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Sugarcane juice is the liquid extracted from pressed sugarcane. It is consumed as a beverage in many places, especially where sugarcane is commercially grown, such as Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, North Africa, mainly Egypt, and also in South America. Sugarcane juice is obtained by crushing peeled sugarcane in a mill and is one of the main precursors of rum.

In the United States, where processed sugarcane syrup is used as a sweetener in food and beverage manufacturing, "evaporated cane juice" is considered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be a misleading term for "sugar" on product labels because the FDA regards "juice" as a liquid derived from fruits or vegetables; the preferred term is "cane sugar".^[1]^[2]

Health risks

A mechanical method of extracting sugarcane juice

There are some diseases that can be transmitted by raw sugarcane, such as Leptospirosis.^[3] In Brazil, sugarcane juice has been linked to cases of Chagas disease, as sugarcane can contain traces of its responsible pathogen, Trypanosoma cruzi, left by infected insects if not properly cleaned.^[4]

Drinking sugarcane juice in Egypt may pose health risks due to contamination with the mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1.^[5]^[6]

Countries

Brazil

Sugarcane juice, known locally as caldo de cana,^[7] or garapa, is commonly sold by street vendors in Brazil.^[8] In a process similar to that of the street vendors of India, machines are used to press the sugarcane and the juice is extracted.^[9] It is sometimes served with lemon or pineapple juice.

Egypt

In Egypt, sugarcane juice is known as asab and is sold in juice shops around the country. The largest juice shop in Egypt is in Saft El Laban, Giza. Egyptians also mix lemon with asab and let it ferment to produce a fermented variant of the drink. The most highly prized asab comes from Minya, Egypt.^[10]

India

Sugarcane juice is sold by street vendors throughout India. The vendors put the sugarcane in a machine, which presses and extracts the sugarcane juice out. Sugarcane juice is usually served with a dash of lime and/or ginger juice. It is a very popular drink, especially during summer months, as a refreshing form of heat relief. ^[11]

Before sugarcane was introduced to the southern region, it had already been cultivated for many centuries in Southeast Asia and India for its sweet juice, which was used to produce crude sugar. When Jesuit priests began growing sugarcane in what is now downtown New Orleans in 1751, they faced challenges in efficiently converting its juice into sugar due to the high costs, unreliability, and lack of profitability. However, by the 1790s, businessman Etienne de Bore, along with skilled sugar maker Antoine Morin from Santo Domingo, successfully refined sugarcane juice into granulated sugar, thereby achieving profitability in the process.^[12]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, sugarcane juice drink is called minuman sari tebu. The iced sugar cane juice is called es tebu.^[13] In Indonesian, tebu is sugarcane and es is ice. It is one of the traditional beverages commonly sold street-side in Indonesia.^[14] The sugarcane plant has been cultivated in Java since ancient times. The earliest record comes from a 9th-century inscription, dated from the Medang Mataram period, that describes a sweet drink called Nalaka Rasa, which translates as "sugarcane juice".^[15]

The juice is extracted using a pressing machine to squeeze the sugary sap from sugarcane. The machine might be human-powered, or powered by a gasoline engine or electricity. The juice sold there is always served cold with ice cubes. Traditionally, it is sold throughout the country, especially among street vendors that set their stall on the street side. Today, cleaner vendors work in food courts of malls and shopping centers.^[16]

Madagascar

In the eastern region of Madagascar, sugarcane juice is fermented to make an inexpensive alcoholic beverage called betsa-betsa. The drink is popular with locals because it is cheaper than beer.^[17]

Myanmar

In Myanmar, sugarcane juice is known as kyan ye (ကြံရည်) and is available throughout the country.^[18] It is typically brewed during the summertime, and optionally blended with lime, jujube, or orange.^[19]

Pakistan

In 2019, the government of Pakistan declared sugarcane juice to be Pakistan's "national drink".^[20]

United States

In the United States, where the FDA regulates the description of ingredients on food labels, the term "evaporated cane juice" cannot be used because it misleads consumers to believe that cane juice is similar to fruit or vegetable juices.^[2] Instead, the FDA recommends "cane sugar" or another term determined by manufacturers who should "review the final guidance and consider whether their labeling terminology accurately describes the basic nature and characterizing properties of the sweetener used".^[1]

Vietnam

Sugarcane juice, known as nước mía or mía đá, is common in Vietnam as a drink. Other fruit juices may be added to balance the sweetness, such as kumquat^[21] or chanh muối. It used to be sold at street stalls in plastic bags, now in disposable plastic cups filled with ice or bottled.^[22]

References

^ ^a ^b "Federal Register: Ingredients Declared as Evaporated Cane Juice; Guidance for Industry; Availability". Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. 25 May 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Ingredients Declared as Evaporated Cane Juice: Guidance for Industry". Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. 1 May 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
^ Fisheries, Agriculture and. "Leptospirosis". Business.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
^ "Perguntas frequentes". Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2017-08-15.
^ Abdallah, Mohamed F.; Krska, Rudolf; Sulyok, Michael (2016). "Mycotoxin Contamination in Sugarcane Grass and Juice: First Report on Detection of Multiple Mycotoxins and Exposure Assessment for Aflatoxins B1 and G1 in Humans". Toxins. 8 (11): 343. doi:10.3390/toxins8110343. PMC 5127139. PMID 27869706.
^ Abdallah, Mohamed F.; Audenaert, Kris; Lust, Leonie; Landschoot, Sofie; Bekaert, Boris; Haesaert, Geert; De Boevre, Marthe; De Saeger, Sarah (1 February 2020). "Risk characterization and quantification of mycotoxins and their producing fungi in sugarcane juice: A neglected problem in a widely-consumed traditional beverage". Food Control. 108: 106811. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106811.
^ "Brazilian Street Food - A Dica do Dia". Rio & Learn. 28 September 2015. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
^ Andrade, Maria do Carmo; Joaquim Nabuco Foudantion. "Sugarcane Juice (Caldo de Cana)". basilio.fundaj.gov.br. Recife, Brazil: Government of Brasil. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
^ "Sugar Cane Juice aka "Caldo de Cana"". Colorful Foodie. 9 April 2015. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
^ Bruce Kraig; Colleen Taylor Sen (2013). Street Food around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 130. ISBN 978-1598849554.
^ Monisha Bharadwaj (16 July 2018). Indian Cookery Course. Octopus Books. pp. 1093–. ISBN 978-0-85783-593-2.
^ SCOTT R., SIMMONS (2014). Sugar and Sugarcane (APA 7th ed.). The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 267–269. ISBN 9780807831465.
^ "Kisah di Balik Segarnya Minuman Es Tebu". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
^ W, Rian Yulianto. Minuman Tradisional Indonesia (in Indonesian). Gulajava Ministudio. p. 36.
^ Widjanarko, Tulus. "Hanya Ada Di Candi Sojiwan: Menu Hidangan Raja Mataram Kuno". Tempo (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
^ Mediatama, Grahanusa. "Menyedot laba manis minuman tebu". kontan.co.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
^ Bradt, Hilary; Austin, Daniel (1 July 2014). Madagascar. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 9781841624983 – via Google Books.
^ "နွေရာသီနဲ့ လိုက်ဖက်တဲ့ သဘာဝ ကြံရည် သောက်ခြင်းရဲ့ ကျန်းမာရေး ကောင်းကျိုး ၆ ခု". ဧရာဝတီ (in Burmese). 2018-03-15. Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
^ "နွေရာသီနဲ့ ကြံရည်". MyFood Myanmar (in Burmese). 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-09-22. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
^ "Govt declares sugarcane juice as 'national drink' of Pakistan". The Nation. 25 January 2019. Archived from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
^ "Sweetest at the throat". 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
^ "Nuoc mia, or sugar-cane juice". 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

[fda-fedreg2016-1] "Federal Register: Ingredients Declared as Evaporated Cane Juice; Guidance for Industry; Availability". Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. 25 May 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.

[fda-guide2016-2] "Ingredients Declared as Evaporated Cane Juice: Guidance for Industry". Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. 1 May 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.

[3] Fisheries, Agriculture and. "Leptospirosis". Business.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2018.

[4] "Perguntas frequentes". Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2017-08-15.

[5] Abdallah, Mohamed F.; Krska, Rudolf; Sulyok, Michael (2016). "Mycotoxin Contamination in Sugarcane Grass and Juice: First Report on Detection of Multiple Mycotoxins and Exposure Assessment for Aflatoxins B1 and G1 in Humans". Toxins. 8 (11): 343. doi:10.3390/toxins8110343. PMC 5127139. PMID 27869706.

[6] Abdallah, Mohamed F.; Audenaert, Kris; Lust, Leonie; Landschoot, Sofie; Bekaert, Boris; Haesaert, Geert; De Boevre, Marthe; De Saeger, Sarah (1 February 2020). "Risk characterization and quantification of mycotoxins and their producing fungi in sugarcane juice: A neglected problem in a widely-consumed traditional beverage". Food Control. 108: 106811. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106811.

[7] "Brazilian Street Food - A Dica do Dia". Rio & Learn. 28 September 2015. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.

[8] Andrade, Maria do Carmo; Joaquim Nabuco Foudantion. "Sugarcane Juice (Caldo de Cana)". basilio.fundaj.gov.br. Recife, Brazil: Government of Brasil. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2021.

[9] "Sugar Cane Juice aka "Caldo de Cana"". Colorful Foodie. 9 April 2015. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2021.

[Taylor-10] Bruce Kraig; Colleen Taylor Sen (2013). Street Food around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 130. ISBN 978-1598849554.

[Bharadwaj2018-11] Monisha Bharadwaj (16 July 2018). Indian Cookery Course. Octopus Books. pp. 1093–. ISBN 978-0-85783-593-2.

[12] SCOTT R., SIMMONS (2014). Sugar and Sugarcane (APA 7th ed.). The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 267–269. ISBN 9780807831465.

[13] "Kisah di Balik Segarnya Minuman Es Tebu". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-15.

[14] W, Rian Yulianto. Minuman Tradisional Indonesia (in Indonesian). Gulajava Ministudio. p. 36.

[15] Widjanarko, Tulus. "Hanya Ada Di Candi Sojiwan: Menu Hidangan Raja Mataram Kuno". Tempo (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2017-11-15.

[16] Mediatama, Grahanusa. "Menyedot laba manis minuman tebu". kontan.co.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-15.

[17] Bradt, Hilary; Austin, Daniel (1 July 2014). Madagascar. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 9781841624983 – via Google Books.

[18] "နွေရာသီနဲ့ လိုက်ဖက်တဲ့ သဘာဝ ကြံရည် သောက်ခြင်းရဲ့ ကျန်းမာရေး ကောင်းကျိုး ၆ ခု". ဧရာဝတီ (in Burmese). 2018-03-15. Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2021-01-12.

[19] "နွေရာသီနဲ့ ကြံရည်". MyFood Myanmar (in Burmese). 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-09-22. Retrieved 2021-01-12.

[20] "Govt declares sugarcane juice as 'national drink' of Pakistan". The Nation. 25 January 2019. Archived from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.

[21] "Sweetest at the throat". 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

[22] "Nuoc mia, or sugar-cane juice". 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Liquid extracted from sugarcane}}
 [[File:Sugarcanejuice.jpg|thumb|Sugarcane juice]]
-[[File:Making the guarapa from the sugarcane.jpg|thumb|200px|A machine used to extract sugar cane juice]]
+[[File:Making the guarapa from the sugarcane.jpg|thumb|Machine used to crush sugar cane to obtain the juice]]
-[[File:Sugarcane_juice_vendors,_Dhaka.jpg|thumb|200px|Hand cranked press in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]]]
-'''Sugarcane juice''' is the juice extracted from pressed [[sugarcane]]. It is consumed as a beverage in many places, especially where sugarcane is commercially grown such as [[Southeast Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Egypt]], [[Latin America]] and [[Brazil]].
+'''Sugarcane juice''' is the liquid extracted from pressed [[sugarcane]]. It is consumed as a beverage in many places, especially where sugarcane is commercially grown, such as [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[North Africa]], mainly [[Egypt]], and also in [[South America]].
+Sugarcane juice is obtained by crushing peeled sugarcane in a mill and is one of the main precursors of [[rum]].
+In the [[United States]], where processed sugarcane syrup is used as a [[sugar substitute|sweetener]] in food and beverage manufacturing, "evaporated cane juice" is considered by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) to be a misleading term for "sugar" on product labels because the FDA regards "juice" as a liquid derived from fruits or vegetables; the preferred term is "cane sugar".<ref name="fda-fedreg2016">{{cite web |title=Federal Register: Ingredients Declared as Evaporated Cane Juice; Guidance for Industry; Availability |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/05/26/2016-12402/ingredients-declared-as-evaporated-cane-juice-guidance-for-industry-availability |publisher=Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=22 August 2019 |date=25 May 2016 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822135334/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/05/26/2016-12402/ingredients-declared-as-evaporated-cane-juice-guidance-for-industry-availability |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fda-guide2016">{{cite web |title=Ingredients Declared as Evaporated Cane Juice: Guidance for Industry |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/97827/download |publisher=Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=22 August 2019 |date=1 May 2016 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214093521/https://www.fda.gov/media/97827/download |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The juice is obtained by crushing peeled sugar cane in a mill. It can be a hand cranked machine, or powered. It is served, often cold, and sometimes with other ingredients such as a squeeze of [[lemon]] or [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] (in Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Pakistan), [[pineapple]] (Brazil), [[passionfruit]], [[ginger]] (India, Zanzibar) or [[ice]]. In Pakistan it can be served with [[Kala Namak|black salt]] or [[Mentha|mint]].
+==Health risks==
-Sugarcane juice is especially popular among the Cuban expatriate community in [[Miami]], where it is found in abundance at many locations in [[Little Havana]]. It is the national drink of [[Pakistan]], where it is called "roh" and sold fresh nationwide by roadside vendors mostly. It is one of the most widely consumed drinks in India, especially in the northern states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pardesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pardesh. In [[Egypt]], sugar cane juice is a popular drink served by almost all fruit juice vendors, who can be found abundantly in most cities. In [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]], sugar cane juice is sold nationwide especially among street vendors. It is bottled for local distribution in some regions and sold at food courts daily. In [[Singapore]], it is sold in food courts only.
+[[File:A video of Sugarcane juice extraction.ogv|thumb|A mechanical method of extracting sugarcane juice]]
+There are some diseases that can be transmitted by raw sugarcane, such as [[Leptospirosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industry/agriculture/species/diseases-disorders/animals/leptospirosis|title=Leptospirosis|first=Agriculture and|last=Fisheries|website=Business.qld.gov.au|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326194554/https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industry/agriculture/species/diseases-disorders/animals/leptospirosis|url-status=live}}</ref> In Brazil, sugarcane juice has been linked to cases of [[Chagas disease]], as sugarcane can contain traces of its responsible pathogen, ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'', left by infected insects if not properly cleaned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiocruz.br/chagas/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=11 |title=Perguntas frequentes |website=Fundação Oswaldo Cruz |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815140129/http://www.fiocruz.br/chagas/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=11 |archive-date=2017-08-15}}</ref>
-Due to its high [[sugar]] content, it is high in [[calories]]. On the other hand, it is a highly recommended drink as it contains wide range of minerals and vitamins which are highly essential for health{{fact|date=August 2014}}.
+Drinking sugarcane juice in Egypt may pose health risks due to contamination with the [[mycotoxin]]s, [[Aflatoxin|aflatoxin B1]] and [[fumonisin B1]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdallah |first1=Mohamed F. |last2=Krska |first2=Rudolf |last3=Sulyok |first3=Michael |title=Mycotoxin Contamination in Sugarcane Grass and Juice: First Report on Detection of Multiple Mycotoxins and Exposure Assessment for Aflatoxins B1 and G1 in Humans |journal=Toxins |date=2016 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=343 |doi=10.3390/toxins8110343|pmid=27869706 |pmc=5127139 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdallah |first1=Mohamed F. |last2=Audenaert |first2=Kris |last3=Lust |first3=Leonie |last4=Landschoot |first4=Sofie |last5=Bekaert |first5=Boris |last6=Haesaert |first6=Geert |last7=De Boevre |first7=Marthe |last8=De Saeger |first8=Sarah |title=Risk characterization and quantification of mycotoxins and their producing fungi in sugarcane juice: A neglected problem in a widely-consumed traditional beverage |journal=Food Control |date=1 February 2020 |volume=108 |pages=106811 |doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106811}}</ref>
-==Health risk in rural areas==
-[[File:A video of Sugarcane juice extraction.ogv|thumb|This video shows a mechanical way of extracting sugarcane juice in [[Tuticorin]]]]
-In rural areas, raw sugar cane juice can be a [[health risk]] to drinkers, mostly because of the unhygienic conditions under which it is prepared. Since it is very sugary, it is an ideal [[culture medium]] for all kinds of [[microorganism]]s, so it should not be stored outside a [[refrigerator]]. It is almost always consumed as a freshly prepared drink. [[Pasteurization]] is required if the juice is to be bottled and sold as such, and a date of validity should be stamped on the container.
+==Countries==
-Garapa has been involved in a widely publicized episode in the state of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[Brazil]], when at least 49 tourists were infected with [[Chagas disease]] by drinking garapa most likely produced at roadside stalls.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} The sugar cane used for it most probably was contaminated with feces of the insect vector, a [[Reduviidae|Reduviid]].
+===Brazil===
-==Evaporated cane juice==
+Sugarcane juice, known locally as ''caldo de cana'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazilian Street Food - A Dica do Dia |url=https://rioandlearn.com/brazilian-street-food/ |website=Rio & Learn |access-date=3 April 2021 |date=28 September 2015 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422173653/https://rioandlearn.com/brazilian-street-food/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or ''garapa'', is commonly sold by street vendors in [[Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andrade |first1=Maria do Carmo |last2=Joaquim Nabuco Foudantion |title=Sugarcane Juice (Caldo de Cana) |url=http://basilio.fundaj.gov.br/pesquisaescolar_en/index.php?option=com_content&id=1258:sugarcane-juice |website=basilio.fundaj.gov.br |publisher=Government of Brasil |access-date=3 April 2021 |location=Recife, Brazil |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522141101/http://basilio.fundaj.gov.br/pesquisaescolar_en/index.php?option=com_content&id=1258:sugarcane-juice |url-status=live }}</ref> In a process similar to that of the street vendors of India, machines are used to press the sugarcane and the juice is extracted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sugar Cane Juice aka "Caldo de Cana" |url=https://colorfulfoodie.com/sugar-cane-juice-aka-caldo-de-cana/ |website=Colorful Foodie |access-date=3 April 2021 |date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419141822/https://colorfulfoodie.com/sugar-cane-juice-aka-caldo-de-cana/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is sometimes served with lemon or pineapple juice.
-Evaporated cane juice is a loosely defined term which can include combinations of [[sugars]] including [[glucose]], and [[fructose]]. Evaporated cane juice is a partially purified sugar, produced from a single-crystallization process during sugar cane milling. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines evaporated cane juice as any sweetener derived from sugar cane syrup. The US FDA considers the term “evaporated cane juice” to be misleading because the term incorrectly suggests that it is a juice, when in fact it is sugar syrup. Instead, the US FDA recommends using “sugar cane syrup” or “dried cane syrup” on food labels <ref>http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm181491.htm</ref>
-==Regions==
+===Egypt===
+In [[Egypt]], sugarcane juice is known as ''asab'' and is sold in juice shops around the country. The largest juice shop in Egypt is in [[Saft El Laban]], [[Giza]]. Egyptians also mix lemon with ''asab'' and let it ferment to produce a fermented variant of the drink. The most highly prized ''asab'' comes from [[Minya, Egypt]].<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book|author1=Bruce Kraig|title=Street Food around the World|author2=Colleen Taylor Sen|date=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1598849554|page=130}}</ref>
-===South Asia===
+===India===
+Sugarcane juice is sold by street vendors throughout [[India]]. The vendors put the sugarcane in a machine, which presses and extracts the sugarcane juice out. Sugarcane juice is usually served with a dash of lime and/or ginger juice. It is a very popular drink, especially during summer months, as a refreshing form of heat relief. <ref name="Bharadwaj2018">{{cite book|author=Monisha Bharadwaj|title=Indian Cookery Course|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1N1dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1093|date=16 July 2018|publisher=Octopus Books|isbn=978-0-85783-593-2|pages=1093–}}</ref>
-====India====
-[[Image:Sugarcane juice vendor Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|right|Sugarcane juice vendor in [[Hyderabad, India]]]]
+Before sugarcane was introduced to the southern region, it had already been cultivated for many centuries in Southeast Asia and India for its sweet juice, which was used to produce crude sugar. When Jesuit priests began growing sugarcane in what is now downtown New Orleans in 1751, they faced challenges in efficiently converting its juice into sugar due to the high costs, unreliability, and lack of profitability. However, by the 1790s, businessman Etienne de Bore, along with skilled sugar maker Antoine Morin from Santo Domingo, successfully refined sugarcane juice into granulated sugar, thereby achieving profitability in the process.<ref>{{Cite book |last=SCOTT R. |first=SIMMONS |title=Sugar and Sugarcane |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780807831465 |edition=APA 7th |publication-date=2014 |pages=267–269}}</ref>
-Sugar cane juice is a popular drink in India especially in states such as Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.It is called "Kabbina Halu or Kabbina rasa" in Kannada. It is called "Cheruku rasam" in Telugu in Andhra. It is known as "oosacha ras" or "ganne ka ras" in Maharashtra in Marathi and Hindi accordingly ('ras' translates to 'juice', whereas the former in both terms, 'oos' and 'ganna' translate to 'sugar cane'. It is called ''roh'' in eastern Punjab.Its called "Akhu" in Odisha. People usually like this drink in the summer months. Some other additives are added to the fresh juice like lemon,ginger, mint, and ice. "Oosacha ras" vendors are commonplace all year round in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}} People can find this drink along the roadsides in Punjab from mid-March to late October. Most of the vendors prepare fresh juice quickly on demand. Sugar is valued highly by common people because it is affordable.
-====Pakistan====
+===Indonesia===
-Sugar cane juice is the national drink of [[Pakistan]], where it is called ''roh'' and more commonly referred to as "gunney ka rus(meaning Sugarcane Juice)". It is sold by roadside vendors, where the juice is squeezed fresh when ordered. It is sold in glasses with or without ice. Very often a hint of ginger and lemon is added, along with optional salt or pepper.
-===Southeast Asia===
-====Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore====
 [[File:Es Air Tebu (Sugarcane juice) seller.JPG|thumb|''Es air tebu'', iced sugarcane juice sold by street vendor in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia.]]
+In [[Indonesia]], sugarcane juice drink is called ''minuman sari tebu''. The iced sugar cane juice is called ''es tebu''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://student.cnnindonesia.com/inspirasi/20170105142051-454-184300/kisah-di-balik-segarnya-minuman-es-tebu/|title=Kisah di Balik Segarnya Minuman Es Tebu|website=CNN Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2017-11-15|archive-date=2017-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115201237/https://student.cnnindonesia.com/inspirasi/20170105142051-454-184300/kisah-di-balik-segarnya-minuman-es-tebu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], ''tebu'' is sugarcane and ''es'' is ice. It is one of the traditional beverages commonly sold street-side in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDBCAgAAQBAJ&q=es+tebu+indonesia&pg=PA36|title=Minuman Tradisional Indonesia|last=W|first=Rian Yulianto|publisher=Gulajava Ministudio|language=id |page=36}}</ref> The sugarcane plant has been cultivated in Java since ancient times. The earliest record comes from a 9th-century inscription, dated from the [[Medang Kingdom|Medang Mataram]] period, that describes a sweet drink called ''Nalaka Rasa'', which translates as "sugarcane juice".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/848941/hanya-ada-di-candi-sojiwan-menu-hidangan-raja-mataram-kuno|title=Hanya Ada Di Candi Sojiwan: Menu Hidangan Raja Mataram Kuno|last=Widjanarko|first=Tulus|work=Tempo|access-date=2017-11-15|language=id|archive-date=2017-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929044958/https://travel.tempo.co/read/848941/hanya-ada-di-candi-sojiwan-menu-hidangan-raja-mataram-kuno|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]], sugar cane juice is called ''air tebu''. In [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malay language]], ''tebu'' is sugarcane and ''air'' is water. The sugarcane juice sold there are always served cold with ice cubes, therefore it is often called as ''es tebu'' (iced sugarcane juice). It is sold throughout the country especially among street vendors that set their stall on the street side. It is also bottled for local distribution in some regions and sold at food courts daily. In [[Singapore]], food courts sell sugarcane juice but not on streets. These countries use electronic or machine pressers as it is easier and faster. The majority of the Chinese community of all three countries refers to it as ''gam jia zui'' which means "sugarcane water" in their Chinese [[Hokkien]] dialect.
+The juice is extracted using a pressing machine to squeeze the sugary [[sap]] from sugarcane. The machine might be human-powered, or powered by a gasoline engine or electricity. The juice sold there is always served cold with ice cubes. Traditionally, it is sold throughout the country, especially among [[Street food of Indonesia|street vendors]] that set their stall on the street side. Today, cleaner vendors work in [[food court]]s of malls and shopping centers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://peluangusaha.kontan.co.id/news/menyedot-laba-manis-minuman-tebu|title=Menyedot laba manis minuman tebu|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|work=kontan.co.id|access-date=2017-11-15|language=id|archive-date=2017-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115201331/http://peluangusaha.kontan.co.id/news/menyedot-laba-manis-minuman-tebu|url-status=live}}</ref>
-====Cambodia====
-In Cambodia, it is very popular in the summer.
-====Myanmar====
+===Madagascar===
+In the eastern region of [[Madagascar]], sugarcane juice is fermented to make an inexpensive alcoholic beverage called ''betsa-betsa''. The drink is popular with locals because it is cheaper than beer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bradt|first1=Hilary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeG1AwAAQBAJ&q=betsa-betsa&pg=PA107|title=Madagascar|last2=Austin|first2=Daniel|date=1 July 2014|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781841624983|via=Google Books}}</ref>
-Sugarcane juice is very popular in [[Myanmar]] (Burma) and widely available across the country. It is called ''kyan yae'' (ၾကံရည္) in [[Burmese language|Burmese]].
-====Thailand====
+===Myanmar===
+[[File:Yangon sugarcane press.jpg|thumb|A Burmese street vendor in Yangon prepares sugarcane juice.]]
-Sugarcane juice can be found all over [[Thailand]]. In [[Thai language|Thai]], it is called ''nam oi'' (น้ำอ้อย; {{IPA-th|náːm.ʔɔ̂j|pron}}, lit. "cane water").
+In [[Myanmar]], sugarcane juice is known as ''kyan ye'' (ကြံရည်) and is available throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-03-15|title=နွေရာသီနဲ့ လိုက်ဖက်တဲ့ သဘာဝ ကြံရည် သောက်ခြင်းရဲ့ ကျန်းမာရေး ကောင်းကျိုး ၆ ခု|url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/2018/03/15/154167.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025100809/https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/2018/03/15/154167.html|archive-date=2020-10-25|access-date=2021-01-12|website=ဧရာဝတီ|language=my}}</ref> It is typically brewed during the summertime, and optionally blended with [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[jujube]], or [[Orange (fruit)|orange]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=6 April 2016|title=နွေရာသီနဲ့ ကြံရည်|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/sugar-cane/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922223834/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/sugar-cane/|archive-date=2021-09-22|access-date=2021-01-12|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my}}</ref>
-====Vietnam====
-Sugarcane juice, called ''nước mía'' or ''mía đá'', is very popular in [[Vietnam]] as a refreshing drink in the hot climate. [[kumquat|Kumquat juice]], a citrus, is often added to balance the sweetness.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.flavorboulevard.com/sugarcane-juice-is-sweetest-at-the-throat/ | title = Sweetest at the throat  | date = March 30, 2010 | accessdate = November 7, 2011}}</ref> It is available at numerous small street stalls and is often sold alongside other popular Asian beverages. It was common for sugar cane juice to be sold in small plastic bags filled with ice, with the open end attached around a drinking straw by a rubber band. It is now more commonly sold in disposable plastic cups.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vietnam-beauty.com/food-a-drink/vietnamese-drink/23-vietnamese-drink-/189--nuoc-mia-or-sugar-cane-juice-.html | title = Nuoc mia, or sugar-cane juice | date =  November 6, 2008 | accessdate = November 7, 2011}}</ref>
-===East Asia===
+===Pakistan===
+In 2019, the [[government of Pakistan]] declared sugarcane juice to be [[Pakistan]]'s "national drink".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/25-Jan-2019/government-declares-sugarcane-juice-as-national-drink-of-pakistan|title=Govt declares sugarcane juice as 'national drink' of Pakistan|newspaper=The Nation|date=25 January 2019|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=10 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210034543/https://nation.com.pk/25-Jan-2019/government-declares-sugarcane-juice-as-national-drink-of-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref>
-====Hong Kong====
-Street vendors began offering sugar cane juice in [[Hong Kong]] in the 1970s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}} Its popularity led to bottled sugar cane beverages being sold in supermarkets like [[PARKnSHOP]].
-===Latin America===
+===United States===
+In the [[United States]], where the FDA regulates the description of [[ingredient]]s on food labels, the term "evaporated cane juice" cannot be used because it misleads consumers to believe that cane juice is similar to fruit or vegetable juices.<ref name=fda-guide2016/> Instead, the FDA recommends "cane sugar" or another term determined by manufacturers who should "review the final guidance and consider whether their labeling terminology accurately describes the basic nature and characterizing properties of the sweetener used".<ref name=fda-fedreg2016/>
-Attention to hygiene conditions should be especially given out of urban centers, as drinking sugarcane juice that has been processed in a way that triatomines end up milled together or where the cane has been contaminated with the insects' feces has been known in various cases in Brazil to have transmitted the [[Chagas disease]] endemic to the region (the same applies to {{lang|pt|''[[açaí]]''}} preparations – the responsibles for the infection, protozoans ''T. cruzi'', can survive inside the fruits' pulp even at -20°C, equivalent to slight negative °F temperatures, for a few hours, being only really intolerant to about -30°C).<ref>[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u107034.shtml Santa Catarina registers 19 cases of Chagas disease (catch in an unseen manner) – Everyday life – Folha de S. Paulo Online] {{pt icon}}</ref><ref>[http://noticias.r7.com/saude/produtos-com-acai-podem-transmitir-doenca-de-chagas-31012013 Products with açaí can transmit Chagas disease – News – R7 Saúde] {{pt icon}}</ref>
-====Brazil====
+===Vietnam===
+[[File:Manh Squeezing Sugar Cane Juice - Dien Bien Phu - Vietnam (48159230787).jpg|thumb|A man is squeezing sugarcane juice for guests in [[Điện Biên]], Vietnam.]]
-In [[Brazil]], sugarcane juice is known as {{lang|pt|''caldo de cana''}} (that is sold on a {{lang|pt|''caldo-de-cana''}} bar<ref>[http://educacao.uol.com.br/dicas-portugues/ult2781u336.jhtm Drinking caldo de cana in a caldo-de-cana – Portuguese orthography and grammar tips – Uol Educação] {{pt icon}}</ref>), {{lang|pt|''garapa''}} or {{lang|pt|''guarapa''}} and is consumed fresh squeezed, most often with ice cubes,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flavorsofbrazil.blogspot.com/2010/09/caldo-de-cana-brazils-liquid-sugar.html |title=Flavors of Brazil: Caldo de Cana - Brazil's Liquid-Sugar Drink |publisher=Flavorsofbrazil.blogspot.com |date=2010-09-28 |accessdate=2013-12-06}}</ref> though some people might enjoy the annoyingly sweetness of consuming it plain at room temperature. Sometimes it can be combined with lime or pineapple juice.
+Sugarcane juice, known as ''nước mía'' or ''mía đá'', is common in [[Vietnam]] as a drink. Other fruit juices may be added to balance the sweetness, such as [[kumquat]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.flavorboulevard.com/sugarcane-juice-is-sweetest-at-the-throat/ | title = Sweetest at the throat | date = 30 March 2010 | access-date = 7 November 2011 | archive-date = 11 November 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111111130708/http://www.flavorboulevard.com/sugarcane-juice-is-sweetest-at-the-throat/ | url-status = live }}</ref> or [[chanh muối]]. It used to be sold at street stalls in plastic bags, now in disposable plastic cups filled with ice or bottled.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vietnam-beauty.com/food-a-drink/vietnamese-drink/23-vietnamese-drink-/189--nuoc-mia-or-sugar-cane-juice-.html | title = Nuoc mia, or sugar-cane juice | date = 6 November 2008 | access-date = 7 November 2011 | archive-date = 21 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110921102316/http://www.vietnam-beauty.com/food-a-drink/vietnamese-drink/23-vietnamese-drink-/189--nuoc-mia-or-sugar-cane-juice-.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
-Sugarcane juice is the primary source of economically important sugarcane derivatives such as raw sugar (obtained by [[evaporation]] and [[refining]]), [[cachaça]], the national liquor, and [[ethanol]], widely available and consumed as a disinfectant, cleaning agent, fuel for small incineration and fire-starting domestic purposes, and automobile fuel (all gasoline sold in the country contains at least 22% of ethanol).
-The origin of the word is unclear. There are two hypotheses:
-* African origin, it means "fermented drink" in West Africa and was brought into Brazil and the rest of Latin America by [[Atlantic slave trade|slave]]s from [[Cabo Verde]] islands, then to the [[Madeira]] islands.
-* [[Tupí language|Tupí]] origin, from ''guarab'', meaning a fermented drink laced with [[honey]].
-In Brazilian Portuguese, {{lang|pt|''garapa''}} is also used figuratively as meaning a good thing, easy to get. {{lang|pt|''Garapa doida''}} (crazy {{lang|pt|''garapa''}}) is also the name given to cachaça in the Amazon region, though its most common nickname in the country is {{lang|pt|''caninha''}} (literally "little cane").
-====Paraguay====
-In Paraguay, {{lang|es|''guaripola''}} or simply {{lang|es|''guari''}} is reserved for the alcoholic beverage, and {{lang|es|''mosto''}} for the fresh, non-fermented sugar cane juice. As a further differentiation, retailers use {{lang|es|''mosto helado''}} (ice-cold {{lang|es|''mosto''}}) to refer to the non-industrial, ready-to-drink, roadside, or bar variety.
-===Africa===
-====Egypt====
-In [[Egypt]], sugar cane juice is called ''aseer asab'' ([[Egyptian Arabic]]: {{IPA-arz|ʕɑˈsˤiːr ˈʔɑsˤɑb|}} عصير قصب) and is by far the most popular drink served by almost all fruit juice vendors, who are abundant in most cities.
-It is sold by roadside vendors, where the juice is squeezed fresh when ordered. It is sold in glasses with or without ice.
-But the juice can be a health risk to drinkers, mostly because of the unhygienic conditions under which it is prepared and served.
-====East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar====
-In Zanzibar street vendors crush sugar cane with small amounts of fresh ginger.
-==Gallery==
-<gallery>
-Image:Sugar Cane.jpg|Sugar Cane for sale on a footpath in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
-</gallery>
 ==See also==
 {{portal|Drink}}
 * [[List of Indian drinks]]
+* [[List of juices]]
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-* http://www.bluebytes.info/newscheck/DetailedNews.aspx?id=212117
+{{Sugar}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Sugar Cane Juice}}
-[[Category:Pakistani beverages]]
-[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
 [[Category:Syrup]]
-[[Category:Sugar]]
+[[Category:Sugar-based drinks|Juice]]
-[[Category:Non-alcoholic beverages]]
+[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]
-[[Category:Brazilian beverages]]
+[[Category:Pakistani drinks]]
+[[Category:Brazilian drinks]]
+[[Category:Burmese cuisine]]
+[[Category:Cambodian drinks]]
+[[Category:Indian drinks]]
+[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
+[[Category:Juice]]