a smaller-size 17 by 25 feet "storm flag" of similar design. Major Armistead explained in a letter/report to his superiors his need to have an ensign that the British would have no trouble seeing it from any distance. Mrs. Pickersgill, a well-known local maker of flags, banners and pennants was the daughter of Mrs. Rebecca Flowers Young of Philadelphia who made the original "[[Grand Union Flag]]" of thirteen red and white stripes with a British "[[Union Jack]]" in the canton/upper field to Gen. [[George Washington]], (1732-1799), when he took command "in the name of the Continental Congress" which he raised over his [[Continental Army]] troops at his headquarters in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] in June 1775, when surrounding the [[British Army|British]] in [[Boston]] after the outbreak of hostilities at [[Lexington and Concord]] and the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]]. She accepts the contract and recruits her whole household including her daughter Caroline, two nieces and a free Black woman servant in the project. After beginning the sewing in her front room, she finished up the assembly of the massive banner by assembling the pieces on her hands and knees on the wooden floor of the neighboring malt house/warehouse of the Peters/Brown/Johnson/Claggett's Brewery (then owned by Baltimore Mayor [[Edward Johnson (mayor)|Edward Johnson]], (1767-1829)) down the street on South Front Street's southeast corner by East Fayette Street (modern "Brewers' Park", archeological project developed in the early 1990s by the Baltimore City Life Museums). She delivers the completed flags on August 19, 1813 (a fullyear before the British attack) to the commanders at Fort McHenry and keeps her receipt dated Oct. 27, 1813 for all history of $405.90 for the big flag and $168.54 for the smaller storm flag, a ceremony which has been revived and reenacted in the 1990s.
** Maryland Academy of Science and Literature established.<ref name=varle />
* 1814 - In total maritime command of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] for the last year, the [[Royal Navy|British Royal Navy fleet]] sails up the [[Patuxent River]], landing at [[Benedict, Maryland|Benedict]] to attack and burn the fourteen year old National Capital's public buildings at Washington City, including the 21-year-old [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], still under construction since 1792 with two wings for the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] connected by a wooden-roofed walkway inbetween and also housing the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] and the new book collections of the [[Library of Congress]] - the largest then existing in America, the [[White House|"Executive Mansion"/"President's House"]], with surrounding four small Federal-styled office buildings containing Departments of [[United States Department of War|War]], [[United States Department of State|State]], [[United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury]] and [[United States Department of the Navy|Navy]], and the [[Washington Navy Yard|Navy Yard]] on the [[Anacostia River|Anacostia River/Eastern Branch]] of the [[Potomac River|Potomac]], [[United States Post Office Department|Post Office]] but spare the [[United States Patent Office|U.S. Patent Office]] and its collections of scientific exhibits and models. This was in retaliation for the earlier American burning of [[Toronto, Ontario|York]] in [[Ontario]], the capital of [[Upper Canada]] of British North America, the year before, during the [[War of 1812]]. After routing American militia at the [[Battle of Bladensburg]], northeast of the [[District of Columbia]] in [[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County]] in August, known later derisively as the "Bladensburg Races" with fourth President [[James Madison]], (1751-1836), and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[James Monroe]], (1758-1831), (and shortly new [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] and later fifth President) looking on at the crushing defeat under command of Gen. [[William H. Winder]], (1775-1824), of the newly organized local Fifth Military District. Baltimorean Commodore [[Joshua Barney]]'s seamen and regular [[United States Navy|Navy]] artillery hold fast and he is captured by the British commanders Ross and Cockburn, paroled and released in recognition of his bravery. Another British fleet sails up the [[Potomac River]], past defending [[Fort Washington, Maryland|Fort Washington]] which was south below the National Capital, which was blown up by its commander then retreated. [[Royal Navy]] detachment under Capt. Gordon lands at colonial-era port at [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]] (formerly in [[Virginia]], but then part of the [[District of Columbia]]) and exacts a ransom from the town officials after seeing that their [[British Army|Army]] compatriots had already evacuated Washington just to the northwest after Ross, Cockburn and Cochrane were putting it to the torch two days before. The fleet moves back downriver harassed by shallow water and sniping American military units onshore.
** [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Basilica]] consecrated.
** September 12–14, - [[Battle of Baltimore]] with British fleet attack under Admirals, Sir [[Alexander Cochrane]], (1758-1832) and Sir [[George Cockburn]], (1772-1853), with Gen. [[Robert Ross (British Army officer)|Robert Ross]], (1766-1814), landing and marching up the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula to the [[Battle of North Point]], halting at fortifications with artillery at Loudenschlager's Hill (later Hampstead Hill/Patterson Park) and bombardment of [[Fort McHenry]], under command of regular U.S. Army Major [[George Armistead]], (1780-1818). The defense of Fort McHenry in the battle inspired [[Francis Scott Key]], (1779−1843), to compose the poem "Defence of Fort McHenry" which later became the lyrics for "The Star-Spangled Banner," the national anthem of the United States of America.
Later observed as "[[Defenders Day|Defenders' Day]]" on September 12 as a state, county and city official holiday. Ross is killed in a skirmish before the main North Point battle by militiamen [[Defenders Day|Henry or Daniel? Wells]] and [[Baltimore County Sheriff's Office (Maryland)|Richard or Henry McComas]] of "Aisquith's Sharpshooters" according to legend and command was assumed by Col. [[Arthur Brooke (lieutenant-general)|Arthur Brooke]], (1772-1843). Under command of Brig. Gen. [[John Stricker]], (1758-1825), the several Maryland Militia regiments march east out of town to hold the Redcoats for several hours in a severe back-and-forth exchange of rifle and cannon fire on the battlefield on the narrow neck of the peninsula known as "Patapsco Neck" or "Godly Wood" between Back River's Bread and Cheese Creek to the north and Bear Creek to the Patapsco River to the south, when the left northern flank finally collapses, Stricker withdraws his men back to the city in good order and the protective heavier fortifications after having considerably bloodied the stunned enemy who expected another rout. [[British Army]] stays on the battlefield for the night tending their wounded in a local Methodist Meeting House along Old North Point Road and evacuating some by barge at night down the creeks to the fleet moored out in Old Roads Bay off [[Fort Howard, Maryland|North Point]] and slowly advances the next morning to a mile within sight of the heights east of town (occupying Col. John Sterett's home of "Surrey" [still standing near modern Erdman Avenue and Pulaski Highway, U.S. Route 40] and leaving a courteous note for the Colonel for his "hospitality" of dinner and accommodations) on "Loudenschlager's Hill" (later "Hampstead Hill" in modern-day [[Patterson Park]]) where approx. 20,000 drafted and volunteer citizens along with armed militia, regular U.S. Army and troops from Pennsylvania have fortified dug-in entrenchments, under overall command of Maj. Gen. [[Samuel Smith (Maryland)|Samuel Smith]], (1752−1839) of Maryland Militia, who planned for months that British would eventually come that very same way. Forces skirmish against each other for a day, moving and flanking back and forth moving north against Pennington's Mill and south towards the shore near Fells Point and the range of McHenry's artillery. Col. [[Arthur Brooke (lieutenant-general)|Brooke]] after war council among his officers decides to await further bombardment by fleet of fort and then move in to burn the "nest of pirates"!. Bombardment takes place over two days, September 13−14th, and "Redcoats" eventually give up the attack, after their flanking attack by barges at night in a driving rain storm up the Ferry to Middle Branches, hugging the southern opposite shore (future Brooklyn, Curtis Bay and Fairfield) to the west of the Fort. British barges are fired upon and turned back by alert sentries and guns at outlying Forts Covington and Babcock, supported in the rear on the heights above by the "Six-Gun Battery" at Camp Look-Out (present-day [[Riverside Park (Baltimore)|Riverside Park]] (off Fort and Riverside Avenues). Bombardment ends after rain and thunder storms of the night, with sight of enormous 30 by 42 foot huge banner made a year earlier by [[Mary Pickersgill]], (1776-1857) of [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown]] unfurled by Americans at first light with booming of the morning gun announcing the time and salute as British fleet weighs anchors and sets sail to the surprised eyes of lawyer [[Francis Scott Key|Key]] and his companions ([[John Stuart Skinner|John Skinner]], (1788-1851), U.S. prisoner-of-war exchange agent and Dr. [[William Beanes]], (1749-1828), on the truce ship "Minden" anchored downriver by North Point.
** [[Peale Museum]] constructed 1813, opened by [[Rembrandt Peale]], (1778−1860), in 1814 on Holliday Street (300 block) between East Saratoga and Lexington Streets. First building in the Americas designed specifically as a museum structure. Later site of first gas lighting of interior rooms in America in June 1816. Peale places a variety of exhibits here, including the remnants of a pre-historic mastodon excavated by his father [[Charles Willson Peale]], (1741-1827), along with various lectures and performances during the next sixteen years until museum is reorganized and relocated to northwest corner of East Baltimore and North Calvert Streets. Holliday Street structure later became old [[Baltimore City Hall]] 1830 to 1875, the first Negro/Afro-American public school, and several other uses and then renovated and restored in 1931 under [[Great Depression|Great Depression-era]] Mayor [[Howard W. Jackson]], (1877-1960), as "The Municipal Museum of the City of Baltimore" (with long-time curator and expert in city history after [[World War II]], Wilbur Harvey Hunter), with a variety of exhibits, programs, lectures, tours and activities in local heritage along with growing extensive collections of photographs, documents and memorabilia pertaining to Baltimore City. Added in the late 1980s as flagship exhibition center of municipal history to newly organized public/private, multi-campus "Baltimore City Life Museums" system of assembled historic sites, houses and museums with the [[Phoenix Shot Tower]], [[Carroll Mansion]], (the city townhouse of [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton]]), other neighboring historic houses of the 1840s-era, "Brewers' Park", an excavated archeological site of former brewery where [[Mary Pickersgill]] assembled the "[[Star Spangled Banner]]" flag; the [[Henry Louis Mencken|H.L. Mencken House]] by [[Union Square, Baltimore|Union Square]] in West Baltimore, the [[Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum|Edgar Allan Poe House]] on Amity Street, the Old Town Friends' Meeting House on Aisquith Street, and finally opening with great pageantry and fanfare during Baltimore City's Biccentennial in 1997, a new exhibition gallery of four-stories using the old reconstructed historic cast-iron façade of the old Fava Fruit Company (long in storage for 28 years since its razing), facing President Street Boulevard, north of the Carroll Mansion, with a series of shows on the City's history and life which was a highpoint of the 1996-1997 Municipal Biccentennial. The historical museums system and new gallery closed unfortunately after a year of lower-than-expected attendance figures and a financial crisis brought on by the failure of the incumbent Mayor and city government to extend a five-year term of annual subsidies for one more year to cover the new gallery.
* 1815 -
** [[Battle Monument]] cornerstone laid on first anniversary of the battle (the first "[[Defenders Day|Defenders' Day]]" commemorated) and construction continues to September 12, 1822 when "Lady Baltimore" statue is raised to the summit of the column. Situated in previous Courthouse Square at [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|North Calvert Street]] between East Lexington and Fayette Streets with site of [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|second courthouse for Baltimore City/County]] of 1805-1809, having been moved to the northwest side. Monument designed by French emigre architect [[Maximilian Godefroy|J. Maximilian M. Godefroy]] of an Egyptian-style tomb surmounted by a Roman-style group of rods, bound together by straps (known as "fasces") with names engraved of the casualties of the common soldiers (first to be memorialized in a war monument in America) that fell in the [[Battle of North Point|North Point battle]] and [[Fort McHenry|Ft. McHenry bombardment]], the year before. Four [[griffins]] at corners of the base. "Lady Baltimore" robed figure, holding a laurel wreath aloft in one hand and a boat tiller in the other, symbolizing the city maritime heritage. Monument was surrounded by an iron fence with raised cannons at four corners. First monument to commemorate the common soldier in America. Quickly becomes local landmark and continues to be the major assembly point of the citizens of the city in times of unrest, peril or controversy, surrounded by expensive [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]/[[Federal architecture|Federal-style]] townhouses at the time (later replaced in the 19th and 20th Centuries by hotels and mansions and later by judicial buildings) and portrayed thereafter on City Seal (and later municipal flag and logos of city departments/agencies) and becomes symbol of Baltimore as "The Monumental City" as declared in local speech in 1827 by sixth President [[John Quincy Adams]], (1767-1848), along with other subsequent landmark structures (such as the taller [[Washington Monument]].<ref name=brit1910 />
** Corner stone for new [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)]] laid with great ceremonies on [[Independence Day]], July 4, 1815 in old Courthouse Square at North Calvert Street between East Lexington and Fayette Streets, after the new second City/County Courthouse had been moved to the northwest corner of the Square several years before. After further discussions during the summer and because of awareness of a campaign also to raise a monument to commemorate the dead from the recent battles which delivered the city from the invading British the previous Fall (the "[[Battle Monument]]"), and concern by neighbors of the expensive Georgian/Federal-style townhouses which had now closely surrounded the proposed small site where the old Courthouse formerly stood, with the planned height of architect [[Robert Mills (architect)|Robert Mills]] column to commemorate the first president with fears it was too tall and close to nearby residences in case it should topple, caused the new [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]] for Baltimore to be relocated to an area of "Howard's Woods" further north and at the edge of the city's then development on land of his estate [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|"Belvedere"]] donated by influential citizen Col. [[John Eager Howard]] (1752-1827), and later to be surrounded with four rectangular landscaped park squares to be known by the 1830s as Mount Vernon Place and Washington Place at the circle at North Charles Street with East and West Monument Streets.
* 1816 - [[Baltimore Exchange]] (also known as the "Merchants Exchange"), constructed 1816−20. Originally planned as an 'H'-shaped Greco-Roman structure with a low dome and a second-floor catwalk promenade around an interior atrium, then the largest building in America. Designed by architect [[Benjamin Latrobe|Benjamin H. B. Latrobe]] assisted by [[Maximilian Godefroy|J. Maximilian M. Godefroy]] fronting on South Gay Street, with its South Wing along East Lombard Street and its North Wing on Second (now Water) Street, but temporarily completed only as a 'T'. A Western Wing added later for an 5-story "Exchange Hotel" (later torn down in 1871 when a one-story annex was added to the Post Office section, giving it its completed originally planned 'H' shape). (Houses wings for Federal customs house, U.S. (Federal District and Circuit) Courts, Post Office, and a branch of the famous [[First Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]] (extended historical battle in 1820s−30s between the Federalist/Conservative administrations and national financial interests that established "BofUS" under Washington/Hamilton administrations and seventh President [[Andrew Jackson]], (1829−1837) to kill it), with early offices and held a temporary city hall for Baltimore City, and offices for local private shipping companies, brokers, attorneys/lawyers, candlers and various maritime businesses. Even the [[Maryland Institute College of Art|Maryland Institute]] held classes here briefly during the late 1830s and 1840s before constructing their landmark 1851 building over [[Power Plant Live!|Centre Market]] ("Marsh Market") by the Jones Falls, two blocks east. Massive rotunda was later site of President [[Abraham Lincoln]] lying-in-state during one day after procession through city during traveling to Springfield, Illinois for burial in April 1865. Razed by 1901−02 and replaced in 1903−07 by present Beaux Arts-style, marble and granite [[United States Custom House (Baltimore, Maryland)|U.S. Customs House]]. During construction, the foundations were weakened by the passing firestorm of the [[Great Baltimore Fire]] of February 1904, before it ended just to the east at the [[Jones Falls]]. Work resumed and the foundations were strengthened as the project proceeded.<ref name=yeatman>{{cite journal |title=Literary Culture and the Role of Libraries in Democratic America: Baltimore, 1815-1840 |author=Joseph Lawrence Yeatman |journal=Journal of Library History |volume=20 |date=Fall 1985 }}</ref>
** First demonstration of interior gas lighting by [[Rembrandt Peale]], (1778−1860) in a room at his "Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts" on Holliday Street, between East Saratoga and Lexington Streets on June 13. With other far-sighted businessmen, later founds the Gas Light Company of Baltimore (later known as the Consolidated Gas, Electric Light and Power Company of Baltimore City, then later renamed [[Baltimore Gas and Electric|Baltimore Gas and Electric Company]], recently merged/"taken-over" with [[Exelon]] Corporation of Chicago (merger of former [[Unicom Group|Unicom]], previously [[Consolidated Edison]] electric utility of [[Chicago]], (founded 1907); and [[PECO Energy|PECO]], formerly the [[Philadelphia Electric Company]] in [[Pennsylvania]], (established 1881, formed in 2012) on June 17, 1816 as first chemical industry concern or utility company in the nation.
** [[Asbury College (Maryland)|Asbury College]] founded by Methodists, named for Rev. [[Francis Asbury]], (1745–1816), well-known and traveled church missionary in the Middle Atlantic area who was the first to be ordained a Methodist bishop in America at the famous "Christmas Conference" in December 1784 at Lovely Lane Chapel, off [[Redwood Street|German]] and [[Light Street]]s and began organizing a [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] in America, which led to the modern [[United Methodist Church]]. Established about 20 years after earlier [[Cokesbury College]] established by Methodists around Light Street and East Baltimore Street, but burned in large block-size fire in 1798? Asbury College later licensed by State of [[Maryland]] in 1818 with [[Samuel K. Jennings]] as president. Active to c. 1832 but closed shortly after that.
* 1817 - Establishment and construction of "First Independent Church of Baltimore" begins, later to be known as the [[First Unitarian Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|First Unitarian Church of Baltimore (Unitarian and Universalist)]] at northwest corner of West Franklin Street and North Charles Street, which is now the oldest continually occupied church of Unitarians in America. Designed by French émigré architect [[Maximilian Godefroy|J. Maximilian M. Godefroy]] with distinctive "cube surmounted by dome" architecture and domed rotunda ceiling interior. Godefroy had also earlier designed the [[Battle Monument]] several blocks away on North Calvert Street between East Lexington and Fayette Streets, which began construction on "[[Defenders Day|"Defenders' Day"]] in September 1815 and wasn't completed until 1822. Two years later, on May 5, 1819, this new Baltimore church is the site of a famous sermon or homily known as the "Baltimore Sermon" by noted minister [[William Ellery Channing]] from [[Federal Street Church (Boston)|Federal Street Church]] in Boston at the ordination of the first minister [[Jared Sparks]] (who also became famous and successful in his own right decades later) which enunciates various principles which are later considered essential to Unitarianism and influential in forming and organizing the church and later denomination and are observed and remembered on their anniversary to this day.
** Construction after hostilities have ceased of memorial obelisk monument along old North Point Road several miles north of the "Redcoats" landing site at North Point in southeastern [[Baltimore County]] in memory of their comrade, soldier Aquila Randall of the "Mechanical Volunteers" regiment under command of [[Benjamin C. Howard]]. Killed at this site traditionally along with British commander, [[Gen. Robert Ross (British Army officer)|Gen. Robert Ross]] by "Wells and McComas", in early skirmish, leading to the [[Battle of North Point]].
** Death of second [[Archbishop of Baltimore]] on June 18th, the Very Rev. [[Leonard Neale]], succeeded by Father [[Ambrose Marechal]], third archbishop.
* 1818 - Authorized by act of [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly of Maryland]] in 1816, City has first general wide annexation (previous ones after foundation of Baltimore Town and mergers with Jones's Town and Fell Point in the late-1700s were of groups of smaller plots of dozens of acres during the 1780s and '90s) of now thirteen square miles of land from surrounding [[Baltimore County]] with about 12,000 residents added (known then as "Precincters"). New City boundaries go north to Boundary Avenue (now [[North Avenue (Baltimore)|North Avenue]]), west to XXX Avenue/Street, southwest to [[Gwynns Falls]] stream and also Middle and Ferry Branches of [[Patapsco River]] (including old [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|South Baltimore]] on peninsula leading to Whetstone Point and [[Ft. McHenry]]), and no expansion to the east. Later communities/port facilities along shore for [[Canton, Baltimore|Canton]] develop separately at first by mid-19th Century by the newly formed Canton Company by the son of Capt. John O'Donnell{{disambiguation needed|date=November 2013}} with [[Highlandtown, Baltimore|Highlandtown]] further northeast in the late 1800s and early 1900s as separate towns in the County, continuing to resist next annexation in 1888 and not annexed until 1919.
** Steamboat ''"United States"'' launched on "[[Independence Day]]", July 4, in the [[Patapsco River]] of [[Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore|Baltimore Harbor]].
* 1819 -
** [[Independent Order of Odd Fellows]] founded in America, established in Baltimore in 1831, later builds hall of [[Tudor Revival architecture|English Tudor Revival]] style on North Gay Street by East Lexington Street (1831?), replaced in 1891−1892 at northwest corner of West Saratoga and Cathedral Streets with a "red brick pile", which was later renovated as offices in 1980's and condos/apartments in 2013. Monument earlier erected 1860's in median strip of Broadway by East Fayette Street in memory of Odd Fellows founder.
** Influential "Baltimore Sermon" preached by Rev. Dr. [[William Ellery Channing]] noted minister of the [[Federal Street Church (Boston)|Federal Street Church in Boston]] on May 5, at ordination of first minister [[Jared Sparks]] (later becomes famous minister and educator himself) for two year old "[[First Unitarian Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|First Independent Church of Baltimore]]" founded 1817 (later becomes "First Unitarian Church of Baltimore (Unitarian and Universalist)" after 1935 merger). Located in landmark structure designed by French émigré architect [[Maximilian Godefroy|J. Maximilian M. Godefroy]] (who also designed the [[Battle Monument]] for the [[War of 1812]]) of cube and dome design at West Franklin and North Charles Streets, oldest continually occupied church of Unitarians. Channing's sermon influences many others and eventually leads to formation of new [[Unitarian Universalist Association|denomination]] in 1824 of [[American Unitarian Association|Unitarian Church]] which later merges with [[Universalist]]s in 1961. An inordinate number of influential citizens and leaders have become members and have had great influences on social, religious and political thought in America, all out of proportion to their smaller numbers.
** Independent volunteer fire company (originally organized 1799 as Federal Fire Company) has house constructed in [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Old Town/Jonestown]] section at North Gay, and Ensor Streets (later facing [[Orleans Street]] at east end of 1930 Viaduct, constructed over [[Jones Falls]] and several north-south railroad tracks to the west) with additional campanile tower of [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] style designed by locals [[Reasin]] and [[Wetherald]] in 1853 with observation deck and large display clock faces (designed by Robert Hollaway, local watchmaker and engineer in Independent Company). Fire equipment first included a gallery engine, two suction engines, two hose carriages and several hundred feet of hose. After dissolution of volunteer companies in 1858 and beginning of paid professional [[Baltimore City Fire Department]], building is assigned to Engine Number 6 and later becomes the oldest fire house in the city. Replaced in mid-1970's by nearby Old Town (Chief Thomas Burke) fire station at Greenmount Avenue and building becomes site for Box 414 Association, an auxiliary firefighter organization and for a small Baltimore City Fire Museum in 1974, (supplementing separate institution, [[Fire Museum of Maryland]] in [[Timonium, Maryland]] just north in suburban [[Baltimore County]]).
* 1820s - ''"The Genius of Universal Emancipation"'', the nation's first exclusively anti-slavery newspaper published in Baltimore by [[Benjamin Lundy]].
* 1820 - Completion in June of "Merchants' Exchange" building which opens for business. Designed by [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], (1764-1820), on South Gay, Frederick, Water and East Lombard Streets, since 1815. Largest structure of its type in America, with low dome and rotunda and 'H' shaped wings.
* 1821 -
** [[Maryland Science Center|Maryland Academy of Science and Literature]] incorporated by [[Maryland General Assembly]], founded originally in 1797 as an amateur scientific society. Small museum established later on South Charles Street. Participating members then included: Gilmor, Howard, H---?, Maulsby, Ellicott, Poultney, Pattison, Fisher, Donaldson, Tyson, Pennington, [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton]], (1737-1832), John H. B. Latrobe (son of architect [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]]) Occasional meetings and exhibitions during forty years after 1821. Later reorganized/re-incorporated under name of "Maryland Academy of Sciences" in 1897 and then located at northeast corner of West Franklin and Cathedral Street (old [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] styled mansion built for George Hoffman, previously hall for Baltimore's male social elite, exclusive Southern/Confederate-sympathizing "Maryland Club", organized 1857 to 1894. Later site for old Central [[YMCA]] Building in 1907-1909). Maryland Academy of Sciences then moves to 2700 block of [[Charles Street|North Charles Street]] in old Homewood Hospital building, then temporarily occupied third floor of the Central "Main Branch" (built 1931−33) of the [[Enoch Pratt Free Library]] across the street at 400 Cathedral Street (between West Franklin and Mulberry Streets) from end of World War II to the early 1960's. M.A.S. then returned to the "observatory" building (formerly housed [[Roman Catholic Arcdiocese of Baltimore|Archdiocesan Cathedral School) on 7−9 West Mulberry Street, now renovated (between North Charles and Cathedral Streets − by Little/or North Sharp Street alley - next to [[John H.B. Latrobe]]'s home at Number 11) in 1965. Under the leadership of Herbert A. Wagner, President of local utility, [[Baltimore Gas and Electric|Baltimore Gas and Electric Company]], finally relocated with an expanded museum to the newly laid-out "[[Inner Harbor]]" area on the southwest shore at [[Light Street]] and Key Highway in June 1976 to a new exhibit structure now known as the [[Maryland Science Center]] and grew greatly afterwards in audience visitorship, exhibitions and several building expansions.<ref name=varle />
** [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Basilica]], under construction since cornerstone laying in 1806, consecrated May 31st by third Archbishop of Baltimore [[Ambrose Marechal]] as first Roman Catholic cathedral built in America, on new "Cathedral Hill", in former "Howard's Woods"/"Belvedere" estate of Col. [[John Eager Howard]], (1752−1827), at Cathedral Street between West Franklin and Mulberry Streets designed by famous architect [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], (1764−1820). The New Baltimore Cathedral replaced earlier St. Peter's Pro-Cathedral (former first Catholic parish church in Baltimore area) and rectory with surrounding cemetery on West Saratoga and North Charles Streets from 1770, made Cathedral in 1790, (later razed 1842).
* 1822 - Adelphi Theatre opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
* 1822 - Adelphi Theatre opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
* 1823 - Athenaeum founded.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = [Press of Williams & Wilkins company] |publication-place = Baltimore |author = Eugene Fauntleroy Cordell |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6966537M/The_medical_annals_of_Maryland_1799-1899 |title = The medical annals of Maryland, 1799-1899 |chapter=Chronology |ol = 6966537M |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/medicalannalsofm00cord#page/638/mode/2up |publication-date = 1903 }}</ref>
* 1824 - First building of "The Athenaeum" constructed at southwest corner of [[St. Paul Street (Baltimore)|St. Paul]] and East Lexington Streets, with cornerstone laying in August. founded as a social/civic/cultural/educational hall and later serves as site for classes/lectures/exhibitions of the newly founded (1826) [[Maryland Institute College of Art|"Maryland Institute For The Promotion Of The Mechanic Arts"]] until burned by a panicked mob by the closing of the local early [[Bank of Baltimore|Bank of Maryland]] in the infamous [[Baltimore bank riot]] of 1835 (and later relocated a block north in October 1847, with a second building to the northwest corner of East Saratoga and Saint Paul Street - now facing Preston Gardens/Saint Paul Place) later housing the new [[Maryland Historical Society]], (founded 1844), Library Company of Baltimore, (founded 1798?) and also the Mercantile Library, (founded 1839) until collections were combined in 1856. Later after MdHS relocated in 1919 to former [[Enoch Pratt]] mansion at Park Avenue and West Monument Street, the old second "Athenaeum" building served as first offices of the state [[Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration|Commissioner of Motor Vehicles]], with responsibility for registering new "horseless carriages" and licensing new drivers in 1918. Distinctive landmark historical structure unfortunately razed and replaced in the 1930s by first public parking garage in downtown, and replaced later by a modernistic skyscraper built for the [[Commercial Credit Company]] facing 1920s-era "Preston Gardens" terraces re-development along [[St. Paul Street (Baltimore)|St. Paul Street/Place]], for five blocks between East Centre Street down to East Lexington Street alongside the 1896-1900 [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|City Courthouse]] (later renamed for [[Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr.]]).<ref>{{Citation |publisher = [Press of Williams & Wilkins company] |publication-place = Baltimore |author = Eugene Fauntleroy Cordell |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6966537M/The_medical_annals_of_Maryland_1799-1899 |title = The medical annals of Maryland, 1799-1899 |chapter=Chronology |chapterurl=http://archive.org/stream/medicalannalsofm00cord#page/638/mode/2up |publication-date = 1903 }}</ref>
* 1826 - [[Maryland Institute College of Art|Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts]] founded.
* 1824 - The former "youthful" and energetic French nobleman and officer, who came across the Ocean to offer his military services to the Patriot cause in the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]] and aide to [[George Washington|General George Washington]], the [[Marquis de Lafayette]], returns to America forty-one years after the end of the War to tour various old battlefields and sites, stop at several major American towns and cities, and visit with the few old comrades left living. After accepting an invitation to visit from Baltimore authorities in August, he is picked up in old [[Frenchtown (unincorporated community), Maryland|Frenchtown]]{{disambiguation needed|date=May 2014}} in [[Kent County, Maryland|Kent County]] at the northern head of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] in October by the steamboat ''"United States"'' commanded by a Capt. Tripp and bearing the City's welcoming committee to escort the old General from Delaware and greeted on behalf of the [[Governor of Maryland]], [[Samuel Stevens, Jr.]], (served 1822-1826), and steams down the Bay to elaborate ceremonies and saluting ships and boats in the harbor at [[Fort McHenry]], and joined by [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] (and future sixth [[President of the United States|President]]), [[John Quincy Adams]], along with heroes of the [[American Revolution|Revolution]]: [[John Eager Howard|Col. John Eager Howard]], and of the [[War of 1812]]: [[Samuel Smith (Maryland)|Gen. Samuel Smith]], and [[John Stricker|Gen. John Stricker]]. Elder statesmen such as [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton]], last surviving signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], [[George Washington Custis]] of [[Mount Vernon]], [[Virginia]], adopted grandson of the old commanding General and First President, retired officers and members of the [[Society of the Cincinnati]], and many other civic dignitaries to review the state and local militia and Regular [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] troops drawn up in formation at the old now historic Fort, and exchange of speeches and addresses of welcome and remembrance, followed by a banquet beneath the canvas tents outdoors. A parade followed through the city's streets in an open carriage beneath several decorated historical arches to the great rotunda of the domed [[Merchants' Exchange Building (Baltimore, Maryland)|Merchants' Exchange Building]] at South Gay and East Lombard Streets, one of the largest structures in America, where additional ceremonies and speeches were made recalling the uniforms, clothes and 500 pairs of pantaloons, the former ladies of the town, led by old Mrs. David Poe made for his then ragged army, then the old veteran is escorted to his lodgings at the famous old colonial-era hostelry [[Fountain Inn (Baltimore)|Fountain Inn]], at the southeast corner of East Baltimore and [[St. Paul Street (Baltimore)|St. Paul Street]]-[[Light Street]], where outside he reviews the various troops and units of military organizations. That evening there were general "illuminations" and fireworks, and attended a grand ball at the famous [[Holliday Street Theatre]]. The following day he received privately many visitors again at the Exchange building, then greatly impressed, left the city heading for the national capital at Washington with a military escort.
* 1827
* 1825 - Barnum's City Hotel constructed in [[Italianate architecture]] (with western rear addition several decades later) at southwest corner of North Calvert and East Fayette Streets across from [[Battle Monument]] Square. Known for its excellent cuisine, famous visitors and elegant hospitality. Purported planning site of infamous "[[Baltimore Plot]]" by Southern sympathizers to assassinate President-elect [[Abraham Lincoln]] on his way to his Washington inauguration in February 1861, when changing trains in Baltimore. Lasts to 1889 when replaced by the Equitable Building, built 1891–1894, considered city's first "skyscraper".
** [[Washington Medical College]] established.
** [[Maryland General Assembly]] incorporates the [[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal|Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company]] to the amount of $500,000 in capital, to construct a waterway from [[Georgetown, D.C.|Georgetown]] along the north shore of the [[Potomac River]] to [[Cumberland, Maryland]] in the western foothills of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. Construction begins three years later in competition with Baltimore interests represented by the new [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]], which follows in 1827/1828. Canal completed in 1850 but never achieves economic prosperity such as the new nation-wide rail system and endures into the early 20th Century and is now a nature and recreation preserve as a [[National Park Service|national park]] hiking and biking trail.
* 1826 - [[Maryland Institute College of Art|Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts]] founded. Initially located at first Athenaeum, holding classes, lectures, exhibitions at the civic, literary and social hall built at St. Paul Street and East Lexington Street, which was burned by a mob during 1835 [[Baltimore bank riot]]. Institute temporarily moves classes and lectures to be held at the Merchants Exchange on South Gay at German and East Lombard Streets for the next decade. Landmark building later constructed in 1851 on East Baltimore Street at Market Place/Harrison Street, west bank of the [[Jones Falls]] with two towers/cupolas at each end, the larger northern one holding a clock and containing an assembly hall/classrooms on the second floor above brick arches housing second public markethouse for Baltimore, now known as Centre Market (also known as "Marsh Market" for the colonial-era "Harrison's Marsh" on this site) which later burned in [[Great Baltimore Fire]] of 1904. College of Art later relocated by 1906 with "Main Building" to Mount Royal Avenue in [[Mount Vernon|Mount Vernon, Baltimore]]-Belvedere neighborhood and a reconstructed "College of Design" on the second floor in one of a revamped series of three market buildings along Jones Falls after the Fire, which endured until the early 1980s, with construction of the Shot Tower/Market Place Station for the "Metro"/subway and the terminus end ramp for the Jones Falls Expressway (Interstate 83) connecting with the President Street Boulevard.
** Male members of the Jewish faith legally allowed to hold public office in Maryland for the first time with passage of the long-time controversial "[[Jew Bill (Maryland)|Jew Bill]]" by [[General Assembly of Maryland]]. The "Jew Bill" altered Maryland's Test Act to allow members of the Jewish faith to swear to a belief in the doctrine of reward and punishment rather than the generally required declaration of belief in Christianity.
** Mayor [[List of Mayors of Baltimore|John Montgomery]] reports to the [[Baltimore City Council]] of 10,000 houses now located in Baltimore City of which: 101 are of four stories or higher, 1,608 are three stories, 7,183 − two stories, and 1,524 are one story high.
* 1827 -
** [[Washington Medical College]], second such institution in the state for medical education and the training of doctors, (first private), established on "Washington Hill" on Broadway at East Fayette Street in East Baltimore where later famed writer, poet and author [[Edgar Allan Poe]], (1809−1849), died October 1849, two blocks south of future Maryland Hospital site (later moved in 1873 to [[Catonsville, Maryland|Catonsville]] in southwestern [[Baltimore County]] later renamed as [[Spring Grove State Hospital]]), later designated by will/bequest of Johns Hopkins, (1795-1873) to be used for establishment of his [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] in 1889. Later became known as [[Church Home and Hospital]] with [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] sponsorship. Absorbed by [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] further north on Broadway in the 1990s. Another similarly named Washington medical institution, later located on northwest corner of North Calvert and East Saratoga Streets, next to the famed "City Springs" (central park block and water well with domed pavillon and first memorial sculpture/monument to Lt. Col. [[George Armistead]], commander of [[Fort McHenry]] during British bombardment in 1814, which was later removed after neglect and damage to [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill Park]] in the 1880s and reconstructed), was sponsored by the Washington University in Pennsylvania (later known as [[Washington and Jefferson College]]). 1880's merger of this [[Washington University]] and the College of Physicians and Surgeons absorbed by nearby health dispensary established by WMC doctors in 1872 and was later directed and operated by the Roman Catholic order of nuns/sisters, [[Sisters of Mercy]] invited from Pittsburgh, since 1874 as the "Baltimore City Hospital" (not to be confused with other institution of similar name for former colonial-era Baltimore City and County Almshouse and Work House, later located at Calverton, 1819-1866, then moved to eastern outskirts of town and renamed "Bay View Asylum", overlooking [[Eastern Avenue (Baltimore, Maryland)|Eastern Avenue]] which by 1925 becomes a municipal general hospital complex known as "Baltimore City Hospitals" [with plural 'S' as a municipal institution]. Later taken over by and renamed "Johns Hopkins at Bay View Medical Center" campus). Name of old B.C.H. on [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|North Calvert]] and East Saratoga Streets changed earlier in 1909 to Mercy Hospital, and again in the 1980s to [[Mercy Medical Center (Baltimore, Maryland)|Mercy Medical Center]]).
** Franklin Lyceum active.<ref name=yeatman />
** Franklin Lyceum active.<ref name=yeatman />
* 1829
** [[Evan Thomas]], brother of [[Phillip E. Thomas]] explains to meeting of prominent Baltimore businessmen and civic activists at "Belvidere" estate of famous old [[American Revolution|Revolutionary War]] Col. [[John Eager Howard]], (1752-1827), of the old "[[Maryland Line]]" about new British "railroad" system he recently observed during trip to the [[United Kingdom]] and how it could possibly compete with the new [[Erie Canal]] in New York State and the proposed [[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal]] along the [[Potomac River]], from [[Georgetown D.C.|Georgetown]] and [[Washington, D.C.]] to western Maryland's [[Cumberland, Maryland|Cumberland]] with access to the passes through the eastern [[Appalachian Mountains]] to the Mid-West and [[Ohio River]] states for maintaining Baltimore's trade advantages. Gentlemen resolve to form a company and seek additional support.
** [[Mount Clare Station]] built.
** [[Maryland General Assembly]] establishes and incorporates a new British system of transportation (second oldest chartered railway to that time - earlier short line in [[History of Massachusetts|Massachusetts]] with "[[Quincy-Granite Railway Company]]" on March 4, 1825, later extinct) on February 27th with the formation of the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company]], with the State holding 10,000 shares ($1 million), and the City having 5,000 shares ($500,000), of a total capitalization of $3,000,000 of which during the 12 days of open books for shares eventually amounted to $4,178,000 of the capital stock. With temporary commissioners serving: Isaac McKim, Thomas Ellicott, Joseph W. Patterson, John McKim, Jr., William Stewart, Talbot Jones, [[Roswell L. Colt]], George Brown and Evan Thomas who are authorized to accept subscriptions of $1,500,000 (by end of 1828, subscriptions in amount of $4,000,000 had been received). A Board of Directors of the City's leading financial powers and citizens are organized on April 28, 1827, consisting of [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton]], [[William Patterson (Maryland)|William Patterson]], Robert Oliver, Alexander Brown, [[Isaac McKim]], William Lorman, George Hoffman, [[Philip E. Thomas]], [[John B. Morris]], [[Thomas Ellicott]], Talbot Jones and William Stewart; with Thomas as first President of Railroad Company and Brown as Treasurer.
** [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|George Washington monument]] erected.<ref name=brit1910 />
** Impressive funeral ceremonies held with procession for the death of Baltimore's most important and influential citizens, Col. [[John Eager Howard]], (1752-1827), former commander of the "[[Maryland Line]]" regiment of the [[Continental Army]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]], who led and fought in many battles both in the Northern and the Southern Theatres of the War and who donated much of the land in northern Baltimore Town for various civic improvements and public buildings from his "Belvidere" estate. His mansion was located in the intersection of future [[North Calvert Street|North Calvert]] and East Chase Streets and endured until razed in the early 1870s. Much of his estate was used to lay out the grid of streets for the tomey [[Victorian architecture|Victorian-era]] neighborhood of [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere]] and further northwest into the Mount Royal area to the bend of the [[Jones Falls]], in which his children and descendents were later responsible for developing. He notably is the namesake for the unusual number of three Baltimore streets. His name also endures in the luxurious landmark Beaux Arts-style [[Belvedere Hotel|Hotel Belvedere]] of 1903 on East Chase Streets off North Charles Street with its famous John Eager Howard dining room with its wood paneling and historical wall murals and in an equestrian bronze statue on granite pedestal above the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]] at the north end of Washington Place, facing north up North Charles Street, and a modernistic metal sculpture in a small "pocket park" at the northwest corner of North Howard and West Centre Streets, opposite the Chesapeake Commons condo/apartment building, renovated in 1980 (formerly the old [[Baltimore City College]] built 1895, until 1928, later used by several other schools such as [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Western High School]]).
* 1828 - "First Stone" laid on July 4, ("[[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]]"), for beginning of construction of the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] line (first constructed in America) laid by large assembly gathering including [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton]], (1737-1832), last surviving signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] to initially run to Ellicott's Mills (now [[Ellicott City, Maryland|Ellicott City]]) and later extended to [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry]] and [[Wheeling, West Virginia|Wheeling, Virginia]] by 1853 and eventually to [[Ohio]] by the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. At the same time, ground is broken further southwest in [[Georgetown, D.C.|Georgetown]] in the [[District of Columbia]] for the [[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal]] by sixth President [[John Quincy Adams]], along the north shore of the [[Potomac River]].
** [[Phoenix Shot Tower]] constructed of brick at North Front and East Fayette Streets by the [[Jones Falls]] eastern shore in [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown/Old Town]], used for dropping pellets of hot boiling lead into water vats at the ground level for manufacture of shot [[ammunition]] for [[muskets]] and [[rifles]]. Tallest structure at the time built in the city, along with two others, now razed. Also previous site of first meeting house for Baptists met and constructed in 1770 (later First Baptist Church of Baltimore on Liberty Heights Avenue). Tower image later used in center of new illustration of Baltimore skyline on front-page masthead vignette for daily newspaper ''"[[Baltimore News-American|The News American]]"'' after 1964 merger of previous daily papers ''"Baltimore News-Post"'' and on Sunday - ''"The Baltimore American"'' until closed by [[Hearst Corporation]] (founded by California and New York magnate [[William Randolph Hearst]]) in 1986 after 113 years of publication.
** Oblate Sisters of Providence founded.<ref>{{cite book|editor=[[Melvin Ember]], et al. |title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas |year= 2005|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-48321-9 |chapter=Hatians in the United States |chapterurl= http://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA828 |page=828+ |author=Michel S. Laguerre }}</ref>
* 1829 -
** As authorized by Act of the [[Maryland General Assembly]] three years before, Baltimore City opens its first [[Baltimore City Public Schools|public schools]], under the supervision of a newly organized and appointed Board of School Commissioners, two for boys and two for girls ([[grammar school|grammar or elementary level]]) on each side of the town. Whites only attend with only approximately three percent of eligible children eventually in attendance in the first years. Additional [[primary school]]s for upper grades added shortly with a [[high school]] for boys founded by a decade later (The High School, then the Male High School, later renamed the Central High School of Baltimore, now [[Baltimore City College|The Baltimore City College]] in 1866, and two [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|female secondary schools]] in 1844.
** [[Mount Clare Station]] for the new [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] replacing the first downtown Pratt Street terminal/station at the southeast corner with [[South Charles Street]], is built further to the west on West Pratt Street off Arlington, Schroeder and Poppleton Streets in future neighborhoods of [[Mount Clare Shops|Mount Clare]], Poppleton, [[Union Square, Baltimore|Union Square]]. Over the decades it becomes the center of the railroad's mechanical shops with an extensive group of sheds, warehouses and shops including a massive 22-sided roundhouse by the 1880s. Mount Clare's passenger station and offices are later supplemented and replaced in 1857 by the construction of the [[Camden Station|Camden Street Station]] (with two wings later added in 1866) at West Camden Street between South Howard, South Eutaw and South Sharp Streets with extensive marshaling yards further southwest towards the Middle Branch of the [[Patapsco River]]. Camden later became the headquarters offices of the B. & O. (especially during the [[American Civil War|Civil War era]]) until construction of a large downtown Central Office Building in the 1880s at the northwest corner of East Baltimore at North Calvert Streets which endured until destroyed in the [[Great Baltimore Fire]] of 1904. Mount Clare Station and the Roundhouse is later site of the first "B. & O. Transportation Museum", established 1954 as a public service by the Railroad.
** Construction completed for the new [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|George Washington Monument]] with cornerstone laid earlier on July 4 in 1815 originally in the old Courthouse Square downtown at North Calvert, between East Lexington and Fayette Streets, but was judged to be too tall for that smaller square with the townhouses surrounding it, (later replaced by cornerstone laying instead on first anniversary of battle, [[Defenders Day|Defenders' Day]], September 12, 1815 for erection of shorter, smaller [[Battle Monument]] commemorating defenders against [[Royal Navy|British]] attack on [[Battle of Baltimore|Baltimore]] at [[Battle of North Point]] and bombardment of [[Fort McHenry]] in recently concluded [[War of 1812]]). Simplified and "clean-cut" marble column by revised drawings and plans for [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]] site was later moved to hill-top location, 100 feet above sea-level, north of town and construction continues there in "Howard's Woods" estate near [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|"Belvidere"]] mansion of Col. [[John Eager Howard]], (1752−1827), [[Revolutionary War]] commander of local "[[Maryland Line]]" troops of the [[Continental Army]], (at intersection of East Chase Street and North Calvert Street. Designed by noted new American architect [[Robert Mills (architect)|Robert Mills]], (1781-1855), who also later designs landmark row of [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival style]] matching townhouses called "Waterloo Row" on west side of North Calvert Street, two blocks east. Neighborhood surrounding Monument later becomes referred to as [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere]] begins development by Howard's descendents and family beginning 1831, (several years after Monument's completion by 1829), surrounding four simple park squares of grass and trees, surrounded by iron fence, laid out named "Mount Vernon Place" (along East and West Monument Street) and "Washington Place" (along North Charles Street) of distinctive residential [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] and [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] or [[Federal architecture|Federal]] comparable styles of townhouses, later augmented with landmark churches and cultural institutions.
** Circus building constructed.<ref name=varle />
** Circus building constructed.<ref name=varle />
* 1830
* 1830 - [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] begins operating with horse-car line on tracks laid initially to Ellicott's Mills (later [[Ellicott City]]). Famous race run between [[Tom Thumb (locomotive)|"Tom Thomb"]] steam engine locomotive and horse car designed by inventor and industrialist [[Peter Cooper]]. Construction also begins on initial fieldstone and slabs for viaducts and bridges along main route beginning with [[Carrollton Viaduct|Carrollton]] across the [[Gwynns Falls]] stream (runs through western Baltimore to the Middle Branch/Ridgley's Cove of the [[Patapsco River]]), [[Thomas Viaduct|Thomas Viaduct's]] curving arches across upper western branch of [[Patapsco River]] and further north with Patterson Viaduct at [[Ilchester, Maryland|Ilchester]] and Oliver Viaduct across [[Patapsco River|Patapsco]] again at [[Ellicott City, Maryland|Ellicott Mills]].
** [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] begins operating.
** Construction of residence of [[Archbishop of Baltimore]] at eastern end of cathedral facing North Charles Street.
** Population: 80,620 people
* 1831 - In September, the [[Anti-Masonic Party]], a recent splinter group has the [[Election of 1832|first national political convention]] to nominate an American president, meeting at the first civic structure known as "The Athenaeum" at St. Paul and Lexington Streets. They choose Baltimore lawyer [[William Wirt (Attorney General)|William Wirt]] for the office of chief executive in the [[Election of 1832]] on the issue of the [[Freemasonry|Masons']] secrecy and that seventh President [[Andrew Jackson]] is a Mason. Another anti-Jackson political party - the [[National Republican Party|National Republicans]] (the party of former sixth President [[John Quincy Adams]]) also meet in the same building later in December and choose [[Henry Clay]] of Kentucky to oppose Jackson's reelection. Finally, the following May 1832, the newly renamed [[1832 Democratic National Convention|Democrats]] (old Jeffersonian "Republicans") meet at the old [[Universalist Church of America|First Universalist Church]] (later occupied after the 1860s by black Roman Catholic congregation until razed in the 1930s) at North Calvert and East Pleasant Streets to give the city a "clean sweep" of all the first nominating conventions putting forward the name of [[Martin van Buren]] of New York for Vice President to join Jackson for another term, replacing former South Carolina senator [[John C. Calhoun]] who had become estranged from "Old Hickory" and the influence of northern [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]].
* 1832
** [[Maryland General Assembly]] appropriates funds to establish a [[House of Refuge]] for Baltimore City for criminal, vagrant or abandoned and neglected children, but because of political controversies between [[Whig Party (United States)|"Whigs"]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|"Democrats"]], city does not build and open facility until eighteen years later, 1849. Later becomes known as [[Maryland Training School for Boys]], and later renamed as XXXX. Relocated to XXX.
** Cholera epidemic.<ref name=varle />
** Baltimore Association of Firemen organized by several of the various independent volunteer fire-fighting companies, since establishment of the first company "Mechanical" in 1763. Later forms loose private confederation of companies to organize fire-fighting work in 1834 known as "Baltimore City United Fire Department", with seven representatives from each private independent company plus one representative serving as a standing committee. This quasi-public organization serves for organizing city fire prevention and fighting until organization of a fully paid, full-time professional force of firemen housed in municipal numbered firehouses, establishing today's modern [[Baltimore City Fire Department]] in 1858, (just a year after reorganization of the city police force from 1784).
** [[1832 Democratic National Convention]]
* 1832 -
* 1835
** Cholera epidemic rages in the city and causes widespread evacuations of well-to-do and those with transportation.<ref name=varle />
** [[1835 Democratic National Convention]]
** [[1832 Democratic National Convention]] held in May at "The Athenaeum" (the first) at [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|St. Paul]] and East Lexington Streets (west of City/County Courthouse-later burned in [[Baltimore bank riot]] of 1835) and later at "Warfield's Church" (old First Universalist Church? at North Calvert and East Pleasant Streets) in Baltimore. [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Martin Van Buren]] of [[New York]] nominated as Vice President along with Seventh President [[Andrew Jackson]] to succeed/replace incumbent [[John C. Calhoun]] of [[South Carolina]] who had a falling out with Jackson over [[Nullification Crisis|nullification]] crisis.
** [[Baltimore bank riot|Bank riot]].
* 1833 -
* 1837
** Three discerning gentlemen meet at the home of [[John H. B. Latrobe]] (distinguished civic leader, intellectual, author and son of famed architect [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]] at 11 West Mulberry (between [[North Charles Street|North Charles]] and Cathedral Streets) in the back parlor around table, fortified with "some old wine and some good cigars" with noted author and political leader [[John P. Kennedy|John Pendleton Kennedy]] and James H. Miller poring over manuscript submissions in a literary contest sponsored by the ''"Baltimore Sunday Visitor"'' for best prose tale. A story entitled ''"MS Found In A Bottle"'', is a curious and haunting tale of annihilation and attracts them all. The $50 prize is awarded to the story's struggling, unknown, penniless author [[Edgar Allan Poe]], who had come to Baltimore in the Spring of 1831, after dismissal from the [[United States Military Academy|U.S. Military Academy at West Point]] with no money, no trade and no reputation. The four years he spends in Baltimore are a period of intense creativity. His major effort during those years were 16 tales he writes for the "Folio Club", an imaginary literary society, one of these is "MS Found In A Bottle". The prize for this story, the public recognition that it brought and the lifelong friendship between Poe and his literary patron Kennedy helped direct Poe on his brilllant career. While here, he lived briefly at a small rowhouse on Amity Street (now a city historic house museum) off West Lombard Street in inner West Baltimore. He left Baltimore in 1835 to become editor of the ''"[[Southern Literary Messenger]]"''. He unfortunately returned tragically in October 1849, supposedly passing through the city during an upheaval and tumult of a political election time, where under mysterious circumstances, he was found unconscious outside a tavern on East Lombard Street in [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown/Old Town]] and died several days later at the old Washington University Hospital (now [[Church Home and Hospital]] on Broadway at East Fayette Street) and was later buried at the [[Westminster Presbyterian Church and Cemetery|old Western Burying Grounds of the First Presbyterian Church]]'s cemetery on North Greene and West Fayette Streets by the intervention of a relative, Neilson Poe in an undistinguished plot in the far southeastern corner of the yard. Later by 1852, the cemetery was surmounted by the brick and stone arches supporting the new above structure of the [[Westminster Hall and Burying Ground|Westminster Presbyterian Church]], later part of the [[University of Maryland Law School]] campus after the dissolution of the congregation in the 1970s. Poe's plot was exhumed and relocated to the more prominent northwestern corner by the entrance gate with a new substantial monument and bronze medallion provided for by fund-raising by professors/teachers and students of the Baltimore City high schools and several literary-minded citizens after 1865, which was dedicated in 1875.
** ''[[Baltimore Sun]]'' newspaper begins publication.<ref name="lc" />
* 1834 - Two new municipal markets are ordered established by the [[Andrew Jackson|"Jacksonian"]]-dominated [[Baltimore City Council|City Council]] and permission is granted by the [[Maryland General Assembly|State Legislature]] to levy special direct taxes to defray their cost.
* 1835 -
** [[1835 Democratic National Convention]] convened in city in May at the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]/[[Federal architecture|Federal]] style of architecture in landmark church of the [[First Presbyterian Church and Manse (Baltimore, Maryland)|First Presbyterian Church]] with its twin spires on the northwest corner of East Fayette and North (later Guilford Avenue) Streets. They nominate incumbent Vice President [[Martin van Buren]] of [[New York]] as the new President to succeed Seventh President [[Andrew Jackson]] after the [[Election of 1836]], along with Col. [[Richard M. Johnson]] as [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]].
** [[Baltimore bank riot|Bank riot]]. Several homes and businesses ransacked including home of influential [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]], [[Reverdy Johnson]] at [[Battle Monument]] Square (northwest corner of North Calvert Street and East Fayette Street and several other prominent businessmen and stockholders in the tottering [[Bank of Baltimore|Bank of Maryland]] scandal. Also burns the landmark civic, literary and social activities center "The Athenaeum" (the first) at southwest corner of St. Paul and East Lexington Streets, which also housed at the time, the nine-year-old [[Maryland Institute College of Art|Maryland Institute]]
** [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|Baltimore County/City Courthouse]] of 1805-1809, (fourth for [[Baltimore County Circuit Courthouse|County]] and [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|second]] in Baltimore City, then serving also as [[county seat]]), burned and ruined in disastrous fire at southwest corner of North Calvert Street and East Lexington Street, across from the 1815–1827 [[Battle Monument]]. Rebuilt on same site, at cost of along with $80,000 of twenty-year, 5% bonds sold to finance addition of "fire-proof" masonry Records Office, both designed by local noted architect [[Robert Cary Long, Jr.]], west of the rebuilt courthouse at southeast corner of [[St. Paul Street (Baltimore)|St. Paul]] and East Lexington. Records masonry building designed of then unusual [[Egyptian Revival architecture]] with great front iron doors (or some say a "[[Maya religion|Mayan]] temple"), has cornerstone laid June 28, 1836, by [[Solomon Etting]], president of commissioners, [[Samuel Smith (Maryland)|Mayor Samuel Smith]] and the long-serving [[Chief Justice of the United States]], in the person of [[Roger B. Taney]], formerly of [[Frederick, Maryland|Frederick]], [[History of Baltimore|Baltimore]], and now [[Washington, D.C.]]. Completed by 1839.
** [[Thomas Viaduct]] of the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] completed with its curving 22 arches across the upper Western Branch of the [[Patapsco River]] (near present-day [[Patapsco Valley State Park]]), longest such structure in the world, still used into 21st Century for heavier freight and passenger trains on a constant daily basis. Obelisk monument of white marble erected at trackside with engravings of Railroad Company officers and construction leaders at eastern end of bridge before 'Y' intersection marking "Main Line" which went further west towards [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia]], the [[Potomac River]], [[Appalachian Mountains]] and [[Ohio]] and the "Washington Branch" going 30 miles further southwest to the National Capital of [[Washington, D.C.]]. Later also site of old [[Victorian architecture|Victorian style]] Viaduct Hotel as resort and tourist site during mid-19th Century, a mile south of [[Relay, Maryland|Relay or Relay Junction)]] also with small hotel and boarding house there. Site occupied immediately in April–May, 1861 to hold Washington with Maryland and Baltimore in the Union by Massachusetts state militia Gen. [[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)|Benjamin F. Butler]] after the notorious [[Baltimore riot of 1861|"Pratt Street Riots" - April 19th, 1861]] and later fortified during [[American Civil War|Civil War]] by Bouquet's and Cook's Battery of [[Union Army]] troops with artillery on surrounding heights.
* 1836 - [[Portal:Baptists|Baptists]] organize the Maryland Baptist Union Association (future [[Baptists in the United States|Baptist Convention of Maryland/Delaware]]) with six original congregations represented, including the First Baptist Church of Baltimore, founded 1773. Later joins with national conservative-leaning (but white/Caucasian-dominated) [[Southern Baptist Convention]].
** Pastor [[Henry Scheib]] of [[Zion Lutheran Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Old Zion Lutheran Church]] opens bi-lingual German/English school at the church on North Gay and East Lexington Streets which becomes very influential in the following decades, especially among the growing [[History of the Germans in Baltimore|German-American]] community.
* 1837 -
** ''"[[Baltimore Sun|The Sun]]"'' newspaper begins daily publication by [[Arunah Shepherdson Abell|A. S. Abell]]. Continues for next 177 years.<ref name="lc" />
** Washington Hall opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
** Washington Hall opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
** [[Orchard Street United Methodist Church]] built.
** [[Orchard Street United Methodist Church|Orchard Street Church]] built off St. Mary's Street in northwest section of old City (modern [[Seton Hill Historic District|Seton Hill historic district]], near present-day [[Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (Baltimore, Maryland)|Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard]]). First congregation for Negroes/Afro-Americans in city, later becomes part of the [[United Methodist Church]]. When congregation closes, building restored and renovated for local branch of [[National Urban League]], a national [[Civil Rights Movement]] organization.
* 1838 -
* 1839
** [[Baltimore City College|High School]] opens.
** Future abolitionist, author/editor, orator, Federal official and escaped slave [[Frederick Douglass]], (1808-1895), escapes to freedom, September 3, hopping aboard on a [[Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad]] train a mile east of temporary depot at President and Fleet Streets along [[Canton, Baltimore|Canton]] tracks, north of the [[Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore|Harbor]] and east of [[Fells Point, Baltimore|Fells Point]] where he had formerly been a ships caulker. Travels to New York City to home of noted abolitionist [[David Ruggles]], later meeting future wife Anne Murray, a free black woman.
** Mercantile Library Association established.<ref name=jewett/>
** [[Hollins Market]] is established for citizens in the growing west and southwest areas of the city between West Pratt and West Baltimore Streets, and Hollins Street. Named for local Hollins land-owning family. Constructed of two stories of brick in [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] style with a small cupola (later removed) and an assembly hall/auditorium and smaller class or meeting rooms upstairs on second level with brick arches below on ground level for market and proprietor's stalls. Additional wooden shed with open sides extends to the east for one city block. Near laid out small park of [[Union Square, Baltimore|Union Square]] and surrounding old West Baltimore neighborhoods of [[Mount Clare, Baltimore|Mount Clare]] and [[Poppleton, Baltimore|Poppleton]]. City's markethouses system grows to total eleven by mid-20th Century - 1950. By 21st Century, Hollins is one of six surviving municipal markethouses, and the oldest surviving structure (others damaged by fire at various times and rebuilt more modern).
** [[Green Mount Cemetery]] dedicated.
* 1839 -
** Municipal [[Baltimore City Archives|Record Office of Baltimore]] built.
** [[Baltimore City College|The High School]] for young men authorized by City Council in March, opens in October (later named The Male High School of Baltimore, then the Central High School of Baltimore, finally in 1866 to The [[Baltimore City College]]) authorized by City Council of Baltimore in March, opens in October in rowhouse on Courtland Street (now [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|Saint Paul Place]]/Preston Gardens) at East Saratoga Streets.
* 1840
** [[Mercantile Library Association]] established. Later joins with older [[Library Company of Baltimore]] and [[Maryland Historical Society]] at second Athenaeum building at northwest corner of St. Paul Street and East Saratoga Street, until library collections are merged in late 1850's. Society occupied Athenaeum until 1919 when it moves to the old [[Enoch Pratt]], (1808-1896), Mansion at southwest corner of West Monument Street and Park Avenue after the death of Pratt's widow.<ref name=jewett/>
** [[Green Mount Cemetery]] dedicated and opened July 13, as a new style of landscaped park-like terrain for the later interment of Baltimore's "notables". Developed from late estate of Robert Oliver, local prominent citizen and merchant, under authorization and incorporation by [[Maryland General Assembly]] in March 1838, by local proprietors William Gwynn, Robert Morgan Gibbes, Fielding Lucas, jr., John S. Skinner, John S. Lafitte, Samuel D. Walker and John H. B. Latrobe (son of famous architect, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]]). Laid out behind surrounding fieldstone wall along southeastern area of later [[Maryland Route 45|Greenmount Avenue]] (leading to Old York Road) and Boundary (later East North) Avenue. Cemetery designed by local architect [[Robert Cary Long, Jr.]] with turreted gatehouse constructed one to two years later, followed by [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] hill-top chapel, fifteen years later. Surrounding community in East Baltimore covered with straight gridlines of streets with uniform 2 or 3-story rowhouses acquires name of [[Oliver, Baltimore|Oliver]].
** [[Baltimore City Council|City Council]] under the influence of the [[Whig Party (United States)|"Whigs"]] abolishes the office of "Consulting Physician" and stipulates that one of the three commissioners of health appointed annually must be a physician and assume the duties of consulting physician.
** Municipal [[Baltimore City Archives|Record Office of Baltimore]] completed, built of distinctive [[Egyptian Revival architecture]] and then current standards of "fire-proof" construction, along [[St. Paul Street (Baltimore)|Saint Paul Street]] at southeast corner with East Fayette Street.
** Impressive elaborate funeral ceremonies and processions held for "The Defender of Baltimore", Maj. General [[Samuel Smith (Maryland)]], (1752-1839), with notables such as several mayors of Baltimore, governors of Maryland, and Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the United States, along with thousands of citizens following in his funeral cortege. General Smith was also noted for his defense of [[Fort Mifflin]] in the Delaware River, below [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] during the [[American Revolution]], and assuming command of the defenses of the city as head of the Maryland State Militia after the American rout at the [[Battle of Bladensburg]] and the [[Burning of Washington]] under Gen. [[William H. Winder|William Winder]] in August 1814. He foresaw the obvious possibilities of a British invasion and the routes they would have to take and planned fortifications, traps and assigned units of troops to various points (anticipating the landings and [[Battle of North Point]], finally drafting thousands of black and white, rich and poor citizens of Baltimore to digging trenches and placing over a hundred artillery pieces along "Hampstead Hill" (also known as "Loudenschlager's Hill" in present day [[Patterson Park, Baltimore|Patterson Park]]) along the eastern edge of the town. He also supervised regular U.S. Army troops under Maj. [[George Armistead]], commander at [[Fort McHenry]]
* 1840 -
** Madison Lyceum active.<ref name=yeatman />
** Madison Lyceum active.<ref name=yeatman />
** [[1840 Democratic National Convention]]
** The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] reconvenes again in "The Monumental City" along with the new [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]]. The "Whigs" assemble at the Universalist Church at Calvert and Pleasant Streets and choose [[Henry Clay]] to be their standard-bearer. [[1840 Democratic National Convention|Democrats]] return to meet at the Music Hall to nominate eighth President [[Martin van Buren]] for a second term. The Canton Race Track, outside the east side of the city, is rented by the "Whigs", offering generous libations of "hard cider" to invite Baltimore citizens to hear [[Henry Clay]], [[Daniel Webster]] and other famed orator politicians of the era praise their candidate: [[William Henry Harrison]] of Indiana (former general, territorial and state governor and "Indian fighter") with their famed slogan of "Tippicanoe and Tyler Too!" now joined with [[John Tyler]] of Virginia as Vice President. Both went on to win the [[Election of 1844]], the following November, but the aged Harrison (ninth president) died in April 1841, several weeks after giving the longest inaugural address in American history and Tyler now succeeds him as tenth president.
** Population: 102,313 people
** Establishment of the Library Company of the Baltimore Bar by sixty-three lawyers (one third of the city's bar at the time) at meeting called in March by promoted by noted attorney and future Mayor [[George William Brown]] (1820-1890), scion of famous banking firm after inspiration from several other northeastern cities. Located at first in several cramped rooms on second floor of second [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|Baltimore City and County Courthouse]] at southwestern corner of North Calvert and East Lexington Streets, opposite [[Battle Monument]] Square. One of America's earliest private subscription libraries and legal/historical collections, and led by many noted attorneys and judges of Baltimore and Maryland. After construction of third City Courthouse (later renamed [[Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr.]] City Courthouse in 1985) in 1895-1900, on entire block of previous courthouse, Bar Library relocated to 6th and 5th Floors at west end overlooking St. Paul Street/Place and Preston Gardens (of the 1920s) with impressive barrel-vaulted reading room, with many oil paintings of significant figures in the history of the city's legal and judicial profession among luxurious Victorian-style appointments.
* 1844 -
* 1844
** [[Maryland Historical Society]] incorporated.
** [[Maryland Historical Society]] incorporated as one of the first historical heritage societies in America, led by many leading civic and intellectual citizens of the town. Later locates at the second landmark "Athenaeum" building (which had replaced earlier first Athenaeum one block south at St. Paul and East Lexington Street burned by mobs during 1835 [[Baltimore bank riot]]) on the northwest corner of [[St. Paul Street (Baltimore)|Saint Paul Street]] at East Saratoga Street, until 1919, when the MdHS moves to the former [[Enoch Pratt]]'s 1847 town mansion at West Monument Street and Park Avenue, where it presently now occupies the entire square block of adjacent older and newly constructed buildings. The Athenaeum was designed by noted architect [[Robert Cary Long, Jr.]], just downhill from Old St. Paul's Episcopal Church. Shared one of three floors with the old "Library Company of Baltimore" (founded 1796-1797) and "[[Mercantile Library Association]]" (founded later in 1839) - which were previously located in 1798 Old "Assembly-Rooms", a landmark social, dancing and civic hall at northeast corner of East Fayette and Holliday Streets- which also later served as [[Baltimore City College|"The Male High School"/later Central High School of Baltimore]] since 1843).
** [[Western High School (Baltimore)]] opens.
** [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Western]] and [[Eastern High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Eastern High Schools]] opens for young women in opposite sides of the city. The previous all-boys [[Baltimore City College|"High School"]], founded 1839, is eventually renamed "The Male High School" and eventually "Central High School of Baltimore".
** [[1844 Democratic National Convention]]
** [[1844 Democratic National Convention]] assembles at the first old [[Gothic Revival architecture|English Tudor/Gothic Revival]] style of the [[Odd Fellows|Odd Fellows Hall]] on east side of North Gay Street (between East Fayette and East Lexington Streets) by [[Old Zion Lutheran Church]] and become deadlocked between candidates [[John Tyler]] of Virginia who is in favor of annexing the new Republic of [[Texas]] to the Union and XXXX
** [[1844 Whig National Convention]]
** [[1844 Whig National Convention]] is also held in Baltimore at the old [[Universalism|First Universalist Church]] (sometimes called "Warfield's Church") at [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|North Calvert]] and East Pleasant Streets, choosing [[Henry Clay]] of Kentucky as their standard-bearer.
** Baltimore-Washington [[Telegraphy|telegraph line]] [[Samuel Morse|opens]].
** Baltimore-Washington [[Telegraphy|telegraph line]] constructed under supervision of inventor [[Samuel Morse|Samuel F.B. Morse]]. First telegraph message sent asking "What Hath God Wrought?!" by wires between the old original [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] station on southeast corner of East Pratt snd South Charles Streets along the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|B. & O. Railroad]] line of their Main Branch to "Relay Junction" then switching to along the "Washington Branch", southeast to the National Capital to the receiving station set up at the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]]. Later the [[Baltimore Sun|''"The Sun"'']] of Baltimore becomes the first newspaper to extensively use telegraphed dispatches from the distant battles in the far southwest of the [[Mexican-American War|Mexican–American War of 1846-47]].
* 1845 - [[Newton University]] established.<ref name=dir1858 />
* 1845 - [[Newton University]] established in 200 block of north side along East Lexington Street between North Calvert and North (later Guilford Avenue) Streets for African-Americans and coordinated with later [[Frederick Douglass|Douglass Institute]] of 1865 on near-by East Saratoga Street in post-[[American Civil War|Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]] era.<ref name=dir1858 />
* 1848
** [[Calvert Hall College]], a boys Roman Catholic high school founded by religious order of [[Congregation of Christian Brothers|Christian School Brothers]] on West Saratoga Street near Liberty Street. Later relocates a block north from 1890–1960, across from old [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Baltimore Cathedral/Basilica of the Assumption]] at southwest corner, Cathedral and West Mulberry Streets (present site of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archdiocesan office building]]/"Catholic Center" from 1963), then moves to LaSalle Road in suburban [[Towson, Maryland|Towson]], north of the city. Long-time athletic and academic rival of later [[Jesuits|Jesuits']] school at [[Loyola Blakefield|Loyola High School]], founded 1852, then four blocks northeast on North Calvert at East Madison Streets.
** Lloyd Street Synagogue building in Greek Revival style designed by famed local architect [[Robert Cary Long, Jr.]] for the new [[Baltimore Hebrew Congregation]] at Lloyd and Watson Streets (between East Baltimore and Lombard Streets), in [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown/Old Town]] neighborhood of inner East Baltimore. First synagogue in the city and oldest remaining now in America in this area which is becoming heavily Jewish population beginning in the 1830s. (Later 1985 site for the [[Jewish Museum of Maryland]]).
* 1846 - Recently founded local newspaper ''"[[Baltimore Sun|The Sun]]"'' sets technological advancement with use of [[Samuel Morse|Samuel F. B. Morse]]'s new telegraph machine and wire lines to carry dispatches and news from events of the distant [[Mexican-American War]]. Baltimore regiments participate in the campaigns and their actions quickly reported back to city's citizens and relatives. Later statue of military commander and memorial to soldiers and officers erected at Mount Royal Avenue and West Lanvale Street in 1903 by new Main Building of [[Maryland Institute College of Art]] and later moved in the 1930s to entrance gates to [[Druid Hill Park]] at West North Avenue and Mount Royal Avenues ([[William H. Watson|William H. Watson Memorial Statue]]).
* 1847 - ''"[[Baltimore Sun|The Sun]]"'' of Baltimore becomes the first paper in the Spring of '47, to telegraph news of the fall of [[Siege of Veracruz|Vera Cruz]] on the east Gulf coast of [[Mexico]] to President [[James K. Polk]] at the "Executive Mansion" (later [[White House]]) in [[History of Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]. Nation surprised at the speed of the news and the capabilities with the potential impact of the new telegraph for the spread of information, news over great distances.
** Second "Athenaeum" building constructed at northwest corner of [[St. Paul Street (Baltimore)|St. Paul Street (later also St. Paul Place)]] at East Saratoga Street, with cornerstone laid in August. Replaces earlier first "Athenaeum" structure at southwest corner of St. Paul and East Lexington Streets, one block further south, which was burned by a mob in the [[Baltimore bank riot]] of 1835. Later holds spaces for the newly organized [[Maryland Historical Society]] (1844), the Library Company of Baltimore (founded 1796-1797) - previously located at old "Assembly Rooms" [of Baltimore Dancing Assembly] at northeast corner of Holliday and East Fayette Streets, [later occupied by the [[Baltimore City College|Central High School of Baltimore]], [today's Baltimore City College]), and the [[Mercantile Library Association]], (founded 1839).
* 1848 -
** Construction begins on new island fortress of 3.4 acres in the lower [[Patapsco River]] named "[[Fort Carroll]]" under supervision of Capt. [[Robert E. Lee]] of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]]. With brick walls 10 feet thick and forty feet high, the three planned levels (with many courses (rows) of millions of bricks and masonry) are planned to have embrasures set for 350 naval cannons. Part of the new "second tier" of [[Seacoast defense in the United States|seacoast defensive fortification systems]] after the experiences of the [[War of 1812]] and [[Fort McHenry]] of the "first tier" system. Similar to the more later famous [[Fort Sumter]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] harbor, [[South Carolina]], which began the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] in April 1861. Occupied as an increasingly obsolete military site until [[World War II]], the ruins still exist today, with occasional eccentric plans occasionally proposed for civilian use of the island fort.
** Howard Athenaeum and Gallery of Arts opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
** Howard Athenaeum and Gallery of Arts opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
** Olympic Theatre opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
** Olympic Theatre opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
** Concordia Club founded.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
** Concordia Club founded.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
** [[1848 Democratic National Convention]] held in city to nominate presidential and vice-presidential candidates.
** [[1848 Democratic National Convention]]
* 1849 - Baltimore Female College in operation.<ref name=dir1858>{{Citation |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL17860479M/The_Baltimore_city_directory_... |publisher = John W. Woods |publication-date = 1858 |publication-place = Baltimore, Md |title = The Baltimore city directory, for 1858-59 |ol = 17860479M }}</ref>
* 1849 - Baltimore Female College established and opens following year on [[St. Paul Street (Baltimore)|Saint Paul Street]] near East Saratoga Street and later moves by about 1873 to northwest corner of Park Avenue/Place near Wilson Street for about a decade in new northwestern neighborhood of [[Bolton Hill, Baltimore|Bolton Hill]], under leadership of noted Classical and Latin/Greek scholar, President/Prof. [[Nathan C. Brooks]]. B.F.C., sponsored and supported by congregations and ministers of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] had additional wings constructed to its rear by 1858 when located in large [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] style townhouse/mansion. Later the College moved to a third site at Park Avenue and McMechen Street where it held classes until closing in 1890. Prof. Brooks had also been the former first principal in 1839 to 1849 of first public secondary school in Maryland (and thought to be later, third oldest public high school in America) − "The High School", then on neighboring Courtland Street, later renamed the Male High School after 1844, then Central High School of Baltimore in 1850, then [[Baltimore City College|The Baltimore City College]] after 1866. Sponsored by [[Methodist Episcopal Church|Methodist Episcopal churches]] in the city, this small but influential school for young ladies is the first to grant collegiate degrees to women in Maryland, it predates the later [[Goucher College|Women's College of Baltimore (later renamed as "Goucher College")]] founded in 1885, also for young women (by Rev. [[John Goucher|John F. Goucher]], pastor and members of the First Methodist Episcopal Church (previously Lovely Lane Methodist Chapel/Meeting House and later returned to original colonial name of [[Lovely Lane Methodist Church|Lovely Lane United Methodist Church]], a block north at St. Paul and 23rd Streets in [[Charles Village, Baltimore|Charles Village]]).<ref name=dir1858>{{Citation |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL17860479M/The_Baltimore_city_directory_... |publisher = John W. Woods |publication-date = 1858 |publication-place = Baltimore, Md |title = The Baltimore city directory, for 1858-59 }}</ref>
* 1850
** Organizing of first organization for teachers and ([[high school]]) professors in the [[Baltimore City Public Schools]] as the "Public School Teachers Association, Inc. of Baltimore". Later evolves into first [[teachers union]] for city school faculties and joins national group, the [[National Education Association|National Education Association (NEA)]], later organizing of [[Maryland State Teachers Association]].
** [[President Street Station]] built.
** Establishment of the [[House of Refuge]] on hill north of and overlooking Frederick Road (National Road), west of [[Gwynns Falls]] in southwestern Baltimore City, building completed and opened December 5th in 1855, (later location after 1971 of Southwestern High School). Attended by children, ages four to seventeen, with a new progressive philosophy to reform and not punish. Duties assigned such as shoemaking, chair caning and sewing. Built of substantial stone and surrounded by a sixteen foot wall, it however was not prison-like in appearance according to historical accounts. Previously authorized by [[Maryland General Assembly]] eighteen years earlier in 1831, and funds appropriated, but city administration of the time does not aid the project, because of controversy between then political parties about government's social roles - ([[Whig Party (United States)|"Whigs"]] versus [[Democratic Party (United States)|"Democrats"]]). Established under newer national social consciousness movement for children convicted of criminal offenses, those committed as vagrants or street beggars, those whose parents asked for their admission for incorrigible habits or vicious conduct, and those whose parents did not provide for them. Institution later becomes known as the [[Maryland Training School for Boys]], and later as XXX and relocates to XXX.
** Population: 169,054 people

* 1851
===1850s–1890s===
** Baltimore becomes [[independent city]].
* 1850 -
** New Assembly-Rooms open.<ref name=scharf1881>{{Citation |publisher = L.H. Everts |publication-place = Philadelphia |title = History of Baltimore city and county, from the earliest period to the present day: including biographical sketches of their representative men |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24157798M/History_of_Baltimore_city_and_county_from_the_earliest_period_to_the_present_day_including_biographi |author=J. Thomas Scharf |ol = 24157798M |authorlink=John Thomas Scharf |publication-date = 1881 }}</ref>
** [[President Street Station]] built during previous year at President and Fleet (previously Canton Avenue) Streets for [[Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad|Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad (P.W. & B.)]] placed in operation in February, under supervision of chief engineer [[Isaac R. Trimble|Isaac Ridgway Trimble]] (later [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States Army]] general, noted at 1863's [[Battle of Gettysburg]] in "[[Pickett's Charge]]"), replacing earlier primitive P.W. & B. depot. Oldest surviving big-city train station in America also with unique "Howe Truss" roof-support system architecture. Site of "First Bloodshed" of [[American Civil War|Civil War]] in [[Pratt Street Riot]] on Friday, April 19, 1861, with attacks by mobs of southern sympathizers against passing 6th Massachusetts Volunteer State Militia regiment and escorting "Washington Brigade" of Pennsylvania state militia from Philadelphia.
** ''[[Baltimore Wecker]]'' newspaper begins publication.
** By authority of a resolution of the [[Baltimore City Council]], approved by the [[List of mayors of Baltimore|Mayor]], the Male High School (founded 1839, the third oldest public high school in America), is officially renamed the [[Baltimore City College|Central High School of Baltimore]], (today's Baltimore City College), to which it had been referred to already for several years such as in the annual reports of the Board of School Commissioners for the [[Baltimore City Public Schools]]. Also, the School Commissioners are empowered to confer on the graduates of their highest educational institution, "testimonials" in engrossed certificates, "signed by the President of the Board, the Mayor of the City, with the seal of the City attached, by the Board Committee on the Central High School, and by the Principal/President and teachers of said school".
* 1852
** [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] styled mansion/townhouse for Thomas family designed by [[John Rudolph Niernsee]] and [[James Crawford Neilson]], architects. Constructed at southwest corner of [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|North Charles Street]] (south Washington Place) and West Monument Street (West Mount Vernon Place), on the circle opposite the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]], completed by 1852. Noted home of Thomas, then Jenck families for a century and three-quarters, lastly by Gladding family of former [[Chevrolet]] auto dealership. Considered for possible use as official "Mayor's Residence" but later becomes known as "Hackerman House" (donated by philanthropist [[Willard Hackerman]]) and annex for gallery of Asian Art in early 1980's for adjacent [[Walters Art Museum]], further south.
** [[Loyola College in Maryland|Loyola College]] established.<ref name=brit1910 />
* 1851 -
** According to the new provisions adopted by the delegates to the constitutional convention for the second [[Maryland Constitution of 1851|Maryland Constitution (of 1851)]], approved by the voters, Baltimore City, which has been the [[county seat|"County Seat"]] of [[Baltimore County]] since 1767-1768, becomes an [[independent city]] (with the same status as the other 23 counties of [[Maryland]]) with additional, more proportional representation in the [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly of Maryland]] and more abilities of "home rule". City is separated from surrounding [[Baltimore County]] on its east, west and north sides, with [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]] remaining to its south, across the Western (upper Patapsco) to the Middle and Ferry Branches of the [[Patapsco River]]. Remaining county voters elect by several referendums to move its new county seat north to [[Towson, Maryland|Towsontown]] in 1854, and constructs new granite blocks [[Baltimore County Courthouse|County Courthouse]] of [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] style with front portico and cupola facing Washington Avenue between Chesapeake and Pennsylvania Avenues.
** "New Assembly-Rooms" dancing, social and reception hall constructed and opens at South Hanover and West Lombard Streets by old Baltimore Dancing Assembly group to replace earlier 1797-98 famed "Old Assembly-Rooms" structure previously at northeast corner of Holliday and Fayette Streets - (now [[Baltimore City College|Central High School of Baltimore]] since 1843 to fire of 1873).<ref name=scharf1881>{{Citation |publisher = L.H. Everts |publication-place = Philadelphia |title = History of Baltimore city and county, from the earliest period to the present day: including biographical sketches of their representative men |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24157798M/History_of_Baltimore_city_and_county_from_the_earliest_period_to_the_present_day_including_biographi |author=J. Thomas Scharf |authorlink=John Thomas Scharf |publication-date = 1881 }}</ref>
** ''"[[Baltimore Wecker]]"'' [[History of the Germans in Baltimore|German]] language newspaper begins publication.
** New "Centre Market" building constructed on Market Place (formerly Harrison Street - named for Thomas Harrison of 18th Century "Harrison's Marsh", nicknamed "Marsh Market"), on west shore of [[Jones Falls]] between East Baltimore and Water Streets with 25-year-old school − "[[Maryland Institute College of Art|Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts]]" (original name) is located on upper second/third floors set above brick/stone arches and piers above the stalls of the market house. Two tall clock towers constructed at each end, with the larger one facing the Plaza on the south side towards the harbor. Large auditorum/assembly hall with classrooms, lecture halls and offices upstairs makes structure the center of education in the city. Site of many large assemblies, mass meetings and conventions in coming years, plus several large presidential nominating conventions in the next decade along with a famous speech in April 1864 by President [[Abraham Lincoln]]. (Endures until [[Great Baltimore Fire]] of February 1904).
** First annual commencement exercises held November 27 for ten graduates of the newly renamed [[Baltimore City College|Central High School of Baltimore]], (today's Baltimore City College) at the old [[Front Street Theatre]], east of the [[Jones Falls]], between East Fayette and High Streets, in the [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown/Old Town]] section. Two graduates receiving the highest honors and eight being granted qualified certificates. First high school diplomas ever granted in Baltimore and Maryland.
** Construction of second "Athenaeum" hall at northwest corner of [[St. Paul Street (Baltimore)|St. Paul Street]] and East Saratoga Streets of three floors of [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] style for $40,000 by [[Robert Cary Long, Jr.]], as a gift from the citizens of Baltimore to the [[Maryland Historical Society]], founded seven years before (1844). Building replaces previous "Athenaeum", two blocks south at St. Paul and East Lexington, burned in [[Baltimore bank riot]] of 1835. Other floors later to be used by [[subscription library|subscription libraries]] of the old [[Library Company of Baltimore]], founded 1796-97 and the [[Mercantile Library Association]], (of 1839), which combine their collections here by 1856. MdHS resides here until 1919 when it moves several blocks northwest to the former [[Enoch Pratt]] townhouse/mansion on West Monument Street and Park Avenue in 1919. Numerous meetings, lectures, visits and ceremonies held here in the next three-quarters of a century. By 1920's, building is used by state [[Commissioner of Motor Vehicles]] (founded 1910) offices, then unfortunately razed briefly for a first parking garage in the city, quickly later replaced on site by a early 1950's glass skyscraper for [[Commercial Credit Company]]. Site later opened up by razing of neighboring facing townhouses for city's first "urban renewal project" of five square blocks along St. Paul and parallel Courtland Streets from East Centre to East Lexington for terraced [[James H. Preston|"Preston Gardens"]].
* 1852 -
** [[St. Mary's Seminary and University|St. Mary's College]], established by the [[Sulpicians]] religious order in 1805 closes the College, located on North Paca Street by St. Mary's Lane, adjacent to the [[St. Mary's Seminary and University|Seminary]], established 1791, and the landmark [[St. Mary's Seminary Chapel|Chapel]], which had graduated many hundreds of young men with secular educations during the first half of the 19th Century and was one of the most prosperous educational institutions in the City.
** [[Loyola University Maryland|Loyola College]] and [[Loyola Blakefield|Loyola High School]] established by the [[Jesuits]] (Society of Jesus) in several townhouses in the 100 block Holliday Street between East Lexington (then Orange Alley) and East Fayette Streets. Just north of famed [[Holliday Street Theatre]] and the Central High School of Baltimore, (future [[Baltimore City College]]) and across street from future [[Baltimore City Hall]] (to be built 1867−1875). Both College and High School later in 1855 move several blocks north next to St. Ignatius Church on North Calvert between East Monument and East Madison Streets in [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere]] neighborhood. Later in 1923, the [[Loyola University Maryland|College]] moves to suburban campus at [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|North Charles Street]] at West Cold Spring Lane next to [[Evergreen House]] of [[John Work Garrett|Garrett]] family of [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] fame and the [[Loyola Blakefield|High School]] moves in 1934 to its present Blakefield campus, west of Towson.
** Apollo Hall opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
** Apollo Hall opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
** [[1852 Democratic National Convention]]
** [[1852 Democratic National Convention]] and [[1852 Whig National Convention]] both met in the city to nominate candidates for president and vice president. [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] choose [[Franklin Pierce]], (1804-1869), of [[New Hampshire]], a "[[dark horse]]" unexpected candidate for the Presidency with Senator [[William R. King]], (1786-1853), of [[Alabama]] as Vice President. [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] put forth former Maj. Gen. and General-in-Chief of the [[United States Army]], [[Winfield Scott]], (1786-1866), of [[New Jersey]], and [[William Alexander Graham|William A. Graham]], (1804-1875), of [[North Carolina]] as his running mate. Pierce is elected 14th President in the Fall [[United States presidential election, 1852|elections]].
** [[1852 Whig National Convention]]
* 1853 - [[Baltimore Police Department|Baltimore City Police Department]] established. Succeeds earlier protective system from Baltimore Town of constables and night watchmen established since 1784. Later placed under authority of [[Governor of Maryland]] after [[Know-Nothing Riot of 1856]] and political scandals of "[[Know-Nothing]]" movement of the [[America's Party (political party)|American Party]] in 1859–60, who has the power to appoint the police marshal (later chief or [after 1920] commissioner of police to the 1980s). Similar political movement inspired by City Reform League for "good government" that also eliminated various squabbling volunteer fire companies dating back to 1760's and formed professionalized municipal government agency, as the [[Baltimore City Fire Department]] in 1859.
* 1853 - [[Baltimore Police Department]] established.
* 1854 - Fire destroys [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] styled third church (designed in 1812-1817 by [[Robert Cary Long, Jr.]], [1810-1849]), of [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Old St. Paul's Church (Episcopal)]], oldest parish in Baltimore area, at northeast corner of [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|North Charles]] and East Saratoga Streets. Replaced two years later by [[Italian Renaissance Revival architecture]] fourth structure, designed by [[Richard Upjohn]], (1802-1878), of [[New York City]]. Six-story bell tower originally planned, however never constructed. By mid-20th century, the famous "Mother Church of Baltimore" is surrounded by tall skyscrapers and a busy business district, followed in 1950's-60's by redevelopment [[Charles Center]] with its Charles Plaza across the street to the west.
* 1856 -
* 1856
** [[Know-Nothing Riot of 1856|Know-Nothing Riot]].
** [[Know-Nothing Riot of 1856|"Know-Nothings" Riot]] of the "American Party" with anti-immigrant extremists and political/historical ignorance groups manage to fool voting citizens and take power with some offices in city and state government.
** [[1856 Whig National Convention]]
** [[1856 Whig National Convention]] held in Baltimore again at the [[Maryland Institute College of Art|Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts]] hall above Centre ("Marsh") Market on East Baltimore Street at Market Place (formerly Harrison Street) to Water Street, by west side of [[Jones Falls]], to nominate its slate of candidates for President and Vice President. Last major campaign effort of the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] for national offices. Chosen were former 13th President [[Millard Fillmore]], (1800-1874), of [[New York]] and for the second spot on the ticket, [[Andrew Donelson]], (1799-1871), of [[Tennessee]]. [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[James Buchanan]], (1791-1868), former [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] is elected as 15th President in the Fall [[United States presidential election, 1856|elections]], also over former Col. [[John C. Fremont]], (1813-1890), ("The Great Pathfinder"), first candidate of the newly organized [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].
* 1857 - [[Peabody Institute]] founded.
** Construction of "[[Light Street|Light Street Bridge]]" from "Ferry Bar" point in old South Baltimore, southern end of [[Light Street]] across the Middle and Ferry Branches of [[Patapsco River]] to the old Acton's Amusement Park and "Cromwell's Marsh" (future Fairfield, Masonville and East Brooklyn/Wagner's Point communities) and to newly established town of [[Brooklyn, Baltimore|Brooklyn]] from three years before in northern [[Anne Arundel County]]. Replaced old ferry operated since colonial times forming connection to southbound road to state capital at [[Annapolis]]. Sometimes known as "Long Bridge" or "Brooklyn Bridge", has length of 4,750 feet of wooden trestle on piles and has expensively high toll charged by local County land-owning families Crisp and Cromwell which stifles future residential and commercial development of northern county towns [[Brooklyn, Baltimore|Brooklyn]] and [[Curtis Bay, Baltimore|Curtis Bay]] for first twenty-five years until city/state purchase in 1878. Light Street Bridge which also later carries electric streetcar line across, endures until 1914-1917 when replaced by current "Hanover Street Bridge", of concrete arches with draw span built across narrows further to the west which opens January 1917, (later renamed [[Hanover Street Bridge|Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge]] in 1990's).
* 1859 - [[Baltimore City Fire Department|City Fire Department]] formed.
* 1857 -
* 1860
** World famous financier and philanthropist [[George Peabody]], (1795-1869), formerly of Baltimore (1815-1835), later of [[New York City]], then [[London]], [[England]], suggests bequest to local civic and literary leaders to found a [[Peabody Institute]], with various cultural programs of art and sculpture collection, lecture series, reference library, musical school and scholarship prizes to public school graduates. Construction of building begins at southeast corner of [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|North Charles Street]] (south Washington Place) and East Monument Street (East Mount Vernon Place) opposite the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]]. Mostly completed by 1861, but is delayed by the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] until dedication and opening the year after peace. Today the nation's second-oldest music conservatory with landmark [[George Peabody Library|Library]] and presently a division since 1977 of the later 1876 bequest from friend [[Johns Hopkins]] of [[Johns Hopkins University|The Jophns Hopkins University]].
** [[1860 Constitutional Union Convention]]
** New Maryland Club for socially elite men organized and incorporated the following year. Located first at old George Hoffman mansion of [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] styled architecture at northeast corner of Cathedral and West Franklin Street, opposite the old Baltimore Cathedral. Later in 1890s moves several blocks north in [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Vernon-Belvedere]] neighborhood to present stone [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] designed clubhouse at [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|North Charles]] and East Eager Streets. Later becomes center hotbed of Southern sympathizers in early days of [[American Civil War|Civil War]] strife and riots in the city, threatened to bombard building from Fort Federal Hill if a Rebel flag flies by occupying Union militia Gen. [[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)|Benjamin F. Butler]] of Massachusetts Militia.
** Population: 212,418
* 1858 -
* 1861 - [[Baltimore riot of 1861|Pratt Street Riot]].
** Inventor, railroad and shipbuilding industrialist [[Ross Winans]], (1796-1877), builds and launches revolutionary-styled steam-powered "cigar boat" at Ferry Bar, southern point at Middle or Ferry Branch of [[Patapsco River]], by old Light Street Bridge (also known as "Long Bridge" or "Brooklyn Bridge") of 1856 to new [[Brooklyn, Baltimore|Brooklyn]] town in northern [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland]]. Winans builds several piers and wharves east of the bar/point area and experiments iron and steel-fabricated ships and boats, later known as "Winans Cove", off-shore from nearby [[War of 1812]] [[Fort Covington]] earthen embankments still extant from [[Battle of Baltimore]], and later [[Port Covington]], waterfront terminal for old [[Western Maryland Railway]] by 1890's, near south [[Locust Point, Baltimore|Locust Point]] peninsula.
* 1864
** Holding of the eighth annual commencement ceremonies for the [[Baltimore City College|Central High School of Baltimore]], (founded 1839, third oldest public high school in America, then at northeast corner of Holliday and East Fayette Streets in old "Assembly Rooms" dancing hall of 1796) for 23 graduates at the upstairs auditorium of the [[Maryland Institute College of Art|Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts]], above Centre ("Marsh") Market at East Baltimore Street and Harrison Street/Market Place, east of the Jones Falls (landmark recently completed 1851). First time awarding of seven "Peabody Prizes" by bequest from the founder of the new [[Peabody Institute]] the previous year, now under construction across from the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]], internationally-known financier and philanthropist [[George Peabody]], (1795-1869). Prizes awarded by William E. Mayhew, Esq., first President of the Board of Trustees, with engrossed certificates, gold or bronze engraved medals along with cash awards of three of $100 and four of $50 to each honored graduate. Additional prizes also awarded to the top graduates of the two female public high schools (founded 1844), [[Eastern High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Eastern]] and [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Western High Schools]]. Peabody Prizes will be awarded annually for the next 130 years, with substantial public and media attention, then later replaced after controversy by Peabody and [[Johns Hopkins University]] trustees (P.I. merges with J.H.U. in 1977) with scholarship programs for all top-ranked graduates of [[Baltimore City Public Schools|Baltimore City public high schools]].
** [[St. Francis Xavier Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|St. Francis Xavier Church]] dedicated.
** First steam fire engine (horse-drawn) "Alpha" arrives in the city, purchased by newly-organizing [[Baltimore City Fire Department]], May 18.
** [[1864 Republican National Convention]]
* 1859 -
** [[Baltimore City Fire Department|City Fire Department]] formed as municipal government agency with paid, professionally trained firemen. Replaces the old 1835 "Baltimore City United Fire Department", a confederation system of about 17 independent private volunteer firefighting companies in various districts and neighborhoods, dating back to 1763. Engine House Number 6 facing North Gay and Orleans Street with landmark tall [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]]-styled bell tower is last volunteer company building built in 1850's and annexed into new city firehouse system. Later becomes oldest B.C.F.D. firehouse and in 1974, Baltimore City Fire Museum.
** First line established of horse-drawn street rail cars for faster and more reliable city transportation begins to replace older horse-drawn [[Wagonette|omnibus]]es (street wagons). Helps in growing additional rowhouse neighborhoods and first developnment of "suburbs" further out near city limits. Later first usage in America of electrification powered systems of streetcars by Baltimore in 1885 extends throughout city by mid 1890's.
* 1860 -
** [[1860 Constitutional Union Convention]], [[1860 Democratic National Convention]], Two political party presidential nominating conventions held in "Border City" after break-up of regular convention of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] at [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], in [[South Carolina]] session under threat of secession and civil war. Both U.S. Senator [[Stephen A. Douglas]] of [[Illinois]] and [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] of [[Tennessee]] each nominated for Chief Executive in very controversial [[United States presidential election, 1860|1860 Presidential Election]].
** Estimated that 90 percent of city's black population on the eve of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] was free.
** [[Druid Hill Park]] opened on northwest outskirts of town on former Nicholas Rogers "Druid Hill" colonial estate on western heights above upper [[Jones Falls]].
** Reformers of local Democratic Party reassert political control in state and city with support of new City Reform League with election of [[George William Brown]] as [[List of mayors of Baltimore|Mayor]] from [[Know-Nothing Riot of 1856|"Know-Nothings"]] of [[America's Party (political party)|American Party]] and recent political and election turmoil and riots. State assumes control of city police force with [[Governor of Maryland]] having appointive power of police marshal with [[George Proctor Kane|George P. Kane]] newly chosen.
* 1861 -
** Unarmed Militia Units from [[Pottsville, Pennsylvania|Pottsville]] and [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Schyulkill County]] of the [[Pennsylvania National Guard|Pennsylvania volunteer state militia]] travel by [[Northern Central Railroad]] from the state capital [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] to Maryland's "[[Mason-Dixon Line]]" and arrive Thursday, April 18 at Bolton Station and Calvert Street Station on way to answer newly elected 16th President [[Abraham Lincoln|Abraham Lincoln's]] call to the states for 75,000 volunteers and declares a state of insurrection to subdue Southern rebellion, after the firing on [[Fort Sumter]] several days previously in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston harbor]], in seceding [[South Carolina]] by new elements of an organizing [[Confederate Army|Confederate States Army]]. Joined by two artillery regiments of [[United States Army|Regular Army]] soldiers coming from the West heading for [[Fort McHenry]], the Pennsylvania militiamen march down Howard Street to [[Camden Station|Camden Street Station]] to board the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] to get to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]. Because they are unarmed (rifles unloaded) they are jeered, hassled and some assaulted with physical and verbal attacks by Southern sympathizers and the commanding officer's free black servant Nicholas Biddle is injured, although no one is killed or wounded. Later upon arriving in the National Capital, greeted by the President and camping in the halls of the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]], these units are later known as "The First Defenders". Baltimore mobs' appetite for violence however is only whetted for more the next infamous day, "Friday, the Nineteenth of April".
** "[[Baltimore riot of 1861|Pratt Street Riot]]" on Friday, April 19 erupts when the Union's Sixth Massachusetts Regiment of [[Massachusetts National Guard|volunteer state militia]] (from mostly mill towns of [[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] and [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]) and "Washington Brigade" of [[History of Philadelphia|Philadelphia]] of [[Pennsylvania National Guard|Pennsylvania state militia]], is attacked by mobs of Southern sympathizers when making the required transfer on their railroad journeys from [[Philadelphia]] to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], attempt to transfer horse-drawn railroad cars along East Pratt and President Streets waterfront from the [[Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad]]'s [[President Street Station]] to the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]'s [[Camden Station|Camden Street Station]]. Four soldiers killed and many wounded along with many uncounted Baltimoreans. New Police Marshal [[George Proctor Kane|George P. Kane]] and recently elected Reformer [[George William Brown|Mayor George William Brown]] with escorts of city police with pistols try to hold back rioters. Later city officials send militia units north and east of the city to burn railroad bridges to forestall any future transfer passages and in meeting with Governor Thomas Hicks in [[Annapolis]] and [[Abraham Lincoln|President Abraham Lincoln]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] request no further military passages through city. Washington is isolated from the North by cut [[telegraph]] lines for several weeks.

** A month later, on May 14, [[Massachusetts National Guard|Massachusetts volunteer state militia]] and now [[Union Army|Union]] General [[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)|Benjamin F. Butler]] sends regiments from [[Elkridge, Maryland|Relay Junction]] southwest of city on [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|B. & O. Railroad]] (where the Main Line to the West at the [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|U.S. Arsenal at Harpers Ferry]] on the [[Potomac River]] and further to [[Ohio River]] divides from the Washington Branch to national capital) in night expedition during rainstorm to occupy city and fortify [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill]], overlooking downtown harbor [[Inner Harbor|"Basin"]] and declaring [[martial law]] the following day. Baltimore is occupied by [[Union Army]] troops manning surrounding earthen-bermed forts quickly constructed for the duration of the war to 1865. Additional Federal troops reinforce [[Fort McHenry]] and numerous members of the [[Maryland General Assembly|State Legislature]], [[List of mayors of Baltimore|Mayor]], ([[George William Brown]]), [[Baltimore City Council|City Council]] and Police Marshal ([[George Proctor Kane|George P. Kane]]), and other Board of Police Commissioners are arrested and confined, such as industrialist [[Ross Winans]] and politician [[John Merryman]]. Provost Marshal for city appointed with local military officer [[John Kenly|Col. John Kenly]] and commands city police officers.
* 1863 -
** Invasion fears threaten Baltimore authorities in June as Confederate General [[Robert E. Lee]] and his [[Army of Northern Virginia]] passes Baltimore on the west going through [[Frederick, Maryland|Frederick]], city placed under stricter martial law, additional militia called out, warships stationed in the harbor, and barricades erected in west-side streets. Later battle fought north at [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]], largest [[Battle of Gettysburg|battle]] of the [[American Civil War|War]] and ever fought in North America.
** Construction begun on stone [[Italianate architecture|Italianate style of architecture]] mansion [[Cylburn Arboretum|"Cylburn"]] with material quarried from [[Bare Hills Historic District|Bare Hills]], in [[Baltimore County]]. Designing architect [[George A. Frederick]] (later plans for [[Baltimore City Hall]] in 1867-1875) on property located on Greenspring Avenue, west of Jones Falls hills, north of [[Druid Hill Park]] built for [[Elisha Tyson]], industrialist, financier and [[Quaker]] abolitionist and civic activist with project continuing to 1888. Purchased by City in 1942 and estate developed into [[botanical gardens]] and [[arboretum]] as city park, named "Cylburn Wildflower Preserve and Garden Center", with Horticulture Division of Bureau of Parks and [[Maryland Ornithological Society]] headquarters, nature museum, mounted bird collections and Fessenden herbarium. House and estate placed on [[National Register of Historic Places]].
** Newly organized "Union Club" sets up on northeast corner of East Franklin and [[Charles Street|North Charles Street]] (opposite First Independent Church of Baltimore - later [[First Unitarian Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|First Unitarian Church (Unitarian and Universalist)]]), in former [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] styled with stone portico/steps and columns of former William Howard (son of Col. [[John Eager Howard]]) mansion. Later becomes headquarters for "[[Athenaeum Club]]" and temporary site in late 1870's for new Maryland State Normal School, founded 1866 (later after several name and location changes to [[Towson University]]). Competes with southern-sympathizing "Maryland Club" - one block east by Cathedral Street.
* 1864 -
** New Maryland state Constitutional Convention summoned and meets drawing up replacement document for previous charter of 1851 which is enacted ending slavery in Baltimore and throughout the state along with providing for additional political, educational and social reforms for the new free black population, which is later quite unpopular with the former white dominant [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] power structure.
** [[St. Francis Xavier Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|St. Francis Xavier Church]] dedicated for Black/Afro-American Roman Catholics at North Calvert and East Pleasant Streets (to 1932).
** President [[Abraham Lincoln]] travels by [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|B. & O. Railroad]] to now peaceful Baltimore to speak at the llall of the 1851 landmark [[Maryland Institute College of Art|Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts]] above Centre ("Marsh") Market along Market Place/Harrison Street at East Baltimore Street, by the west bank of [[Jones Falls]] to speak to the [[United States Sanitary Commission|"Sanitary Fair']] sponsored by the local unit of the U.S. Sanitary Commission there being held to raise funds for orphans, widows and wounded soldiers of the [[Union Army]] on April 18. Gives a famous speech entitled the "Baltimore Address" or "Liberty Speech". Stays overnight in friend's brownstone mansion on Cathedral Street and West Mount Vernon Place, a block west of the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore|Washington Monument]].
** [[1864 Republican National Convention]] temporarily known as the [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]], held in city nominates [[Abraham Lincoln]] for a second term as president and adding former [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] but loyalist of [[Andrew Johnson]], (1808-1875), former [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] and War [[Governor of Tennessee]] as Vice President to replace previous incumbent [[Hannibal Hamlin]] during Lincoln's first term.
* 1865 - Concordia Opera House opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
* 1865 - Concordia Opera House opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
* 1867
** Formation of Baltimore Association for the Moral and Intellectual Improvement of Colored People by the Rev. John F. W. Ware of the First Independent Church of Baltimore (later First Unitarian Church of Baltimore (Unitarian and Universalist) and many freed slaves and freedman, setting up over 200 schools.
** Establishment by Afro-American Baltimoreans of the Douglass Institute in honor of former resident and escaped slave, [[Frederick Douglass]] near old [[Newton University]] founded 1840's, on south side of 200 block, East Lexington Street, between [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|North Calvert]], Davis Street alley, and North Streets (now Guilford Avenue). Later becomes forerunner for establishment by 1883 of the first "Colored High School and Training School", which by 1925 is renamed [[Frederick Douglass High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Frederick Douglass High School]].
* 1866 - New [[Peabody Institute]] building dedicated with philanthropist millionaire donor [[George Peabody]], (1795-1869), (formerly of [[Massachusetts]], briefly [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], and 20 years in Baltimore, now of [[New York City]] and [[London]], in [[England]]) standing on front steps acknowledging the acclaim of thousands of [[Baltimore City Public Schools]] pupils gathered during elaborate dedication ceremonies held in front of building at the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]] completed several years before in 1861 but delayed opening by the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], and nine years after the original donation of $800,000. Constructed of white marble, the first section of one-third of building, (west wing) of Institute building located on southeast corner of [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|North Charles Street]] and East Monument Street, which is also South Washington Place at East Mount Vernon Place, across from the landmark [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]]. Designed by famous architect [[Edmund George Lind|Edmund G. Lind]] of [[Classical architecture|Classical]] and [[Beaux Arts architecture|early Beaux Arts style architecture]], consists of music hall/auditorium, art gallery and small library space. Later second section, two-thirds of building, (east wing), with space for elaborate tiered atrium for future [[George Peabody Library]], and more facilities, completed 12 years later by the same architect, matched perfectly.
** Authorized by [[Maryland General Assembly]] in an act of 1865, providing for a uniform public school system to be established in each of Maryland's 23 counties, along with a state department of education with a superintendent, and a teachers' training institute. The Maryland State Normal School opens January 15, under Professor and Principal [[McFadden Alexander Newell]] in temporary quarters in the old Red Men's Hall on North Paca Street, with first graduation ceremony that June. New school soon moves to northeast corner of [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|North Charles Street]] and East Franklin Street in former [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] 1820's era mansion of William Howard, son of Col. [[John Eager Howard]], (1752-1827), which by the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] became the Union Club, later the Athenaeum Club. Later construction in 1875 of designated landmark building at northwest corner of Carrollton and Lafayette Avenues with tall corner clock tower, occupied February 1876. Later relocates by 1915 to west side of [[Maryland Route 45|York Road]] with construction of buildings for administration (later Stephens Hall) and dormitories/dining hall (Newell Hall) in county seat of [[Towson, Maryland|Towson]] in suburban [[Baltimore County]], becoming the Maryland State Teachers College at Towson, then Towson State College, finally [[Towson University]], second largest college/university in the state.ref name=brit1910 />

* 1867 -
** [[Concordia Hall]] is founded.
** [[Concordia Hall]] is founded.
** [[Morgan College]] established.
** Centenary Biblical Institute founded by then "Negro" or "Colored" (now African American) [[Baptists]] churches, later renamed as [[Morgan College|Morgan State University]], in honor of a former president, then absorbed in 1939 by the state becoming Morgan State College, finally by the 1990s as Morgan State University.
** Normal school opens.<ref name=brit1910 />

* 1870 -
* 1870 - Population: 267,354
* 1871 - Ford's Grand Opera-House opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
African-Americans vote in Baltimore for the first time since 1810 with passage of Fifteenth Amendment to U.S. Constitution. Mass meeting held at [[Battle Monument]] Square at North Calvert, between East Lexington and Fayette Streets to celebrate
* 1872
** "Maryland Law Record" weekly newspaper founded to report on legal, real estate and business matters. Office is located at 75 West Fayette Street [old street numbering system], J. L. Hanna - editor. Later becomes "The Daily Record" in 1888 to the 21st century, owned by the Warfield Family.
** [[Mount Auburn Cemetery (Baltimore, Maryland)|Mount Auburn Cemetery]] established.
** Pimlico Race Course opens outside northwest Baltimore.
* 1871 - Ford's Grand Opera-House opens on West Fayette Street between North Howard and Eutaw Streets, (owned by John T. Ford who also owned infamous ([[Ford's Theatre]]) playhouse in Washington, later becomes leading politician in city and member of parks board), Ford's Opera House plays major productions from Broadway when owned in later years by [[Morris A. Mechanic Theatre|Morris A. Mechanic]], (who later has new modernistic theatre in [[Charles Center]] downtown redevelopment from 1958 to the early 1970s), and lasts until 1964, replaced by the 2010s by "Centerpoint" apartment/condo/commercial building at Howard and Fayette Streets.<ref name=scharf1881 />
* 1872 -
** [[Mount Auburn Cemetery (Baltimore, Maryland)|Mount Auburn Cemetery]] established for Negro/Black/Afro-American citizens in southwest area of city off [[Maryland Route 648|Old Annapolis Road (Md. Route 648)]], and Waterview Avenue, near future [[Westport, Baltimore|Westport]] neighborhood, and later routing alongside its eastern boundary of the [[Baltimore-Washington Parkway]], (Interstate 295), constructed as a park-like boulevard between the two cities during the early 1950s.
** [[1872 Democratic National Convention]]
** [[1872 Democratic National Convention]]
* 1873 - [[Leadenhall Street Baptist Church]] built.
** Baltimore's first major league baseball franchise, the "Lord Baltimores" plays at baseball grounds of [[Newington Park]].
* 1873 -
* 1875
** [[Baltimore City Hall|City Hall]] built.
** [[Leadenhall Street Baptist Church]] built, by "Negro/Colored" Baptists in old south Baltimore, (later [[African Americans]]).
** [[Academy of Music (Baltimore)|Academy of Music]] opens.<ref name=scharf1881 />
** "Clay Street Fire", off Liberty/Cathedral and West Saratoga Streets, second largest downtown conflagration in the city's history (next to later [[Great Baltimore Fire]] of 1904) destroys five square city blocks along West Saratoga Street between North Liberty and North Howard Streets, including first building of the [[Central Presbyterian Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Central Presbyterian Church]] with its tall bell tower at Liberty and West Saratoga Streets and the [[First English Evangelical Lutheran Church, (Baltimore, Maryland)|First English Evangelical Lutheran Church]], further west on Saratoga Street.
** Fire destroys Old "Assembly-Rooms" in November, (just across street from newly built [[Baltimore City Hall]]) at northeast corner of Holliday and East Fayette Streets. "Assembly-Rooms" current site of [[Baltimore City College|The Baltimore City College]] since the 1840s (formerly Central High School of Baltimore, before then Male High School, then "The High School" of 1839). Famous [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]-[[Federal architecture|Federal style architecture]] structure of Baltimore Dancing Assembly for social, civic and literary activities, also balls and dinners/banquets from the 1790s to the 1830s. Designed by noted local builder/architect [[Robert Cary Long, Jr.|Robert Cary Long, Sr.]] and Col. Nicholas Rogers. Neighboring famous [[Holliday Street Theatre]] also burns on block between East Fayette and Lexington Streets, originally built 1794, rebuilt in 1812. After fire, theatre will be rebuilt and continues performances until razing in 1917 for future [[War Memorial Plaza]] and City Hall Plaza between [[Baltimore City Hall|City Hall]] and the 1925 [[War Memorial Building]] on South Gay Street to the east. City College moves to temporary quarters and two years later (1875) occupies first new building built for its use with [[Tudor Revival architecture|English Tudor Revival]] style at southwest corner of North Howard and West Centre Streets. [[Academy of Music (Baltimore)|Academy of Music]] built later next door to the south along with Auditorium Theatre, and around corner on Franklin Street is Kernan's, later Congress Hotel and Maryland Theatre constructed.
** [[Johns Hopkins]], (1795-1873), noted merchant, financier, banker and stockholder of several companies, railroads and steamship lines, dies at his West Saratoga Street townhouse by North Liberty Street (next to old St. Paul's Church Rectory). Later his will is probated to find that he endows a university, hospital and a medical school, leaving his several estates of [[Clifton Park|"Clifton"]].
** New underground railroad tunnels dug through and around northwestern, northern and northeastern Baltimore City for the [[Baltimore and Potomac Railroad]] known as the "Belt Line" to eliminate pulling locomotives and train cars through bottle-neck of downtown streets between surrounding line stations by horse since 1829. Also completion of a new [[Pennsylvania Station (Baltimore)|Union Station]] above and along the bending curve of the north bank of the [[Jones Falls]], between North Charles Street and St. Paul Street near Mount Royal Avenue, to be used by several lines including those serving the city: [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|Baltimore & Ohio]], [[Baltimore and Potomac Railroad|Baltimore and Potomac]], [[Northern Central Railway|Northern Central]] and [[Pennsylvania Railroad|Pennsylvania]] Railroads. Landscaped gardens surround new station and the Jones Falls stream. Replaced later by 1911 with more imposing and larger [[Pennsylvania Station (Baltimore)|Union Station - quickly later renamed Pennsylvania Station]] of granite and marble [[Beaux Arts architecture|Beaux Arts/Classical]] architecture.
* 1875 -
** New [[Baltimore City Hall|City Hall]] completed construction since October 1867 cornerstone-laying on city block facing Holliday Street between East Fayette and Lexington Streets (also overtop old Orange Alley) dedicated with great fanfare, pride and civic enthusiasm, replacing old City Hall building which was used 1830-1875, (previously was [[Rembrandt Peale]]'s "Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts", 1813-1830, and later Municipal Museum of City of Baltimore, 1931, one block further north on Holliday).
** [[Academy of Music (Baltimore)|Academy of Music]] opens on North Howard Street between West Franklin and Centre Streets on January 5, declared to be one of the finest playhouse and music hall in the nation. Also will serve in coming decades as auditorium for the new [[Johns Hopkins University]] which will be located just north a block. Built just south and next to [[George A. Frederick]]'s new building of [[Tudor Revival architecture|English Tudor Revival]] style for the male high school [[Baltimore City College]] at North Howard and West Centre Streets.<ref name=scharf1881 />
** Free Summer Excursion Society incorporated.<ref name=scharf1881 />
** Free Summer Excursion Society incorporated.<ref name=scharf1881 />
* 1876 -
* 1876
** [[Johns Hopkins University]] founded.
** [[Johns Hopkins University]] founded with opening ceremonies on September 12, at the new [[Academy of Music (Baltimore)|Academy of Music]] at North Howard between West Franklin and Centre Streets with address by new president [[Daniel Coit Gilman]], (1847-1908), (formerly President of the [[University of California at Berkeley]]) and guest speaker [[Thomas Huxley]]. Directed by will from merchant/philanthropist [[Johns Hopkins]](1795−1873). First "campus" of University established by trustees two blocks north at intersection with Little Ross Street instead of originally at Hopkins' summer country estate "[[Clifton Park|Clifton]]" in northeast Baltimore.
** [[The Maryland Zoo]] opens.
** The Baltimore City Zoo, (later renamed [[Maryland Zoo|Maryland Zoo in Baltimore]] in the 1990s) opens in [[Druid Hill Park]], sixteen years after establishment of Park, and is third (or fourth) oldest of its type, after [[New York City]]'s [[Central Park Zoo]] and the [[Philadelphia Zoo]].
* 1877 - [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877|Railroad Strike]].
** New glass conservatory for shrubs, plants and trees constructed at [[Patterson Park]], in East Baltimore lasts until 1948, similar to later 1888 structure at [[Druid Hill Park]].
* 1878 - [[George Peabody Library]] opens.
* 1877 - [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877|Railroad Strike]] Massive disruptive riots spread throughout the Northeast in July begin in [[Martinsburg, West Virginia]], hit violently in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] and later center at the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]'s headquarters and main terminal at the [[Camden Station|Camden Street Station]]. Later appeals by B. & O. officials result in the [[Governor of Maryland]] calling out the state militia's newly reorganized [[Army National Guard|National Guard]] Fifth and Sixth Regiments which assembled and marched from their armories with the 5th coming south on North Howard Street and the 6th coming west from North Front and East Fayette Streets, (east of the [[Jones Falls]]), marching along Baltimore Street to force a violent suppression of the disaffected protesting railroad workers about their drastic pay cuts and austerity measures resulting from the economic recession that year. Other disturbances continue nation-wide resulting in action by newly elected Republican 19th President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], (1822-1893).
* 1880
* 1878 - [[George Peabody Library]] with multi-level cast-iron balconies and book stacks (a "Cathedral of Books") with overhead skylight, opens as eastward extension of original 1866 [[Peabody Institute]] building opposite the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]] on East Monument Street ([[Mount Vernon Place|East Mount Vernon Place]]), designed by original architect [[Edmund G. Lind]].
** [[Woman's Industrial Exchange]] founded.
** State of [[Maryland]] purchases old "Light Street Bridge" (also known as "Long Bridge" or "Brooklyn Bridge"), a one-mile long wooden trestle built in 1856, from builders of Cromwell and Crisp families from South Baltimore's "Ferry Bar" (or "Ferry Point") across Middle and Ferry Branches to Western Branch of upper [[Patapsco River]] to new residential community of [[Brooklyn, Baltimore|Brooklyn]] and near-by industrial town of [[Curtis Bay, Baltimore|Curtis Bay]] in northern [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]] and lifts tolls which previously restricted traffic, sparking new land boom and spurt of growth in new northern suburban area of the southern county of [[Anne Arundel County|Anne Arundel]], drawing it now into the burgeoning new "metropolitan area".
** Celebration of 150th anniversary of city.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Printed by order of the Mayor and City Council |publication-place = Baltimore |title = 1730-1880: Celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the Settlement of Baltimore |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL19368892M/1730._Memorial_volume._1880. |author = Baltimore |ol = 19368892M |publication-date = 1881 }}</ref>
* 1879 - First inter-club lacrosse game played in Baltimore.
** Population: 332,313
* 1880 -
* 1881 - [[Faultless Pajama Company]] in business.
** [[Woman's Industrial Exchange]] founded, house and store/restaurant later located on North Charles and East Hamilton Streets (alley).
* 1882 - [[Enoch Pratt Free Library]] established.
** Celebration of 150th anniversary of foundation of Baltimore Town in 1729/1730 with parades, processional arches, decorated buildings with hanging re-white-blue and black-yellow/orange hangings of bunting and various events, (the other Baltimore anniversary that is also celebrated is that of incorporation of old Baltimore Town as a City in 1796-1797, with a City Charter being issued then by action of the [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly of Maryland]]. Various changes in the structure and operation of the local municipal government, increased autonomy, increased legislature representation and increased powers of autonomy/"home rule" occurs in following decades especially with second municipal charter which takes place eighteen years later (1898).<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Printed by order of the Mayor and City Council |publication-place = Baltimore |title = 1730-1880: Celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the Settlement of Baltimore Town |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL19368892M/1730._Memorial_volume._1880. |author = Baltimore |publication-date = 1881 }}</ref>
* 1883
* 1881 - [[Faultless Pajama Company]] begins in business.
** [[Baltimore Polytechnic Institute|Baltimore Manual Training School]] founded.
** [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company]]'s new "Central Building" headquarters with massive mansard roof completed on northwest corner facing [[Calvert Street|North Calvert]] and East Baltimore Streets, to replace old central offices previously since late 1850's on second floor above [[Camden Station|Camden Street Station]] of 1857-1865. Last major project of famous B. & O. President [[John Work Garrett]], who dies 1884. Heavily damaged in [[Great Baltimore Fire]] of February 1904, and later razed, replaced by future site of old [[Isaac Emerson|Emerson Hotel]] (owner of "Bromo Seltzer" in 20th Century), then site of east end of modern skyscraper facing East Baltimore Street constructed by and briefly owned by [[Bank of Baltimore|Savings Bank of Baltimore]] before merger later into [[SunTrust]].
** [[Frederick Douglass High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Colored High and Training School]] founded.
* 1882 -
** Baltimore [[Young Women's Christian Association]] founded.
** Local wholesale hardware and building supplies merchant, financier and businessman [[Enoch Pratt]], (1808-1896) proposes to establish a [[Enoch Pratt Free Library|public free library system]] in a letter sent to the [[List of mayors of Baltimore|Mayor]] and [[Baltimore City Council|City Council]] with central building and initially four (later two more the following year) branches in four quarters of the city with circulating books, along with an endowment of $1,058,000, if the City will promise to continue to support and provide for it. Unbeknownst to Baltimoreans, construction of "Old Central" Library is already underway since Fall 1881 with razing of several townhouses and excavations, opening later in January 1886, after four years construction facing West Mulberry Street at Cathedral Street with the four branches following in a few months and a fifth branch a year later.
* 1885 - [[Goucher College]] established.<ref name=brit1910 />
** New Local merchant [[Jacob Epstein]], then 17 year old [[Lithuania|Lithuanian]] immigrant opens Baltimore Bargain House, small re-sale store, later develops into multi-level inexpensive department store with mail order, wholesale services and clothing manufacturing on West Fayette Street, between Liberty and North Howard Street, until suffering disasterous fire. Later reorganized into Epstein's Department Stores with several branches in outer city neighborhoods at economy, lower inexpensive shoppers, last until late 1980's.
* 1883 -
* 1890
** Post office built.<ref name=brit1910 />
** [[Baltimore Polytechnic Institute|Baltimore Manual Training School]] founded and originally located in former lower school building on the east side of Courtland Street (now [[St. Paul Street (Baltimore)|Saint Paul Place]] in the area of the current terraced "Preston Gardens", which replaced it by the razing of five north-to-south city blocks in the 1920s, between East Centre Street in the north to East Lexington Street to the south, by the [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|City Circuit Courthouse]] of 1896-1900 as the city's first large "urban renewal" project. This is the later site of [[Mercy Medical Center (Baltimore, Maryland)|Mercy Hospital]]. Coincidentally, this was across the street and fifty years later from the founding location of rival high school [[Baltimore City College]] (then "The High School") in 1839, in a rented townhouse on the same street. B.M.T.S. later becomes Baltimore's premier public high school for engineering, mathematics and technology. Renamed in 1893 as "the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute" with an all-male student body (co-educates with girls in 1974), and remains here on Courtland Street at East Saratoga Street until moved in 1912 to East North Avenue and [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|North Calvert Street]] at the former mansion of the [[Maryland School for the Blind]] (which then moves out to [[Overlea, Maryland|Overlea]] in northeastern [[Baltimore County]]). Poly moves again in 1967 to Falls Road and Cold Spring Lane in shared campus with all-girls [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Western High School]].
** Population: 434,439 people.<ref name=brit1910>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Baltimore |volume= 3 | pages = 289&ndash;291 }}</ref>
** Also the start later of one of the longest public high school athletic rivalries in America with [[Baltimore City College|City College]] beginning in sports with football in 1889. Up to this time, along with the two female high schools - [[Eastern High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Eastern]] and [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Western]] (founded 1844), and also the recently re-organized and established "[[Frederick Douglass High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Colored High School]]", were the only public high schools in the state.
** [[Riverview Park (Baltimore)|Riverview Park]] opens.
** [[Frederick Douglass High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Colored High and Training School]] (later renamed Frederick Douglass High School) founded on East Saratoga Street, between North Charles and St. Paul Streets, near the former location of previously private [[Douglass Institute]] of 1865, influenced by nearby [[Newton University]] of 1845, on the 200 block of East Lexington Street (between North Calvert and North Streets - later Guilford Avenue).
* 1891 - [[Union Park (Baltimore)|Union Park]] baseball field opens.
** Baltimore [[Young Women's Christian Association]] founded. First building located at West Saratoga and North Charles Streets (site of former St. Peter's Pro-Cathedral).
* 1892 - ''[[Baltimore Afro-American]]'' begins publication.
* 1884 - Light Street Methodist Episcopal Church (organizing site of Methodism in America and first ordination a century before), moves from downtown between German (later Redwood) and East Baltimore Streets to new northern suburb of "Peabody Heights" at [[St. Paul Street (Baltimore)|St. Paul Street]] and 23rd Street (now [[Charles Village, Baltimore|Charles Village]]. Uses name of "First Methodist Episcopal Church". Later changes name from "First Methodist Episcopal Church" back to the original historic name Lovely Lane M.E. Church from its original site.
* 1894 - [[Lyric Opera House]] opens.
* 1885 -
* 1895 - [[Clifton Park, Baltimore|Clifton Park]] opens (approximate date).<ref name=brit1910 />
** Future [[Goucher College]] established as Women's College of Baltimore on Saint Paul Street in Peabody Heights neighborhood - later [[Charles Village, Baltimore|Charles Village]] led by Rev. John Goucher of historic Lovely Lane Methodist Church with some classes taught by Hopkins faculty (successor to older Baltimore Female College - also with Methodist sponsorship).
* 1896
** Reform League founded to spearhead efforts to improve city and fight old-time "political machine".
** [[Electric Park, Baltimore|Electric Park]] opens.
** [[Bryn Mawr School]] opens under leadership of [[Mary Garrett|Mary Elizabeth Garrett]], (1857-1915], daughter of [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] president [[John Work Garrett]], and social, educational activist in her own right. First building at 193 Eutaw Street, several days before namesake [[Bryn Mawr College]] opens in Pennsylvania. By 1890, School moves into one of the most well-appointed schools constructed then at Cathedral and West Preston Streets.
* 1886 - Opening ceremonies held at [[Academy of Music]] grand luxurious theatre auditorium on North Howard Street]] with many notables, honored guests and citizens/patrons in attendance for the new Central Building and four neighborhood branches (fifth added later) of [[Enoch Pratt|Enoch Pratt's]] new [[Enoch Pratt Free Library]], a few blocks southeast at West Mulberry near Cathedral Streets, which began construction five years early in Fall 1881. Different type of library than the earlier bequest of the [[George Peabody Library]] of 1857/1878, Pratt is a circulating public library system, first in America.
* 1887 -
** New city map laid out with grids of streets, avenues, boulevards and alleys designated with a regular systematic logical numbering system done, causing several addresses and locations of real estate to change their house numbers/addresses before AND after 1887. Numbering counting outwards from center of city at intersection of Charles Street with North and South labels divided by Baltimore Street which is also divided into east and west by Charles Street, along with parallel downtown city streets.
** [[Pennsylvania Steel Company]] of [[Philadelphia]] having recently acquired a new source of [[iron ore]] in the [[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish]] colony island of [[Cuba]] in 1882, seeks a tidewater-based steel manufacturing plant site for shorter transport distances to supplement its older mill in [[Steelton, Pennsylvania]] on the [[Susquehanna River]] near [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] and also closer for shipments of [[coal]] and [[coke]] from western Pennsylvania mines. Acquires several farms from five local land-owners at a cost of $57,900 with thousands of acres of land on the end of the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula at [[Sparrows Point, Maryland|Sparrows Point]] and nearby [[Fort Howard, Maryland|North Point]] to the east in southeastern [[Baltimore County]] and begins building a waterfront-access steel mill. President [[Luther S. Bent]] leads the project along with [[Samuel Morse Felton]], also of the Company and the President of the associated [[Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad]], and [[J. Edgar Thomson]], president of the [[Northern Central Railroad]], a part of the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] with the chief engineer on site [[Frederick Wood]] who lays out the steel mill and brother [[Rufus Wood]], who lays out the adjoining workers and supervisors' town of [[Sparrows Point, Maryland]], with street grids for houses, stores, shops, churches and other necessaries.
* 1888 - Second Major Annexation of land from surrounding [[Baltimore County]], known as "The Belt", adds 23 square miles and 38,000 new residents. Referendum is divided into three sections: West, North and East, two of which approve but the Eastern side with the towns of [[Canton, Baltimore|Canton]] and [[Highlandtown, Baltimore|Higlandtown]] with their heavy industrial businesses vote against the bill and are not taken into the City until the next Third Major Annexation of 1918-1919.
** [[Daily Record (Maryland)|"The Daily Record"]] legal, real estate and business affairs newspaper reorganized and founded.
* 1889 - [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] opened on Broadway in East Baltimore, former site of old Maryland Hospital, as instructed by will of [[Johns Hopkins]] (1795–1873), thirteen years after [[Johns Hopkins University|University]] opens on city campus along North Howard Street near West Centre Street.
** New United States Post Office and Federal Courthouse built on [[Battle Monument]] Square's east side at North Calvert Street between East Lexington and Fayette Streets of Italian Renaissance architecture with eight small towers and one large clock tower opposite old 1805/09 [second] [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|Baltimore City Courthouse]] (at Calvert and Lexington). Replaced earlier 1862-65 U.S. Courthouse at northwest corner of East Fayette and North (later Guilford Avenue) Streets (which lasted until 1907 when razed for construction of eastern addition to 1889 Courthouse).<ref name=brit1910 />
** [[Pennsylvania Steel Company]] of [[Philadelphia]] completes construction of its new waterfront access steel mill on several thousand acres of land from five local landowners with several old farms on the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula at [[Sparrows Point, Maryland|Sparrows Point]] and begins producing steel.
* 1890 -
** City's population: 434,439 people, according to the Eleventh Dicennial [[1890 United States Census|United States Census of 1890]].<ref name=brit1910>{{Citation |publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica |publication-place = New York |title = The Encyclopaedia Britannica |url = http://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri04chisrich#page/498/mode/2up |chapter=Baltimore |chapterurl=http://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabrit03chisrich#page/288/mode/2up |publication-date = 1910 |oclc = 14782424 |edition=11th }}</ref>
** [[Riverview Park (Baltimore)|Riverview Park]] opens as one of the first "streetcar parks" established by a street railway company, (taken over after April 1899 consolidation and merger by the [[United Railways and Electric Company]]) at the end of various lines at scenic or waterside locations for amusements, picnicking and exercise, bringing in additional revenues to the streetcar company as its electrified lines spread throughout the town replacing the earlier horse-cars and omnibuses.
** In March 1890, Scottish-born steel industrialist and future [[philanthropist]], [[Andrew Carnegie]], (1835-1919), of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] who later is the founder of [[United States Steel Corporation|U.S. Steel Corporation]], largest business in the world, stops in Baltimore for a few days after attending a [[Pan-American Conference]] in Washington, to visit Mr. [[Enoch Pratt]], (1808-1896), founder of his [[Enoch Pratt Free Library]] four years earlier. Carnegie stays at Pratt's townhouse mansion at Park Avenue and West Monument Street (future [[Maryland Historical Society]] buildings) and tours the old Central Pratt Library and meets first Chief Librarian, Dr. [[Lewis Henry Steiner]], librarians, staff workers and patrons of common citizens. Carnegie is inspired to promote and provide millions of dollars over the next few decades to build "[[Carnegie Libraries]]" throughout America at the invitation of cities, towns and counties which promise to continue their support. Carnegie later always says "Pratt was my pioneer" and forty years later (and thirty after Pratt's death), Carnegie's larger bequest builds a number of additional Pratt Library neighborhood branches and greatly expands the EPFL system into the late 1920s.
* 1891 - [[Union Park (Baltimore)|Union Park]] baseball field opens for the [[Baltimore Orioles]] who now are playing in the [[National League]] of newly organized professional [[major league baseball]].
** [[Pennsylvania Steel Company]] of [[Philadelphia]] organizes a subsidiary of "Maryland Steel Company of Baltimore County" to operate its new two-year-old steel mill at its waterfront site, purchased 1887 at the end of the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula at [[Sparrows Point, Maryland|Sparrows Point]].
** Chinese-style pagoda with colorful painted/decorated scheme with balconies constructed on the western side of [[Patterson Park]], on the former "Loudenschlager's Hill", now "Hampstead Hill", near the remains of the former earthen fortifications and trenches from "Rodger's Bastion", to defend the city during the [[Battle of Baltimore]] of the [[War of 1812]] from September 1814.
* 1892 - ''"[[Baltimore Afro-American]]"'' newspaper begins publication. Founded by several citizens (including John Murphy, who later that year, buys the paper), for "Colored/Negro" Afro-American citizens.
** Construction begins of new massive building project to dig third major railroad tunnel project under the city with the mile-long railroad tunnel north and south beneath Howard Street of downtown from [[Camden Station|Camden Street Station]] to the new [[Mount Royal Station]], further north at Mount Royal Avenue at Cathedral Street/Maryland Avenue for the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]. Supplements the previously dug 1872-1873 "Baltimore Belt Line" tunnel for the old [[Baltimore and Potomac Railroad]] around northwestern Baltimore City, with construction several blocks away of old [[Pennsylvania Station (Baltimore)|Union Station]] between [[Charles Street|North Charles Street]] and St. Paul Street above Mount Royal Avenue and curving bend of [[Jones Falls]] stream. Additional tunnel dug under northeastern city outskirts in 1874-75 to connect with northeastern railroad line of [[Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad]]. Eliminates old practice since 1829 of hauling locomotives and train cars through downtown surface streets by horse connecting between various rail lines stations for passengers to complete their through travel.
* 1893 - [[Johns Hopkins Medical School]] opens accepting male and female students upon receiving [[Mary Garrett|Mary Elizabeth Garrett]], (1857-1915), (only daughter of [[American Civil War|Civil War-era]] President of the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]], [[John Work Garrett]]) bequest requiring equal-sex admission opportunities as a co-educational medical college. The school of medicine joins the earlier institutions of the [[Johns Hopkins University|University]] of 1876, and the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Hospital]] in 1889, established under the will of the late [[Johns Hopkins]], (1795-1873),
* 1894 - [[Lyric Opera House]] opens on Mount Royal Avenue by Cathedral Street and Maryland Avenue. Later becomes home for [[Baltimore Symphony Orchestra]], founded 1916, and the [[Baltimore Civic Opera Company]]. Auditorium constructed with exquisite acoustics and lauded by musicians. However funds run short and no appropriate front façade or lobby is completed until the 1970s with a modernistic plain brown brick front. Later in the 2010s, a bequest from [[Art Model|Art and Patricia Model]], owners of the [[National Football League|NFL]] pro football team, the [[Baltimore Ravens]], who moved the former [[Cleveland Browns]] team here in 1994, provides for a renovation/reconstruction and renaming hall as "Art and Patricia Model Performing Arts Center at the Lyric".
* 1895 - [[Clifton Park, Baltimore|Clifton Park]] opens on the late magnate and philanthropist [[Johns Hopkins]]', (1795−1873) country estate of "Clifton" off of [[Harford Road]] near the northeast villages of [[Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello]]. Originally envisioned by Hopkins before his death as the location of his future great university, but his appointed trustees board, after his passing for financial reasons, decided to temporarily locate the "campus" on the downtown environs of North Howard, Little Ross, West Centre and West Monument Streets in 1876, on the suggestion of first new president [[Daniel Coit Gilman]], (formerly of the [[University of California at Berkeley]]), near the [[Baltimore City College]] as a "prep school" and the literary resources of the [[George Peabody Library]] of the [[Peabody Institute]]. Many years later, by 1910, Hopkins moves and begins construction of a new campus to the north at the old Charles Carroll, Jr. (Charles Carroll of Homewood)'s 1800 estate of "[[Homewood House|Homewood]]" along North Charles Street. "Clifton" Mansion becomes future headquarters for a time of the Baltimore City Bureau of Parks.<ref name=brit1910 />
* 1896 -
** [[Electric Park, Baltimore|Electric Park]] opens as another "streetcar park" at the terminus of the line of a electric streetcar line which later merges in April 1899 into the [[United Railways and Electric Company]]) in the northwest area of the city near Belvedere Avenue and Reisterstown Road.
** Colored Young Women's Christian Association founded.
** Colored Young Women's Christian Association founded.
* 1898 - [[Sharp Street Memorial United Methodist Church and Community House]] built.
* 1897 - Baltimore celebrates 100th Anniversary Centennial of incorporation as a city in 1796/1797.
** Inspired by Children's Aid Society of New York by [[Charles Boring Lace]], founded 1853, which began some work in Baltimore's [[Druid Hill Park]] in the 1860s with the establishment of playgrounds and organized recreation, Miss Mary B. Steuart organizes Children's Playground Association with Eliza Ridgely and Eleanor Freeland, with first playground in that Park, later incorporated by 1908. Later assisted by many volunteers and staff with her sister Frances Steuart, Mary Claire O'Brien, and Miss Helen H. Carey. Later merges in 1922 with the Public Athletic League (formed 1907 by financier, civic leader and 1896 Modern Olympic athlete [[Robert Garrett]] (1875−1961)) and becomes the Playground Athletic League (P.A.L.) which conducts recreational and athletic activities and programs in the City until absorbed by a newly organized Department of Recreation and Parks with Garrett as head/commissioner in 1939–1940 appointed by Mayor [[Howard W. Jackson]]. By 1958, there are 63 "Reks" (recreation centers) in Baltimore with about 200 workers.
* 1898 - New Building for [[Sharp Street Memorial United Methodist Church and Community House|Sharp Street Methodist Episcopal Church, (now Sharp Street Memorial United Methodist Church and Community House)]] built. One of the leading "Negro/Colored" Methodist and Protestant churches in the city.
* 1899 - Reorganization of various electric streetcar companies and lines into the [[United Railway and Electric Company]] in April. Later new unified electric streetcar company recruits in 1902 as president [[John Mifflin Hood]], formerly of the [[Western Maryland Railway]], who was then undertaking development of the WMRY construction and development of waterfront piers and terminals at [[Port Covington]] on the Middle Branch of the harbor. Later construction begins by U.R.& E.C. of new massive brick structure of boilers, and mechanical equipment with coal-fired furnaces with four smoke stacks [[Pratt Street Power Plant|power plant]] on Pier 4 along the East Pratt Street waterfront by "The Basin" of the [[Patapsco River]] (in today's [[Inner Harbor]]).


==20th CENTURY==
==20th century==
* 1900

** Population: 508,957 people.<ref name=brit1910 />
===1900s–1940s===
** [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|City courthouse]] dedicated.
* 1900 -
** ''[[Baltimore Morning Herald]]'' newspaper begins publication.
** Population: 508,957 people residing in the City (within old limits of 1888) and 97,755 in the surrounding [[Baltimore County]] in the Twelfth Diennial [[1900 United States Census|United States Census of 1900]].<ref name=brit1910 />
[[File:Lexington Market Baltimore LOC 4a10972u.jpg|thumb|[[Lexington Market]] in [[1903]].]]
** [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|Third City Courthouse]] construction completed on entire block of [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|North Calvert Street]], East Lexington Street, [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|St. Paul Street]], and East Fayette Street, on the western side of the [[Battle Monument|Battle Monument Square]] and dedicated. Later renamed in 1985 after national [[Civil Rights Movement|civil rights]] leader, Baltimorean [[Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr.]], (1911-1984), Washington office director of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (N.A.A.C.P.)]] .
* 1903 - [[Belvedere Hotel]] opens.
** ''"[[Baltimore Morning Herald]]"'' newspaper begins publication on northwest corner, St. Paul and East Fayette Streets with reporter [[Henry Louis Mencken|H. L. Mencken]] and later editor. Building destroyed in [[Great Baltimore Fire|Great Downtown Fire]] of four years later and closes. Mencken goes to ''[[Baltimore Sun|"The Sun"]]'' where he later becomes legendary as editor, (on the later established afternoon paper, [[Baltimore Sun|"The Evening Sun"]], which had a different format - more graphics and more local orientation in 1910), plus columnist, and as an author continuing his published volumes on linguistic history of the [[English language|American language and usage]], memoirs of growing up and working with city life in Baltimore.
* 1904 - [[Great Baltimore Fire]].
* 1901 - [[Continental Trust Company Building]], (now One South Calvert Building at 201 East Baltimore Street), skyscraper of new style "fire-proof" masonry, exterior panels hung on a steel framework designed by famed [[Chicago]] architect [[Daniel H. Burnham]], (1846-1912), of the [[Chicago school (architecture)|"Chicago School" of skyscraper architecture]] constructed at southeast corner of North Calvert and East Baltimore Streets, becoming city's tallest skyscraper for a time. "Burned like a torch" during later 1904 [[Great Baltimore Fire|Great Fire]] of its interior furnishings and walls, but following post-fire examination, Burnham found exterior walls and steel framework still sound and so the building was restored in following years.
* 1908 - [[Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway]] begins operating.
* 1903 - City's largest and most luxurious hostelry [[Belvedere Hotel|Hotel Belvedere]] opens, facing West Chase Street at North Charles Street in the [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere]] neighborhood, north of downtown. Named after colonial and Federal-era estate of "Belvidere" (site two blocks east at North Calvert Street in "Howard's Woods" of Col. [[John Eager Howard]] (1752−1827), [[Revolutionary War]] commander of "[[Maryland Line]]" regiment in the [[Continental Army]]. Overnight home for visiting American Presidents, Hollywood stars and anybody really important. One of the most grandest, most luxurious establishments ever built in the city, known for its "John Eager Howard Room" with decorated murals for exquisite dining, "The Owl Bar", with its hand-carved owls atop a mahogany-carved bar, and later in the 1970s, a modernistic "13th Floor" roof-top night club with views of the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]] and downtown to the south. Later renovated and restored in the early 1980s by philanthropist businessman Victor Frenkil as apartments/condos with a restoration of the public spaces/marble lobby/grand ballroom/restaurants/nightclubs.
* 1910 - Population: 558,485
** [[United Railways and Electric Company]] completes constructing [[Power Plant Live!|Power Plant]] in several phases after four years with coal ore furnaces and four large roof-top smoke-stacks on newly built Pier 4 (one of reconstruction of seven modern steel municipal cargo piers facing [[Pratt Street|East Pratt Street]] after [[Great Baltimore Fire|Great Fire]] devastation) providing power for electric streetcar system in the city under leadership of President [[John Mifflin Hood]], (1843-1906), (late president of the [[Western Maryland Railway]] and responsible also for envisioning and planning future construction of its [[Port Covington]] harbor facilities then underway on the [[Patapsco River]]'s Middle Branch). Massive Power Plant later converted in the 1960s for regular electric power distribution for the [[Baltimore Gas and Electric|Baltimore Gas and Electric Company]] when the streetcar system by the U.R.E.C.'s successor public utility firm, the [[Baltimore Transit Company]] of 1935, is phased out beginning in the late 1940s and finally ended by 1963. Gutted and renovated in the mid-1980s as an indoor [[Victorian era|Victorian-style]] amusement park by entertainment firm [[Six Flags|"Six Flags Over America"]], and again by [[Cordish Company|David Cordish Company]] in the 1990s during the re-development project of the "[[Inner Harbor]]" and "[[Harbor East]]" waterfront areas beginning in 1970.
* 1911 - [[Pennsylvania Station (Baltimore)]] built.
** Memorial to the [[Mexican-American War]] hero at [[Monterrey, Mexico|Monterrey]] in 1846, Lt. Col. [[William H. Watson]], (1808/1815?-1846), commander of the "Baltimore Brigade" and "District of Columbia Volunteers" who traveled to the port of [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Vera Cruz, Mexico]] on the [[Gulf of Mexico]] coast with commanding Gen. [[Winfield Scott]]. With a bronze statue and stone pedestal dedicated, the Watson Monument was located first at the square in Mount Royal Avenue and West Lanvale Street (across from future [[Maryland Institute College of Art]]'s new Main Building of three years later [1906]). Col. Watson's statue was moved in the early 1930s for possible extension of North Howard Street several blocks further north to Mount Royal Terrace at the West North Avenue entrance driveway to [[Druid Hill Park]], unfortunately now adjacent to an entrance ramp for the [[Jones Falls Expressway]], ([[Interstate 83 in Maryland|Interstate 83]]), built in the early 1960s.
* 1912
* 1904 - [[Great Baltimore Fire|Fire]] erupts February 7−8, burning most of the downtown business district from Howard Street in the west to Jones Falls in the east, and Fayette Street/[[Battle Monument]] Square in the north and to the waterfront along the "Basin" (Inner Harbor) in the south. Third worst conflagration to hit an American city in history after the [[Great Chicago Fire]] of 1871 and the 1906 [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|San Francisco Earthquake and Fire]], followed by other weather disasters of [[Galveston Hurricane]] of 1900 and [[Hurricane Katrina]] at [[New Orleans]] in 2005.
* 1906 - [[Maryland Institute College of Art|Maryland Institute]], after having its longtime landmark 1851 building over the old [[Power Plant Live!|Centre Market]] ("Marsh Market") burned in the [[Great Baltimore Fire|Great 1904 Fire]], relocates most of its academic activities to a new Main Building in the northwest of the [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere-Mount Royal]] neighborhood at Mount Royal Avenue and West Lanvale Street, south of landmark Corpus Christi Roman Catholic Church on property donated by parishioner Michael Jenkins (of family of banking/railroad magnate [[Thomas Courtney Jenkins]]). Lt. Col. [[William F. Watson]] statue - [[Mexican-American War|Mexican War]] Memorial dedicated from 1903 is located in the square across the street (moved in early 1930's several blocks north to Mount Royal Terrace at West North Avenue entrance to [[Druid Hill Park]]). City of Baltimore later donates two floors above one of the three new market buildings constructed at the old Market Place (Harrison Street) site for continuing mechanical, drawing and technical courses. Used until the 1980s, with wholesale fish, produce and dry goods distributed below on ground levels when two of the three buildings razed for expressway extension and construction of underground ("Metro") subway system, and consolidated in later [[Maryland Institute College of Art|M.I.C.A.]] extensive multi-building campus along Mount Royal Avenue during the 1980s to 2010s.
** [[Homewood Field]] laid out and constructed for athletic contests at [[Johns Hopkins University|The Johns Hopkins University]] at southwest corner of University Parkway and [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|North Charles Street]]. J.H.U. is in the process of moving from its older downtown campus from 1876 at North Howard Street, between West Centre, Little Ross and West Monument Streets, in southwest area of [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere]] mid-town neighborhood. First academic buildings constructed are [[Gilman Hall]] and [[Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University|Shriver Hall]], occupied in 1914-1915, with distinctive [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]-[[Federal architecture|Federal]] style architecture on a park-like campus between [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|Charles Street]] and University Parkway, east of [[Wyman Park]]. Besides "Blue Jays" collegiate athletic contests here, some public and private high school games played here such as between [[Baltimore City College|City College]] and [[Baltimore Polytechnic Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] for their long-time football rivalry since 1889, which began originally at [[Clifton Park]], [[Calvert Hall College]] versus [[Loyola Blakefield|Loyola High School]], and others in the local [[Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Association|Maryland Scholastic Association]].
* 1907 -
** Reconstruction of [[Power Plant Live!|"Centre Market"]] area on Market Place (former old Harrison Street and colonial site of "Harrison's Marsh") in east downtown after devastation from [[Great Baltimore Fire|Great Fire]] with three adjacent (east-west axis) wholesale market buildings for produce, fish, dry-goods and some retail with space for [[Maryland Institute College of Art|Maryland Institute's College of Art and Design]] on upper two floors under leadership of new Centre Market Commission, headed by chairman, Gen. Felix Agnus, owner/publisher of the ''"[[Baltimore News-American|Baltimore American]]"'' newspaper with marble horse-drinking fountain donated by animal-lover, Gen. A. E. Booth. Razing of several buildings and further re-development later in the mid-1980s by [[Six Flags|"Six Flags Over America"]] as entertainment complex "The Brokerage" and then again in the mid-1990s by the [[Cordish Company|David Cordish Company]] as [[Power Plant Live!]].
** Cornerstone laid for new Central Building of [[YMCA|Young Mens Christian Association]] ([[YMCA]]) at northeast corner of East Franklin and Cathedral Streets in [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere]] neighborhodd and "Cathedral Hill" (founded in Baltimore in 1852 and previously located in triangular [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] styled structure at northwest corner of West Saratoga and [[Charles Street|North Charles Street]], built 1872-1873). New [[YMCA]] at former site of George Hoffman's [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] mansion built in 1820's (one of first constructed in Col. [[John Eager Howard]] later development by heirs of estate of "Belvidere" or "Howard's Woods") and later used from 1857 to 1894 for the Southern-sympathizing Maryland Club for male elites (which was threatened by [[Union Army]]-occupying Gen. [[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)|Benjamin F. Butler]] to shot any visible [[Confederate flag|Rebel flags]] off the roof from the newly-fortified [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Fort Federal Hill]] in May 1861). Across street to the west was the [[Franklin Street Presbyterian Church and Parsonage|Franklin Street Presbyterian Church]] and north of old [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Baltimore Cathedral]] designed by [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], (1806-1826). Also cross-corner from future expansion site in 1931-1933 of central/main branch of the [[Enoch Pratt Free Library]] on Cathedral Street from first Central Library building of 1882-1886, further south on corner with West Mulberry Street. Opening in 1909, new Central YMCA functions with many social and athletic activities for nearly 70 years with its indoor pool, gymnasium, athletic rooms, dormitories, kitchen/cafeterias, and classrooms. Later a separate "Colored YMCA" opens in northwestern inner city area of [[Upton, Baltimore|Upton]] on [[Maryland Route 129|Druid Hill Avenue]]. One block west on Franklin Street was central headquarters of [[Young Womens Christian Association]], (YWCA). Later in 1984, YMCA of Central Maryland reorganized facilities and closed the Central Headquarters which were later converted into the Mount Vernon Hotel and Café.
** New building completed for the all-girls, academic-business oriented [[Eastern High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Eastern High School]] at the southeast corner of Broadway and East North Avenue in the northeast corner of the city. Unfortunately, one of the last major high schools built right up to the street and sidewalk with no adjoining campus for other activities. Later Eastern moves to another new building in 1938 at 33rd Street boulevard and Loch Raven Boulevard in the former Venable Park (which stirs up political controversy by citizens and nearby residents). Saving municipal budget monies during the [[Great Depression]], new E.H.S. matched the architecture and construction diagrams of the previously constructed, sister school [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Western High]] at Gwynns Falls Parkway off Reisterstown Road/Park Heights Avenue from 1927 in northwest Baltimore.
** New headquarters building of [[Beaux Arts architecture|Classical/Beaux Arts architecture]] built on the southwest corner of [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|South Charles]] and East Baltimore Streets, an intersection which becomes known for the next half-century as "Sun Square", and the central geographic point of the city, for the rebuilt offices and printing plant completed this year after the [[Great Baltimore Fire]] of February 1904, devastated the previous "Sun Iron Building" of 1851 (at East Baltimore and South Streets) for the twice-daily newspaper [[Baltimore Sun|''"The Sun"'' and ''"The Evening Sun"'']] (also known colloqilly as ''"The Sunpapers"''). ''"Sun's"'' building lasts until the mid-1960s and replaced in the "[[Charles Center]]" downtown redevelopment project of 1958-1970 by the also later landmark [[Morris A. Mechanic Theatre]] of poured-concrete Brutalist Modernist style adjoining new Hopkins Plaza in middle of block.
** Across the street on the southeast corner of East Baltimore and South Charles is the new [[Greek Revival architecture|Greco]]-[[Roman architecture|Roman]] styled "Temple of Thrift" of white marble with massive columns, steps and porticoes is built for the old [[Bank of Baltimore|Savings Bank of Baltimore]], founded 1818, with a different structure and mission compared to the city's other large financial institutions. The S.S.B. is oriented towards small customers of savers and depositers. The Bank lasts until the 1990s bank merger and out-of-town take-over mania, building a newer skyscraper two blocks further east at [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|North Calvert]] and East Baltimore Streets' iconic northwest corner, renames itself, dropping the term "Savings" and is shortly taken over by "[[SunTrust]]". Its old landmark offices become central to a charity organization.
* 1908 - [[Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway]] ("inter-urban" electric rail cars) begins operating on a triangular route through [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]] from the State Capital to "The Monumental City" and then to [[Washington, D.C.]]. Line opens February 7, 1908 from its Baltimore station on Liberty Street (between West Lexington and West Fayette Streets) to Washington's 15th and 'H' Streets, N.E. and then to [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]]. In 1921, City terminal is relocated to southwest corner of South Howard and West Lombard Streets (later site of Holiday Inn hotel). Sold at auction in 1935, later owners form Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad Company operating commuter diesel buses up to the early 1970s from the state capital to [[Brooklyn, Baltimore|Brooklyn]] in South Baltimore.
* 1909 - [[Walters Art Museum|Art Gallery]] building constructed by financier and philanthropist [[Henry Walters]], (1848-1931), built and opened at northwest corner of North Charles and East Centre Streets, facing the south square of Washington Place, to house and exhibit his personal extensive collection of art amassed by him over decades along with previous acquisitions of his father, [[William Thompson Walters]], (1820-1894). Structure built across the back alley from their brownstone mansion facing north towards [[Mount Vernon Place|West Mount Vernon Place]] in the [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere]] neighborhood, facing the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]]. Occasionally gallery is opened for viewing by the Baltimore public. After Walters' 1931 death, the Gallery with its collection of paintings, statuary, tapestries, jewels, and thousands of items, one of America's greatest collections, is willed to the City of Baltimore and a museum established, along with the family mansion and an endowment. An additional modernistic annex is constructed to the west in 1974, and addition of the former Thomas-Jencks-Gladding Mansion to the north, facing the Monument, to house Asian art in 1982.
* 1911 - [[Pennsylvania Station (Baltimore)]] (originally known as "Union Station" until 1928) constructed of elaborate imposing [[Beaux Arts architecture|Beaux Arts/Classical]] style architecture with beautiful marble interior atrium surmounted by a stained glass skylight and rookwood green wall tiles built for the use of several passenger rail lines including the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], the [[Western Maryland Railway]] and later the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|B. & O.]] (besides their nearby [[Mount Royal Station]], a few blocks southwest. Replaced earlier [[Victorian architecture|Victorian styled]] Union Station from 1873 on same site also used by several railroads after the construction then of the underground [[Baltimore and Potomac Railroad]] tunnels under, through and around northern Baltimore City (known as the "Belt Line") so as not to have locomotives pulling through downtown streets or the system since the 1830s of horse-drawn railcars between stations. Connected with the B. & O.'s [[Howard Street Tunnel]] of 1890-1895, going north and south under downtown. Sited between [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|North Charles Street]] and [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|Calvert Street]], north of Mount Royal Avenue and the community of [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere-Mount Royal]], along curving bend of north bank of the [[Jones Falls]]. Later used also by other regional and national passenger rail lines until reorganization of national railroads in 1970 with [[Amtrak]] passenger system. Cleaned, refurbished and restored in the early 1980s. Neighborhood north of the Station along [[North Avenue (Baltimore)|North Avenue]], previously generally known as "Mid-Town", given neighborhood name of "Penn-North-Charles", and later renamed in the 2010s as [[Station North Arts and Entertainment District|"Station North"]] with creation of supporting "community benefits district" zone organization.
* 1912 -
** [[Arch Social Club]] founded.
** [[Arch Social Club]] founded.
** [[1912 Democratic National Convention]]
** [[1912 Democratic National Convention]] meets in Baltimore for first national political party convention since 1860 at new [[Fifth Regiment Armory]] on North Howard Street (along future renamed "29th Division Street" for famous "Blue-Gray Division" of Maryland/Virginia soldiers, that attacked [[Omaha Beach]] on [[D-Day]], June 6, 1944). [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] nominates [[Woodrow Wilson]], (1856-1924), incumbent [[Governor of New Jersey]], (and also former President of [[Princeton University]] and graduate of Baltimore's [[Johns Hopkins University]]) for President, running against incumbent [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] 27th President [[William Howard Taft]], (1857-1930), and former Republican 26th President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], (1858-1919), running on a third-party ticket of the newly organized [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive Party]] platform. Wilson is joined by his Vice Presidential nominee [[Thomas R. Marshall]], (1854-1925), of [[Indiana]] and was elected as 28th President, (serving 1913-1921), over Taft and Roosevelt.
* 1914
** Construction begins on additional buildings of ("Aldersaal" [parish house/social hall], bell tower, parsonage, and enclosed gardens) at Old [[Zion Lutheran Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Zion Lutheran Church]], downtown across from [[Baltimore City Hall|City Hall]] along East Lexington Street west from North Gay Street (facing later 1920s [[War Memorial Building|War Memorial Building and City Hall Plaza]] to commemorate [[War Memorial|all war dead]]).
** [[Baltimore Museum of Art]] founded.
** City's public math-science and technical school, [[Baltimore Polytechnic Institute]] relocates from old building on east side of Courtland Street near East Saratoga Street (future redeveloped St. Paul Place/Street and [[James H. Preston|"Preston Gardens"]] constructed in 1920's - older building later used by new Baltimore City Department of Public Welfare and razed by 1963 for westward expansion for [[Mercy Medical Center (Baltimore, Maryland)|Mercy Hospital]] from Calvert Street) to the former campus and mansion from 1866 of the [[Maryland School for the Blind]] at East North Avenue and North Calvert Street. "Old Poly" has two additional wings are added to the east and west in the [[Beaux Arts architecture|Beaux Arts/Classical]] style of architecture. Additional central wing replaces old M.S.B. mansion by 1931 with additional auditorium/gynasium wing further east. Blind School relocates 1911-1913 to park-like campus in [[Overlea, Maryland|Overlea]] section of northeast [[Baltimore County]]. Polytechnic resides here for five and a half decades before joining all-girls [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Western High School]] in joint campus in north Baltimore at West Cold Spring Lane and Falls Road in 1967. Renamed later as Calvert Educational Center, structure hold variety of educational uses until major gutting, renovation and remodeling as central headquarters for the [[Baltimore City Public Schools]] in 1980's, as "Alice G. Pinderhughes Administrative Building" for former superintendent, replacing previous 1930's-era offices at 25th Street, between Charles and St. Paul Streets.
[[File:Baltimore Museum of Art (1929; John Russell Pope, architect), 10 Art Museum Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218 (40330853244).jpg|thumb|right|Baltimore Museum of Art]]
* 1914 -

** [[Baltimore Museum of Art]] founded and opens at old mansion of [[Mary Garrett|Mary Elizabeth Garrett]], (1854-1915), only daughter of [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|B. & O. Railroad]] Civil War-era president, [[John Work Garrett]], (1820-1884), (later replaced by apartment house, which later becomes Peabody Court Hotel - operated by Wyndom hotel chain) at southwest corner of Cathedral and West Monument Streets, facing West Mount Vernon Place (where her parents' brownstone mansion, the [[Garrett Jacobs Mansion|Garrett-Jacobs Mansion]] also faces) and the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]] further east. B.M.A. later moves to Art Museum Drive off North Charles Street, near [[Wyman Park]], south of the new [[Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University|Homewood]] campus of [[Johns Hopkins University|The Johns Hopkins University]] in simplified [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek]]- [[Roman Revival architecture|Roman Revival/Classical-style]] structure by famous American architect [[John Russell Pope]], (1874-1937).
** [[Hippodrome Theatre (Baltimore)|Hippodrome Theatre]] built.
** [[Hippodrome Theatre (Baltimore)|Hippodrome Theatre]] built on Eutaw Street between West Fayette and Redwood Streets and shows early silent movies and burlesque live shows, later after 1927 with "talkies" sound movies. Closed, run-down and abandoned after the 1970s with several other major downtown movie palaces. Restored, renovated and re-opened in the 2010s as new performing arts center replacing earlier [[Morris A. Mechanic Theatre]] (at southwest corner of South Charles Street and West Baltimore Street, part of [[Charles Center]] downtown re-development project of the 1950s and 60's), with live theatre and [[Broadway (New York City)]] shows. Theatre renovation combined with two neighboring bank buildings completing larger new theatre complex on entire block.
** [[Baltimore Orioles]] recruit schoolboy prodigy [[Babe Ruth|George Herman Ruth]] ("Babe") from [[Cardinal Gibbons School|St. Mary's Industrial School]] on Wilkens and Caton Avenues in southwest (now site since 1966 of [[Cardinal Gibbons School|Cardinal Gibbons High School]]) and trains him to hit and pitch for the [[International League]] Birds. Later owner/manager [[Jack Dunn (baseball)|Jack Dunn, Sr.]], (1872-1928), under financial pressure from the competition of the new [[major league baseball|"third league"]] with the [[Federal League]], with its [[Baltimore Terrapins]], playing across the street in their new steel-beamed modern stadium of [[Terrapin Park]] on the northwest corner of [[Maryland Route 45|Greenmount Avenue]] and 29th Street in the northeast city neighborhood of [[Waverly, Baltimore|Waverly]] just across from the old wooden [[Oriole Park#Early Oriole Parks|American League Park/Oriole Park]] of 1901 on the southwest corner. Dunn is forced to sell his best product - "Dunn's Babe" to the [[Boston Red Sox]] at their new [[Fenway Park]] in the [[American League]]. Five years later, after using him mostly as a pitcher, they in turn trade him to the newly renamed team of the [[New York Yankees]] (since 1913, formerly the [[New York Yankees|"New York Highlanders"]] which had previously before 1903 had originally been the old [[Baltimore Orioles (1901-02)|Baltimore Orioles]] charter franchise when the [[American League]] began in 1901. The Yankees at that time had not established a very successful record until the arrival of young "Babe Ruth" from Baltimore.
** "[[Star Spangled Banner]] Centennial Celebration" observed in Baltimore for the 100th Anniversary of the [[War of 1812]], (1812-1815), campaign with the [[Battle of Baltimore]] and [[Battle of North Point]] during September 12–14, 1914. Parades, decorated buildings, dedications of new commemorative monuments and statues, along with publication of commemorative book. [[Fort McHenry]] on Whetstone Point, adjacent to the nearby rowhouse neighborhood of [[Locust Point, Baltimore|Locust Point]] turned over to the City of Baltimore's newly organized Department of Recreation and Parks for use as a public park by the [[United States War Department|U.S. War Department]]. Later taken back by the Federal Government in three years with the advent of U.S. entry into [[World War I]] in April 1917, for use as a military hospital when a large complex of temporary wooden structures/barracks are erected and used until 1919, then later returned to the City again as a park when hospital buildings and driveways are razed. Later becomes national monument and shrine and administered by new [[National Park Service]] established 1916 in the [[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of the Interior]].
* 1915 - Municipal Anthem ''"Baltimore, Our Baltimore"'' written by poet [[Folger McKinsey]], columnist for [[Baltimore Sun|"The Sun"]], known as the "Bentztown Bard" from [[Frederick, Maryland]], with music by Mrs. Emma Hemberger, (wife of Theodor)a foremost musical composer in the city, having won first place in a contest during the year 1915, with entries to be presented by December 1st, sponsored by Mayor [[James H. Preston]] with a prize of $250 in gold, one for the best original poem and another for the best musical setting. Judges for the contest were Harold Randolph - Director of the [[Peabody Institute]]-Conservatory of Music, Henrietta Baker Low - former Supervisor of Music for the [[Baltimore City Public Schools]], and john Itzel - composer and orchestra conductor. During a concert of various musical pieces, both instrumental and vocal presented, the winning song of four verses was later announced and performed for the first time with a small group of orchestral pieces, a concert choir "The United Singers" assisted by 300 local high school girls at the [[Lyric Opera House]] on Mount Royal Avenue, at Cathedral Street, before an audience of notables, "[[Washington's Birthday]]", February 22, 1916. Required for a long time afterwards to be taught in all city schools and to be at least familiar to conductors and leaders of any city musical groups, orchestras or bands and sung at any ceremony, dedication, parades or official program, on city, state and national holidays events, including regular concerts by the Municipal Park Band with its summertime extraganzas and other events sponsored by the [[Baltimore#Parks and Recreation|City Department of Recreation and Parks]] (which included a Bureau of Music - unusual for most major U.S. cities). It however, suffered later periods of neglect. By the 1960's, longtime comptroller and gadfly [[Hyman A. Pressman]] and former [[List of Mayors of Baltimore|Mayor]] and [[Governor of Maryland]], [[William Donald Schaefer]], called for it frequently, leading to a renaissance of familiarity in later decades. Occasionally it joined the singing of the state's controversial but interesting anthem, ''"[[Maryland, My Maryland]]"'', by [[James Ryder Randall]], from a tumultuous [[American Civil War|Civil War]] era in 1861.
* 1916
* 1916
** [[Baltimore Symphony Orchestra]] formed.
** [[Baltimore Symphony Orchestra]] formed. Performs first at [[Lyric Opera House|Lyric Opera House and Theatre]] on Mount Royal Avenue at Cathedral Street with its auditorium of great acoustics, built on Mount Royal Avenue at Cathedral Street in 1894.
** [[Baltimore Black Sox]] baseball team formed.
** [[Baltimore Black Sox]] baseball team formed and plays in the [[Negro Leagues]], in addition to the local white [[minor league baseball]] tem, [[Baltimore Orioles (minor league)|Baltimore Orioles]] of the [[International League]]. Others later are the [[Baltimore Elite Giants]], playing at old Westport Stadium in southwest section of city.
* 1917
* 1917
** [[Fort Holabird]] established.
** [[Fort Holabird]] (initially named Camp Holabird) established along southeast city waterfront for [[World War I]] effort, joined by [[Fort George G. Meade|Camp Meade]] further south near Annapolis Junction in [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]]. Famous military "general purpose" vehicle (nicknamed later as the "[[jeep]]"), tested on dirt tracks during 1941-1942 at Holabird. Meade later becomes center of post-war electronic intelligence gathering in the [[National Security Agency]], headquartered here.
** [[Lithuanian Hall (Baltimore, Maryland)|Lithuanian Hall]] opens in East Baltimore.
** [[Lithuanian Hall]] opens.
* 1918
** Famous old [[Holliday Street Theatre]], originally first erected 1794 of lumber, then reconstructed 1812 in [[Greek Revival architecture]] of stone and brick; re-built 1873-1874 after fire, now after 122 venerable years of shows, plays and concerts on the stage, torn down with entire block between Holliday, East Fayette, North Gay and East Lexington Streets across from [[Baltimore City Hall]] (of 1867-1875) to begin preparations for construction of City Hall Plaza and [[War Memorial Plaza]] and later [[War Memorial Building]] in the mid-1920s to the east end along South Gay Street.
** [[William Frederick Broening]] was elected mayor.<ref>{{Cite EB1922 |wstitle= Baltimore |volume = 30 |last= Wroth |first= Lawrence Counselman |author-link= Lawrence Counselman Wroth |page= 395 }}</ref>
** [[Hanover Street Bridge]] completed in January after three-year project across the Middle Branch/Ferry Branch of the [[Patapsco River]] with the ceremonial passing of the special streetcar "Maryland" of the [[United Railways and Electric Company]]. Connecting old South Baltimore from Ferry Bar/Point to northern [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]] at Brooklyn with causeway for extended South Hanover Street on an earthen berm around the western shore of the branch and Western Branch flowing from [[Elkridge, Maryland|Elkridge]]/[[Ellicott City, Maryland|Ellicott City]] of the upper Patapsco. New bridge constructed by [[John E. Greiner]] replaced old [[Light Street|Light Street Bridge]], long wooden trestle built 1856, (also known as "Long Bridge" or "Brooklyn Bridge") to [[Brooklyn, Baltimore|Brooklyn]] and further to industrial area of [[Curtis Bay, Baltimore|Curtis Bay]] across the river. Bridge connects to Baltimore-Annapolis Road (later [[Maryland Route 2|Gov. Ritchie Highway]] after 1936). Modern connection highlights future annexation of southern suburban areas in Anne Arundel two years later.
* 1920 - Population: 733.826
* 1918 - Last casualty of [[World War I]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in northwestern [[France]] is a Baltimorean, Private [[Henry Gunther]] of the 313th Regiment, "Baltimore's Own" at [[Ville-devant-Chaumont]], area of [[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]] on [[Armistice with Germany (Compiegne)|"Armistice"]] at the "eleventh hour, of eleventh day and eleventh month". His unit had only been in combat for two months and had just been told of the end of the war just fifteen minutes earlier because of a foul-up with the couriers. Pvt. Gunther was shot by burst of machine gun fire from Germans' 31st Prussian Army, when he ran at their lines, one minute before the 11 a.m. Cease-Fire, November 11th, 1918. Was a former supply sergeant who had recently been demoted for violating mail censorship rules by writing in a letter home that conditions on the line were intolerable and suggested he not enlist. Was depressed and seemed to try to want to redeem himself. Gunther was from recent German immigrants in East Baltimore's [[Highlandtown, Baltimore|Highlandtown]], not wanting to attack former countrymen of his, a former bank teller and clerk at the National Bank of Baltimore with a fiance and had been drafted in September 1917, not volunteering immediately when war was declared in April 1917. Later [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] restored his sergeant's rank and awarded him the "[[Distinquished Service Cross]]" and a unit citation. Later a local Post #1858 of the[[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] was named for him, the last American killed in "the war to end all wars".
* 1922
* 1919 - [[William Frederick Broening|William F. Broening]] (1870−1953), a Republican, elected mayor and serves to 1923. Unusual interlude for the [[G.O.P.]] in the predominantly [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic-voting]] city. After his mayoralty, [[List of streets in Baltimore|Broening Highway]], is named for him where later a large [[General Motors]] auto/truck assembly plant is constructed on the highway in southeast Baltimore and a small waterfront [[Broening Park]] is named southeast of the [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge (Baltimore)|Hanover Street Bridge]] of 1914-1917 across the Middle and Ferry Branches of the [[Patapsco River]] and [[Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore|Baltimore Harbor]] leading south to [[Brooklyn, Baltimore|Brooklyn]] and [[Curtis Bay, Baltimore|Curtis Bay]]. Baltimore and Maryland Yacht Clubs and rowing teams build their clubhouses here and hold river races. Later parkland expanded with Reedbird Park by [[Cherry Hill, Baltimore|Cherry Hill]] into Middle Branch Park in 1980's.
** [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Memorial Stadium]] built.
** Organization of the [[Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Association|Maryland Scholastic Association]] for high school student athletic competition between Baltimore City public high schools and metropolitan area private and religious (generally Roman Catholic) secondary schools with 13 charter member schools, which initially met in the old "Barn" structure at [[Johns Hopkins University|The Johns Hopkins University]]'s new "Homewood" campus (on North Charles Street, between later Art Museum Drive and University Parkway, east of Wyman Park Dell). In attendance at the league's formation are: [[Baltimore City College]], [[Baltimore Polytechnic Institute]], (both municipal high schools), [[Boys' Latin School of Maryland]], [[Calvert Hall College]], (high school), Donaldson School (since extinct), [[Friends School of Baltimore]], [[Gilman School|The Gilman School of Maryland]], [[Loyola Blakefield|Loyola High School]], Marston School (since extinct), [[McDonogh School]], [[Mount Saint Joseph High School (Baltimore)|Mount St. Joseph College (high school)]], [[Park School of Baltimore]], and the [[Severn School]] in [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]]. Called together by inspiration of Dr. Phillip H. Edwards, athletic coach and later noted principal of [[Baltimore City College|B.C.C.]], who had earlier organized a student athletic council for scheduling and officiating, along with Russell Murphy, later of [[Johns Hopkins University|J.H.U.]]'s Athletic Department-football program with the "Blue Jays". Dr. J. M. T. Finney elected first President of the new M.S.A. and followed by Prof. Murphy of J.H.U. in 1921. Other long-time leaders are Adelay G. Hausmann of Gilman, Otto K. Schmied of [[Baltimore City College|B.C.C.]], and Herb Armstrong (B.C.C.), Charles Gamper of [[Edmondson High School]], and later William ("Sugar") Cain of [[Paul Laurence Dunbar High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Dunbar]] (after M.S.A. racially integrates). M.S.A. is one of first state-wide high school athletic associations to voluntarily racially integrate in March 1956, adding [[Paul Laurence Dunbar High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Paul Laurence Dunbar Community High School]] (established originally as a new junior high school in the 1920s), [[Carver Vocational Technical High School|Carver Vocational-Technical High School]], and later [[Frederick Douglass High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Frederick Douglass High School]] (founded 1883 as the "Colored High School and Training School"). By the 1970s, M.S.A. (which its' winning teams in central Maryland generally meant a "state championship") membership had considerably expanded to include additional outlying city public and suburban private schools. In 1993, Dr. [[Walter Amprey]], new superintendent of [[Baltimore City Public Schools]] (who had graduated and begun his teaching career in the City but later moved to the surrounding county to become a principal, then administrator and asst. superintendent), forced the City's high schools to withdraw from the league and join the newer M.P.S.S.A.A. - ([[Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association]]) which included the rest of the 23 counties of the state and had grown since its establishment in the 1950s with the growth of suburban and rural public secondary schools and the new additional co-ed and girls athletic programs. The shrunken M.S.A., once vaunted for its unique public-private competitions for almost 75 years, rare in the nation, was forced to re-organize as the "twin private leagues" of the [[Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Association]] for boys and the [[Interscholastic Athletic Association of Maryland]] for girls sports.
** [[Royal Theatre (Baltimore)|Royal Theatre]] opens.
* 1920 - Citizens National Bank skyscraper tower erected at southwest corner of [[Light Street]] (additional postal address at 7 East Redwood [previously long-time name of German Street before [[World War I]]] Streets, succeeding [[Bromo-Seltzer Tower]] and Maryland Casualty Company's Tower Building (both with large landmark clocks) as the city's tallest building until 1929 and construction of Baltimore Trust's [[Art Deco architecture|"Art Deco"]]style tower one block north. Later becomes headquarters of prominent First National Bank of Maryland (one of the largest financial institutions in the state), until flurry of bank mergers and out-of-town take-overs in the 2000s. Old Citizens National has the most beautiful, elaborate banking room in the city. Now occupied by the Municipal Employees Credit Union of Baltimore City (MECU).
* 1923 - [[Howard W. Jackson]] becomes mayor.
** First annual football game played November 12 of traditional rivalry between Roman Catholic high schools - [[Calvert Hall College]] and [[Loyola Blakefield|Loyola High School]] in the public-private high school sports league [[Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association|Maryland Scholastic Association]] founded the previous year. Calvert Hall-Loyola joins other long-time rivalries such as City-Poly, McDonogh-Gilman, Mt. St. Joseph's-Patterson Park, and Forest Park-Southern, and colleges such as Hopkins-Maryland (College Park) and Hopkins-Navy. Beginning in the 1920s with large crowds of spectators at local athletic fields/stadiums and local media coverage for sports fans in a city previous to organization of professional sports teams and leagues.
* 1925 - [[University of Baltimore]] founded.
* 1922 -
* 1930
** [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Municipal Stadium (or also known as Baltimore Stadium)]] built after only seven months construction for $458,000 and opened December 2 in northern Venable Park along new 33rd Street Boulevard for Army's Third Corps vs. Marine Corps - Camp Quantico (Va.) football game with 50,000 attending, preceded by 12,000 soldiers and Marines parading from B. & O. Railroad's Mount Royal Station. Horseshoe shape with open end facing south towards 33rd Street with Greco-Roman columnade and portico. Besides collegiate games, also used by high schools' special rivalry games such as City-Poly, Calvert Hall-Loyola, and Patterson-Mt. St. Joseph. After July 1944 fire at old 29th Street [[Oriole Park]], used temporarily by [[International League]] baseball's [[Baltimore Orioles]] until 1954. Later reconstructed beginning 1950 and further alterations with second upper deck by Spring 1954 as [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Memorial Stadium]] for pro football's [[Baltimore Colts (1947–1950)|Baltimore Colts]] and [[American League]] baseball's [[Baltimore Orioles]].
** [[Baltimore Colored Symphony Orchestra]] organized.
** [[Royal Theatre (Baltimore)|Royal Theatre]] opens on Pennsylvania Avenue in northwestern inner city neighborhood of Upton. Becomes center for Negro/Black/African-American entertainment, concerts and performances and focal point of that cultural district in the 1920s to the 1960s.
** [[United States Post Office and Courthouse (Baltimore, Maryland)|U.S. Post Office and Courthouse]] built.
** [[Baltimore City Fire Department|Fire Department]] builds new headquarters building of red brick/stone trim Georgian/Federal style (facing new [[War Memorial Plaza]] and [[War Memorial]] building on South Gay Street to the east and [[Baltimore City Hall|City Hall]] on Holliday Street at west end) along East Lexington Street on south side of Old [[Zion Lutheran Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|Zion Lutheran Church]] of 1807−08 and 1912−13 additions.
** Population: 804,874
* 1923 - [[Howard W. Jackson]] becomes mayor succeeding [[William Frederick Broening|William F. Broening]] until 1927.
* 1934 - [[Walters Art Museum]] established.
* 1924 - Construction begins on new boys high school of [[Baltimore City College]] of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Collegiate Gothic]] stone architecture with dominating 150 foot bell tower on 33rd Street Boulevard. Previously former hill-top estate near old [[Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello, Baltimore|"Montebello"]] mansion of old [[War of 1812]] General [[Samuel Smith (Maryland)|Samuel Smith]], (General, U.S. Senator, City Mayor) and hill-top site of "Abbottston", Victorian mansion of Canton Ironworks industrialist [[Horace Abbott]] to replace second overcrowded BCC second structure at North Howard and West Centre Streets (buildings of 1875 and 1895) and aa temporary 25th Street Annex.
[[File:Walters-museum-building 1.jpg|thumb|right|Walters Art Museum]]
* 1925 - [[University of Baltimore]] founded as private independent school, with [[University of Baltimore Law School|Law School]] and later business school, around urban streets-grid campus by Mount Royal and Cathedral Street/Maryland Avenues in northwest of [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere-Mount Royal]] mid-town community. Later purchased by state and merges in 1970's with [[University System of Maryland]], greatly expanding its campus to additional urban center.
* 1940 - Population: 859,100
* 1927 -
* 1949 - [[Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum|Edgar Allan Poe House]] opens.
** [[William Frederick Broening|William F. Broening]] (Republican) elected to separate second term as mayor succeeding [[Howard W. Jackson|Jackson]], in office until 1931.
* 1950
** New building and expansive park-like campus for [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Western High School]] for girls with an academic-business curriculum, (founded 1844 with twin sister [[Eastern High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Eastern High]]) with 'H' shaped, three-stories [[Gothic Revival architecture|English Tudor/Gothic Revival]] style architecture of red brick and linestone trim. Located in northwest Baltimore at new Gwynns Falls Parkway at intersection with Reisterstown Road/Park Heights Avenue across from old [[Alex. Brown & Sons|George Brown]] (noted financier of old firm Alex. Brown & Sons) estate of "Mondawmin". Architectural plans from Western High re-used a decade later to save money during "[[Great Depression]]" for twin-sister school Eastern High, built across town on 33rd Street Boulevard in 1938 next to [[Baltimore City College|City College's]] "Castle on the Hill".
** [[Baltimore Opera Company|Baltimore Civic Opera Company]] established.
* 1928 -
** Population: 949,708
** New public high school building for boys for the [[Baltimore City College]] opened April 10, at 33rd Street and The Alameda in stone Collegiate Gothic palace with 150-foot tower in northeast city on expansive 39 acre park-like, hill-top campus of old "[[Horace Abbott|Abbotston/Gilman-Cate]]" Victorian estate of [[Canton, Baltimore|Canton]] iron foundry industrialist [[Horace Abbott]] from the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] era, overlooking city from the northeast. New City College, one of the most expensive schools ever built in America up to that time envisioned also to have inter-connecting 'E'-shaped wings for lower schools on elementary/junior high levels along with southern-side sports stadium, which were only built decades later. B.C.C., originally founded 1839 in downtown as the third oldest public high school in the country, then considered the capstone and flagship school for the [[Baltimore City Public Schools]].
* 1953 - [[B&O Railroad Museum]] opens.
** [[Conowingo Dam]] completed crossing on the lower [[Susquehanna River]] above the [[Elkton, Maryland|Head of Elk]] at northern end of [[Chesapeake Bay]]. Constructed for the [[Philadelphia Electric Company]] with power plant, generators and turbines. Dam later builds in fish ladder for the spawning and upstream migration of [[shad]], [[herring]] and others, with added fishing piers and picnic groves on shoreside. Additional side benefit of construction of narrow two-lane highway across top of dam carried across river, newly designated [[U.S. Route 1 in Maryland|U.S. Route 1]], older main road from between Baltimore to the northeast to [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] and [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]].
* 1954

** [[Baltimore Orioles|Orioles]] baseball team relocates to Baltimore.
* 1929 - Baltimore Trust Company tower under construction for five years completed at 10 Light Street between East Baltimore and Redwood (previously German) Streets. Distinctive [[Art Deco architecture]] becomes downtown landmark for almost 90 years and city's tallest structure until the 1970s with U.S.F.& G. Building in 1971 and Merritt Tower in the 1980s. Has several names designated in its history: Mathieson Building, O'Sullivan Building, Maryland National Bank Building, NationsBank Building, and now Bank of America Tower in 2012.
** [[Cylburn Arboretum|Cylburn Wildflower Preserve and Garden Center]] formed.
** Baltimore has 200th Bicentennial Celebration of founding in 1729/1730 with various events, parades and publication of anniversary historical commemorative book.
* 1955 - [[Congress of Racial Equality|Civil rights]] protest at [[Read's Drug Store]].
** [[Glenn L. Martin]] establishes aircraft production company east of the city at [[Middle River, Maryland|Middle River]], near [[Essex, Maryland|Essex]]. Designs and constructs many bombers and other planes during the defense effort of [[World War II]] beginning in 1939-1940.
* 1956 - [[Desegregation of the Baltimore City Public School System]]
* 1930 -
* 1960 - Population: 939,024
** [[Baltimore Colored Symphony Orchestra]] organized.
* 1962 - [[CFG Bank Arena]] opens.
* 1931 -
* 1963 - [[Center Stage (theater)]] opens.
** Municipal Office Building of simple "[[Art Deco]]" limestone construction on Holliday Street, between East Saratoga and Lexington Streets, north of the 1867−75 [[Baltimore City Hall]]. Later renamed in the 1980s for [[Abel Wolman]], noted city engineer, who designed most of the urban public drinking water and sewage treatment systems at Back River and Patapsco treatment plants for the city in the early 20th century.
* 1964 - ''[[Baltimore News-American]]'' newspaper begins publication.
** First ordinance of a city zoning code passed by the [[Baltimore City Council]] upon earlier enabling act passed by the [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly of Maryland]] in 1927, for certain larger cities and towns in the state. Zoning Commission and Board of Zoning Appeals set up and begins first attempts at controlling growth, construction, demolitions and maintenance of city public and private properties.
* 1932 -
** [[United States Post Office and Courthouse (Baltimore, Maryland)|U.S. Post Office and Courthouse]] completed construction on the east side of [[Battle Monument]] Square, between East Lexington and Fayette Streets of Beaux Arts style architecture. Replaced previous Italian Renaissance Courthouse/Post Office of 1889 and also site of earlier 1862-65 U. S. Courthouse on east side of block at northwest corner of East Fayette and North Streets (later Guilford Avenue).
* 1933 - Devastating [[hurricane]] storm lasting almost a week in August, does substantial damage to Baltimore and Washington's budding summer resort of the small town of [[Ocean City, Maryland|Ocean City]], in [[Worcester County, Maryland|Worcester County]], driving a "[[storm surge]]" through the long sandy barrier island and cutting an inlet/passageway of fifty feet wide and 8 feet deep through between [[Assateague Island]] to the south and now [[Sinepuxent Island]] to the north of the town. Later decades sees this natural event affecting the growth and residential/commercial development plus increasing the recreational attractions for swimming, fishing and boating with close access between the back bay and oceanfront. Additional number of Baltimoreans visit the ocean now with improved transportation across the [[Eastern Shore of Maryland|Eastern Shore]] and leads to a decline of [[Chesapeake Bay]] beaches, resorts and towns. Later [[Assateague Island]] across the channel to the south towards Virginia's [[Chincoteague Island]] is preserved as a national seashore and an additional Maryland state park in its primitive natural state.
* 1934 - [[Walters Art Museum|Walters Art Gallery]] built by financiers/philanthropists [[William Thompson Walters|William Walters]] and his son [[Henry Walters]] and opened in 1909 to occasional public visits. Now their later donation and endowment opens as an institution under the City of Baltimore, in the gallery museum located on the northwest corner of North Charles and West Centre Streets, facing Washington Place of the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]], and at the southern rear of their mansion, which faced Mount Vernon Place/West Monument Street. A substantial 1974 addition of modernistic architecture was added to the western side along West Centre Street to Park Avenue. In the 1980s, an additional townhouse/mansion (the Jencks-Thomas-Gladding House) to the north of the Gallery, facing the Monument at the southwest corner of North Charles and Monument Streets on Mount Vernon Place, was added for the new Asian Art collection and renamed "Hackerman House".
* 1935 - [[United Railways and Electric Company]], unified [[streetcar]] operator since the 1890s and the construction on Pier 4 on [[Pratt Street|East Pratt Street]] of the [[Power Plant Live!|Power Plant]], completed 1903, enters bankruptcy and business reorganization proceedings. Reemerges and renamed as Baltimore Transit Company, emphasing increasing use of diesel motor [[bus]]ses and beginning repaving city streets to eliminate [[streetcar]] tracks and overhead power lines. B.T.C. company stock owned by [[National City Lines]], a later conglomerate with ownership by [[General Motors Corporation]], [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] Tire and Rubber, [[Standard Oil of California|Standard Oil Company of California]], and [[Phillips Petroleum]] with hidden agenda to gradually eliminate urban rail transport and substitute [[gasoline]]-powered buses (which increases rapidly after great strain and "wear-and-tear" of heavy usage, with fuel rationing during [[World War II]]) eventually to end rail network by 1963 in Baltimore.
* 1938 - New structure for [[Eastern High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Eastern High School]], all-girls traditional academic-business curriculum school. Located at 33rd Street boulevard at Loch Raven Boulevard in former Venable Park (stirs up political controversy) in northeast section of town next to decade-old [[Baltimore City College|City College's]] "Castle on the Hill", all-male high school. Same plans used previously a decade earlier for twin sister's new [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Western High]], builds similar 'H'-shaped, three stories of [[Gothic Revival architecture|English Tudor/Gothic Revival]] architecture of red brick and linestone trim in a 30 acre park-like campus. Later civic sports project for new [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Memorial Stadium]] rebuilt in 1950-1954 for [[major league baseball|major league baseball's]] team of the new [[Baltimore Orioles]] and [[National Football League|pro football's]] team of the [[Baltimore Colts]] across street on previous site of old Municipal Stadium from 1922, built for high school/college football. E.H.S. resides here until sad closure and half-way unsuccessful merger with new [[Lake Clifton High School]] several miles away in 1984, destroying 140 years of an all-female tradition in secondary education, leaving only Western High to continue at new 1967 campus shared with [[Baltimore Polytechnic Institute|Polytechnic Institute]] at West Cold Spring Lane and Falls Road.
* 1939 -
** Construction and opening of "[[Art Deco architecture|Art Deco]]" styled, The Senator Theatre in [[Mid-Govans, Baltimore|Govans]] on [[Maryland Route 45|York Road]] commercial district in northern outskirts at intersection with Belvedere Avenue (and south of newer parallel 1960's by-pass, Northern Parkway). By late 1970's becomes one of last neighborhood movie theatres in the city with large main auditorium, but continues to show and premiere new films. Becomes iconic and landmark due to its architecture and "last of its kind", plus establishment in early 80's of front sidewalk gallery under marque of pavement blocks with names and logos of movies with hands or feet of starring actors and actresses (similar to famous [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] in [[Hollywood, California|Hollywood]], in [[Los Angeles, California]]). Similar architecture of old Ambassador Theatre in northwest area which later has a fire and becomes a church. Celebrates anniversary of opening every year with showing of feature film from 1939 era and charging ticket prices of the era (25 cents). After working 30 years for long-planned renovation project, two auditoriums added in 2013 for more financial flexibility and restoration of interior under new owners from the Charles Theatre, below North Avenue.
* 1941 -
** [[Liberty ship]] ''"S.S. Patrick Henry"'' is the first of 2,700 such ships (one-sixth of the total built by America) launched September 27 from newly outfitted Bethlehem-Fairfield shipyards in [[Fairfield, Baltimore|Fairfield]] area of South Baltimore on Middle Branch of [[Patapsco River]] of [[Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore|Baltimore Harbor]], established under leadership of aluminum, steel and auto industrialist [[Henry J. Kaiser|Henry Kaiser]], and the [[Bethlehem Steel Corporation]] (who owned and operated nearby steel mill at Sparrows Point across the river near [[Dundalk, Maryland|Dundalk]]), with construction revolutionary mass-produced cargo ships on an automobile-style assembly line that are welded together rather than using rivets for speed. Serenaded by the Baltimore Civic Band, with a special radio address by 32nd President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], the ''"Patrick Henry"'' was christened by the wife of Vice President [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]], Ilo, with Rear Adm. [[Emory Land]], head of the [[Maritime Commission]] giving the keynote address. One of 14 ships that were launched that special "Liberty Fleet Day". Henry's ship's keel was earlier laid April 30 and was later commissioned to the merchant marine fleet on December 30. By the end of the war, with maximum effort, the shipyard was turning out dozens per week (one every 35 hours). Later the Henry would serve throughout the war, helping to win the crucial "[[Battle of the Atlantic]]" against marauding [[U-boat]]s of the Nazi German Navy, but after the victory in 1945, get scrapped over seventeen years later in 1958. Additional production facilities were established in nearby [[Curtis Bay, Baltimore|Curtis Bay]] at the old [[George Pullman|Pullman-Standard Car Company]] factory (which built railroad car wheels) along Curtis Avenue where major ship parts were fabricated and pulled by railroad flat-cars several miles to the waterfront for assembly and welding.
* 1944 - June 6, [[D-Day]] invasion of [[Normandy]] in [[Nazi Germany|German]]-occupied [[France]] of western [[Europe]] during [[World War II]] led at [[Omaha Beach]] (one of six landing areas - "beaches") led by old "Blue and Gray Division" of [[29th Infantry Division (United States)|29th Division]], originally formed for [[World War I|First World War]], made up of soldiers, Regular Army and [[Maryland National Guard|National Guard]], from Maryland, Virginia, Delaware states in the Middle Atlantic. Headquarters at Baltimore's [[Fifth Regiment Armory]] on North Howard Street where a military museum endures into 2010's of actions and also training base at [[Fort George G. Meade]] in northern [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]].
* 1948 - [[Baltimore County Public Library|Baltimore County Public Library system]] established. County Commissioners appoint 6 citizens to an Advisory Committee which in a few months makes recommendations in February 1948 to follow previous [[Maryland General Assembly]] law from 1945 mandating county public libraries. Merging previous various 12 community libraries, beginning with Reisterstown, which was first founded in the county in 1929 and located in the [[Franklin High School (Reisterstown, Maryland)|Franklin High School]], others existed with local funds and occasional grants from County Commissioners. Approved by the Board of County Commissioners and requests Gov. [[William Preston Lane]] to appoint a County Board of Library Trustees, which later hires its first Chief Librarian, Richard D. Minnich in January 1949. System grows to present 19 branches with four bookmobiles.
* 1949 - [[Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum|Edgar Allan Poe House]] on Amity Street property purchased by the city and opens and operates small historical museum, which later after its organization in 1964, comes under the sponsorship of the city's new Commission for Historical and Architectural Preservation.

===1950s-1990s===
* 1950 -
** A new multi-use sports stadium in memory of the casualties and losses of service-members during the recent [[World War II]] and named [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Memorial Stadium]] begins a major reconstruction project on 33rd Street, northeast of [[Waverly, Baltimore|Waverly]] neighborhood over the old football-bowl of Municipal Stadium of 1922 (also known as the "Baltimore Stadium"). Constructed in a horse-shoe shape with the open end facing north towards the surrounding parking lots and the rowhouse community of [[Lakeside-Ednor Gardens, Baltimore|Lakeside-Ednor Gardens]] and a large front brick façade with huge aluminum lettering with word of dedication inscribed facing 33rd Street (rather than old Municipal's open end with a Greco-Roman columnade on the southside facing 33rd Street). Later construction of an upper deck with small mezzanine level in between in a rush-job project during later winter of 1953 and spring 1954, when new [[major league baseball]] team of the [[Baltimore Orioles]] is re-established in the [[American League]].
** [[Baltimore Opera Company|Baltimore Civic Opera Company]] established.
** Population: 959,000 people (approximate) population in the city at the half-century mark of the 20th Century (and the largest number ever recorded in the city) according to the Seventeenth Decennial [[1950 United States Census|United States Census of 1950]].
** New international airport laid out and constructed by the City of Baltimore in northern [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]] at site of small village of "Friendship", giving the terminal its name: "Friendship International Airport", (later renamed in early 1970's as "Baltimore-Washington International Airport" (B.W.I.). Dedicated by city and state officials joined by 33rd President [[Harry S. Truman]], replaces old [[Harbor Field]] along north side of [[Patapsco River]], now site of Dundalk Marine Terminal for the [[Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore|Port of Baltimore]].

* 1952 -
First Negro (now Black/African American male students integrate the [[Baltimore City Public Schools|Baltimore City Public Schools system]], entering the [[Baltimore Polytechnic Institute]] in the fall of 1952, after long consideration by moderate and progressive members of the city's Board of School Commissioners. Polytechnic is a "magnet", specialized mathematics, science, engineering and technology public high school, and the case is made not to try and duplicate a similar institution just for Negro students. Predates by two years later, the [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] landmark decision in [[Brown vs Board of Education|"Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas" and other cases]], by May 1954.<ref>{{cite web | title=Integration of Baltimore Polytechnic High School|url=http://mdcivilrights.org/Poly.html|publisher=Maryland Civil Rights.org|accessdate=2007-10-11| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20071006123303/http://www.mdcivilrights.org/Poly.html| archivedate= October 6, 2007 <!-- DASHBot -->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
** Negotiations concluded in October between group of Baltimore businessmen led by Clarence Miles with baseball team owner [[Bill Veeck]] to bring the [[American League]] baseball franchise of the old [[St. Louis Browns]] to Baltimore for the following 1954-1955 season, marking the return to major league baseball after fifty-one years.

* 1953 -
[[B&O Railroad Museum|B. & O. Transportation Museum]], under the sponsorship of the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company]] opens at the former [[Mount Clare Shops|Mount Clare Station and Shops]], along West Pratt Street with the old 1884 Roundhouse and workshops in the [[Poppleton, Baltimore|Poppleton]]/[[Union Square, Baltimore|Union Square]]/Mount Clare section of southwest Baltimore. Later renamed as the "B. & O. Railroad Museum" and established as a private agency to preserve the legacy of the old famous [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] under the original sponsorship of the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]], later [[CSX Transportation]].

* 1954 -
** [[St. Louis Browns]] baseball team in the [[American League]] completes business deal previous November 1953 and relocates to Baltimore and is renamed the new [[Baltimore Orioles]], returning the city to the ranks of [[major league baseball]], since 1903. Old [[Baltimore Orioles (minor league)|Baltimore Orioles]] team of the minor-league [[International League]] here since 1903-1911, 1916-1953, relocates to [[Havana]], in [[Cuba]]. Entire city in delirium with Opening Day parade in April through downtown with new/old team members and ceremonies with Vice President [[Richard M. Nixon]] throwing out the first ball in first game versus [[Chicago White Sox]].
** [[Cylburn Arboretum|Cylburn Wildflower Preserve and Garden Center]] formed to preserve and advance the gardens around the former "Cylburn" mansion of stone [[Victorian architecture|Victorian-style architecture]] and home of industrialist and Quaker stalwart [[Elisha Tyson]] on Greenspring Avenue, north of [[Druid Hill Park]], later renamed "[[Cylburn Arboretum]]".
** Final and full [[Desegregation of the Baltimore City Public School System]], put into practice with Fall opening of public schools by moderate and progressive members of the city's Board of School Commissioners in September, after previous May 1954's [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] unanimous decision. Process goes peacefully through most of the city with exception of demonstrations and crowds of resisters outside Southern High School in [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill/Old South Baltimore]], and old Patterson Park High School (on Ellwood Street) in southeastern part of town.
* 1955 - Growing national [[Civil Rights Movement|civil rights]] protests across The South and the nation comes to Baltimore with demonstration led by the local affilite[[Congress of Racial Equality|Congress of Racial Equality (C.O. R.E.)]], at largest of local chain-store merchant [[Read's Drug Store]], (later known by the 1970s as "Rite-Aid") with their iconic lunch counters at downtown store's location at southeastern corner of North Howard and West Lexington Streets, amidst many large department stores and movie theatre district.

* 1956 - Admittance of the [[Frederick Douglass High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Frederick Douglass High School]] (formerly "Colored" High School and Training School before 1925, when founded in 1883), the [[Paul Laurence Dunbar High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Paul Laurence Dunbar Community High School]], and the [[Carver Vocational Technical High School|Carver Vocational-Technical High School]], from the formerly racially segregated [[Baltimore City Public Schools]] system (since the 1860s to the May 1954 [[Brown vs. Board of Education|"Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas"]] decision by the [[U.S. Supreme Court|United States Supreme Court]]) into the [[Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Association|Maryland Scholastic Association]] which had been founded in 1919 (by Dr. Phillip H. Edwards - athletic coach and later noted Principal of the [[Baltimore City College]] in the 1930s and 40's along with some other coaches and principals) for central Maryland area private/parochial/independent secondary schools and the high schools of Baltimore City (only a few high schools then existed in other suburban counties such as [[Baltimore County Public Schools|Baltimore]], [[Harford County, Maryland|Harford]], [[Carroll County, Maryland|Carroll]], [[Howard County, Maryland|Howard]] and [[Frederick County, Maryland|Frederick Counties]] and the distance/expense with streetcars, inter-urban electric commuter trains or highway buses then used for weekly competitions was prohibitive. The M.S.A. was one of the first public-private high school athletic leagues in the country and its championships long constituted a "state championship". The later M.P.S.S.A. ([[Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association]]) was not established until the latter 1950s as a burst of high schools opened in surrounding Baltimore County with beginning athletic programs for boys only, and spread to a state-wide system which competed with the older senior league until the early 1990s, when a new Baltimore City superintendent of schools, [[Walter Amprey]], who graduated and began his teaching career in the city, spent most of his supervising/administrative career in the suburbs system, forced the withdrawal of the city schools (especially including athletic, all-male powerhouses [[Baltimore City College|City]], [[Baltimore Polytechnic Institute|Poly]], and the co-ed neighborhood schools: [[Frederick Douglass High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Douglass]], [[Paul Laurence Dunbar High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Dunbar]], (previously "colored schools") Forest Park, Patterson, Southern, Edmondson, Northern, Northwestern, Southwestern, Lake Clifton, Walbrook, plus co-ed vocational-technical institutions at Merganthaler and [[Carver Vocational Technical High School|Carver]] and all-girls [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Western]] and [[Eastern High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Eastern High Schools]]) became part of the now larger "state league" with its wider membership and reach now into all 23 counties of Maryland with play-offs scheduled annually at the [[University of Maryland|University of Maryland at College Park]]. The old shrunken M.S.A. now re-organized as two private school leagues with one for boys and another for girls sports. Although unfortunately losing its exemplary private-public athletic partnership and competition, rare in the U.S.A., Baltimore is also one of the first school systems in the nation to peacefully integrate its high school athletic programs and led to a great advance in racial harmony in the City in the next two decades unlike some Southern and border states which endured hostility and protests into the 1980s.

* 1963 - [[Center Stage (theater)]] opens on East North Avenue, in converted commercial buildings between townhouses between North Charles and St. Paul Streets. Second major theatre in downtown city besides new [[Morris A. Mechanic Theatre]] at [[Charles Center]] on southwest corner of Charles and Baltimore.

* 1964 -
** ''"[[Baltimore News-American|The News American]]"'' newspaper reorganized and merged begins publication, by owners [[Hearst Corporation]] of previous Monday-Saturday daily "[[Baltimore News-Post]]" and old Sunday weekly of "[[Baltimore American]]" whose antecedents go back to first daily newspaper published in the city in 1773 by [[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]].
** New [[Holiday Inn]] chain/syndicate of hotels/motels constructed at the southwest corner of South Howard and West Lombard Streets, opposite [[Baltimore Civic Center]]/[[1st Mariner Arena]]. It is the first structure to have a permanent revolving, roof-top restaurant in America, with views of [[Inner Harbor]] and downtown business district, plus new [[Charles Center]] to the northeast.

* 1966 - [[Baltimore Orioles]] win their first [[American League]] championship and go on to win the first four games of the [[World Series]] against the [[National League]] and the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]].

* 1968
* 1968
** [[Baltimore riot of 1968]]
** [[Baltimore riot of 1968]]
** [[Baltimore American Indian Center]] is established.
** [[Baltimore American Indian Center]] is established.
* 1970 - Population: 905,787

* 1970 - Milton B. Allen elected as State's Attorney for Baltimore City and becomes the first African American elected to a citywide office.<ref>http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2003-02-13/news/0302130334_1_allen-state-attorney-baltimore</ref>

* 1971 - [[William Donald Schaefer]] becomes mayor.
* 1971 - [[William Donald Schaefer]] becomes mayor.

* 1973 - Sister city relationship established with [[Gbarnga]], Liberia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explaining Baltimore's Complicated Relationship With Its Sister Cities |date=April 21, 2014 |work=[[The Atlantic Cities|Atlantic Cities]] |url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2014/04/explaining-citys-complicated-relationship-its-sisters/8911/ }}</ref>

* 1974 - [[Baltimore municipal strike of 1974]]
* 1974 - [[Baltimore municipal strike of 1974]]
* 1976 - [[Maryland Science Center]] opens.

* 1977 - [[Baltimore World Trade Center]] opens.
* 1976 - [[Maryland Science Center]] opens at Baltimore's inner harbor. 11 [[Tall ships]] visit inner harbor as part of America's Bicentennial Celebration.
[[File:Wtc-baltimore.jpg|thumb|right|'''Baltimore World Trade Center''']]

* 1979
* 1979
** [[Baltimore Convention Center]] opens.
** [[Baltimore Convention Center]] opens.
** [[Baltimore School for the Arts]] founded.
** [[Baltimore School for the Arts]] founded.
** Celebration of 250th Anniversary of founding of Baltimore Town in 1729/1730.

* 1980
* 1980
** [[Harborplace]] opens, under leadership of [[James Rouse]].
** [[Harborplace]] opens.
** [[Baltimore Area Convention & Visitors Association]] formed, later known as "Visit Baltimore".
** [[Baltimore Area Convention & Visitors Association]] formed.
** Population: 786,741
** Population: 787,000 people (approximate) in figures from Twentieth Dicennial [[1980 United States Census|United States Census of 1980]].

* 1981
* 1981
** [[National Aquarium in Baltimore]] opens.
** [[National Aquarium in Baltimore]] opens.
** [[Baltimore Museum of Industry]] opens.
** [[Baltimore Museum of Industry]] opens.

* 1982 - [[Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall]] opens.
* 1982 - [[Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall]] opens.
* 1983

* 1983 -
** [[Baltimore Metro Subway]] begins operating.
** [[Baltimore Metro Subway]] begins operating.
** [[Great Blacks in Wax Museum]] established.
** [[Great Blacks in Wax Museum]] established.
** [[Baltimore Business Journal]] established as a weekly tabloid in March.

* 1986 - [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] headquarters relocates to Baltimore.<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Gazetteer of the United States |author= Paul T Hellmann |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2004 }}</ref>
* 1986 - [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] headquarters relocates to Baltimore.<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Gazetteer of the United States |author= Paul T Hellmann |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2004 }}</ref>
* 1987 - [[Kurt Schmoke]] becomes mayor.

* 1987 - January, [[Clarence H. Burns|Clarence H. ("Du") Burns]], President of the [[Baltimore City Council]], becomes the first African American mayor of Baltimore City, succeeding [[William Donald Schaefer]] when he is inaugurated [[Governor of Maryland]] in December. In November[[Kurt Schmoke]] defeats burns and becomes first African American elected as mayor of Baltimore.

* 1989 - [[Contemporary Museum Baltimore]] founded.
* 1989 - [[Contemporary Museum Baltimore]] founded.
* 1990 - Population: 736,016

* 1990 - Muslim Community Cultural Center established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asmib.com/mcccb.htm |title=Muslim Community Cultural Center of Baltimore |publisher= Muslim Community of Baltimore|accessdate=October 14, 2013}}</ref><ref name=pluralism>{{cite web |url=http://www.pluralism.org/directory/index/country:US/state:MD/city:baltimore/tag:-1 |title=Baltimore, Maryland |work=Directory of Religious Centers |author=Pluralism Project |publisher=Harvard University |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |accessdate=October 14, 2013}}</ref>

* 1992
* 1992
** [[Baltimore Light Rail]] modern streetcar system begins operating.
** [[Baltimore Light Rail]] begins operating.
** [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]] opens.
** [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]] baseball stadium southwest of [[Inner Harbor]] off Russell Street (leading to [[Baltimore-Washington Parkway]]) , South Howard Street and Camden Streets opens after 2 year construction project.<ref>{{citation |work=[[CQ Researcher]] |year=2006 |volume=16 |number=24 |title= Downtown Renaissance |author=Alan Greenblatt }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
* 1996 - [[Baltimore Ravens]] football team established.
* 1998 - [[M&T Bank Stadium|Ravens Stadium]] opens.
* 1999 - [[Martin O'Malley]] becomes mayor.


* 1996 - [[Cleveland Browns]] professional football team in the old [[All America Football Conference]] and [[National Football League]] move to Baltimore under long-time owner [[Art Modell]] and are renamed the [[Baltimore Ravens]], playing their first two seasons here at old [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Memorial Stadium]] on 33rd Street.


* 1995 - Fells Point Creative Alliance, a coalition of artists and supporters, established by volunteers in [[Fells Point, Baltimore|Fells Point]] as a hybrid gallery, performance spaces, artists studios and guild. First located temporarily in a neighborhood rowhouse, later moves to an old [[Loyal Order of Moose]] lodge building/hall in [[Highlandtown, Baltimore|Highlandtown]], then to old trolley car barn on Thames Street facing waterfront and old Recreation/City/Broadway Pier. Temporarily at old "Pep Boys" auto parts store in Highlandtown again, finally begins $4.5 million campaign for converting old Patterson Theatre on Eastern Avenue, at East Avenue, which will cost $3.6 million. Helped by grants obtained from government art and humanities programs through state senator Perry Sfikas and U.S. Senator [[Barbara Mikulski]], in addition to continued private fund-raising with matching grants. Old Patterson movie theatre built 1910 as silent movies gallery and dance hall, razed 1929 and replaced by current building, closes for regular second-run flics in 1995. New Creative Alliance space opens May 16, 2003, with 2 art galleries, 2 performing spaces, 200 seat theatre, classrooms, media lab, living/work studios, offices, sidewalk café, becomes revitalizer to Highlandtown commercial/business district.


[[File:MTAM Millford-Mill-departing-train.jpg|thumb|A universal transit vehicle on the ''Baltimore Metro SubwayLink'' departing [[Milford Mill station]]]]
* 1998 - [[M&T Bank Stadium|Ravens Stadium]] opens.


==21st CENTURY==
==21st century==
{{Expand section|date=September 2012}}
{{Expand section|date=September 2012}}
* 2000 -
* 2000
** [[National Katyń Memorial]] is constructed.
** [[2000 United States Census|United States Dicennial Census of 2000]] records XXXX,XXX population in the city, and 754,292 in surrounding [[Baltimore County]]. Additional figures of XXX,XXX in southern-bordering [[Anne Arundel County]]. Total for metropolitan area of city and five counties was: X,XXX,XXXX.
** Population: 651,154
** [[National Katyń Memorial]] is cast and constructed of bronze on stone base in newly re-developed [[Harbor East, Baltimore|Harbor East]] area, (southeast of [[Inner Harbor]]) at the foot of President Street boulevard in International Circle to commemorate [[Poland|Polish Army]] officers murdered en masse by [[Soviet Union|Soviet Russians]] under dictator [[Joseph Stalin]] after invading eastern part of country following original invasion of [[Nazi Germany]] under [[Adolf Hitler]] from the west, beginning [[World War II]] in September 1939. Bodies buried in the forest in mass graves found 1941 by Germans, (after their further invasion of [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|U.S.S.R.]] following later), who were originally blamed. Massacre caused by attempt of Soviets to decimate effective anti-[[Communist]] leaders and intelligentsia for future post-war occupation. Statue artwork and memorial plaques sponsored by local Baltimore community of Polish-Americans.
* 2002 - [[The Portal (community center)]] opens.
* 2001 - January 28, 2001, [[Baltimore Ravens]], the transferred franchise from former [[Cleveland Browns]] in 1994 with owner [[Art Modell]] win first championship for 2000 season ([[Superbowl XXXV]]) in the [[National Football League]], at new [[M&T Bank Stadium]] ("Ravens Stadium"). First pro football trophy since old [[Baltimore Colts]] in 1958, 1959, 1968, 1970 ([[Superbowl III]]).
* 2005 - [[Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture]] opens.
* 2002 -
* 2006 - ''[[The Baltimore Examiner]]'' begins publication.
** [[The Portal (community center)]] opens.
* 2008 - [[Hilton Baltimore]] built.
** ''"[[The Wire]]"'' fictional cable television program series set in Baltimore about city police fighting local drug dealers with monitored, recorded phone conversations begins national broadcast on HBO ([[Home Box Office]]).
* 2009 - [[Sheila Dixon trial]].
* 2005 - [[Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African-American History & Culture]] opens on northeast corner of President Street boulevard and East Pratt Street, just west of the historic [[Flag House & Star-Spangled Banner Museum|Star Spangled Banner Flag House]] of [[Mary Pickersgill]], in [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown/"Old Town"]] community, north of [[Little Italy, Baltimore|Little Italy]], east of [[Inner Harbor]]. Benefitted from use of state and city funds plus bequest from estate of noted local black industrialist, financier and philanthropist, [[Reginald F. Lewis]], (1942-1993).
* 2010
* 2006 - ''"[[The Baltimore Examiner]]"'' begins publication as a group of independent tabloid newspapers beginning with a ''"[[Washington Examiner]]"'' begun by the new proprietors [[Philip Anschutz]] of [[Examiner.com#Clarity Media Group|Clarity Media Group]] of the ''"[[San Francisco Examiner]]"'' which they bought earlier from the [[Hearst Corporation]], (flagship paper founded by late magnate [[William Randolph Hearst]]), which in turn had purchased the more economically viable competing paper ''"[[San Francisco Chronicle]]"''. Examiner paper continues publication and provides alternative and more politically conservative editorial views in the city for about two years and recruits many new reporters/columnists/editors formerly from old ''"[[Baltimore Sun]]"'' of media chain syndicate [[Tribune Company|''"Chicago Tribune"'' Company]]. Has offices on East Pratt Street facing Inner Harbor with name of paper emblazoned on top of office building.
** [[Stephanie Rawlings-Blake]] becomes mayor.
* 2007 - [[Sheila Dixon]], (b. 1953), President of the [[Baltimore City Council]] succeeds to and becomes city's first female [[List of mayors of Baltimore|Mayor]], with election and inauguration of two-term incumbent [[Martin O'Malley]] as [[Governor of Maryland]] in [[Annapolis]].
** Population: 620,961 people.
* 2008 - [[Hilton Baltimore]], a designated "convention hotel" built across Camden Street (and between South Howard and Paca Streets) from [[Camden Station|Camden Street Station]] (of old [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]), now the [[Sports Legends Museum at Camden Yards|Sports Legends Museum]], and adjacent to [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]] baseball stadium and sports complex to the south and the [[Baltimore Convention Center]] to the north.
* 2009 - [[Sheila Dixon trial]] for corruption and misusing retail gift cards donated for charitable cases for her personal use. She is convicted and is later removed from office as mayor.
** "[[Great Recession|Great Recession of 2009]]" causes major unemployment in Baltimore and caused economic problems for various arts and cultural organizations and eventual bankruptcy for the local long-time [[Baltimore Opera Company]].
* 2010 -
** [[Stephanie Rawlings-Blake]], (b. 1970), also previously Vice President, then President of Baltimore City Council (and previously youngest when first elected as Council-member) becomes [[List of mayors of Baltimore|Mayor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Mayors |publisher=[[United States Conference of Mayors]] |location=Washington, DC |url=http://usmayors.org/meetmayors/mayorsatglance.asp |accessdate=March 30, 2013 }}</ref>
** [[2010 Baltimore beating]]
** Population: 620,961, recorded for the total residents in the City from the [[2010 United States Census|United States Dicennial Census of 2010]], along with XXX,XXX for [[Baltimore County]], and XXX,XXX in northern [[Anne Arundel County]], with X,XXX,XXX total for Baltimore metropolitan area of center city and surrounding five suburban counties.
* 2011
* 2011
** [[Occupy Baltimore]] begins.
** "[[Occupy Baltimore]]" campaign begins, setting up downtown demonstrations and squatter camps at various locations protesting for employment, against large financial institutions and lack of economic equality in America.
[[File:Francis Scott Key Bridge and Cargo Ship Dali NTSB view.jpg|thumb|right|'''Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse ''' ]]
** [[Officer James Fowler ticket incident]]
** [[Lyric Opera Baltimore]] established.
** [[Lyric Opera Baltimore]] further endowed with large bequest from [[Art Modell|Art and wife Patricia Modell]], owners of pro football team [[Baltimore Ravens]] since move from Ohio with [[Cleveland Browns]] in 1994 to renovate and expand old 1894 Lyric Theatre on Mount Royal Avenue in northern part of [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon-Belvedere-Mount Royal]] mid-town neighborhood. additional title and renamed as "Art and Patricia Modell Performing Arts Center at the Lyric Opera House"
* 2012 - [[2012 St. Patrick's Day beating]]
* 2015 - [[2015 Baltimore protests|Freddie Gray protests]]
* 2016 - [[Catherine Pugh]] becomes mayor.
* 2013 - BaltimoreCode.org released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sunlightcities.tumblr.com/post/55693480622/opengovfoundation-announcing-americas-first |date=July 17, 2013 |title=Sunlight Cities |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Sunlight Foundation]] |accessdate=October 14, 2013}}</ref>
* 2019 - [[Jack Young (politician)|Jack Young]] becomes mayor.
* 2020
** [[Brandon Scott]] becomes mayor.
** Population: 585,708
* 2024 - The [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]] [[Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse|collapses]] in a mass casualty incident.


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Maryland}}
* [[History of Baltimore]]
* [[History of Baltimore]]
* [[List of mayors of Baltimore]]
* [[List of mayors of Baltimore]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Baltimore, Maryland]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Baltimore, Maryland]]
* [[List of museums in Baltimore]]
* [[List of museums in Baltimore]]
* '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Baltimore}}</small>'''''
* '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Maryland}}</small>'''''


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|33em}}
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==

===Published in the 19th century===
* {{Cite book |publisher =William Blackwood |publication-date = 1830 |publication-place = Edinburgh |title = [[Edinburgh Encyclopaedia]] |editor=David Brewster |chapter=Baltimore |chapterurl= http://archive.org/stream/edinburghencyclo03edinuoft#page/222/mode/2up }}
* {{Citation |publisher = Jocelyn, Darling & Co. |publication-place = New York |title = American Advertising Directory, for Manufacturers and Dealers in American Goods |publication-date = 1831 |oclc = 1018684 |chapter=Baltimore, Md. |chapterurl=http://www.archive.org/stream/americanadvertis00newy#page/8/mode/2up }}
* {{Citation |publisher = The author |publication-place = Philadelphia |author = Henry Schenck Tanner |authorlink=Henry Schenck Tanner |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL23337218M/The_American_traveller |title = The American Traveller |publication-date = 1837 |edition=3rd |chapterurl=http://archive.org/stream/americantravelle01tann#page/n21/mode/2up |chapter=Map of Baltimore }}
* {{Citation |publisher = H. Tanner, Jr. |publication-place = Philadelphia |title = A geographical, historical and statistical view of the central or middle United States |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24649753M/A_geographical_historical_and_statistical_view_of_the_central_or_middle_United_States |author = Henry Schenck Tanner |publication-date = 1841 |oclc = 1525712 |chapterurl=http://www.archive.org/stream/geographicalhist00intann#page/298/mode/2up |chapter=Baltimore }}
* {{cite book |title=Woods's Baltimore City Directory |publisher=John W. Woods |location=Baltimore }}
** [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1867balt#page/n59/mode/2up 1867-68], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1868balt#page/n3/mode/2up 1868-69]
** [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1870balt#page/n37/mode/2up 1870], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1871balt#page/n23/mode/2up 1871], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1872balt#page/n27/mode/2up 1872], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1873balt#page/n17/mode/2up 1873], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1874balt#page/14/mode/2up 1874], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1875balt#page/n19/mode/2up 1875], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1876balt#page/n17/mode/2up 1876], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1877balt#page/n9/mode/2up 1877], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1878balt#page/n15/mode/2up 1878], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1879balt#page/n7/mode/2up 1879]
** [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1880balt#page/n7/mode/2up 1880], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1881balt#page/n9/mode/2up 1881], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1882balt#page/n7/mode/2up 1882], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1883balt#page/n9/mode/2up 1883], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1884balt#page/n9/mode/2up 1884], [http://archive.org/stream/woodsbaltimoreci1886balt#page/n27/mode/2up 1886]
* {{Citation |publisher = Turnbull Bros. |publication-place = Baltimore |title = The chronicles of Baltimore: being a complete history of "Baltimore town" and Baltimore city from the earliest period to the present time |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL13489724M/The_chronicles_of_Baltimore |author = J. Thomas Scharf |publication-date = 1874 |oclc = 11971847 }}
* {{Citation |publisher = D. Appleton and Company |publication-date = 1876 |publication-place = New York |title = Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Cities |chapter=Baltimore |chapterurl= http://www.archive.org/stream/appletonsillustr00newy#page/34/mode/2up }}
* {{Citation |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/ia:slumsofbaltimore00unit/The_slums_of_Baltimore_Chicago_New_York_and_Philadelphia |title = Slums of Baltimore, Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia |publication-date = 1894 |publisher = Government Printing Office |location=Washington DC |author=[[Carroll D. Wright]] |series=Special Report of the Commissioner of Labor }}


==Bibliography==
===Published in the 20th century===
;Published in the 19th c.
* {{Citation |publisher = Reform Club |publication-place = New York |series=Municipal Affairs |edition=2nd |author = Robert C. Brooks |title= Bibliography of Municipal Problems and City Conditions |publication-date = 1901 |volume=5 |oclc=1855351 |chapter=Baltimore |chapterurl= http://archive.org/stream/bibliographyofmu00broorich#page/15/mode/1up}}
* {{Citation |title = The Personality of American Cities |author=[[Edward Hungerford (author)|Edward Hungerford]] |publication-date = 1913 |publisher = McBride, Nast & Company |location =New York |chapter= Monumental City |chapterurl= http://archive.org/stream/personalityofame00hungrich#page/95/mode/2up }}
* {{Citation |publisher = The author |publication-place = Philadelphia |author = Henry Schenck Tanner |authorlink=Henry Schenck Tanner |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL23337218M/The_American_traveller |title = The American traveller |publication-date = 1837 |edition=3rd |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/americantravelle01tann#page/n21/mode/2up |chapter=Map of Baltimore |ol = 23337218M }}
* {{Citation |publisher = H. Tanner, Jr. |publication-place = Philadelphia |title = A geographical, historical and statistical view of the central or middle United States |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24649753M/A_geographical_historical_and_statistical_view_of_the_central_or_middle_United_States |author = Henry Schenck Tanner |publication-date = 1841 |oclc = 1525712 |chapter-url=http://www.archive.org/stream/geographicalhist00intann#page/298/mode/2up |chapter=Baltimore |ol = 24649753M }}
* {{cite book |title=Polk's Baltimore City Directory |publisher=[[R.L. Polk & Co.]] |location=Baltimore }}
* {{Citation |publisher = Turnbull Bros. |publication-place = Baltimore |title = The chronicles of Baltimore: being a complete history of "Baltimore town" and Baltimore city from the earliest period to the present time |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL13489724M/The_chronicles_of_Baltimore |author = J. Thomas Scharf |ol = 13489724M |publication-date = 1874 |oclc = 11971847 }}
** [http://archive.org/details/polksbaltimoreci1922rlpo 1922], [http://archive.org/details/polksbaltimoreci1923rlpo 1923]
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Baltimore |volume= 3 | pages = 298&ndash;299 |short= 1 }}
* {{Cite book |publication-place = NY |publisher=Oxford University Press |series=[[American Guide Series]] |title = Maryland: a Guide to the Old Line State |author = [[Federal Writers' Project]] |publication-date = 1940 |chapter=Baltimore |chapterurl= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015054402659?urlappend=%3Bseq=255 }}
* {{Citation |publisher = [[Oceana Publications]] |isbn = 0379006022 |publication-place = Dobbs Ferry, N.Y. |series=American Cities Chronology Series |editor=Howard B. Furer |title = Baltimore: a Chronological & Documentary History, 1632-1970 |author = Robert I. Vexler |publication-date = 1975 }}
* {{citation |title=Baltimore: The Hidden City |year=1975 |volume=147 |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic Magazine]] |location=Washington DC |via=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] |accessdate=May 2014 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{Citation |publisher = [[E.P. Dutton]] |publication-place = New York |title = Encyclopedia of American Cities |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL4120668M/The_encyclopedia_of_American_cities |publication-date = 1980 |ol=4120668M |editor=Ory Mazar Nergal |chapter=Baltimore }}
* {{Citation |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/ia:worldencyclopedi00kuri/World_encyclopedia_of_cities |title = World Encyclopedia of Cities |publication-date = 1994 |publisher = Santa Barbara, Calif. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |author=George Thomas Kurian |volume=1: North America |chapter= Baltimore }} (fulltext via Open Library)


===Published in the 21st century===
;Published in the 20th c.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Baltimore |volume= 3 | pages = 289&ndash;291 |short= 1}}
* {{cite book|author=Oren M. Levin-Waldman |title=The Political Economy of the Living Wage: A Study of Four Cities|year= 2004|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]] |isbn=978-0-7656-3705-5}} (Baltimore, Detroit, Los Angeles, New Orleans)
* {{Cite EB1922 |wstitle= Baltimore |volume = 30 |page= 395 |short= 1}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Baltimore, Maryland}}
{{commons category|Baltimore, Maryland}}
* Digital Public Library of America. [http://dp.la/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&page_size=100&q=baltimore+maryland Works related to Baltimore], various dates
* New York Public Library. [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?word=Baltimore%20%28Md%2E%29&s=3&notword=&f=2 Images related to Baltimore], various dates.
* Europeana. [http://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=baltimore+maryland&rows=96 Items related to Baltimore, Maryland], various dates.
{{coord|39.283333|-76.616667|type:city_region:US|display=title}}


[[Category:History of Baltimore, Maryland| ]]
[[Category:History of Baltimore| ]]
[[Category:American city history timelines|Baltimore]]
[[Category:Timelines of cities in the United States|Baltimore]]
[[Category:Baltimore, Maryland-related lists]]
[[Category:Maryland history-related lists|Baltimore]]
[[Category:Baltimore-related lists]]

Latest revision as of 01:41, 24 August 2024

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

18th century

[edit]

19th century

[edit]
Map of Baltimore, 1867

20th century

[edit]
Lexington Market in 1903.
Baltimore Museum of Art
Walters Art Museum
Baltimore World Trade Center


A universal transit vehicle on the Baltimore Metro SubwayLink departing Milford Mill station

21st century

[edit]
Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baltimore" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 289–291.
  2. ^ John Calvin Colson (Winter 1986). "The Fire Company Library Associations of Baltimore, 1838-1858". Journal of Library History. 21.
  3. ^ a b "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington DC: Library of Congress. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  4. ^ Jedidiah Morse (1797), "Baltimore", The American gazetteer, Boston: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews, OL 23272543M
  5. ^ a b c d e Charles Varle (1833), A complete view of Baltimore, Baltimore: S. Young, OL 19370655M
  6. ^ a b Charles Coffin Jewett (1851), Notices of public libraries in the United States of America, Washington D.C: Smithsonian
  7. ^ a b William Fry (1812), Fry's Baltimore directory, for the year 1812, Baltimore: Printed by B.W. Sower, & Co. for the publisher, OL 24653908M
  8. ^ "History of Fort McHenry". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  9. ^ C. Keenan (1822), The Baltimore directory for 1822 & '23, Baltimore: Printed by R.J. Matchett, OL 23411032M
  10. ^ a b Davies Project. "American Libraries before 1876". Princeton University. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  11. ^ a b c Joseph Lawrence Yeatman (Fall 1985). "Literary Culture and the Role of Libraries in Democratic America: Baltimore, 1815-1840". Journal of Library History. 20.
  12. ^ Uhler, John Earle (December 1925). "The Delphian Club: A Contribution to the Literary History of Baltimore in the Early Nineteenth Century". Maryland Historical Magazine. 20 (4): 305.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j J. Thomas Scharf (1881), History of Baltimore city and county, from the earliest period to the present day: including biographical sketches of their representative men, Philadelphia: L.H. Everts, OL 24157798M
  14. ^ Eugene Fauntleroy Cordell (1903), "Chronology", The medical annals of Maryland, 1799-1899, Baltimore: [Press of Williams & Wilkins company], OL 6966537M
  15. ^ a b The Baltimore city directory, for 1858-59, Baltimore, Md: John W. Woods, 1858, OL 17860479M
  16. ^ Baltimore (1881), 1730-1880: Celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the Settlement of Baltimore, Baltimore: Printed by order of the Mayor and City Council, OL 19368892M
  17. ^ Wroth, Lawrence Counselman (1922). "Baltimore" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 395.
  18. ^ Paul T Hellmann (2004). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Taylor & Francis.

Bibliography

[edit]
Published in the 19th c.
Published in the 20th c.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baltimore, Maryland.
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