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{{cleanup|date=September 2008}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[Image:FingalNSW2.jpg|thumb|285px|right|Fingal Headland and the Tweed River]]
{{Infobox Australian place
The island of '''Fingal Head''' was first sighted by [[James Cook]] about 17:00 on 16 May 1770 (log date and time). The area and small town is often just called Fingal. It is located on the Far North Coast of [[New South Wales]] in [[Tweed Shire]], about 5&nbsp;km south of the New South Wales and Queensland border, and south of the [[Queensland|Gold Coast]]. At the time of the [[Census in Australia#2006|2006 census]], Fingal Head had a population of 575 people.<ref name=Census2006Y>{{Census 2006 AUS|id=SSC17189|name=Fingal Head (State Suburb)|accessdate=20 September 2009|quick=on}}</ref>
|type = town
| name = Fingal Head
| state = NSW
| image = FingalNSW2.jpg
| caption = Fingal Headland and the Tweed River
| coordinates = {{coord|28.20277778|S|153.5666667|E|type:city_region:AUS|format=dms}}
| pop = 615
| pop_year = 2021
| pop_footnotes = <ref name=Census2021Y/>
| lga = Tweed Shire
| region = [[New South Wales North Coast|North Coast]]
}}

'''Fingal Head''' is a village on the [[Tasman Sea]] coast in the far northeast of [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]], about 5&nbsp;km south of the New South Wales and Queensland border. The village is often just called Fingal. The headland and the small off-shore Island ([[Cook Island (New South Wales)|Cook Island]]) were first sighted by [[James Cook]] about 17:00 on 16 May 1770 (log date and time). At the time of the [[2021 Australian census|2021 census]], Fingal Head had a population of 592 people.<ref name=Census2021Y>{{Census 2021 AUS|id=SAL11522 |name=Fingal Head (State Suburb)|accessdate=26 December 2023|quick=on}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
[[File:Basalt columns, Fingal Head, New South Wales.jpg|thumb|left|Basalt columns, 2021]]
[[File:Tweed River viewed from Fingal, New South Wales, 2009.JPG|thumb|Tweed River viewed from Fingal, New South Wales, 2009]]
<!-- [[Letitia Spit]] redirects here, hence bold -->
<!-- [[Letitia Spit]] redirects here, hence bold -->
The Tweed River, (discovered by John Oxley in October 1823) on the north coast of New South Wales runs northwards close to the coast for about 6&nbsp;km before reaching its mouth just south of present day Point Danger. A spit about 500–800 metres wide called "Letitia Spit" (named after the first ship to enter the river in July 1840) runs south for 2&nbsp;km to Fingal Head.
The Tweed River, (named by John Oxley in October 1823) on the north coast of New South Wales runs northwards close to the coast for about 6&nbsp;km before reaching its mouth just south of present-day Point Danger. A spit about 500–800 metres wide called "Letitia Spit" (named after the first ship to enter the river in July 1840) runs south for 2&nbsp;km to Fingal Head. [[Longshore drift]] moves 500,000 cubic metres of sand per year northwards past Letitia Spit.<ref name="tgc">{{cite book |last=Graham |first=Bruce |date=2004 |title=The Green Coast: The Natural Environment of the Tweed-Moreton Bioregion |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3101318 |location=Tweed Heads, New South Wales |page=111 |isbn=0-9751817-0-X}}</ref> The sand would fill the Tweed River entrance unpredictably and sometimes completely. In response the New South Wales government implemented the Tweed Sand Bypassing to transport sand under the river by pump on to northern beaches.<ref name="tsb">{{cite web |url=https://www.tweedsandbypass.nsw.gov.au/ |title=Tweed Sand Bypassing |publisher=Government of New South Wales |access-date=16 November 2021 }}</ref>


<!-- [[Giants Causeway, New South Wales]] and [[Cook Island, New South Wales]] redirect here, hence bolds -->
<!-- [[Giants Causeway, New South Wales]] and [[Cook Island, New South Wales]] redirect here, hence bolds -->
The headland itself was made from a lava flow from the now extinct [[Tweed Volcano]]. The rock composition in the area is mainly [[basalt]] or [[andesite]]. There are walking tracks all over this area. About 500 metres offshore from the headland is Cook Island, a rocky uninhabited island first charted by James Cook in 1770. The stretch of water to the island is called the "Giants Causeway", named after the famous Giants Causeway between Northern Ireland and Western Scotland. Cook Island was made a marine reserve in 1998 and as such fishing is prohibited in the waters nearby.
The headland, Cook Island and the Danger Reefs, were made from a lava flow from the now extinct [[Tweed Volcano]]. The rock composition in the area is mainly [[basalt]] or [[andesite]]. There are walking tracks all over this area. About 500 metres offshore from the headland is Cook Island, a rocky uninhabited island first charted by James Cook in 1770. The interlocking basalt columns on the north-east side of Fingal Head
were called the "Giants Causeway", named after the famous Giants Causeway between Northern Ireland and Western Scotland. The [[Fingal Caves]] located on the south side of Fingal Head, were destroyed and used in the early 1900s for the Tweed Break water. Cook Island was made a marine reserve in 1998 and as such fishing is prohibited in the waters nearby.


==History==
==History==
[[File:Queensland State Archives 1932 View of Cook Island from Fingal Head near Tweed Heads Tweed Shire c 1934.png|thumb|View from Fingal Head, circa 1934]]
There has been controversy over the naming of Fingal Head by James Cook in May 1770 for many years. Strong evidence suggests that Fingal Head was in fact; the point, James Cook named Point Danger.
There has been controversy over the naming of Fingal <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4399417|title = Point Danger or Fingal Head: Fingal Head and part of Cook's chart showing his Point Danger|year = 2007|publisher = Ken Gold}}</ref> Head by James Cook in May 1770 for many years. Strong evidence suggests that Fingal Head was, in fact, the point James Cook named Point Danger.


⚫
In 1823, [[John Oxley]] took shelter from Southerly winds, while sailing North from [[Port Macquarie]]. {{blockquote|"At 3 made sail intending to anchor to the South of Point Danger. At 5 passed close to a Bold Headland [Present-day Point Danger]about 3 Miles North of Pt.D. ([[Point Danger (Tweed Heads)|Point Danger]]) On the South Side of this headland we had the satisfaction to discover a considerable river with an apparent clear entrance." ([[Tweed River (New South Wales)|Tweed River]])}}
In 1823, [[John Oxley]] took shelter from Southerly winds, while sailing North from [[Port Maquarie]]
⚫
"At 3 made sail intending to anchor to the South of Point Danger. At 5 passed close to a Bold Headland about 3 Miles North of Pt.D. ([[Point Danger (Tweed Heads)|Point Danger]]) On the South Side of this headland we had the satisfaction to discover a considerable river with an apparent clear entrance." ([[Tweed River (New South Wales)|Tweed River]])</blockquote>


John Uniack and later Oxley went onto the island, where they found some [[sea turtle]]s and called the island "Turtle Island". In 1828 Henry John Rous (Captain of HMS ''Rainbow'') surveyed Oxley's [[Tweed River (New South Wales)|Tweed River]], the name used today. A chart published in 1831 by the Master of the "Rainbow" showing the island as "Cook's Isle" and the river named the "Clarance River" - the unnamed headland, North of the river was also named Point Danger. However the off-shore reefs East of the Island were not marked.
John Uniack and later Oxley went onto the island, where they found some [[sea turtle]]s and called the island "Turtle Island". In 1828 Henry John Rous (Captain of HMS ''Rainbow'') surveyed Oxley's [[Tweed River (New South Wales)|Tweed River]], the name used today. A chart published in 1831 by the Master of the "Rainbow" showing the island as "Cook's Isle" and the river named the "Clarance River" - the unnamed headland, North of the river was also named Point Danger. However the off-shore reefs East of the Island were not marked. Fingal Head would be named as such by Surveyor Robert Dixon who mapped the coastal districts between Brisbane Town and the Brunswick River in the winter months of 1840. It first appears on a map published By Dixon in Sydney in 1842. Dixon's party was also assisted at that time by the master and crew of the schooner Letitia, which they found had entered the Tweed. Hence the naming of Letitia Point. There is also every suggestion that Dixon made reference to the Giant's Causeway. It is highly probable that "Fingal Head" was named after [[Fingal's Cave]] on the island of [[Staffa]] in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland because of the similarity in appearance due to naturally formed [[Columnar basalt|Columnar Basalt]] outcrops which extend above the ocean surface.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.tweeddailynews.com.au/news/fingal-remains-quaint-seaside-village-nsw-border/621563/|title = Fingal remains a quaint village|website = Tweed Daily News|access-date = 2016-05-11}}</ref>


The local [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal people]] were the [[Minjungbal]], but white settlement significantly impacted the population in the late 19th to early 20th century.<ref>James Cook's hand-written manuscript dated 16 may 1770 held at the National Library</ref><ref>John Oxley's hand-written note book, dated Fri.31 Oct [1823] (Archives Office of NSW location 2/8093)</ref> In 1933, the last [[half-caste|full-blood]] Aboriginal woman on the Tweed was laid to rest in Fingal's Aboriginal cemetery following a service conducted at the mission church.<ref name=":0" />
The local [[Indigenous Australians|aboriginal]] people were the [[Minjungbal]], but the impact of white settlement meant they almost became wiped out by 1900.
<ref>James Cook's hand-written manuscript dated 16 may 1770 held at the National Library</ref>
<ref>John Oxley's hand-written note book, dated Fri.31 Oct [1823] (Archives Office of NSW location 2/8093)</ref>


Fingal Head Post Office opened on 15 March 1912, uprated from a telegraph office opened in October 1911.<ref name = "Post Office">{{Cite web | last = Premier Postal History | title = Post Office List | publisher = Premier Postal Auctions | url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=NSW&country= | accessdate = 2011-05-26}}</ref>
Fingal Head Post Office opened on 15 March 1912, uprated from a telegraph office opened in October 1911.<ref name = "Post Office">{{Cite web | last = Premier Postal History | title = Post Office List | publisher = Premier Postal Auctions | url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=NSW&country= | access-date = 2011-05-26}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
In the 2011 Census the population of Fingal Head is 544, 48% female and 52% male.
In the {{CensusAU|2011}}, Fingal Head recorded a population of 544 people, 48% female and 52% male.


The median/average age of the Fingal Head population is 42 years of age, 5 years above the Australian average.
The median age of the Fingal Head population was 42 years, 5 years above the national median of 37.


77% of people living in Fingal Head were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 3.1%, New Zealand 2.8%, Hong Kong 0.6%, Germany 0.6%, Czech Republic 0.6%.
77% of people living in Fingal Head were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 3.1%, New Zealand 2.8%, Hong Kong 0.6%, Germany 0.6%, Czech Republic 0.6%.


88.8% of people speak English as their first language 0.6% Bandjalang, 0.6% Italian, 0.6% Gumbaynggir, 0.6% Czech.
88.8% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.6% Bandjalang, 0.6% Italian, 0.6% Gumbaynggir, 0.6% Czech.


==Lighthouse==
==Lighthouse==
[[File:StateLibQld 2 45255 Lighthouse keeper on the observation platform of Fingal Head Lighthouse, New South Wales, ca. 1906.jpg|thumb|upright|Fingal Head Light with keeper, circa 1906]]
{{main|Fingal Head Light}}
{{main|Fingal Head Light}}
A provisional light station was established on the head in 1872 and in 1878 a proper lighthouse, built as a sandstone construction in a round design, was inaugurated. It was part of a series of five such lighthouses established between 1878 and 1880. The tower only stands 7 metres high, but that suffices since the headland itself adds additional height. Thus the [[focal plane]] of the lightsource is situated at 24 m above sea level. In 1920 the lightsource was changed from [[kerosene]] to [[acetylene]] and became automated. It was electrified in 1980. The [[light characteristic]] is a single flash every five seconds. Depending on the [[bearing (navigation)|bearing]], red light is shown in the east sector while the other sectors show white.<ref>{{cite loa|NSW|Fingal%20Head|The Fingal Head lighthouse}}</ref><ref>{{cite rowlett|nsw}}</ref>
A provisional light station was established on the head in 1872 and in 1878 a proper lighthouse, built as a sandstone construction in a round design, was inaugurated. It was part of a series of five such lighthouses established between 1878 and 1880. The tower stands only seven metres high, but that suffices since the headland itself adds additional height. Thus the [[focal plane]] of the lightsource is situated 24 m above sea level. In 1920 the lightsource was changed from [[kerosene]] to [[acetylene]] and became automated. It was electrified in 1980. The [[light characteristic]] is a single flash every five seconds. Depending on the [[bearing (navigation)|bearing]], red light is shown in the east sector while the other sectors show white.<ref>{{cite loa|NSW|Fingal%20Head|The Fingal Head lighthouse}}</ref><ref>{{cite rowlett|nsw}}</ref>
<!-- I would like to add a short note in that my maternal great grandfather (William Arnold) was appointed to establish the first lighthouse at Fingal Head in 1872 and he and his wife (Henrietta Caroline Arnold) lived there with the traditional custodians for many years establishing a strong band with the local mob of the Minyangbal clan. King Comi was a particularly close friend I believe from my family history. Their wedding present was a water colour pen drawing by Lt. Cmdr. J. Gowland R.N. of the Schooner Edith where William Arnold served as a crew man during that first detailed European survey of the NSW coast line. Many stories emanated from that time and my late maternal grandmother was born in the house adjacent to the lighthouse,. The slab under that house remains there to this day and my late father panted the scene from that time. The photo in this thread shows my great grandfather on the steps of the lighthouse. -->


==Surfing==
==Surfing==
Since 1996 Fingal has hosted an annual [[surfing]] competition for [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous]] surfers. The first year attracted 90 surfers from across Australia. In 1999, [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS television]] commissioned a documentary called ''Surfing the Healing Wave'' about that competition, as part of an ''Unfinished Business - Reconciling the Nation'' series. It won Best Australian Documentary at the 2000 Real Life on Film Festival.
Since 1996 Fingal has hosted an annual [[surfing]] competition for [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous]] surfers. The first year attracted 90 surfers from across Australia. In 1999, [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS television]] commissioned a documentary called ''Surfing the Healing Wave'' about that competition, as part of an ''Unfinished Business - Reconciling the Nation'' series. It won Best Australian Documentary at the 2000 Real Life on Film Festival.


Fingal is not particularly noted as a surf spot as such. The headland does not form a point break on either side, so it is just beach breaks that occur there, but the southern side is one of the few places near the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]] with any protection from northerly winds.<ref>[http://www.afc.gov.au/filmsandawards/filmdbsearch.aspx?view=title&title=BOARDS&area=title&type=Documentary&genre=Indigenous+People+-+Australia ''Surfing the Healing Wave''] at the [[Australian Film Commission]]</ref><ref>[http://www.roninfilms.com.au/video/1886985/0/1832322.html ''Surfing the Healing Wave'' at Ronin Films]</ref>
Fingal is not particularly noted as a surf spot as such. The headland does not form a point break on either side, so it is just beach breaks that occur there, but the southern side is one of the few places near the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]] with any protection from northerly winds.<ref>[http://www.afc.gov.au/filmsandawards/filmdbsearch.aspx?view=title&title=BOARDS&area=title&type=Documentary&genre=Indigenous+People+-+Australia ''Surfing the Healing Wave''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312223121/http://www.afc.gov.au/filmsandawards/filmdbsearch.aspx?view=title&title=BOARDS&area=title&type=Documentary&genre=Indigenous+People+-+Australia |date=2007-03-12 }} at the [[Australian Film Commission]]</ref><ref>[http://www.roninfilms.com.au/video/1886985/0/1832322.html ''Surfing the Healing Wave'' at Ronin Films]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|New South Wales}}
*[[List of Irish place names in other countries]]
*[[List of places with columnar jointed volcanics]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 46: Line 68:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Fingal Head, New South Wales}}
* [http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/gazd01?rec=109151 Fingal Head page] at [[Geoscience Australia]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014165725/http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/gazd01?rec=109151 Fingal Head page] at [[Geoscience Australia]]
* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/new-south-wales/fingal-head/2005/02/17/1108500193540.html Fingal Head travel], in [[The Age]] newspaper 8 February 2004
* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/new-south-wales/fingal-head/2005/02/17/1108500193540.html Fingal Head travel], in [[The Age]] newspaper 8 February 2004
* [http://nrgeology.blogspot.com.au/search/label/fingal%20head Northern Rivers Geology Blog - Fingal Head]
* [http://nrgeology.blogspot.com.au/search/label/fingal%20head Northern Rivers Geology Blog - Fingal Head]
Line 56: Line 79:
[[Category:Tweed Volcano]]
[[Category:Tweed Volcano]]
[[Category:Surfing locations in New South Wales]]
[[Category:Surfing locations in New South Wales]]
[[Category:Coastal towns in New South Wales]]

Latest revision as of 06:25, 23 June 2024

Fingal Head
New South Wales
Fingal Headland and the Tweed River
Fingal Head is located in New South Wales
Fingal Head
Fingal Head
Coordinates28°12′10″S 153°34′00″E / 28.20277778°S 153.5666667°E / -28.20277778; 153.5666667
Population615 (2021)[1]
LGA(s)Tweed Shire
RegionNorth Coast

Fingal Head is a village on the Tasman Sea coast in the far northeast of New South Wales, Australia, about 5 km south of the New South Wales and Queensland border. The village is often just called Fingal. The headland and the small off-shore Island (Cook Island) were first sighted by James Cook about 17:00 on 16 May 1770 (log date and time). At the time of the 2021 census, Fingal Head had a population of 592 people.[1]

Geography

[edit]
Basalt columns, 2021
Tweed River viewed from Fingal, New South Wales, 2009

The Tweed River, (named by John Oxley in October 1823) on the north coast of New South Wales runs northwards close to the coast for about 6 km before reaching its mouth just south of present-day Point Danger. A spit about 500–800 metres wide called "Letitia Spit" (named after the first ship to enter the river in July 1840) runs south for 2 km to Fingal Head. Longshore drift moves 500,000 cubic metres of sand per year northwards past Letitia Spit.[2] The sand would fill the Tweed River entrance unpredictably and sometimes completely. In response the New South Wales government implemented the Tweed Sand Bypassing to transport sand under the river by pump on to northern beaches.[3]

The headland, Cook Island and the Danger Reefs, were made from a lava flow from the now extinct Tweed Volcano. The rock composition in the area is mainly basalt or andesite. There are walking tracks all over this area. About 500 metres offshore from the headland is Cook Island, a rocky uninhabited island first charted by James Cook in 1770. The interlocking basalt columns on the north-east side of Fingal Head were called the "Giants Causeway", named after the famous Giants Causeway between Northern Ireland and Western Scotland. The Fingal Caves located on the south side of Fingal Head, were destroyed and used in the early 1900s for the Tweed Break water. Cook Island was made a marine reserve in 1998 and as such fishing is prohibited in the waters nearby.

History

[edit]
View from Fingal Head, circa 1934

There has been controversy over the naming of Fingal [4] Head by James Cook in May 1770 for many years. Strong evidence suggests that Fingal Head was, in fact, the point James Cook named Point Danger.

In 1823, John Oxley took shelter from Southerly winds, while sailing North from Port Macquarie.

"At 3 made sail intending to anchor to the South of Point Danger. At 5 passed close to a Bold Headland [Present-day Point Danger]about 3 Miles North of Pt.D. (Point Danger) On the South Side of this headland we had the satisfaction to discover a considerable river with an apparent clear entrance." (Tweed River)

John Uniack and later Oxley went onto the island, where they found some sea turtles and called the island "Turtle Island". In 1828 Henry John Rous (Captain of HMS Rainbow) surveyed Oxley's Tweed River, the name used today. A chart published in 1831 by the Master of the "Rainbow" showing the island as "Cook's Isle" and the river named the "Clarance River" - the unnamed headland, North of the river was also named Point Danger. However the off-shore reefs East of the Island were not marked. Fingal Head would be named as such by Surveyor Robert Dixon who mapped the coastal districts between Brisbane Town and the Brunswick River in the winter months of 1840. It first appears on a map published By Dixon in Sydney in 1842. Dixon's party was also assisted at that time by the master and crew of the schooner Letitia, which they found had entered the Tweed. Hence the naming of Letitia Point. There is also every suggestion that Dixon made reference to the Giant's Causeway. It is highly probable that "Fingal Head" was named after Fingal's Cave on the island of Staffa in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland because of the similarity in appearance due to naturally formed Columnar Basalt outcrops which extend above the ocean surface.[5]

The local Aboriginal people were the Minjungbal, but white settlement significantly impacted the population in the late 19th to early 20th century.[6][7] In 1933, the last full-blood Aboriginal woman on the Tweed was laid to rest in Fingal's Aboriginal cemetery following a service conducted at the mission church.[5]

Fingal Head Post Office opened on 15 March 1912, uprated from a telegraph office opened in October 1911.[8]

Demographics

[edit]

In the 2011 census, Fingal Head recorded a population of 544 people, 48% female and 52% male.

The median age of the Fingal Head population was 42 years, 5 years above the national median of 37.

77% of people living in Fingal Head were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 3.1%, New Zealand 2.8%, Hong Kong 0.6%, Germany 0.6%, Czech Republic 0.6%.

88.8% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.6% Bandjalang, 0.6% Italian, 0.6% Gumbaynggir, 0.6% Czech.

Lighthouse

[edit]
Fingal Head Light with keeper, circa 1906
Main article: Fingal Head Light

A provisional light station was established on the head in 1872 and in 1878 a proper lighthouse, built as a sandstone construction in a round design, was inaugurated. It was part of a series of five such lighthouses established between 1878 and 1880. The tower stands only seven metres high, but that suffices since the headland itself adds additional height. Thus the focal plane of the lightsource is situated 24 m above sea level. In 1920 the lightsource was changed from kerosene to acetylene and became automated. It was electrified in 1980. The light characteristic is a single flash every five seconds. Depending on the bearing, red light is shown in the east sector while the other sectors show white.[9][10]

Surfing

[edit]

Since 1996 Fingal has hosted an annual surfing competition for indigenous surfers. The first year attracted 90 surfers from across Australia. In 1999, SBS television commissioned a documentary called Surfing the Healing Wave about that competition, as part of an Unfinished Business - Reconciling the Nation series. It won Best Australian Documentary at the 2000 Real Life on Film Festival.

Fingal is not particularly noted as a surf spot as such. The headland does not form a point break on either side, so it is just beach breaks that occur there, but the southern side is one of the few places near the Gold Coast with any protection from northerly winds.[11][12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Fingal Head (State Suburb)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 26 December 2023. Edit this at Wikidata
  2. ^ Graham, Bruce (2004). The Green Coast: The Natural Environment of the Tweed-Moreton Bioregion. Tweed Heads, New South Wales. p. 111. ISBN 0-9751817-0-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ "Tweed Sand Bypassing". Government of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  4. ^ Point Danger or Fingal Head: Fingal Head and part of Cook's chart showing his Point Danger. Ken Gold. 2007.
  5. ^ a b "Fingal remains a quaint village". Tweed Daily News. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  6. ^ James Cook's hand-written manuscript dated 16 may 1770 held at the National Library
  7. ^ John Oxley's hand-written note book, dated Fri.31 Oct [1823] (Archives Office of NSW location 2/8093)
  8. ^ Premier Postal History. "Post Office List". Premier Postal Auctions. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  9. ^ "The Fingal Head lighthouse". Lighthouses of New South Wales. Lighthouses of Australia Inc.
  10. ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Australia: Northern New South Wales". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  11. ^ Surfing the Healing Wave Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine at the Australian Film Commission
  12. ^ Surfing the Healing Wave at Ronin Films
[edit]
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