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{{Short description|The shaping of a text's meaning by another text in literary studies}}
'''Intertextuality''' is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text. Intertextual figures include: [[allusion]], [[quotation]], [[calque]], [[plagiarism]], [[translation]], ''[[pastiche]]'' and [[parody]].<ref name="Genette97">[[Gerard Genette]] (1997) ''Paratexts'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=AmWhQzemk2EC&pg=PR18 p.18]</ref><ref name="Hallo2010">Hallo, William W. (2010) ''The World's Oldest Literature: Studies in Sumerian Belles-Lettres'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=WjNqb1G88b0C&pg=PA608 p.608]</ref><ref name="Cancogni1985">Cancogni, Annapaola (1985) [http://books.google.com/books?id=XLOwAAAAIAAJ ''The Mirage in the Mirror: Nabokov's Ada and Its French Pre-Texts''] pp.203-213</ref> An example of intertextuality is an author’s borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a reader’s referencing of one text in reading another.
{{Redirect|Intertext|the publisher|Intertext Publications}}
'''Intertextuality''' is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text, either through deliberate [[Composition (language)|compositional]] strategies such as [[quotation]], [[allusion]], [[calque]], [[plagiarism]], [[translation]], [[pastiche]] or [[parody]],<ref name="Genette97">[[Gerard Genette]] (1997) ''Paratexts'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=AmWhQzemk2EC&pg=PR18 p.18]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaźmierczak|first=Marta|date=2019-12-15|title=Intertextuality as Translation Problem: Explicitness, Recognisability and the Case of "Literatures of Smaller Nations"|journal=Russian Journal of Linguistics|volume=23|issue=2|pages=362–382|doi=10.22363/2312-9182-2019-23-2-362-382|issn=2312-9212|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Hallo2010">Hallo, William W. (2010) ''The World's Oldest Literature: Studies in Sumerian Belles-Lettres'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=WjNqb1G88b0C&pg=PA608 p.608]</ref><ref name="Cancogni1985">Cancogni, Annapaola (1985) [https://books.google.com/books?id=XLOwAAAAIAAJ ''The Mirage in the Mirror: Nabokov's Ada and Its French Pre-Texts''] pp.203-213</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Intertextuality, Allusion, and Quotation: An International Bibliography of Critical Studies (Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature)|last=Hebel|first=Udo J|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0313265174}}</ref> or by interconnections between similar or related works perceived by an audience or reader of the text.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/intertextuality "Definition of Intertextuality"], "Dictionary.com", Retrieved on 15 March 2018.</ref> These references are sometimes made deliberately and depend on a reader's prior knowledge and understanding of the referent, but the effect of intertextuality is not always intentional and is sometimes inadvertent. Often associated with strategies employed by writers working in imaginative registers (fiction, poetry, and drama and even non-written texts like performance art and digital media),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bzpxp_FHj8C&q=intertextuality&pg=PR7|title=Influence and Intertextuality in Literary History|last=Clayton|first=John B.|date=1991|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9780299130343|language=en}}</ref><ref>Gadavanij, Savitri. [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.484.8982&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Intertextuality as Discourse Strategy"], School of Language and Communication, Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref> intertextuality may now be understood as intrinsic to any text.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roozen|first=Kevin|title=Naming What We Know: Threshold Concepts of Writing Studies|publisher=Utah State UP|year=2015|isbn=978-0-87421-989-0|location=Logan|pages=44–47|chapter=Texts Get Their Meaning from Other Texts}}</ref>


The term “intertextuality” has, itself, been borrowed and transformed many times since it was coined by [[poststructuralism|poststructuralist]] [[Julia Kristeva]] in 1966. As philosopher [[William Irwin (philosopher)|William Irwin]] wrote, the term “has come to have almost as many meanings as users, from those faithful to Kristeva’s original vision to those who simply use it as a stylish way of talking about [[allusion]] and [[Social influence|influence]].”<ref>Irwin,2, October 2004, pp. 227–242, 228.</ref>
Intertextuality has been differentiated into referential and typological categories. Referential intertextuality refers to the use of fragments in texts and the typological intertextuality refers to the use of pattern and structure in typical texts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mayer |first=Rolf |date=1990 |journal=Theoretical Linguistics |volume=16 |issue=2–3 |doi=10.1515/thli.1990.16.2-3.101|issn=0301-4428|title=Abstraction, Context, and Perspectivization – Evidentials in Discourse Semantics|s2cid=62219490}}</ref> A distinction can also be made between iterability and [[presupposition]]. Iterability makes reference to the "repeatability" of certain text that is composed of "traces", pieces of other texts that help constitute its meaning. Presupposition makes a reference to assumptions a text makes about its readers and its context.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Porter|first=James E.|date=1986|title=Intertextuality and the discourse community|journal=Rhetoric Review|volume=5|issue=1|pages=34–47|doi=10.1080/07350198609359131|s2cid=170955347|issn=0735-0198}}</ref> As philosopher [[William Irwin (philosopher)|William Irwin]] wrote, the term "has come to have almost as many meanings as users, from those faithful to [[Julia Kristeva]]'s original vision to those who simply use it as a stylish way of talking about [[allusion]] and [[Social influence|influence]]".<ref name="Irwin,2 p227–242, 228">Irwin,2, October 2004, pp. 227–242, 228.</ref>


==History==
==Intertextuality and poststructuralism==
[[File:ulyssesCover.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Joyce]]'s 1922 novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' bears an intertextual relationship to [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]''.]]
Kristeva’s coinage of “intertextuality” represents an attempt to synthesize [[Ferdinand de Saussure]]’s [[semiotics]]—his study of how [[Sign (semiotics)|signs]] derive their meaning within the structure of a text—with Bakhtin’s [[dialogic|dialogism]]—his examination of the multiple meanings, or “[[heteroglossia]]”, in each text (especially novels) and in each word.<ref>Irwin, 228.</ref> For Kristeva,<ref>Kristeva, Julia. Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980, p. 69.</ref> “the notion of intertextuality replaces the notion of [[intersubjectivity]]” when we realize that meaning is not transferred directly from writer to reader but instead is mediated through, or filtered by, “codes” imparted to the writer and reader by other texts. For example, when we read [[James Joyce]]’s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' we decode it as a [[modernist]] literary experiment, or as a response to the epic tradition, or as part of some other [[conversation]], or as part of all of these conversations at once. This intertextual view of literature, as shown by [[Roland Barthes]], supports the concept that the meaning of a text does not reside in the text, but is produced by the reader in relation not only to the text in question, but also the complex network of texts invoked in the reading process. –
[[Julia Kristeva]] coined the term "intertextuality" (''intertextualité'')<ref>analysis of ''Jehan de Saintré'', (in the collective volume ''Théorie d'ensemble'', Paris, Seuil, 1968).</ref> in an attempt to synthesize [[Ferdinand de Saussure]]'s [[semiotics]]: his study of how [[Sign (semiotics)|signs]] derive their meaning from the structure of a text ([[Mikhail Bakhtin|Bakhtin's]] [[dialogic|dialogism]]); his theory suggests a continual dialogue with other works of literature and other authors; and his examination of the multiple meanings, or "[[heteroglossia]]", of texts (especially novels) or individual words.<ref name="Irwin,2 p227–242, 228" /> According to Kristeva,<ref name="desire">{{Cite book |title=Desire in language : a semiotic approach to literature and art |last=Kristeva |first=Julia |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1980 |isbn=0231048068 |location=New York |pages=66 |oclc=6016349}}</ref> "the notion of intertextuality replaces the notion of [[intersubjectivity]]" when we realize that meaning is not transferred directly from writer to reader but is instead mediated or filtered by "codes" imparted to the writer and reader by other texts. For example, when we read [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' we decode it as a [[modernist]] literary experiment or as a response to the epic tradition, or as part of some other [[conversation]], or as part of many conversations at once. This intertextual view of literature, as shown by [[Roland Barthes]], supports the concept that the meaning of a text does not reside in the text, but is produced by the reader in relation both to the text in question and the complex network of texts evoked by the reading process.


While the theoretical concept of intertextuality is associated with [[post-modernism]], the device itself is not new. [[New Testament]] passages quote from the [[Old Testament]] and Old Testament books such as [[Deuteronomy]] or the [[Nevi'im|prophet]]s refer to the events described in [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] (for discussions on using 'intertextuality' to describe the use of the Old Testament in the New Testament, see Porter 1997; [[B. J. Oropeza|Oropeza]] 2013; [[B. J. Oropeza|Oropeza]] & Moyise, 2016). Whereas a [[Redaction criticism|redaction critic]] would use such intertextuality to argue for a particular order and process of the authorship of the books in question, [[literary criticism]] takes a synchronic view that deals with the texts in their final form, as an interconnected body of [[literature]]. This interconnected body extends to later poems and paintings that refer to Biblical narratives, just as other texts build networks around Greek and Roman [[Classical antiquity|Classical]] history and mythology.
More recent post-structuralist theory, such as that formulated in Daniela Caselli's ''[[Samuel Beckett|Beckett]]'s [[Dante]]s: Intertextuality in the Fiction and Criticism'' (MUP 2005), re-examines "intertextuality" as a production within texts, rather than as a series of relationships between different texts. Some postmodern theorists <ref>Gerard Genette, ''Palimpsests: literature in the second degree'', Channa Newman and Claude Doubinsky (trans.), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln NE and London.</ref> like to talk about the relationship between "intertextuality" and "[[hypertextuality]]"; intertextuality makes each text a "living hell of hell on earth" <ref>Kristeva, 66.</ref> and part of a larger mosaic of texts, just as each [[hypertext]] can be a web of links and part of the whole [[World-Wide Web]]. Indeed, the [[World-Wide Web]] has been theorized as a unique realm of reciprocal intertextuality, in which no particular text can claim centrality, yet the Web text eventually produces an image of a community--the group of people who write and read the text using specific discursive strategies.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mitra|first=Ananda|title=Characteristics of the WWW Text: Tracing Discursive Strategies|journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication|year=1999|volume=5|issue=1|page=1|url=http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue1/mitra.html}}</ref>


=== Post-structuralism ===
One can also make distinctions between the notions of "intertext", "hypertext" and "supertext".{{Citation needed|reason=supertext is not a term in Wikipedia; what does it mean?|date=August 2014}} Take for example the ''[[Dictionary of the Khazars]]'' by [[Milorad Pavić (writer)|Milorad Pavić]]. As an intertext it employs quotations from the scriptures of the [[Abrahamic religion]]s. As a hypertext it consists of links to different articles within itself and also every individual trajectory of reading it. As a supertext it combines male and female versions of itself, as well as three mini-dictionaries in each of the versions.
More recent [[Post-structuralism|post-structuralist]] theory, such as that formulated in Daniela Caselli's ''[[Samuel Beckett|Beckett]]'s [[Dante]]s: Intertextuality in the Fiction and Criticism'' (MUP 2005), re-examines "intertextuality" as a production within texts, rather than as a series of relationships between different texts. Some postmodern theorists<ref>Gerard Genette, ''Palimpsests: literature in the second degree'', Channa Newman and Claude Doubinsky (trans.), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln NE and London.</ref> like to talk about the relationship between "intertextuality" and "hypertextuality" (not to be confused with [[Hypertext (semiotics)|hypertext]], another semiotic term coined by [[Gérard Genette]]); intertextuality makes each text a "living hell of hell on earth"<ref>Kristeva, 66.</ref> and part of a larger mosaic of texts, just as each [[hypertext]] can be a web of links and part of the whole [[World-Wide Web]]. The World-Wide Web has been theorized as a unique realm of reciprocal intertextuality, in which no particular text can claim centrality, yet the Web text eventually produces an image of a community—the group of people who write and read the text using specific discursive strategies.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mitra|first=Ananda|year=1999|title=Characteristics of the WWW Text: Tracing Discursive Strategies|url=http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol5/issue1/mitra.html|journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication|volume=5|issue=1|page=1|doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.1999.tb00330.x}}</ref>


== Examples in literature ==
==Competing terms==
Some examples of intertextuality in literature include:
Some critics have complained that the ubiquity of the term "intertextuality" in postmodern criticism has crowded out related terms and important nuances. Irwin (227) laments that intertextuality has eclipsed [[allusion]] as an object of literary study while lacking the latter term's clear definition.<ref>Irwin, 227.</ref> [[Linda Hutcheon]] argues that excessive interest in intertextuality rejects the role of the author, because intertextuality can be found "in the eye of the beholder" and does not entail a communicator's intentions. By contrast, in ''A Theory of Parody'' Hutcheon notes [[parody]] always features an author who actively encodes a text as an imitation with critical difference.<ref>Hutcheon, Linda. A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms. New York: Methuen, 1985.</ref> However, there have also been attempts at more closely defining different types of intertextuality. The Australian media scholar [[John Fiske (media scholar)|John Fiske]] has made a distinction between what he labels 'vertical' and 'horizontal' intertextuality. Horizontal intertextuality denotes references that are on the 'same level' i.e. when books make references to other books, whereas vertical intertextuality is found when, say, a book makes a reference to film or song or vice versa.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011|reason=Which Fiske does this come from?}} Similarly, Linguist [[Norman Fairclough]] distinguishes between 'manifest intertextuality' and 'constitutive intertextuality.'<ref>Fairclough, Norman (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press, 117.</ref> The former signifies intertextual elements such as presupposition, negation, parody, irony, etc. The latter signifies the interrelationship of discursive features in a text, such as structure, form, or genre. Constitutive Intertextuality is also referred to [[interdiscourse|interdiscursivity]],<ref>Agger, Gunhild Intertextuality Revisited: Dialogues and Negotiations in Media Studies. Canadian Journal of Aesthetics, 4, 1999.</ref> though, generally [[interdiscourse|interdiscursivity]] refers to relations between larger formations of texts.
* Perhaps the earliest example of a non-anonymous author alluding to another is when [[Euripides]], in his ''[[Electra (Euripides play)|Electra]]'' (410s BC), spoofs (in lines 524-38) the recognition scene from [[Aeschylus]]'s ''[[Oresteia#The Libation Bearers|The Libation Bearers]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lefkowitz |first1=Mary |author-link=Mary Lefkowitz |last2=Romm |first2=James |title=The Greek Plays: Sixteen Plays by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides |date=2016 |publisher=Modern Library |location=New York |isbn=9780812993004 |page=102}}</ref>
* ''[[East of Eden (novel)|East of Eden]]'' (1952) by [[John Steinbeck]]: A retelling of the account of Genesis, set in the Salinas Valley of Northern California.
* ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' (1922) by [[James Joyce]]: A retelling of Homer's ''[[Odyssey]]'', set in Dublin.
* ''[[Absalom, Absalom!]]'' (1936) by [[William Faulkner]]: A retelling of the [[Absalom]] story from [[Books of Samuel|Samuel]], set in antebellum Mississippi.
* ''[[Earthly Powers]]'' (1980) by [[Anthony Burgess]]: A retelling of [[Anatole France]]'s ''Le Miracle du grand saint Nicolas'' during the 20th century.
* ''[[The Dead Fathers Club]]'' (2006) by [[Matt Haig]]: A retelling of Shakespeare's ''[[Hamlet]]'', set in modern England.
* ''[[A Thousand Acres]]'' (1991) by [[Jane Smiley]]: A retelling of Shakespeare's ''[[King Lear]]'', set in rural Iowa.
* ''[[Perelandra]]'' (1943) by [[C. S. Lewis]]: Another retelling of the account of Genesis, also leaning on Milton's ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', but set on the planet Venus.
* ''[[Wide Sargasso Sea]]'' (1966) by [[Jean Rhys]]: A [[transtextuality|metatextual intervention]] on [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'', the story of the "[[Bertha Mason|mad woman in the attic]]" told from her perspective.
* ''[[The_Legend_of_Bagger_Vance_(novel)|The Legend of Bagger Vance]]'' (1996) by [[Steven Pressfield]]: A retelling of the Bhagavad Gita, set in 1931 during an epic golf game.
* ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' (1996) by [[Helen Fielding]]: A modern "[[chick lit]]" romantic comedy replaying and referencing [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]''.
* ''[[Tortilla Flat]]'' (1935) by [[John Steinbeck]]: A retelling of the Arthurian legends, set in [[Monterey, California]], during the interwar period.
* ''[[Mourning Becomes Electra]]'' (1931) by [[Eugene O'Neill]]: A retelling of Aeschylus' ''[[The Oresteia]]'', set in post-American Civil War New England.
* ''The [[Gospel of Matthew]]'' narrates the early years of the life of Jesus while following a pattern from the [[Hebrew Bible]]'s [[Book of Exodus]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://intertextual.bible/text/matthew-2.20-exodus-4.19 |title= intertextual.bible/text/matthew-2.20-exodus-4.19}}</ref>
* ''[[Frankissstein]]'' (2019) by [[Jeanette Winterson]]: A retelling of [[Mary Shelley]]'s 1818 classic ''[[Frankenstein]]'', examining updated issues of the monstrous, i.e. sex-bots and [[cryonics]].


==Related Concepts==
=== Related concepts ===
Linguist Norman Fairclough states that "intertextuality is a matter of [[recontextualization]]."<ref>Fairclough, Norman. ''Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research.'' New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 51.</ref> According to Per Linell, recontextualization can be defined as the "dynamic transfer-and-transformation of something from one discourse/text-in-context … to another."<ref>Linell, Per. "Discourse across boundaries: On recontextualizations and the blending of voices in professional discourse," ''Text'', 18, 1998, p. 154.</ref> Recontextualization can be relatively explicit—for example, when one text directly quotes another—or relatively implicit—as when the "same" generic meaning is rearticulated across different texts.<ref>Oddo, John. ''Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address.'' East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2014, p. 132-133.</ref>
Linguist Norman Fairclough states that "intertextuality is a matter of [[recontextualization]]".<ref>Fairclough, Norman. ''Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research.'' New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 51.</ref> According to Per Linell, recontextualization can be defined as the "dynamic transfer-and-transformation of something from one discourse/text-in-context ... to another".<ref>Linell, Per. "Discourse across boundaries: On recontextualizations and the blending of voices in professional discourse," ''Text'', 18, 1998, p. 154.</ref> Recontextualization can be relatively explicit—for example, when one text directly quotes another—or relatively implicit—as when the "same" generic meaning is rearticulated across different texts.<ref name="Oddo2014">Oddo, John. ''Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address.'' East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2014.</ref>{{rp|132–133}}


A number of scholars have observed that recontextualization can have important ideological and political consequences. For instance, Adam Hodges has studied how White House officials recontextualized and altered a military general’s comments for political purposes, highlighting favorable aspects of the general’s utterances while downplaying the damaging aspects.<ref>Hodges, Adam. "The Politics of Recontextualization: Discursive Competition over Claims of Iranian Involvement in Iraq, " ''Discourse & Society'', 19(4), 2008, 483-505.</ref> Rhetorical scholar Jeanne Fahnestock has shown that when popular magazines recontextualize scientific research they enhance the uniqueness of the scientific findings and confer greater certainty on the reported facts.<ref>Fahnestock, Jeanne. "Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical life of Scientific Facts," ''Written Communication'', 3(3), 1986, 275-296.</ref> Similarly, John Oddo found that American reporters covering Colin Powell’s 2003 U.N. speech transformed Powell’s discourse as they recontextualized it, bestowing Powell’s allegations with greater certainty and warrantability and even adding new evidence to support Powell’s claims.<ref>Oddo, John. ''Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address.'' East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2014.</ref>
A number of scholars have observed that recontextualization can have important ideological and political consequences. For instance, Adam Hodges has studied how White House officials recontextualized and altered a military general's comments for political purposes, highlighting favorable aspects of the general's utterances while downplaying the damaging aspects.<ref>Hodges, Adam. "The Politics of Recontextualization: Discursive Competition over Claims of Iranian Involvement in Iraq, " ''Discourse & Society'', 19(4), 2008, 483-505.</ref> Rhetorical scholar Jeanne Fahnestock has found that when popular magazines recontextualize scientific research they enhance the uniqueness of the scientific findings and confer greater certainty on the reported facts.<ref>Fahnestock, Jeanne. "Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical life of Scientific Facts," ''Written Communication'', 3(3), 1986, 275-296.</ref> Similarly, John Oddo stated that American reporters covering Colin Powell's 2003 U.N. speech transformed Powell's discourse as they recontextualized it, bestowing Powell's allegations with greater certainty and warrantability and even adding new evidence to support Powell's claims.<ref name="Oddo2014" />


Oddo has also argued that recontextualization has a future-oriented counterpoint, which he dubs "precontextualization."<ref>Oddo, John. "Precontextualization and the Rhetoric of Futurity: Foretelling Colin Powell's U.N. Address on NBC News," ''Discourse & Communication'', 7(1), 2013, 25-53.</ref> According to Oddo, precontextualization is a form of anticipatory intertextuality wherein "a text introduces and predicts elements of a symbolic event that is yet to unfold."<ref>Oddo, John. ''Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address.'' East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2014, p. 78.</ref> For example, Oddo contends, American journalists anticipated and previewed Colin Powell’s U.N. address, drawing his future discourse into the normative present.
Oddo has also argued that recontextualization has a future-oriented counterpoint, which he dubs "precontextualization".<ref>Oddo, John. "Precontextualization and the Rhetoric of Futurity: Foretelling Colin Powell's U.N. Address on NBC News," ''Discourse & Communication'', 7(1), 2013, 25-53.</ref> According to Oddo, precontextualization is a form of anticipatory intertextuality wherein "a text introduces and predicts elements of a symbolic event that is yet to unfold".<ref name="Oddo2014" />{{rp|78}} For example, Oddo contends, American journalists anticipated and previewed Colin Powell's U.N. address, drawing his future discourse into the normative present.


===Allusion===
==Examples and history==
While intertextuality is a complex and multileveled literary term, it is often confused with the more casual term 'allusion'. Allusion is a passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication.<ref name="dictionary.com plagiarism">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/plagiarism|title=the definition of plagiarism|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> This means it is most closely linked to both obligatory and accidental intertextuality, as the 'allusion' made relies on the listener or viewer knowing about the original source. It is also seen as accidental, however, as the allusion is normally a phrase so frequently or casually used that the true significance is not fully appreciated. Allusion is most often used in conversation, dialogue or metaphor. For example, "I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio's." This makes a reference to ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio]]'', written by [[Carlo Collodi]] when the little wooden puppet lies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/allusion|title=Allusion dictionary definition {{!}} allusion defined|website=www.yourdictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> If this was obligatory intertextuality in a text, multiple references to this (or other novels of the same theme) would be used throughout the hypertext.
[[File:ulyssesCover.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Joyce]]'s 1922 novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' bears an intertextual relationship to [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]''.]]
While the theoretical concept of intertextuality is associated with [[post-modernism]], the device itself is not new. [[New Testament]] passages quote from the [[Old Testament]] and Old Testament books such as [[Deuteronomy]] or the [[prophet]]s refer to the events described in [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] (though on using 'intertextuality' to describe the use of the Old Testament in the New Testament, see Porter 1997). Whereas a redaction critic would use such intertextuality to argue for a particular order and process of the authorship of the books in question, [[literary criticism]] takes a synchronic view that deals with the texts in their final form, as an interconnected body of [[literature]]. This interconnected body extends to later poems and paintings that refer to Biblical narratives, just as other texts build networks around Greek and Roman [[Classical antiquity|Classical]] history and mythology. Bullfinch's 1855 work ''[[The Age Of Fable]]'' served as an introduction to such an intertextual network;{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} according to its author, it was intended "...for the reader of English literature, of either sex, who wishes to comprehend the allusions so frequently made by public speakers, lecturers, essayists, and poets...".


==Plagiarism==
Even the nomenclature "new" and "old" (testament) reframes the real context that the Jewish [[Torah]] had been usurped by followers of a new faith wishing to co-opt the original one.
[[File:Arnaldo Dell'Ira (1903-1943), Parsifal Act 3, Picture composition.jpg|thumb|Intertextuality in art: "Nur eine Waffe taugt" (Richard Wagner, Parsifal, act III), by [[Arnaldo dell'Ira]], ca. 1930]]
Sociologist Perry Share describes intertextuality as "an area of considerable ethical complexity".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Share|first=Perry|date=January 2005|title=Managing intertextuality–meaning, plagiarism and power|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228770980|journal=ResearchGate}}</ref> Intertextuality does not necessarily involve citations or referencing punctuation (such as quotation marks) and can be mistaken for [[plagiarism]].<ref name="Ivanić 1998">{{Cite book|last=Ivanić|first=Roz|title=Writing and identity: The discoursal construction of identity in academic writing|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Co.|year=1998|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|author-link=Rosalind Ivanić}}</ref>{{rp|86}}
While the two concepts are related, the intentions behind using another's work is critical in distinguishing the two. When making use of intertextuality, usually a small excerpt of a hypotext assists in the understanding of the new hypertext's original themes, characters, or contexts.<ref name="Ivanić 1998" />{{page needed|date=October 2020}} Aspects of existing texts are reused, often resulting in new meaning when placed in a different context.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jabri|first=Muayyad|date=December 2003|title=Change as shifting identities: a dialogic perspective|url=http://www.msu.ac.zw/elearning/material/temp/1372165169dialogism%20-%20identities.pdf|journal=Journal of Organizational Change Management|volume=17|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=2018-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320165712/http://www.msu.ac.zw/elearning/material/temp/1372165169dialogism%20-%20identities.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Intertextuality hinges on the creation of new ideas, while plagiarism attempts to pass off existing work as one's own.


Students learning to write often rely on imitation or emulation and have not yet learned how to reformulate sources and cite them according to expected standards, and thus engage in forms of "patchwriting," which may be inappropriately penalized as intentional plagiarism.<ref>Howard, Rebecca Moore. (1995). Plagiarisms, authorships, and the academic death penalty. ''College English 57.7'', 788-806.</ref> Because the interests of [[Composition studies|writing studies]] differ from the interests of literary theory, the concept has been elaborated differently with an emphasis on writers using intertextuality to position their statement in relation to other statements and prior knowledge.<ref>C. Bazerman (2004). Intertextualities: Volosinov, Bakhtin, literary theory, and literacy studies. In A. Ball & S. W. Freedman (Eds.), Bakhtinian perspectives on languages, literacy, and learning (pp. 53-65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </ref> Students often find it difficult to learn how to combine referencing and relying on others' words with marking their novel perspective and contribution.<ref>Berkenkotter, C., Huckin, T., & Ackerman, J. (1991). Social Context and Socially Constructed Texts: The Initiation of a Graduate Student into a Writing Research Community. In ''Textual dynamics of the professions'' (pp. 191-215). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
Sometimes intertextuality is taken as [[plagiarism]] as in the case of Spanish writer [[Lucía Etxebarria]] whose poem collection ''Estación de infierno'' (2001) was found to contain metaphors and verses from [[Antonio Colinas]].
Etxebarria claimed that she admired him and applied intertextuality.{{cn|date=March 2013}}


== Non-literary uses ==
Some examples of intertextuality in literature include:
In addition, the concept of intertextuality has been used analytically outside the sphere of literature and art. For example, Devitt (1991) examined how the various genres of letters composed by tax accountants refer to the tax codes in genre-specific ways.<ref>Devitt, A. (1991). Intertextuality in tax accounting. In ''Textual Dynamics of the Professions: Historical and Contemporary Studies of Writing in Professional Communities''. Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Pages 336-357. </ref> In another example, Christensen (2016)<ref>Christensen, L.R. (2016). On Intertext in Chemotherapy: an Ethnography of Text in Medical Practice. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW): The Journal of Collaborative Computing and Work Practices. Volume 25, Issue 1, pp 1-38</ref> introduces the concept of intertextuality to the analysis of work practice at a hospital. The study shows that the ensemble of documents used and produced at a hospital department can be said to form a corpus of written texts. On the basis of the corpus, or subsections thereof, the actors in cooperative work create intertext between relevant (complementary) texts in a particular situation, for a particular purpose. The intertext of a particular situation can be constituted by several kinds of intertextuality, including the complementary type, the intratextual type and the mediated type. In this manner the concept of intertext has had an impact beyond literature and art studies.
*''[[East of Eden (novel)|East of Eden]]'' (1952) by [[John Steinbeck]]: A retelling of the story of Genesis, set in the Salinas Valley of Northern California.
*''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' (1922) by [[James Joyce]]: A retelling of Homer's ''[[Odyssey]]'', set in Dublin.
*''[[The Dead Fathers Club]]'' (2006) by [[Matt Haig]]: A retelling of Shakespeare's ''[[Hamlet]]'', set in modern England.
*''[[A Thousand Acres]]'' (1991) by [[Jane Smiley]]: A retelling of Shakespeare's ''[[King Lear]]'', set in rural Iowa.
*''[[Perelandra]]'' (1943) by [[C. S. Lewis]]: Another retelling of the story of Genesis, also leaning on Milton's [[Paradise Lost]], but set on the planet Venus.
*''[[Wide Sargasso Sea]]'' (1966) by [[Jean Rhys]]: A [[textual intervention]] on [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'', the story of the "[[mad women in the attic]]" told from her perspective.
*''[[The Legend of Bagger Vance]]'' (1996) by [[Steven Pressfield]]: A retelling of the Bhagavad Gita, set in 1931 during an epic golf game.
*''[[Tortilla Flat]]'' (1935) by [[John Steinbeck]]: A retelling of the Arthurian legends, set in ''[[Monterey, CA]]'' during the interwar period.
*''[[Mourning Becomes Electra]]'' (1931) by [[Eugene O'Neill]]: A retelling of Aeschylus' ''[[The Oresteia]]'', set in the post-American Civil War South.


In scientific and other scholarly writing intertextuality is core to the collaborative nature of knowledge building and thus citation practices are important to the social organization of fields, the codification of knowledge, and the reward system for professional contribution.<ref>Merton, R. K. (1957). Priorities in scientific discovery. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 635-659.</ref> Scientists can be skillfully intentional in the use of references to prior work in order to position the contribution of their work.<ref>Swales, J. (1981). Aspects of article introductions. Language Studies Unit, University of Aston in Birmingham.</ref><ref>Bazerman, C. (1993). Intertextual self-fashioning: Gould and Lewontin's representations of the literature. In R. Selzer (Ed.), Understanding scientific prose (pp. 20-41). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. </ref> Modern practices of scientific citation, however, have only developed since the late eighteenth century<ref>Bazerman, C. (1991). How natural philosophers can cooperate: The rhetorical technology of coordinated research in Joseph Priestley's History and Present State of Electricity. In C. Bazerman & J. Paradis (Eds.), Textual dynamics of the professions (pp. 13-44). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref> and vary across fields, in part influenced by disciplines’ epistemologies.<ref>C. Bazerman (1987). Codifying the social scientific style: The APA Publication Manual as a behaviorist rhetoric. In J. Nelson, A. Megill, & D. McCloskey (Eds.). The rhetoric of the human sciences (pp. 125-144). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2009}}

===Works cited===
*Agger, Gunhild ''Intertextuality Revisited: Dialogues and Negotiations in Media Studies.'' Canadian Journal of Aesthetics, 4, 1999.
*Fahnestock, Jeanne. "Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical life of Scientific Facts," ''Written Communication'', 3(3), 1986, 275-296.
*Fairclough, Norman. ''Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research.'' New York: Routledge, 2003.
*Griffig, Thomas. ''Intertextualität in linguistischen Fachaufsätzen des Englischen und Deutschen (Intertextuality in English and German Linguistic Research Articles).'' Frankfurt a.M. et al.: Lang, 2006.
*Hodges, Adam. "The Politics of Recontextualization: Discursive Competition over Claims of Iranian Involvement in Iraq," ''Discourse & Society'', 19(4), 2008, 483-505.
*Hutcheon, Linda. ''A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms''. New York: Methuen, 1985.
*Irwin, William. <nowiki>''Against Intertextuality''</nowiki>.'' Philosophy and Literature'', v28, Number 2, October 2004, pp.&nbsp;227–242.
*Kristeva, Julia. ''Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.
*Linell, Per. "Discourse across boundaries: On recontextualizations and the blending of voices in professional discourse," ''Text'', 18, 1998, 143-157.
*Oddo, John. ''Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address.'' East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2014.
*Pasco, Allan H. ''Allusion: A Literary Graft''. 1994. Charlottesville: Rookwood Press, 2002.
*Porter, Stanley E. "The Use of the Old Testament in the New Testament: A Brief Comment on Method and Terminology." In ''Early Christian Interpretation of the Scriptures of Israel: Investigations and Proposals'' (eds. C. A. Evans and J. A. Sanders; JSNTSup 14; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997), 79-96.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Citationality]]
* [[Détournement]]
* [[Honkadori]]
* [[Interdiscursivity]]
* [[Julia Kristeva]]
* [[Literary theory]]
* [[Literary theory]]
* [[Meta (prefix)|Meta]]
* [[Post-structuralism]]
* [[Post-structuralism]]
* [[Semiotics]]
* [[Semiotics]]
* ''[[The Shape of Time|The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things]]''
* [[Umberto Eco]]
* [[Meta]]
* [[Transmedia storytelling]]
* [[Transmedia storytelling]]
* [[Honkadori]]
* [[Transtextuality]]
* [[Interdiscursivity]]
* [[Type scene]]
* [[Umberto Eco]]
* [[The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2009}}

===Additional citations===
*De Lange, Attie; Comhrink, Annette. 'The matrix and the echo': Intertextual re-modelling in Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead. in ''Literator'', vol. 123, 1991, pp. 69-74..
*Griffig, Thomas. ''Intertextualität in linguistischen Fachaufsätzen des Englischen und Deutschen (Intertextuality in English and German Linguistic Research Articles).'' Frankfurt a.M.: Lang, 2006.
*Kliese, M. (2013). ''Little Lamb analysis''. CQUniversity e-courses, LITR19049 - Romantic and Contemporary Poetry.
*Oropeza, B.J. "Intertextuality." In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation''. Steven L. McKenzie, editor-in-chief. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 1, 453–63
*B. J. Oropeza and Steve Moyise, eds. ''Exploring Intertextuality: Diverse Strategies for New Testament Interpretation of Texts'' (Eugene, Ore.: Cascade Books, 2016).
*Pasco, Allan H. ''Allusion: A Literary Graft''. 1994. Charlottesville: Rookwood Press, 2002.
*Porter, Stanley E. "The Use of the Old Testament in the New Testament: A Brief Comment on Method and Terminology." In ''Early Christian Interpretation of the Scriptures of Israel: Investigations and Proposals'' (eds. C. A. Evans and J. A. Sanders; JSNTSup 14; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997), 79–96.

==External links==
{{Commons}}


{{Appropriation in the Arts}}
{{Appropriation in the Arts}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Intertextuality| ]]
[[Category:Literary concepts]]
[[Category:Literary concepts]]
[[Category:Postmodern terminology]]
[[Category:Post-structuralism]]
[[Category:Post-structuralism]]
[[Category:Intertextuality| ]]
[[Category:Transmediation]]
[[Category:Transmediation]]
[[Category:Text]]
[[Category:Text]]

Latest revision as of 16:07, 24 November 2024

"Intertext" redirects here. For the publisher, see Intertext Publications.

Intertextuality is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text, either through deliberate compositional strategies such as quotation, allusion, calque, plagiarism, translation, pastiche or parody,[1][2][3][4][5] or by interconnections between similar or related works perceived by an audience or reader of the text.[6] These references are sometimes made deliberately and depend on a reader's prior knowledge and understanding of the referent, but the effect of intertextuality is not always intentional and is sometimes inadvertent. Often associated with strategies employed by writers working in imaginative registers (fiction, poetry, and drama and even non-written texts like performance art and digital media),[7][8] intertextuality may now be understood as intrinsic to any text.[9]

Intertextuality has been differentiated into referential and typological categories. Referential intertextuality refers to the use of fragments in texts and the typological intertextuality refers to the use of pattern and structure in typical texts.[10] A distinction can also be made between iterability and presupposition. Iterability makes reference to the "repeatability" of certain text that is composed of "traces", pieces of other texts that help constitute its meaning. Presupposition makes a reference to assumptions a text makes about its readers and its context.[11] As philosopher William Irwin wrote, the term "has come to have almost as many meanings as users, from those faithful to Julia Kristeva's original vision to those who simply use it as a stylish way of talking about allusion and influence".[12]

History

[edit]
James Joyce's 1922 novel Ulysses bears an intertextual relationship to Homer's Odyssey.

Julia Kristeva coined the term "intertextuality" (intertextualité)[13] in an attempt to synthesize Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics: his study of how signs derive their meaning from the structure of a text (Bakhtin's dialogism); his theory suggests a continual dialogue with other works of literature and other authors; and his examination of the multiple meanings, or "heteroglossia", of texts (especially novels) or individual words.[12] According to Kristeva,[14] "the notion of intertextuality replaces the notion of intersubjectivity" when we realize that meaning is not transferred directly from writer to reader but is instead mediated or filtered by "codes" imparted to the writer and reader by other texts. For example, when we read James Joyce's Ulysses we decode it as a modernist literary experiment or as a response to the epic tradition, or as part of some other conversation, or as part of many conversations at once. This intertextual view of literature, as shown by Roland Barthes, supports the concept that the meaning of a text does not reside in the text, but is produced by the reader in relation both to the text in question and the complex network of texts evoked by the reading process.

While the theoretical concept of intertextuality is associated with post-modernism, the device itself is not new. New Testament passages quote from the Old Testament and Old Testament books such as Deuteronomy or the prophets refer to the events described in Exodus (for discussions on using 'intertextuality' to describe the use of the Old Testament in the New Testament, see Porter 1997; Oropeza 2013; Oropeza & Moyise, 2016). Whereas a redaction critic would use such intertextuality to argue for a particular order and process of the authorship of the books in question, literary criticism takes a synchronic view that deals with the texts in their final form, as an interconnected body of literature. This interconnected body extends to later poems and paintings that refer to Biblical narratives, just as other texts build networks around Greek and Roman Classical history and mythology.

Post-structuralism

[edit]

More recent post-structuralist theory, such as that formulated in Daniela Caselli's Beckett's Dantes: Intertextuality in the Fiction and Criticism (MUP 2005), re-examines "intertextuality" as a production within texts, rather than as a series of relationships between different texts. Some postmodern theorists[15] like to talk about the relationship between "intertextuality" and "hypertextuality" (not to be confused with hypertext, another semiotic term coined by Gérard Genette); intertextuality makes each text a "living hell of hell on earth"[16] and part of a larger mosaic of texts, just as each hypertext can be a web of links and part of the whole World-Wide Web. The World-Wide Web has been theorized as a unique realm of reciprocal intertextuality, in which no particular text can claim centrality, yet the Web text eventually produces an image of a community—the group of people who write and read the text using specific discursive strategies.[17]

Examples in literature

[edit]

Some examples of intertextuality in literature include:

[edit]

Linguist Norman Fairclough states that "intertextuality is a matter of recontextualization".[20] According to Per Linell, recontextualization can be defined as the "dynamic transfer-and-transformation of something from one discourse/text-in-context ... to another".[21] Recontextualization can be relatively explicit—for example, when one text directly quotes another—or relatively implicit—as when the "same" generic meaning is rearticulated across different texts.[22]: 132–133 

A number of scholars have observed that recontextualization can have important ideological and political consequences. For instance, Adam Hodges has studied how White House officials recontextualized and altered a military general's comments for political purposes, highlighting favorable aspects of the general's utterances while downplaying the damaging aspects.[23] Rhetorical scholar Jeanne Fahnestock has found that when popular magazines recontextualize scientific research they enhance the uniqueness of the scientific findings and confer greater certainty on the reported facts.[24] Similarly, John Oddo stated that American reporters covering Colin Powell's 2003 U.N. speech transformed Powell's discourse as they recontextualized it, bestowing Powell's allegations with greater certainty and warrantability and even adding new evidence to support Powell's claims.[22]

Oddo has also argued that recontextualization has a future-oriented counterpoint, which he dubs "precontextualization".[25] According to Oddo, precontextualization is a form of anticipatory intertextuality wherein "a text introduces and predicts elements of a symbolic event that is yet to unfold".[22]: 78  For example, Oddo contends, American journalists anticipated and previewed Colin Powell's U.N. address, drawing his future discourse into the normative present.

Allusion

[edit]

While intertextuality is a complex and multileveled literary term, it is often confused with the more casual term 'allusion'. Allusion is a passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication.[26] This means it is most closely linked to both obligatory and accidental intertextuality, as the 'allusion' made relies on the listener or viewer knowing about the original source. It is also seen as accidental, however, as the allusion is normally a phrase so frequently or casually used that the true significance is not fully appreciated. Allusion is most often used in conversation, dialogue or metaphor. For example, "I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio's." This makes a reference to The Adventures of Pinocchio, written by Carlo Collodi when the little wooden puppet lies.[27] If this was obligatory intertextuality in a text, multiple references to this (or other novels of the same theme) would be used throughout the hypertext.

Plagiarism

[edit]
Intertextuality in art: "Nur eine Waffe taugt" (Richard Wagner, Parsifal, act III), by Arnaldo dell'Ira, ca. 1930

Sociologist Perry Share describes intertextuality as "an area of considerable ethical complexity".[28] Intertextuality does not necessarily involve citations or referencing punctuation (such as quotation marks) and can be mistaken for plagiarism.[29]: 86  While the two concepts are related, the intentions behind using another's work is critical in distinguishing the two. When making use of intertextuality, usually a small excerpt of a hypotext assists in the understanding of the new hypertext's original themes, characters, or contexts.[29][page needed] Aspects of existing texts are reused, often resulting in new meaning when placed in a different context.[30] Intertextuality hinges on the creation of new ideas, while plagiarism attempts to pass off existing work as one's own.

Students learning to write often rely on imitation or emulation and have not yet learned how to reformulate sources and cite them according to expected standards, and thus engage in forms of "patchwriting," which may be inappropriately penalized as intentional plagiarism.[31] Because the interests of writing studies differ from the interests of literary theory, the concept has been elaborated differently with an emphasis on writers using intertextuality to position their statement in relation to other statements and prior knowledge.[32] Students often find it difficult to learn how to combine referencing and relying on others' words with marking their novel perspective and contribution.[33]

Non-literary uses

[edit]

In addition, the concept of intertextuality has been used analytically outside the sphere of literature and art. For example, Devitt (1991) examined how the various genres of letters composed by tax accountants refer to the tax codes in genre-specific ways.[34] In another example, Christensen (2016)[35] introduces the concept of intertextuality to the analysis of work practice at a hospital. The study shows that the ensemble of documents used and produced at a hospital department can be said to form a corpus of written texts. On the basis of the corpus, or subsections thereof, the actors in cooperative work create intertext between relevant (complementary) texts in a particular situation, for a particular purpose. The intertext of a particular situation can be constituted by several kinds of intertextuality, including the complementary type, the intratextual type and the mediated type. In this manner the concept of intertext has had an impact beyond literature and art studies.

In scientific and other scholarly writing intertextuality is core to the collaborative nature of knowledge building and thus citation practices are important to the social organization of fields, the codification of knowledge, and the reward system for professional contribution.[36] Scientists can be skillfully intentional in the use of references to prior work in order to position the contribution of their work.[37][38] Modern practices of scientific citation, however, have only developed since the late eighteenth century[39] and vary across fields, in part influenced by disciplines’ epistemologies.[40]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gerard Genette (1997) Paratexts p.18
  2. ^ Kaźmierczak, Marta (2019-12-15). "Intertextuality as Translation Problem: Explicitness, Recognisability and the Case of "Literatures of Smaller Nations"". Russian Journal of Linguistics. 23 (2): 362–382. doi:10.22363/2312-9182-2019-23-2-362-382. ISSN 2312-9212.
  3. ^ Hallo, William W. (2010) The World's Oldest Literature: Studies in Sumerian Belles-Lettres p.608
  4. ^ Cancogni, Annapaola (1985) The Mirage in the Mirror: Nabokov's Ada and Its French Pre-Texts pp.203-213
  5. ^ Hebel, Udo J (1989). Intertextuality, Allusion, and Quotation: An International Bibliography of Critical Studies (Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature). Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313265174.
  6. ^ "Definition of Intertextuality", "Dictionary.com", Retrieved on 15 March 2018.
  7. ^ Clayton, John B. (1991). Influence and Intertextuality in Literary History. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299130343.
  8. ^ Gadavanij, Savitri. "Intertextuality as Discourse Strategy", School of Language and Communication, Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  9. ^ Roozen, Kevin (2015). "Texts Get Their Meaning from Other Texts". Naming What We Know: Threshold Concepts of Writing Studies. Logan: Utah State UP. pp. 44–47. ISBN 978-0-87421-989-0.
  10. ^ Mayer, Rolf (1990). "Abstraction, Context, and Perspectivization – Evidentials in Discourse Semantics". Theoretical Linguistics. 16 (2–3). doi:10.1515/thli.1990.16.2-3.101. ISSN 0301-4428. S2CID 62219490.
  11. ^ Porter, James E. (1986). "Intertextuality and the discourse community". Rhetoric Review. 5 (1): 34–47. doi:10.1080/07350198609359131. ISSN 0735-0198. S2CID 170955347.
  12. ^ a b Irwin,2, October 2004, pp. 227–242, 228.
  13. ^ analysis of Jehan de Saintré, (in the collective volume Théorie d'ensemble, Paris, Seuil, 1968).
  14. ^ Kristeva, Julia (1980). Desire in language : a semiotic approach to literature and art. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 66. ISBN 0231048068. OCLC 6016349.
  15. ^ Gerard Genette, Palimpsests: literature in the second degree, Channa Newman and Claude Doubinsky (trans.), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln NE and London.
  16. ^ Kristeva, 66.
  17. ^ Mitra, Ananda (1999). "Characteristics of the WWW Text: Tracing Discursive Strategies". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 5 (1): 1. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1999.tb00330.x.
  18. ^ Lefkowitz, Mary; Romm, James (2016). The Greek Plays: Sixteen Plays by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. New York: Modern Library. p. 102. ISBN 9780812993004.
  19. ^ intertextual.bible/text/matthew-2.20-exodus-4.19
  20. ^ Fairclough, Norman. Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 51.
  21. ^ Linell, Per. "Discourse across boundaries: On recontextualizations and the blending of voices in professional discourse," Text, 18, 1998, p. 154.
  22. ^ a b c Oddo, John. Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2014.
  23. ^ Hodges, Adam. "The Politics of Recontextualization: Discursive Competition over Claims of Iranian Involvement in Iraq, " Discourse & Society, 19(4), 2008, 483-505.
  24. ^ Fahnestock, Jeanne. "Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical life of Scientific Facts," Written Communication, 3(3), 1986, 275-296.
  25. ^ Oddo, John. "Precontextualization and the Rhetoric of Futurity: Foretelling Colin Powell's U.N. Address on NBC News," Discourse & Communication, 7(1), 2013, 25-53.
  26. ^ "the definition of plagiarism". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
  27. ^ "Allusion dictionary definition | allusion defined". www.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
  28. ^ Share, Perry (January 2005). "Managing intertextuality–meaning, plagiarism and power". ResearchGate.
  29. ^ a b Ivanić, Roz (1998). Writing and identity: The discoursal construction of identity in academic writing. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
  30. ^ Jabri, Muayyad (December 2003). "Change as shifting identities: a dialogic perspective" (PDF). Journal of Organizational Change Management. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
  31. ^ Howard, Rebecca Moore. (1995). Plagiarisms, authorships, and the academic death penalty. College English 57.7, 788-806.
  32. ^ C. Bazerman (2004). Intertextualities: Volosinov, Bakhtin, literary theory, and literacy studies. In A. Ball & S. W. Freedman (Eds.), Bakhtinian perspectives on languages, literacy, and learning (pp. 53-65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  33. ^ Berkenkotter, C., Huckin, T., & Ackerman, J. (1991). Social Context and Socially Constructed Texts: The Initiation of a Graduate Student into a Writing Research Community. In Textual dynamics of the professions (pp. 191-215). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  34. ^ Devitt, A. (1991). Intertextuality in tax accounting. In Textual Dynamics of the Professions: Historical and Contemporary Studies of Writing in Professional Communities. Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Pages 336-357.
  35. ^ Christensen, L.R. (2016). On Intertext in Chemotherapy: an Ethnography of Text in Medical Practice. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW): The Journal of Collaborative Computing and Work Practices. Volume 25, Issue 1, pp 1-38
  36. ^ Merton, R. K. (1957). Priorities in scientific discovery. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 635-659.
  37. ^ Swales, J. (1981). Aspects of article introductions. Language Studies Unit, University of Aston in Birmingham.
  38. ^ Bazerman, C. (1993). Intertextual self-fashioning: Gould and Lewontin's representations of the literature. In R. Selzer (Ed.), Understanding scientific prose (pp. 20-41). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  39. ^ Bazerman, C. (1991). How natural philosophers can cooperate: The rhetorical technology of coordinated research in Joseph Priestley's History and Present State of Electricity. In C. Bazerman & J. Paradis (Eds.), Textual dynamics of the professions (pp. 13-44). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  40. ^ C. Bazerman (1987). Codifying the social scientific style: The APA Publication Manual as a behaviorist rhetoric. In J. Nelson, A. Megill, & D. McCloskey (Eds.). The rhetoric of the human sciences (pp. 125-144). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Additional citations

[edit]
  • De Lange, Attie; Comhrink, Annette. 'The matrix and the echo': Intertextual re-modelling in Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead. in Literator, vol. 123, 1991, pp. 69-74..
  • Griffig, Thomas. Intertextualität in linguistischen Fachaufsätzen des Englischen und Deutschen (Intertextuality in English and German Linguistic Research Articles). Frankfurt a.M.: Lang, 2006.
  • Kliese, M. (2013). Little Lamb analysis. CQUniversity e-courses, LITR19049 - Romantic and Contemporary Poetry.
  • Oropeza, B.J. "Intertextuality." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation. Steven L. McKenzie, editor-in-chief. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 1, 453–63
  • B. J. Oropeza and Steve Moyise, eds. Exploring Intertextuality: Diverse Strategies for New Testament Interpretation of Texts (Eugene, Ore.: Cascade Books, 2016).
  • Pasco, Allan H. Allusion: A Literary Graft. 1994. Charlottesville: Rookwood Press, 2002.
  • Porter, Stanley E. "The Use of the Old Testament in the New Testament: A Brief Comment on Method and Terminology." In Early Christian Interpretation of the Scriptures of Israel: Investigations and Proposals (eds. C. A. Evans and J. A. Sanders; JSNTSup 14; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997), 79–96.
[edit]
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