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{{Short description|Filipino diaspora}}
{{course assignment | course = Education Program:University of Utah/Gender and Economic Development in the Third World (Spring 2014) | term = Spring 2014 }}
{{About|the Filipino diaspora in general|Filipino migrant workers|Overseas Filipino Worker}}
{{multiple issues|
{{course assignment|course = Education Program:University of Utah/Gender and Economic Development in the Third World (Spring 2014)|term = Spring 2014}}
{{Cleanup|date=July 2009}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2009}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=November 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Overseas Filipinos
| group = Overseas Filipinos
|image = [[Image:Flag of the Philippines.svg|border|150px]]
| image = Filipino Diaspora.png
| image_caption = Map of the Filipino diaspora in the world
|population = '''10,460,327''' - '''13,500,000'''<ref name=popnote group=lower-alpha />
| native_name = ''Mga Pilipino sa Ibayong-dagat''
|tablehdr=Countries with over 100,000 overseas Filipinos (2012){{efn|Population figures shown are the top ten figures from estimates in 2012 by the Commission on Filipinos Overseas.<ref name=CFO2012 /> Countries for which other sources report significant differences from these include the following:
| native_name_lang =
*{{flagcountry|United States}}: 3,416,840<ref name="usacensus1">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP8&prodType=table|title=Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref>http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?fpt=table</ref>
| population = '''15 million''' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/09/article/dutertes-golden-age-comes-into-clearer-view/|title=Duterte's 'golden age' comes into clearer view|website=Asia Times|date=September 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/15/c_138473763.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015175432/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/15/c_138473763.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 15, 2019|title=Remittances from Filipinos abroad reach 2.9 bln USD in August 2019 - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref><br />
*{{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates|name=UAE}}: 700,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/dubai-filipinos-rejoice-as-cebu-pacific-arrives-with-cheap-deals-2013-01-21-1.491817 |title=Dubai Filipinos rejoice as Cebu Pacific arrives with cheap deals |publisher=Emirates 24/7 |date=2013-01-21 |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref>
figures below are for various years, per individual supporting sources cited.
|name=popnote}}
|region1 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| region1 = {{flagcountry|United States of America}}
| pop1 = 4,640,313 (2023) (Filipino ancestry and immigrants)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B02018?q=asians|title=American Community Survey 2023}}</ref>
|pop1 = 3,494,281
|region2 = {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop2 = 957,355 (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.pdf?st=eUUneN3B&Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic_origin&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]}}</ref>
|pop2 = 1,267,658
|region3 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates|name=UAE}}
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| pop3 = 725,893 (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia 2022 Census |url=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/static-assets/media/content/AR_20230514_GASTAT_Population_Report%204.06.12%20PM%202.pdf?crafterSite=gastat-portal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428202653/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/static-assets/media/content/AR_20230514_GASTAT_Population_Report%204.06.12%20PM%202.pdf?crafterSite=gastat-portal |archive-date=2024-04-28 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}</ref>
|pop3 = 931,562
|region4 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| region4 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop4 = 919,819 (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/2013/7/know-your-diaspora-united-arab-emirates|title=Know Your Diaspora: United Arab Emirates|website=Positively Filipino &#124; Online Magazine for Filipinos in the Diaspora|date=July 17, 2013 }}</ref>
|pop4 = 852,401
|region5 = {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Japan}}
| pop5 = 332,293 (2024)<ref>[https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/publications/press/13_00047.html 令和6年6月末現在における在留外国人数について]</ref>
|pop5 = 686,547
|region6 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| region6 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop6 = 408,836 (2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia General Community Profile |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2016/0 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=June 28, 2022}}</ref>
|pop6 = 391,705
|region7 = {{flagcountry|Japan}}
| region7 = {{flagcountry|Kuwait}}
| pop7 = 276,000 (2018)<ref>{{cite news |last=Michaelson |first=Ruth |date=July 23, 2018 |title=Kuwaiti star faces backlash over Filipino worker comments |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/23/who-will-refund-me-kuwaiti-star-ignites-row-over-filipinos-days-off |work=The Guardian |location=United Kingdom |access-date=February 12, 2019 |quote=The Philippine president, Rodrigo Duterte, asked the estimated 276,000 Filipino workers in Kuwait to return home, appealing to “their sense of patriotism” and offering free flights for the 10,000 estimated to have overstayed their visas. }}</ref>
|pop7 = 243,136
|region8 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| pop8 = 245,000 (2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20090206-187868/No-foreign-workers-layoffs-in-Malaysia|title=No foreign workers' layoffs in Malaysia - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|date=February 9, 2009}}</ref>
|pop8 = 218,777
|region9 = {{flagcountry|Kuwait}}
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Qatar}}
| pop9 = 240,000 (2017)<ref>{{cite news |last=Rivera |first=Raynald C |date=October 17, 2017 |title=Contribution of over 240,000 Filipinos in Qatar praised |url=https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/17/10/2017/Contribution-of-over-240,000-Filipinos-in-Qatar-praised |work=The Peninsula |location=Qatar |access-date=February 12, 2019 |quote=Timbayan underlined the important contribution of more than 240,000 Filipinos in Qatar engaged in various sectors, being the fourth largest expatriate community in Qatar. }}</ref>
|pop9 = 213,638
|region10 = {{flagcountry|Qatar}}
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Singapore}}
| pop10 = 203,243 (2013)<ref name="CFO2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623000052/https://cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf|archive-date=June 23, 2019|title=Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2013|publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration}}</ref>
|pop10 = 200,016
|region11 = {{flagcountry|HK}}
| region11 = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop11 = 150,000-200,000 (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thefrenchfilipinofamily.com/filipinos-in-france |title=Filipinos in France|date=September 22, 2020|access-date= May 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/oct/12/les-miserables-nouveau-the-lives-of-filipina-workers-in-the-playground-of-the-rich |title= Les nouveaux Misérables: the lives of Filipina workers in the playground of the rich |date=October 12, 2020|website=theguardian.com |access-date= September 14, 2021}}</ref>
|pop11 = 195,128
|region12 = {{flagcountry|Singapore}}
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Spain}}
| pop12 = 200,000 (2018)<ref name="productive">{{cite news | last=Masigan | first=Andrew J. | title=Economic diplomacy is as important as OFW diplomacy | url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2018/06/24/167514/economic-diplomacy-is-as-important-as-ofw-diplomacy/ | work=[[BusinessWorld]] | date=June 24, 2018 | access-date=September 9, 2022}}</ref>
|pop12 = 184,498
|region13 = {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| region13 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| pop13 = 164,000 (2021 UK census)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/coronavirus-filipino-front-line-workers-pay-ultimate-price-uk-200501075917665.html|title=Coronavirus: Filipino front-line workers pay ultimate price in UK|first=Ylenia|last=Gostoli|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>
|pop13 = 172,148
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Hong Kong}}
|languages = [[Philippine languages]], [[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| pop14 = 186,869 (2016)<ref name=hongkong2016>[http://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-mt.html A122: Population by Nationality, Year and Duration of Residence in Hong Kong] Hong Kong Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved April 3, 2020.</ref>
|religions = Mostly [[Christianity]], particularly [[Roman Catholicism]] {{·}} [[Islam]].
| region15 = {{flagcountry|Italy}}
|related = [[Filipino people]]
| pop15 = 158,926 (2023 Italian census)<ref name=istat>{{cite web|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/filippine/|title=Cittadini filippini in Italia la 2022|date=April 23, 2023 }}</ref>
|footnotes={{notelist}}
| region16 = {{flagcountry|Jordan}}
| pop16 = 40,538 (2020)<ref name="auto">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210627083816/https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/dfa-releasesupdate/25776-population-of-overseas-filipinos-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa] </ref>
| region17 = {{flagcountry|Lebanon}}
| pop17 = 33,424 (2020)<ref name="auto"/>
| languages =
| religions =
| related_groups =
}}
}}


An '''Overseas Filipino''' is a person of [[Filipino people|Filipino]] origin who lives outside of the [[Philippines]]. This term applies to Filipinos who are both abroad indefinitely as citizens or permanent residents of a different country, and to those Filipino citizens abroad for a limited, definite period, such as on a work contract or a student. It can also include [[seamen]] and others who work outside the Philippines but are not residents, either permanent or temporary, of another country.
An '''overseas Filipino''' ({{langx|fil|Pilipino sa ibayong-dagat}}) is a person of full or partial [[Filipinos|Filipino]] origin who trace their ancestry back to the [[Philippines]] but are living and working outside of the country. They get jobs in countries, and they move to live in countries that they get jobs in, or if they want to migrate to somewhere else, This term generally applies to both people of Filipino ancestry and citizens abroad. As of 2019, there were over 15 million Filipinos overseas.<ref name="auto2"/>

They are known by a variety of terms with slightly different and sometimes overlapping meanings. '''Overseas Filipino Workers''' or '''OFW''' are Filipinos working abroad that are expected to return permanently either upon the expiration of a work contract or upon retirement. '''Balikbayans''' are Filipinos who have become citizens of another country and have returned to the Philippines for a temporary though extended visit. '''Global Filipino''' is a term of more recent vintage that less widely used.

A former economics professor, [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]], [[List of Presidents of the Philippines|10th]] [[President of the Philippines]], applied the term '''Overseas Filipino Investor''' or '''OFI''' for Filipino [[expatriate]]s who contribute to the economy through [[remittance]]s, buying properties and creating businesses.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.philippinestoday.net/October2001/editorial1001.htm
|title=Editorial &mdash; Overseas Filipino investors
|publisher=Philippines Today
|date= 15 October – 14 November 2001
|accessdate=2007-08-01}}</ref>

As a result of this [[human migration|migration]], many countries have substantial Filipino communities.


==Population==
==Population==
In 2013, the [[Commission on Filipinos Overseas]] (CFO) estimated that approximately 10.2 million people of Filipino descent lived or worked abroad.<ref name="CFO2013" /> This number constitutes about 11 percent of the total [[Demographics of the Philippines|population of the Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Unlucky Country: The Republic of the Philippines in the 21St Century|last=McKenzie|first=Duncan Alexander|publisher=Balboa Press|year=2012|isbn=9781452503363|location=Bloomington, IN|pages=138}}</ref> It is one of the largest [[diaspora]] populations, spanning over 100 countries.<ref>{{cite book|author1=David K. Yoo|author2=Eiichiro Azuma|title=The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pg4HCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA402|date=January 4, 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-986047-0|page=402}}</ref>
In 2012, the Commission on Overseas Filipinos estimated that approximately 10.5 million Filipinos worked or resided abroad.<ref name="CFO2012">{{cite web|url=http://cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/2012_Stock_Estimate_of_Filipinos_Overseas.pdf|title=Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos As of December 2012|publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration|accessdate=2014-05-07}}</ref> This is about eleven percent of the population figure of 94.01 estimated by the [[National Statistics Office]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov.ph/|title=Philippines in Figures|publisher=[[National Statistics Office (Philippines)|National Statistics Office of the Philippines]].}}</ref>


The [[Overseas Filipino Worker]]s (OFWs) tend to be young and gender-balanced. Based on a survey conducted in 2011, the demographics indicate how the 24-29 age group constitutes 24 percent of the total and is followed by the 30-34 age group (23 percent) working abroad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Philippines: Selected Issues|last=IMF|publisher=International Monetary Fund Publication Services|year=2013|isbn=9781484374061|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=17}}</ref> Male OFWs account for 52 percent of the total OFW population. The slightly smaller percentage of the female overseas workers tend to be younger than their male counterparts.<ref name=":0" /> Production workers and service workers account for more than 80 percent of the labor outflows by 2010 and this number is steadily increasing, along with the trend for professional workers, who are mainly [[Nursing|nurses]] and [[engineer]]s.<ref name=":0" /> [[Filipino seamen]], overseas Filipino workers in the maritime industry, make an oversize impact on the global economy, making up a fifth to a quarter of the [[merchant marine]] crews, who are responsible for the movement of the majority of goods in the global economy.<ref name=Dec2018NGM>{{cite magazine |last1=Almendral |first1=Aurora |last2=Reyes Morales |first2=Hannah |date=December 2018 |title=Why 10 million Filipinos endure hardship abroad as overseas workers |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/filipino-workers-return-from-overseas-philippines-celebrates/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211091254/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/filipino-workers-return-from-overseas-philippines-celebrates/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 11, 2018 |magazine=National Geographic |location=United States |access-date=March 2, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Unsung Filipino seafarers power the global economy |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/02/16/unsung-filipino-seafarers-power-the-global-economy |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 16, 2019 |access-date=March 2, 2019 }}<br />{{cite book|author=Kale Bantigue Fajardo|title=Filipino Crosscurrents: Oceanographies of Seafaring, Masculinities, and Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFfpH6rJYEIC|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-1-4529-3283-5}}<br />{{cite book|author=Leon Fink|title=Sweatshops at Sea: Merchant Seamen in the World's First Globalized Industry, from 1812 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDsd812PbqcC&pg=PA186|year=2011|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3450-3|page=186}}</ref>
More than a million Filipinos every year leave to work abroad through overseas employment agencies and other programs, including government-sponsored initiatives. Overseas Filipinos often work as doctors, physical therapists, nurses, accountants, IT professionals, engineers, architects,<ref name="Gabnet">{{cite web |url=http://lists.ilps-news.com/pipermail/info-bureau/2004-July/000401.html
|author=GABRIELA Network USA
|title=<nowiki>[Info-Bureau]</nowiki> FW: STATEMENT ON FILIPINO HOSTAGE
|publisher=Philippine Women Centre of B.C &mdash; requoted by lists.ilps-news.com Mailing Lists
|date=19 July 2004
|accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> entertainers, technicians, teachers, military servicemen, seafarers, students and fast food workers.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Also, many overseas workers are women applying as domestic helpers and caregivers.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">p 1413, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1955369/pdf/hesr0042-1406.pdf</ref> Others [[emigration|emigrate]] and become [[permanent residency|permanent residents]] of other countries.


The OFW population is consistently increasing through the years and this is partly attributed to the government's encouragement of the outflow of contractual workers as evidenced in policy pronouncements, media campaigns, and other initiatives.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Globalization and International Political Economy: The Politics of Alternative Futures|last1=Rupert|first1=Mark|last2=Solomon|first2=Scott|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|isbn=978-0742529434|location=Lanham|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationint00rupe/page/88 88]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationint00rupe/page/88}}</ref> For instance, it describes the OFWs as the heroes of the nation, encouraging citizens to take pride in these workers.
The exodus includes a number of skilled workers taking on unskilled work overseas, resulting in what has been referred to as a [[brain drain]], particularly in the health and education sectors.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} For example, doctors have retrained to become nurses.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/>


==Economic impact==
==Economic impact==
In 2012, the [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] (BSP), the [[central bank]] of the Philippines, expects official [[remittance]]s coursed through banks and agents to grow 5% over 2011 to US$21 billion, but official remittances are only a fraction of all remittances.<ref name=InqIllegal>{{cite news|last=Remo|first=Michelle V.|title=Stop illegal remittance agents, BSP urged: Informal forex channels a problem in the region|url=http://business.inquirer.net/93066/stop-illegal-remittance-agents-bsp-urged|accessdate=16 November 2012|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=November 14, 2012}}</ref> Remittances by unofficial, including illegal, channels are estimated by the Asian Bankers Association to be 30 to 40% higher than the official BSP figure.<ref name=InqIllegal /> In 2011, remittances were US$20.117 billion.<ref name=Star2012growth>{{cite news|last=Magtulis|first=Prinz|title=Remittance growth poised to meet full-year forecast - BSP|url=http://www.philstar.com/business/2012/11/15/867048/remittance-growth-poised-meet-full-year-forecast-bsp|accessdate=16 November 2012|newspaper=The Philippine Star|date=November 15, 2012}}</ref>


In 2012, the [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] (BSP), the [[central bank]] of the Philippines, expected official [[remittance]]s coursed through banks and agents to grow 5% over 2011 to US$21 billion, but official remittances constitute only a fraction of all remittances.<ref name=InqIllegal>{{cite news|last=Remo|first=Michelle V.|title=Stop illegal remittance agents, BSP urged: Informal forex channels a problem in the region|url=http://business.inquirer.net/93066/stop-illegal-remittance-agents-bsp-urged|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=November 14, 2012}}</ref>
Philippines is the fourth largest recipient of official remittances after [[China]], [[India]], and [[Mexico]].<ref name=InqIllegal /> OFW remittances represent 13.5% of the country's [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], the largest in proportion to the domestic economy among the four countries.<ref name=inq7.net|>{{cite web|url=http://www.inq7.net/globalnation/sec_new/2005/dec/02-01.htm |title=Remittances can't replace good economic policies|accessdate=2007-05-10 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060305192447/http://www.inq7.net/globalnation/sec_new/2005/dec/02-01.htm |archivedate = 2006-03-05}}</ref> OFW remittances is also credited for the Philippines' recent economic growth resulting to investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as Fitch and S&P.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e.globis.jp/article/000253.html|title=MBA Buzz: More Funds in the Philippines
|accessdate=2013-06-11 |author=King del Rosario |last=|first= |authorlink= |date= |year= |month= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate=}}</ref>


Remittances by unofficial, including illegal, channels are estimated by the Asian Bankers Association to be 30 to 40% higher than the official BSP figure.<ref name="InqIllegal" />
In 2012, approximately 80% of the remittances came from only 7 countries—United States and Canada, the United Kingdom, UAE and Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Japan.<ref name=Star2012growth /> These countries are widely dispersed around the globe—in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and East Asia, respectively.


In 2011, remittances were US$20.118 billion.<ref name="Star2012growth">{{cite news|last=Magtulis|first=Prinz|title=Remittance growth poised to meet full-year forecast - BSP|url=http://www.philstar.com/business/2012/11/15/867048/remittance-growth-poised-meet-full-year-forecast-bsp|newspaper=The Philippine Star|date=November 15, 2012}}</ref>
==Consequences==


In 2012, approximately 80% of the remittances came from only seven countries—United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Japan.<ref name="Star2012growth" />
===Employment conditions===


In 2018, remittance had increased to $31 billion, which was nearly 10% of the GDP of the Philippines.<ref name="Dec2018NGM" />
Employment conditions abroad are relevant to the individual worker and their families as well as for the sending country and its economic growth and well being. Poor working conditions for [[Filipino people]] hired abroad include long hours, low wages and few chances to visit family. Women often face disadvantages in their employment conditions as they tend to work in the elder/child care and domestic. These occupations are considered low skilled and require little education and training, thereby regularly facing poor working conditions. Women facing just working conditions are more likely to provide their children with adequate nutrition, better education and sufficient health. There is a strong correlation between [[women's rights]] and the overall well being of children. It is therefore a central question to promote [[women's rights]] in order to promote children's capabilities.<ref name="A call for equality">UN (2007). " A call for equality.". The state of the worlds children. pp. 1–15. Retrieved 2014-05-18</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s04g29f#page-18 |title=Gender and Migration: An Integrative Approach [eScholarship&#93; |publisher=Escholarship.org |date= |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref>


In 2019, Overseas Filipinos sent back $32.2 billion to the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://business.inquirer.net/265151/2018-remittances-hit-all-time-high|title=2018 remittances hit all-time high|first=Daxim L.|last=Lucas|website=business.inquirer.net|date=February 16, 2019}}</ref>
====Government policy====


===Philippine Independence Day Parade===
[[Philippine Labor Migration Policy]] has historically focused on removing barriers for [[migrant worker]]s to increase [[accessibility]] for employments abroad. Working conditions among [[Filipino people]] employed abroad varies depending on whether the host country acknowledges and enforces [[International labor standards]]. The standards are set by the [[ILO]], which is an [[UN]] agency that 185 of the 193 [[UN]] members are part of. Labor standards vary greatly depending on host country regulations and enforcement. One of the main reasons for the large differences in labor standards is due to the fact that [[ILO]] only can register complaints and not impose sanctions on governments.
The [[Philippine Independence Day Parade]], or '''Philippine Day Parade''' in [[New York City]], the world's largest outside the [[Philippines]], takes place annually in the [[United States]] along [[Madison Avenue]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]. The parade is held on the first Sunday in June.
Its main purpose is to create awareness of [[Culture of the Philippines|Philippine culture]] and to raise funds for charity projects in the Philippines and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myfoxtwincities.com/story/18688617/philippine-independence-day-celebration-in-nyc|title = FOX 9 Minneapolis-St. Paul|date = September 10, 2021}}</ref> The Philippine Independence Day Parade is increasingly being attended by both American politicians and Filipino celebrities as well as diplomatic officials who are keenly aware of the significant and increasing political and economic power exerted by the [[Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area|Filipino diaspora in the New York metropolitan area]].<ref name=FilipinoCelebritiesNewYorkDiaspora1>{{cite web|url=https://pidci.org|title=Philippine Independence Anniversary Commemoration, New York City|publisher=Philippine Independence Day Council, Inc. in conjunction with the Philippine Consulate General in New York|access-date=July 8, 2023}}</ref><ref name=FilipinoCelebritiesNewYorkDiaspora2>{{cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/amp/overseas/06/07/23/ny-parade-held-for-ph-independence-day|title=Crowds turn out for PH Independence Day parade in New York|publisher=Don Tagala, TFC News New York|date=June 7, 2023|access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref>


==Issues==
Emigration policies tend to differ within countries depending on if the occupation is mainly dominated by men or women. Occupations dominated by men tend to be driven by economic incentives whereas emigration policies aimed at women traditional tend to be value driven, adhering to traditional family roles that favors mens wage work. As women regularly are seen as symbols of national pride and dignity governments tend to have more protective policies in sectors dominated by women. These policies risk to increase [[gender inequality]] in the Philippines and thereby this [[public policy]] work against women joining the [[workforce]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |last=Oishi |first= N. |date=March 2002 |title= Gender and migration: an integrated approach |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s04g29f#page-17 |publisher=Escolarship.org}}</ref>


===Employment conditions===
The Philippine government has recently opened up their public policy to promote women working abroad since the world's demand for [[domestic worker]]s and healthcare workers has increased. This has led to the government reporting a recent increase in women emigrating from the Philippines. A healthcare problem arises as migrating women from the [[Philippines]] and other developing countries often create a [[nursing shortage]] in the home country. Nurse to patient ratio is down to 1 nurse to between 40 and 60 patients, in the 1990s the ratio was 1 nurse to between 15 and 20 patients. It seems inevitable that the healthcare sector losses experienced nurses as the emigration is increasing.
The [[Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement]] is seen as a failure by most since only 7% of applicants or 200 nurses a year has been accepted on average. Mainly due to resistance by domestic stakeholders and failed program implementation. The result is a "lose-lose" outcome where Philippine workers fail to leverage their skills and a worldwide shortage persists.Despite the fact that Japan has an aging population and many Filipinos want to work in Japan a solution has not yet been found. The [[Japanese Nursing Association]] supports "equal or better" working conditions and salaries for Filipino nurses. Yagi propose more flexible wages to make Filipinos more attractive on the Japanese job market.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web |last1=Beneria |first1=L. Deere |first2=C. |last2=Kabeer |year=2012 |title=Gender and international migration: globalization, development and governance |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2012.688998}}</ref><ref name="dx.doi.org">{{cite web |last=Nozomi |first=Y. |date= February 2014 |title=Policy review: Japan-Philippines economic partnership agreement, analysis of a failed nurse migration policy |url= http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.05.006}}</ref>
<ref name="Philippine country case study">{{cite web |last=Lorenzo |first= E. |date= June 2007 |title=Nursing migration from a source country perspective: Philippine country case study |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1955369/pdf/hesr0042-1406.pdf |format=PDf |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>


Employment conditions overseas are relevant to the individual worker and their families as well as for the sending country and its economic growth and well-being. Poor working conditions for [[Filipinos]] hired abroad include long hours, low wages and few chances to visit family.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Acedera|first1=Kristel Anne|last2=Yeoh|first2=Brenda SA|date=September 13, 2018|title='Making time': Long-distance marriages and the temporalities of the transnational family|journal=Current Sociology|volume=67|issue=2|pages=250–272|doi=10.1177/0011392118792927|pmid=30886440|issn=0011-3921|pmc=6402049}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Dalgas|first=Karina Märcher|date=June 2, 2016|title=The mealtimes that bind? Filipina au pairs in Danish families|journal=Gender, Place & Culture|volume=23|issue=6|pages=834–849|doi=10.1080/0966369X.2015.1073696|s2cid=143360798|issn=0966-369X}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Lindio-McGovern|first=Ligaya|date=June 2004|title=Alienation and labor export in the context of globalization: Filipino migrant domestic workers in Taiwan and Hong Kong|journal=Critical Asian Studies|volume=36|issue=2|pages=217–238|doi=10.1080/14672710410001676043|s2cid=153291868|issn=1467-2715}}</ref> Evidence suggests that these women cope with the emotional stress of familial separation in one of two ways: first, in domestic care situations, they substitute their host-family's children for their own in the love and affection they give, and second, they actively considered the benefit their earnings would have on their children's future.<ref name=":4" /> Women often face disadvantages in their employment conditions as they tend to work in the elder/child care and domestic.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Basa|first1=Charito|last2=Harcourt|first2=Wendy|last3=Zarro|first3=Angela|date=March 1, 2011|title=Remittances and transnational families in Italy and The Philippines: breaking the global care chain|journal=Gender & Development|volume=19|issue=1|pages=11–22|doi=10.1080/13552074.2011.554196|s2cid=144631953|issn=1355-2074}}</ref> These occupations are considered low skilled and require little education and training, thereby regularly facing poor working conditions.<ref name=":1" /> Women facing just working conditions are more likely to provide their children with adequate nutrition, better education and sufficient health. There is a strong correlation between [[women's rights]] and the overall well-being of children. It is therefore a central question to promote women's rights in order to promote children's capabilities.<ref name="A call for equality">UN (2007). " A call for equality.". The state of the worlds children. pp. 1–15. Retrieved May 18, 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s04g29f#page-18 |title=Gender and Migration: An Integrative Approach eScholarship |date=March 2002 |publisher=Escholarship.org |access-date=July 9, 2014|last1=Oishi |first1=Nana }}</ref>
Results from a focus group in the [[Philippines]] shows that the positive impacts from migration of nurses is attributed to the individual migrant and his/her family, while the negative impacts are attributed to the Filipino healthcare system and society in general. In order to fill the nursing shortage in the Philippines suggestions that OFW’s return to train local nurses has been made by several [[NGO]]’s and training will be needed in order for the Philippines to make up for all nurses migrating abroad.<ref name="Philippine country case study" />


According to a statement made in 2009 by John Leonard Monterona, the Middle East coordinator of Migrante, a [[Manila]]-based OFW organization, every year, an unknown number of [[Filipinos in Saudi Arabia]] were then "victims of [[sexual abuse]]s, [[maltreatment]], unpaid salaries, and other labor malpractices".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://qa.filipinoexpats.com/node/940 |title=OFW rights violation worsens under the Arroyo administration |last=Leonard |first=John |date=July 3, 2008 |publisher=Filipino OFWs Qatar |access-date=January 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107061353/http://qa.filipinoexpats.com/node/940 |archive-date=January 7, 2009 }}</ref>{{update inline|date=April 2017}}
====Host country policies====


====Government policy====
Wealthier households derive a larger share of their income from abroad. This might suggest that government policies in host countries favor capital-intensive activities. Even though work migration is mainly a low and middle class activity the high-income households are able to derive a larger share of their income from abroad due to favorable investment policies. Despite work migration being dominated by workers from low and middle income households it is still wealthier households that derive the largest portion of their income from abroad. These favorable investment policy's causes an increase in income inequalities and does not promote domestic investments that can lead to increased [[standard of living]].
[[Philippine Labor Migration Policy]] has historically focused on removing barriers for [[migrant worker]]s to increase [[accessibility]] for employment abroad. Working conditions among Filipinos employed abroad varies depending on whether the host country acknowledges and enforces [[International labor standards]]. The standards are set by the [[ILO]], which is an [[UN]] agency that 185 of the 193 [[UN]] members are part of. Labor standards vary greatly depending on host country regulations and enforcement. One of the main reasons for the large differences in labor standards is due to the fact that [[ILO]] only can register complaints and not impose sanctions on governments. Returning overseas Filipinos are known as "Balikbayans".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://philcongencalgary.org/visa/balikbayan-visa-free-privilege|title= Balikbayan Visa-Free Privilege|website=Philippine Consulate General, Calgary}}</ref>
This inequality threatens to halt the economic development as investments are needed in the Philippines and not abroad in order to increase growth and well-being. A correlation between successful contribution to the home country's economy and amounted total savings upon the migrants return has been found, therefore it is important to decrease income inequalities while attracting capital from abroad to the Philippines.<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |title=Migration and Foreign Remittances in the Philippines |work=IMF working paper: Asia and Pacific department |url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=sv&lr=&id=Hh2d4maqpWYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=philippines+foreign+worker&ots=TZgRNp4gJs&sig=VINyXBUN-3TGbGvw4SAe30MfkHY#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=3}}</ref>


Emigration policies tend to differ within countries depending on if the occupation is mainly dominated by men or women. Occupations dominated by men tend to be driven by economic incentives whereas emigration policies aimed at women traditionally tend to be value driven, adhering to traditional family roles that favors men's wage work. As women are regularly seen as symbols of national pride and dignity, governments tend to have more protective policies in sectors dominated by women. These policies risk to increase [[gender inequality]] in the Philippines and thereby this [[public policy]] work against women joining the [[workforce]].<ref name="Oishi2002">{{cite web|last=Oishi |first= N. |date=March 2002 |title=Gender and migration: an integrated approach |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s04g29f#page-17 |publisher=Escolarship.org}}</ref> Female OFWs most often occupy domestic positions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tanyag|first=Maria|date=January 2, 2017|title=Invisible labor, invisible bodies: how the global political economy affects reproductive freedom in the Philippines|journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=39–54|doi=10.1080/14616742.2017.1289034|s2cid=157252223|issn=1461-6742}}</ref> However, some researchers<ref name=":3" /> argue that the cultural trends of female migrancy have the potential to destabilize the gender inequality of the Filipino culture. Evidence suggests that in intact, heterosexual families wherein the wife-mother works overseas, Filipino fathers have the potential to take on greater roles in care-giving to their children, though seldom few actually do.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lindio-McGovern|first=Ligaya|date=June 2004|title=Alienation and labor export in the context of globalization|journal=Critical Asian Studies|volume=36|issue=2|pages=217–238|doi=10.1080/14672710410001676043|s2cid=153291868|issn=1467-2715}}</ref> Other researchers report that these situations lead to abuse, particularly of older daughters, who face increased pressure and responsibility in the mother's absence.<ref name=":2" /> Likewise, the "reversal of breadwinning and caregiving roles between migrant wives and left-behind husbands" more often results in tension regarding family finances and the role each spouse should play in decision making.<ref name=":1" />
Many host governments of OFW’s have protective policies and barriers making it difficult to enter the job market. Japan has been known for rigorous testing of Filipino’s in a way that make them look reluctant to hold up their part of the [[Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement]] and solely enjoy the benefit of affordable manufacturing in the Philippines, not accepting and educating OFW’s.<ref name="dx.doi.org"/>


The Philippine government has recently{{when|date=February 2024}} opened up their public policy to promote women working abroad since the world's demand for [[domestic worker]]s and healthcare workers has increased.<ref name=":2" /> This has led to the government reporting a recent increase in women emigrating from the Philippines. A healthcare problem arises as migrating women from the Philippines and other developing countries often create a [[nursing shortage]] in the home country. The nurse to patient ratio is down to one nurse to between 40 and 60 patients, in the 1990s, the ratio was one nurse to between 15 and 20 patients. It seems inevitable that the healthcare sector loses experienced nurses as the emigration is increasing.
====Unions and advocacy groups====
The [[Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement]] is seen as a failure by most since only 7% of applicants or 200 nurses a year has been accepted on average – mainly due to resistance by domestic stakeholders and failed program implementation. The result is a "lose-lose" outcome where Philippine workers fail to leverage their skills and a worldwide shortage persists. Despite the fact that Japan has an aging population and many Filipinos want to work in Japan, a solution has not yet been found. The [[Japanese Nursing Association]] supports "equal or better" working conditions and salaries for Filipino nurses. In contrast, Yagi propose more flexible wages to make Filipinos more attractive on the Japanese job market.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite journal|last1=Beneria |first1=L. Deere |first2=C. |last2=Kabeer |date=2012 |title=Gender and international migration: globalization, development and governance |journal=Feminist Economics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1080/13545701.2012.688998 |s2cid=144565818 }}</ref><ref name="dx.doi.org">{{cite journal|last=Nozomi |first=Y. |date=February 2014 |title=Policy review: Japan-Philippines economic partnership agreement, analysis of a failed nurse migration policy |journal=International Journal of Nursing Studies |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=243–250 |doi=10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.05.006 |pmid=23787219 }}</ref>
[[File:HK Victoria Park Filipino Migrant Workers.jpg|thumb|HK Victoria Park Filipino Migrant Workers.|Filipino migrant workers in [[Hong Kong]].]]
<ref name="Philippine country case study">{{cite journal |last=Lorenzo |first= E. |date=June 2007 |title=Nursing migration from a source country perspective: Philippine country case study |pmc=1955369 |pmid=17489922 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00716.x |volume=42 |issue= 3p2 |journal=Health Serv Res |pages=1406–18}}</ref>


Results from a focus group in the Philippines shows that the positive impacts from migration of nurses is attributed to the individual migrant and his/her family, while the negative impacts are attributed to the [[Healthcare in the Philippines|Filipino healthcare system]] and society in general. In order to fill the nursing shortage in the Philippines, suggestions have been made by several [[NGO]]s that nursing-specializing Filipino workers overseas, locally known as "Overseas Filipino Workers" (OFWs), return to the country to train local nurses, for which program training would be required in order for the Philippines to make up for all its nurses migrating abroad.<ref name="Philippine country case study" />
Multiple [[NGO]]s such as [[UNIFEM]], [[UNESCO]] and [[Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights]] are actively working to improve employment conditions globally. The [[ILO]] is a [[UN]] agency that deals with unfair working conditions and promote decent work for all no matter if it is domestically or abroad. Established in 1981 the Mission for Migrant Workers (MFMW) is the longest existing independent service provider for migrants in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrants.net |title=Mission For Migrant Workers &#124; |publisher=Migrants.net |date= |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref> By providing legal help, counseling, and a place to meet the MFMW helps migrant workers in [[Hong Kong]].


====Host country policies====
International migration will not become perfectly mobile as long as autonomous countries create [[barriers to entry]]. These barriers are normally applied on certain sectors or restrictions aimed at workers from specific countries or regions. The [[WTO]] is an organization that works to decrease restrictions worldwide and promote [[free trade]]. The WTO has divided the masses of emigrating workers as some promote fair working conditions and strong labor rights. This group of workers argue that removal of international barriers and restrictions will enable equality and free choice no matter where you work or live. Others criticize the [[WTO]] for creating a dual international labor market that favors those with highly skilled jobs while low skilled jobs are highly immobile due to public policy and often faces restricted international movement as a result.
The restrictions vary depending on level of education, host country and home country.<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nair |first=M. |date=February 2014 |work=Journal of public health |title=Health professionals’ migration in emerging market economies: patterns, causes and possible solutions |url=http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/1/157.full.pdf+html |publisher=Jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org}}
</ref>

===Family===
Work migration is increasing on a global scale and especially among women; it is especially sectors such as care and domestic work that have seen a rapid increase of women emigrating. The Philippines is leading this development but it is worrisome that as many as 60% of OFW’s are temporary workers. Temporary jobs tend to be excluded from basic labor rights such as overtime pay, regular breaks or restricted working hours. Temporary workers can easily be fired and replaced which is the major reason foreign firms often prefer migrant workers. This temporariness causes an additional stress for the family. Many children of migrant workers has grown up not knowing both of their parents. Many children of longterm absent parents does not feel affection towards them, or might not even recognize them. Many relationships are broken as one parent emigrates which causes a larger proportion of children growing up with divorced or unhappy parents.
”In the case of the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Indonesia, the strategy is predicted on calling upon women to take the lead in the development agenda, engendering responsibility for generating the means to fund investments in this development”.<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name="Promoting women’s capabilities">Nussbaum, M. pp. 241–252. Retrieved 2014-05-18</ref>

[[Remittance]]s are money that are sent home from abroad by the migrant worker. These remittances earned by overseas Filipinos are indisputably positive for individual families and the governments [[balance of payments]] as well as the [[GDP]]. However it has been found that remittances are primarily used for costs of living such us food and education. Remittances fill the function of covering short term costs but wages are not sufficient to enable savings and investments. It has yet to be proven that remittances can be translated into value adding activities such as start-ups and investments. For the economy to thrive it is fundamental that the value adding activities are creating a long-term sustainable growth in order to improve healthcare, education, infrastructure and government programs.<ref>http://www.docstoc.com/docs/132815534/Workers-Remittances-and-Economic-Growth-in-the-Philippines</ref>

Migration is often explained through [[push and pull factors]] with remittances pulling skilled workers from the Philippines to move abroad if they are well educated and want better pay in order to escape poverty and help the family. However, push and pull factors rarely include [[social stigma]]s, family expectations, [[gender role]]s or personal preferences. Leaving the family behind can become a burden for many educated women or men whose parents, partner and extended family expect them to work abroad.

There is some evidence that women migrating from the Philippines send back more money in relative and sometimes absolute terms than the Filipino men. This is often explained by the women’s great commitment to the family and good abilities to save income. The Philippines government has recognized this recent trend and has therefore targeted sectors traditionally employing women such as childcare, domestic work, healthcare, service jobs and eldercare.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A good provider is one that leaves|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/magazine/22Workers.t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|periodical=The New York times|publication-place=New York|date=22 April 2007|accessdate=20014-04-10|last=Deparle|first=Jason|postscript=.}}</ref>


Wealthier households derive a larger share of their income from abroad. This might suggest that government policies in host countries favor capital-intensive activities. Even though work migration is mainly a low and middle class activity, the high-income households are able to derive a larger share of their income from abroad due to favorable investment policies. These favorable investment policies causes an increase in income inequalities and do not promote domestic investments that can lead to increased [[standard of living]].
It has been emphasized by the [[World Bank]] that the Philippines has the largest portion of remittances in relation to [[GDP]] in the world. It is pointed out that remittances alone cannot keep the Philippines economy afloat and sustainable long term growth must come from domestic investment and growth
This inequality threatens to halt the economic development as investments are needed in the Philippines and not abroad in order to increase growth and well-being. A correlation between successful contribution to the home country's economy and amounted total savings upon the migrants return has been found, therefore it is important to decrease income inequalities while attracting capital from abroad to the Philippines.<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|title=Migration and Foreign Remittances in the Philippines |work=IMF working paper: Asia and Pacific department |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh2d4maqpWYC&q=philippines+foreign+worker&pg=PA3 |page=3|last1=Haksar |first1=Mr. V. |year=2005 }}</ref>


Many host governments of OFWs have protective policies and barriers making it difficult to enter the job market. Japan has been known for rigorous testing of Filipinos in a way that make them look reluctant to hold up their part of the [[Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement]] and solely enjoy the benefit of affordable manufacturing in the Philippines, not accepting and educating OFWs.<ref name="dx.doi.org"/>
There is some evidence that women in so-called “major sending countries” (e.g. [[Philippines]] and [[Sri Lanka]]) have higher autonomy and decision-making power within their households than those in “non-sending countries. This suggests that women to a larger extent are making economic decisions in the household.
More than economic decisions ought to be measured until conclusions can be drawn from positive or negative effects of more women migrating for wage work and its impact on the family. However, this recent trend will empower women while broadening views and hopefully engage workers in defending their rights.[[Philippines]].”.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{cite web |last=Rosewarne |first=S. |year=2012 |title= Temporary international labor migration and development in South and Southeast Asia |url= http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13545701.2012.696314 |publisher=Tandfonline.com}}</ref>


===Return migration===
===Return migration===


Returning [[migrant worker]]s are often argued to have a positive effect on the home economy since they are assumed to gain skills and return with a new perspective.
Returning [[migrant worker]]s are often argued to have a positive effect on the home economy since they are assumed to gain skills and return with a new perspective.
[[Deskilling]] has caused many Filipino workers to return less skilled after being assigned simple tasks abroad, this behavior creates discouragement for foreign workers to climb the occupational ladder. [[Deskilling]] of labor is especially prevalent among women who often have few and low skill employment options, such as domestic work and child or elder care. Other occupations that recently has seen an increase in [[deskilling]] are doctors, teachers and assembly line workers.<ref name=autogenerated3 />
[[Deskilling]] has caused many Filipino workers to return less skilled after being assigned simple tasks abroad, this behavior creates discouragement for foreign workers to climb the occupational ladder. [[Deskilling]] of labor is especially prevalent among women who often have few and low skill employment options, such as domestic work and child or elder care. Other occupations that recently has seen an increase in deskilling are doctors, teachers and assembly line workers.<ref name=autogenerated3 />


To underline what a common problem this [[deskilling]] is returning migrant workers are calling for returnee integration programs, which suggests that they do not feel prepared to be re integrated in the domestic workforce.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
To underline what a common problem this deskilling is: Returning migrant workers are calling for returnee integration programs, which suggests that they do not feel prepared to be re-integrated in the domestic workforce.<ref name="Oishi2002" />


As the Philippines among other countries who train and export labor repeatedly has faced failures in protecting [[labor rights]] the [[deskilling]] of labor has increased on a global scale. A strong worldwide demand for healthcare workers causes many [[Filipino people]] to emigrate without ever getting hired or become [[deskilling]] while possibly raising their salary. The result is a [[no-win situation]] for the sending and receiving country. The receiving countries lose as skilled workers are not fully utilizing their skills while the home country simultaneously experience a shortage of workers in emigrating prone sectors.<ref name="dx.doi.org"/>
As the Philippines among other countries who train and export labor repeatedly has faced failures in protecting [[labor rights]], the deskilling of labor has increased on a global scale. A strong worldwide demand for healthcare workers causes many Filipinos to emigrate without ever getting hired or become deskilling while possibly raising their salary. The result is a [[no-win situation]] for the sending and receiving country. The receiving countries lose as skilled workers are not fully utilizing their skills while the home country simultaneously experience a shortage of workers in emigrating prone sectors.<ref name="dx.doi.org"/>


==Countries with Filipino populations==
==Countries and territories with Filipino populations==
[[File:Map of the Filipino Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|325x325px|Map of the Filipino diaspora in the world (includes people with Filipino ancestry or citizenship).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Migration Map: Origins and Destinations, 1990-2017.|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/interactives/global-migrant-stocks-map/|access-date=August 21, 2021|website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Legend|#000000|Philippines}}{{Legend|#00143D|1,000,000+}}{{Legend|#003282|100,000+}}{{Legend|#0062FF|10,000+}}{{Legend|#71ABFF|1,000+}}]]


*'''{{flag|Albania}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were about 121 registered Filipinos in Albania.
*'''[[Australia]]''': In 2010, there were approximately 177,400 people in [[Australia]] who were born in the Philippines. {{ref label|AUS|AUS|b}}
*'''{{flag|Argentina}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 162 Filipinos in Argentina.

*'''{{flag|Armenia}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there were 22,007 Filipinos in Armenia.
{{anchor|Brazil}}
*'''{{AUS}}''': In the 2016 Census, there were 232,386 [[Filipino Australians]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/0|title=2016 Census QuickStats: Australia|website=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au|access-date=August 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070212/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/0|archive-date=January 20, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''[[Brazil]]''': {{asof|2008}}, there were 379 Filipinos in Brazil. They consist primarily of Catholic missionaries and migrant workers in the telecommunications and oil sectors. There are also a few former seafarers who settled in port cities, and an increasing number of [[Filipinos in Japan|Filipinas who lived in Japan]] and married [[Brazilians in Japan|Brazilians who were living there]].In Venezuela there are 136 Filipinos citizens according to 2001 Census and the community amounts to 500 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.ops.gov.ph/brazil2009/backgrounder.htm|title=Backgrounder: Brazil|chapter=Profile of Filipinos in Brazil|year=2009|accessdate=2010-05-20|publisher=Office of the Press Secretary|publication-place=Philippines|postscript=.}}</ref> Since 2008, 33 overseas Filipino workers (11 men, 22 women) have been detained in jails in Brazil on charges of drug trafficking, primarily for attempting to bring in cocaine through airports.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view/20090429-202073/38-OFWs-in-Brazil-jail-for-drug-trafficking|periodical=The Inquirer|last=Kwok|first=Abigail|date=2009-04-29|accessdate=2010-05-22|title=38 OFWs in Brazil jail for drug trafficking|postscript=.}}</ref>
*'''{{AUT}}''': {{as of|2018}}, the Filipino community in Austria numbered roughly 30,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/15335-ambassador-maria-cleofe-natividad-presents-credentials-to-austrian-federal-president-alexander-van-der-bellen|title=AMBASSADOR MARIA CLEOFE NATIVIDAD PRESENTS CREDENTIALS TO AUSTRIAN FEDERAL PRESIDENT ALEXANDER VAN DER BELLEN|date=January 23, 2018|publisher=Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs|access-date=December 6, 2018|archive-date=June 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627153846/https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/15335-ambassador-maria-cleofe-natividad-presents-credentials-to-austrian-federal-president-alexander-van-der-bellen|url-status=dead}}</ref> See [[Filipinos in Austria]].

*'''{{flag|Azerbaijan}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 3,500 Filipinos in Azerbaijan.
*'''[[Canada]]''': Only a small population of Filipinos resided in [[Canada]] until the late 20th century. The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration has estimated that {{as of|2009|lc=on}} there were over 640,000 Canadians of Filipino origin.<ref name=POEA2009>{{cite web
*'''{{flag|The Bahamas}}''': {{as of|2010}}, there were 2,000 Filipinos in [[The Bahamas]].
|url=http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2006Stats.pdf
*'''{{BHR}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 55,790 Filipinos in [[Bahrain]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />
|format=PDF|title=Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos As of December 2009
*'''{{flag|Bangladesh}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 421 Filipinos in Bangladesh.
|publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA)
*'''{{BEL}}''': {{as of|2013}}, there were 12,224 in Filipinos in Belgium.
|year=2009
*'''{{flag|Bolivia}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 39 Filipinos in Bolivia.
|accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> Due to [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MOU) between [[Western Canada]] and the Philippines; contracts in [[Atlantic Canada]]; consistent hiring of workers in [[Central Canada]]; and increased activity in [[Northern Canada]], it is estimated that there will be some 500,000 Filipinos in Canada as of 2010. As of December 2008, the Philippines overtook China as Canada's leading source of immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visabureau.com/canada/news/31-12-2008/philippines-takes-over-china-as-number-one-source-of-canadian-immigrants.aspx |title=Philippines takes over China as number one source of Canadian immigrants |publisher=Visabureau.com |date=2008-12-31 |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref> See [[Filipino Canadian]]s.
*'''{{flag|Bosnia-Herzegovina}}''' {{as of|2017}}, there are around 8 Filipinos in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

*'''{{flag|Botswana}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 221 Filipinos in Botswana.
*'''[[France]]''': there are approximately 55,000 Filipinos in France, making it the 3rd country in Europe for Filipinos, after the UK and Italy. 10% of Filipinos living in France have married French citizens. By 2000, 5,823 French citizens had been born in the Philippines, including both French nationals and naturalized Filipinos. Only one school in France, the EFI Langue Institut Linguistique Européen in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, offers classes focusing in part on the Filipino language. 16% of Filipinos in France are between 16 and 25 years of age, 50% are between 26 and 35, 29% are between 36 and 45, and 6% are older than 46. Every year since 1980, a major cultural festival embracing the Filipino culture has been held in Paris, called the "Pista sa Paris," unique in Continental Europe. The event is sponsored by the Filipino embassy in Paris, and features singers, dancers, and Filipino cuisine.
*{{anchor|Brazil}}'''{{BRA}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were about 29,578 Filipinos in Brazil.<ref name="nepo.unicamp.br">{{Cite web|title=Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil|url=https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=www.nepo.unicamp.br}}</ref>

*'''{{BRU}}''': {{as of|2018}}, there were more than 20,000 Filipinos living in Brunei.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
*'''[[Greece]]''': The Philippine Embassy has reported an estimated of 40,000 [[Filipinos in Greece]].<ref name=AthensEmbassy>[http://www.athenspe.net/about.html Philippine Embassy in Athens, Greece and Cyprus]{{dead link|date=July 2014}} {{Dead link|date=August 2009}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Burundi}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 2 Filipinos in Burundi.

*'''{{flag|Cambodia}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 5,402 Filipinos in Cambodia.
*'''[[Hong Kong]]''': There are approximately 140,000 [[Filipinos in Hong Kong]], of whom most are domestic helpers (30,000 of them being members of the Filipino Migrant Workers Union). Filipino maids are known by the locals as ''amahs'', or more often ''feiyungs'' (less politely, ''bun mui'' or ''bun bun''), and face discrimination and maltreatment from the locals. A Hong Kong work visa requires some amount of higher education; and in some cases Filipino women with college degrees and perfect command of [[English language|English]] are willing to work as maids and nannies for a salary higher than they could make at home in professions.{{ref_label|HKG|HKG|b}}
*'''{{CAN}}''': {{as of|2014}}, there were 676,775 Filipinos in Canada.<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs">{{cite web |title=Distribution on Filipinos Overseas |url=https://dfa.gov.ph/distribution-of-filipinos-overseas |website=Department of Foreign Affairs |access-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126234733/http://www.dfa.gov.ph/distribution-of-filipinos-overseas |archive-date=November 26, 2015}}</ref> See [[Filipino Canadian]]s.

*'''{{flag|Cape Verde}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 25 Filipinos in Cape Verde.
*'''[[India]]''': Approximately 1,000 Filipinos reside in [[India]]. However, government's official figures show some 500 Filipinos.
*'''{{flag|Cayman Islands}}''': {{as of|2010}}, there were 4,119 Filipinos in Cayman Islands.

*'''{{CHN}}''': {{as of|2021}}, there were 12,254 [[Filipinos in China]] (Mainland).<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs" />
*'''[[Italy]]''': There are about 130,000 Filipinos in Italy. This makes it the 2nd country host to Filipinos in Europe after the UK. Given the high amount of women working as domestic helpers, the Italian term "filippina" is now often used as a synonymous for this profession.
*'''{{flag|Colombia}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 180 Filipinos in Colombia.

*'''{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}''': {{as of|2019}}, there are 25 Filipinos in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
*'''[[Iraq]]''': Despite that the Philippine government banned OFWs from working in Iraq, an estimated 1,000-3,000 Filipinos{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} work there. Most work on US Military bases around the country as cooks and laundry service, sometimes as third-country national security guards. This is the only foreign country in which Filipino men outnumber Filipino women.
*'''{{flag|Cook Islands}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 230 Filipinos in Cook Islands.

*'''[[Ireland]]''': As of 2008, the Philippine embassy in London reported that there are 11,500 [[Filipinos in Ireland]].<ref name=RPEmbassyIreland>{{Cite journal
*'''{{flag|Costa Rica}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there around 276 Filipinos in Costa Rica.
*'''{{flag|Cuba}}''': {{as of|2010}}, there were 9 Filipinos in Cuba.{{fact|date=April 2023}}
|url=http://www.philembassy-uk.org/default.asp?iId=KHEHL
*'''{{flag|Cyprus}}''': {{as of|2022}}, there are about 18,000 Filipinos in Cyprus.
|title=Profile of the Filipino Community in Ireland
*'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 580 Filipinos in the Czech Republic.
|publisher=Philippine Embassy in London
*'''{{DEN}}''': {{as of|2016}}, there were at least 8,000 Filipinos in Denmark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dst.dk/Site/Dst/Udgivelser/GetPubFile.aspx?id=20704&sid=indv2016|title=Immigrants in Denmark, 2016 Census}}</ref>
|accessdate=March 8, 2008
*'''{{flag|Djibouti}}''': {{as of|2008}}, there are now about 200 Filipinos in Djibouti.
|postscript=.}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 58 Filipinos in the Dominican Republic.

*'''{{flag|Ecuador}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 138 Filipinos in Ecuador.
*'''[[Japan]]''': Some 350,972 Filipinos are listed to be living within [[Japan]]'s geographic confines.{{ref label|JPN|JPN|b}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Department of Foreign Affairs to Filipinos in Japan 'Heed advisories'|location=Japan|date=March 12, 2011|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/03/12/11/dfa-pinoys-japan-heed-advisories/}}</ref> However, this number is speculated to be larger, surpassing the one million mark due to many unlisted and illegal Filipino nationals.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Hiroko |last1=Sakai |title=Welfare Services for Foreign Residents |publisher=Philippine Consulate General Osaka-Kobe |location=Japan |date=10 March 2013 |website=http://www.osakapcg.com |url=http://www.osakapcg.com/announcements/seminar-feb-mar-2013/seminar-2013-03-10-welfare-sakai.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=26 March 2014}}</ref>
*'''{{EGY}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 5,717 Filipinos in [[Egypt]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />

*'''{{flag|El Salvador}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 45 Filipinos in El Salvador.
*'''[[Lebanon]]''': As many as 30,000 OFWs are working in [[Lebanon]]. Due to the recent turmoil between Lebanon and [[Israel]], however, many have been repatriated back to the Philippines, while others have been relocated to [[Cyprus]], a part of the Philippine evacuation plan.{{ref_label|LBN|LBN|b}}
*'''{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}''': {{as of|2019}}, there are 493 Filipinos in Equatorial Guinea.

*'''{{flag|Eritrea}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 2 Filipinos in Eritrea.
*'''[[Libya]]''': In 2014, [[BBC News]] reported that there are 13,000 Philippine citizens in Libya.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Diplomat to oversee mass Filipino evacuation from Libya |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28588895 |newspaper=BBC News |location= |publisher=BBC |date=31 July 2014 |accessdate=31 July 2014 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 41 Filipinos in Estonia.

*'''{{flag|Ethiopia}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there are around 800 Filipinos in Ethiopia.
*'''[[Malaysia]]''': As Sabah is very close to the Philippines, many Filipino residents and illegal immigrants live and work there. Filipinos make up about 30% of the entire population of [[Sabah]] and they enumerate up to 900,000. Many [[Filipinos in Malaysia]] come to work in construction industries, fisheries, and other labor-intensive sectors in hopes of a better living. Most live in stilt slums scattered behind cities or on offshore islands. The Philippine government also has promised to establish a consulate to provide any necessary help to its nationals. Historically, The Philippines has a [[North Borneo dispute|claim]] on the eastern part of the [[Sabah|territory]].
*'''{{flag|Faroe Islands}}''': {{as of|2017}}, a total of about 300 Asian women (from the Philippines and [[Thailand]]) are living in the [[Faroe Islands]], married to local men (no numbers given of how many women from each of the two Asian countries).<ref>"Wives wanted in the Faroe Islands" by Tim Ecott, [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-39703486 BBC News], April 27, 2017</ref>

*'''{{flag|Fiji}}''': {{as of|2022}}, there are about 400 Filipinos in Fiji.
* '''[[Mexico]]''': There are about 200,000 [[Filipino immigration to Mexico|Mexicans of Filipino ancestry]]<ref>[http://www.ezilon.com/cgi-bin/information/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=476 ]{{dead link|date=July 2014}} By Pinzon’s estimate, there are about 200,000 descendants of Filipinos in southern Mexico. They are concentrated in the Costa Grande north of Acapulco. The town of Coyuca 35 miles north of Acapulco was called Filipino town in the old days. There is also a large Filipino community in Colima, about eight hours ride north of Acapulco.</ref> living in Mexico, some of whom are of mixed ancestry, descended from Filipino immigrants who settled in Mexico during the colonial period. More recently, there were Filipinos who arrived as refugees to Mexico who fled from the [[Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos]] [[History of the Philippines (1965-1986)|dictatorship]]. Their communities are found in [[Guerrero]], [[Michoacán]], and [[Colima]].
*'''{{FIN}}''': As of 2023, there are 12,770 people in Finland born in the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tilastokeskus |title=Tilastokeskus |url=https://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto.html#vaesto-kielen-mukaan |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.stat.fi |language=fi}}</ref>

*'''{{FRA}}''': {{as of|2014}}, there were 44,967 [[Filipinos in France]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs" />
*'''[[Middle East]]''': Many Filipinos work in the Middle East (mostly Saudi Arabia and UAE) as engineers, nurses or hospital workers, accountants, office workers, construction workers, restaurant workers and maids. The Philippine government estimates that more than 2 million Overseas Filipinos are working in the [[Middle East]].
*'''{{flag|The Gambia}}''': {{as of|2019}}, there are 32 Filipinos in The Gambia.

*'''{{flag|Georgia}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 3,500 Filipinos in Georgia.
*'''[[New Zealand]]''': There are about 17,000 Filipino residents and citizens in New Zealand called KiwiPino's, [[Filipino New Zealander]]s. New Zealand, as in the past, are currently recruiting Filipino qualified nurses. Filipinos in New Zealand, as well as prospective immigrants, often lean towards information technology, nursing and, more recently, telecommunications for careers. {{Citation needed|date=April 2007}}
*'''{{GER}}''': {{as of|2008}}, there were 65,000 [[Filipinos in Germany]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}

*'''{{flag|Ghana}}''': {{as of|2019}}, there are 1,990 Filipinos in Ghana.
*'''[[Nigeria]]''': Filipinos in Nigeria consist largely of migrant workers in the oil industry, though those in the capital city [[Abuja]] also work in the education and medical sectors. By mid-2008, their numbers had grown to an estimated 4,500, up from 3,790 in December 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Filipino workers recount nightmare in Nigeria|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view_article.php?article_id=64666|periodical=The Inquirer|publication-place=Manila|date=8 May 2007|accessdate=2008-10-10|last=Quismundo|first=Tarra|postscript=.}}</ref> They commonly hold skilled construction positions, among them pipe layers, welders, and engineers, and may earn as much as [[United States dollar|US$]]10,000 per month; however, those working in oil areas in Southeast Nigeria often find themselves the target of violence by local militants.<ref>{{Cite news|periodical=Manila Standard Today|last=Caber|first=Michael|title=Kidnappers, officials meet on hostages in Nigeria|url=http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=news4_may5_2007|date=5 May 2007|accessdate=2008-10-10|postscript=.}}</ref> Majority of the OFWs are working/residing in Lagos and Abuja. Filipino workers are actively petitioning the Philippine government to lift the travel and work ban in Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|periodical=The PBSN Blogsite|last=Flores|first=Maynard|title=Nigeria-base OFWs renew appeal to PGMA to lift the ban|url=http://philbrgysocietyinnigeria.wordpress.com/2008/10/28/nigeria-base-ofws-renew-appeal-to-pgma-to-lift-the-ban/|date=28 October 2008|accessdate=2008-10-10|postscript=.}}</ref>
*'''{{GRC}}''': {{as of|2014}}, there were 61,681 Filipinos in [[Greece]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs" /> See [[Filipinos in Greece]]

*'''{{flag|Guam}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 42,317 Filipinos in Guam.
*'''[[Norway]]''': The number of [[Filipinos in Norway]] is estimated to be about 12,000, most of them living in the [[Oslo]] urban area. In addition to Filipinos who have intermarried with Norwegians, there are at least 900 licensed Filipino nurses, over a hundred oil engineers employed mostly in offshore projects in the western coast of Norway and Filipinos or Norwegians of Filipino descent working in the government sector, diplomatic missions and NGO's and commercial establishments. An additional 35,000 Filipinos working on Norwegian-owned or operated ships or in shipyards.<ref name="embassy">{{cite web|url=http://www.philembassy.no/about-the-embassy/diplomatic-relations/philippines-norway-relations|title=Philippines-Norway Relations|year=2012|publisher=Embassy of the Philippines|accessdate=7 January 2013}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Guatemala}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 254 Filipinos in Guatemala.

*'''{{flag|Guyana}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 100 Filipinos in Guyana.
*'''[[Oman]]''': As of 2011, there are between 40,000 and 46,000 [[Filipinos in Oman]].<ref name="OFW1">{{cite news|url=http://www.pinoy-ofw.com/news/11728-oman-safest-country-filipinos-middle-east.html|title='Oman: Safest Country for Filipinos in Middle East'|date=31 May 2012|publisher=Pinoy OFW|accessdate=6 January 2013}}</ref> Oman was the only Middle Eastern nation included on the [[Philippine Overseas Employment Administration]]'s list of nations safe for OFWs.<ref name="OFW1"/>
*'''{{HON}}''': {{as of|2009}}, there were 220 Filipinos in Honduras.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

*'''{{HKG}}''': As of 2016 Census, there were 186,869 [[Filipinos in Hong Kong]].<ref name="hongkong2016" />
*'''[[Pakistan]]''': According to the statistics of the Philippine government, an estimated 3,000 Filipinos live and work in Pakistan. Filipinos in Pakistan work as [[domestic worker]]s, and housemaids.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/southasia/news/article_1371134.php/Philippines_monitors_condition_of_Filipino_workers_in_Pakistan|title=Philippines monitors condition of Filipino workers in Pakistan|date=Nov 5, 2007|publisher=M&C|accessdate=19 December 2009}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Hungary}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 210 Filipinos in Hungary.

*'''{{ISL}}''': {{as of|2012}}, there were 2,000 Filipinos in [[Iceland]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}
*'''[[Singapore]]''': {{as of|2009}}, over 163,000 Overseas Filipinos worked and resided in Singapore.<ref name=POEA2009 /> A notable incident involving an OFW was the trial and execution of [[Flor Contemplacion]] for the alleged murder of her employer's child and another Filipina, Delia Maga.{{ref label|POEA2004|POEA2004|i}}
*'''{{IND}}''': {{as of|2021}}, there were about 2,000 [[Filipinos in India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moaje |first1=Marita |title=OFW in India sees each day as battle for survival |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1138660 |access-date=June 29, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=April 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504113046/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1138660 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*'''{{IDN}}''': {{as of|2022}}, there 27,400 Filipinos in Indonesia.
*'''[[South Korea]]''': According to the [[Commission on Filipinos Overseas]], as of December 2006, some 70,000 Filipinos work and live in Korea.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} Of this number, some 6,000 are permanent residents, some 50,000 work legally, and some 14,000 are "irregular" or do not have the proper documents.<ref name=ASO2007>{{cite news
*'''{{IRN}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 903 Filipinos in [[Iran]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />
|url=http://www.asianjournal.com/?c=186&a=21596
*'''{{IRQ}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 1,640 Filipinos in [[Iraq]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />
|title=Korean embassy hints at action vs 15,000 undocumented OFWs
*'''{{IRL}}''': {{as of|2013}}, there were 13,973 [[Filipinos in Ireland]].<ref name="CFO2013" />
|date=July 16, 2007
*'''{{ISR}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 29,473 Filipinos in Israel.<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />
|publisher=Asian journal
*'''{{ITA}}''': {{as of|2015}}, there were 168,238 documented Filipinos living in Italy.<ref name="abscbn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.istat.it/|title=Notizie sulla presenza straniera in Italia|date=October 30, 2011|website=www.istat.it}}</ref> See [[Filipinos in Italy]].
|accessdate=2007-08-14}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2009}}
*'''{{flag|Ivory Coast}}''': {{as of|2010}}, there are some 100 Filipinos in the Ivory Coast.

*'''{{JPN}}''': {{as of|2020}}, the Philippine government confirmed there were 325,000 Filipinos in Japan.<ref name="globalnation.inquirer.net">{{Cite web |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/186453/fwd-2-filipinos-in-japan-suspected-positive-for-covid-19 |title=2 Filipinos in Japan may be COVID-19 positive, says PH Embassy |first=Krissy |last=Aguilar |date=April 1, 2020 |website=INQUIRER.net}}</ref><ref name="inquirer.net">{{cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/145693/filipinos-are-third-largest-group-in-japan-report|title=Filipinos 3rd largest group in Japan—report|first=Gianna Francesca|last=Catolico|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=September 29, 2016|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> See [[Filipinos in Japan]].
*'''[[Spain]]''': There are around 50,000 Filipino legal workers living abroad in Spain,<ref name=POEA2009 /> mainly in [[Barcelona]] and [[Madrid]].<ref name="wwwspain">{{cite web|url=http://angbagongfilipino.wordpress.com/2011/08/29/spanish-language-diploma-key-to-filipinos-legal-stay |title=Spanish language diploma key to Filipinos’ legal stay &#124; Ang Bagong Filipino |publisher=Angbagongfilipino.wordpress.com |date=2011-09-30 |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref> However, there are also around 300,000 people (mainly mestizo Filipinos) who hold dual citizenship (Filipino and Spanish). This number is nearly 0,7% of the Spanish population. Filipinos have maintained a presence in Spain, given the latter [[Spanish colonization of the Philippines|colonised the islands for three centuries]], resulting in significant cultural ties.
*'''{{JOR}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 40,538 Filipinos in [[Jordan]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />

*'''{{flag|Kazakhstan}}''': {{as of|2008}}, there were 7,000 Filipinos in [[Kazakhstan]].
* '''[[Sweden]]''': There are about 4,000 Filipinos in Sweden. They are mostly married to Swedes, or working as housekeepers, in hotels or as caregivers.
*'''{{flag|Kenya}}''': {{as of|2014}}, there are some 440 Filipinos in Kenya.

*'''{{flag|Kiribati}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 20 Filipinos in Kiribati.
*'''[[Taiwan]]''': According to the 2006 data of the government of Taiwan, there are 96,000 Filipinos currently living in Taiwan. Of these, 58,704 are in manufacturing industries and 34,602 are in social or personal services (e.g. maids).{{ref_label|ROC|ROC|b}} However, according to 2004 data by the Philippine Government, there are 2,037 Filipinos living in Taiwan permanently, 154,135 are in Taiwan for work contracts, and 4,500 go to Taiwan irregularly, which make a total of 160,672. It is not known why there is such a big difference between these two numbers (96,000 vs. 160,672).{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
*'''{{KUW}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 241,999 Filipinos in [[Kuwait]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />

*'''{{flag|Laos}}''': {{as of|2013}}, there were 730 Filipinos in [[Laos]].
*'''[[United Kingdom]]''': Nurses and caregivers have begun migrating to the [[United Kingdom]] in recent years. The island nation has welcomed about 20,000 nurses and other Filipinos of various occupations and lifestyles during the past 5 years. The [[United Kingdom]] is home to an estimated 200,000 OFWs.<ref name=POEA2009 /> Many Filipino seamen settled in British port cities during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [[Liverpool]] even had an area nicknamed 'Little Manila'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filipinohome.com/02_10_15liverpool.html |title=Filipinos in Liverpool, Part 1 |publisher=Filipinohome.com |date=1915-05-04 |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Latvia}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 123 Filipinos in Latvia.

*'''{{LBN}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 33,424 Filipinos in [[Lebanon]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />
*'''[[United States]]''': Despite race relations problems of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the American Northwest, most [[Filipino American]]s today find it easy to integrate into American society, with a majority belonging to the middle class. Filipinos are the second-largest [[Asian American]] group in the country; [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] is the fifth most spoken language in the U.S. Filipinas comprise a large portion of the roughly 4,000-6,000 women who annually come to the U.S. through method of mail-order bride,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uscis.gov/files/article/MobRept_AppendixA.pdf |format=PDF |title=The "Mail-Order Bride" Industry and its Impact on U.S. Immigration |first= Robert J. |last=Scholes |publisher=Uscis.gov}}</ref> internet courtship, or through direct contact when traveling to the Philippines. The US [[State Department]] estimated that there are 4 million Filipinos in the US as of 2007.The United States hosts the largest population of Filipinos outside the Philippines, with a [[Historic Filipinotown]] in Los Angeles designated in August 2002, the first district established outside the Philippines to honor and recognize the area's Filipino community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitasianla.org/index.php/historic-filipinotown/things-to-do |title=Historic Filipinotown - Things to Do |publisher=Visitasianla.org |date= |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref><ref name=BNP2007>{{cite web
*'''{{flag|Libya}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 2,300 Filipinos in [[Libya]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />
|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm
[[File:Filipino Market Kota Kinabalu.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Filipino Market in [[Kota Kinabalu]], [[Sabah]], Malaysia.]]
|title=Background Note: Philippines
*'''{{flag|Lithuania}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 23 Filipinos in Lithuania.
|publisher=U.S. Department of State: Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs
*'''{{flag|Luxembourg}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 427 Filipinos in Luxembourg.
|date=May 2007
*'''{{flag|Macau}}''': {{as of|2012}}, there were 30,000 Filipinos in [[Macau]].
|quote=There are an estimated four million Americans of Filipino ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines.
*'''{{flag|Madagascar}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 475 Filipinos in Madagascar.
|accessdate=2007-09-02}}</ref>
*'''{{MYS}}''': {{as of|2014}}, there were 620,043 Filipinos in [[Malaysia]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs" /> See [[Filipinos in Malaysia]]

*'''{{MDV}}''': {{as of|2018}}, there were 3,000 Filipinos in the [[Maldives]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}
*'''[[Venezuela]]''': There are 136 Filipino citizens registered in the 2001 Census.
*'''{{MEX}}''': {{as of|2010}}, there are 1,200 Filipinos in Mexico.
*'''{{flag|Micronesia}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 1,910 Filipinos in Micronesia.
*'''{{flag|Monaco}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 261 Filipinos in Monaco.
*'''{{flag|Mongolia}}''': {{as of|2013}}, there were 441 Filipinos in Mongolia.
*'''{{flag|Montenegro}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 13 Filipinos in Montenegro.
*'''{{MAR}}''': {{as of|2014}}, there were 3,000 Filipinos in Morocco.
*'''{{flag|Mozambique}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 1,005 Filipinos in Mozambique.
*'''{{flag|Nauru}}''': {{as of|2018}}, there are 65 Filipinos in Nauru.
*'''{{NPL}}''': There are approximately 300 [[Filipinos in Nepal]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
*'''{{NLD}}''': {{as of|2011}}, there were 16,719 Filipinos in the Netherlands.{{fact|date=April 2023}}
*'''{{NZL}}''': {{as of|2023}}, there were 108,297 Filipinos in New Zealand.<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs" />
*'''{{NGA}}''': See [[Filipinos in Nigeria]] {{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
*'''{{flag|North Cyprus}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 3,500 Filipinos in North Cyprus.
*'''{{flag|North Korea}}''': {{as of|2019}}, there are 6 Filipinos in [[North Korea]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs" />
*'''{{NOR}}''': {{as of|2013}}, there were about 18,000 [[Filipinos in Norway]],<ref name=CFO2013 /> most of them living in the [[Oslo]] urban area. In addition to Filipinos who have intermarried with Norwegians, there are at least 900 licensed Filipino nurses, over a hundred oil engineers employed mostly in offshore projects in the western coast of Norway and Filipinos or Norwegians of Filipino descent working in the government sector, diplomatic missions and NGO's and commercial establishments.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
*'''{{OMN}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 52,760 Filipinos in [[Oman]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" /> See [[Filipinos in Oman]]
*'''{{PAK}}''': See [[Filipinos in Pakistan]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}
*'''{{flag|Palau}}''': {{as of|2006}}, there were 4,000–7,000 Filipinos in [[Palau]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}
*'''{{flag|Palestine}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 411 Filipinos in [[State of Palestine|Palestine]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />
*'''{{flag|Panama}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 89 Filipinos in Panama.
*'''{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}''': {{as of|2013}}, there are 25,000 Filipinos in Papua New Guinea.
*'''{{flag|Peru}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 118 Filipinos in Peru.
*'''{{POL}}''': {{as of|2012}}, there were 525 [[Filipinos in Poland]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}
*'''{{POR}}''': {{as of|2007}}, there were 3,200 to 20,000 [[Filipinos in Portugal]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}
*'''{{flag|Puerto Rico}}''': {{as of|2014}}, there were 91,620 Filipinos in [[Puerto Rico]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs" />
*'''{{QAT}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 241,109 Filipinos in [[Qatar]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />
*'''{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 168 Filipinos in the Republic of the Congo.
*'''{{flag|Romania}}''' {{as of|2021}}, there are only about 1,500 Filipinos in Romania.
*'''{{RUS}}''': As of 2017, the Philippine Embassy in Moscow counted "around 6,000" Filipinos in Russia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stronger PH Ties with Russia Seen as Cayetano Visits Moscow|url=https://www.dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/dfa-releasesupdate/16671-stronger-ph-ties-with-russia-seen-as-cayetano-visits-moscow|access-date=September 24, 2018|publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)]]|date=May 16, 2018|archive-date=November 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103133942/https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/dfa-releasesupdate/16671-stronger-ph-ties-with-russia-seen-as-cayetano-visits-moscow|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Philippine Overseas Employment Administration|Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA)]]'s count rose to "close to 10,000" during the 2022 outbreak of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Gov't to help OFWs in Russia as economic sanctions bite|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170489|access-date=March 25, 2022|work=[[Philippine News Agency]]|date=March 23, 2022}}</ref> Given a bilateral labor-agreement in the works (as of 2021),<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia eyes bilateral labor agreement with PH|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1132803|access-date=February 21, 2022|work=[[Philippine News Agency]]|date=March 6, 2021}}</ref> that number is likely to increase, the effects of the war prove affect it enough.
[[File:Lucky Plaza, Orchard Road, Singapore.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Lucky Plaza mall in Orchard Road hosts products and services that cater for Overseas Filipinos in [[Singapore]].]]
*'''{{flag|Samoa}}''': {{as of|2022}}, there are about 300 Filipinos in Samoa.
*'''{{SAU}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 865,121 [[Filipinos in Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast">{{cite web |title=Population of Overseas Filipinos in the Middle East and North Africa |url=https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/dfa-releasesupdate/25776-population-of-overseas-filipinos-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa |website=Department of Foreign Affairs |access-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627083816/https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/dfa-releasesupdate/25776-population-of-overseas-filipinos-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |date=January 2020}}</ref>
*'''{{SRB}}''': {{as of|2018}}, there are 76 Filipinos living in Serbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/17348-ph-consulate-in-belgrade-opens-for-filipinos-in-serbia|title=PH Consulate in Belgrade Opens For Filipinos in Serbia|date=July 18, 2018|publisher=Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs|access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=June 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627141712/https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/17348-ph-consulate-in-belgrade-opens-for-filipinos-in-serbia|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''{{SGP}}''': {{as of|2014}}, there were 200,000 Filipinos in Singapore.<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs" />
*'''{{flag|Solomon Islands}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 304 Filipinos in the Solomon Islands.
*'''{{flag|South Africa}}''': {{as of|2008}}, there are 2,200 Filipinos in South Africa. See [[Filipinos in South Africa]].
*'''{{KOR}}''': {{as of|2014}}, there were 52,379 [[Filipinos in South Korea]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs" />
*'''{{ESP}}''': There are about 200,000 Filipino nationals in Spain.<ref name="productive"/> In addition, thousands more hold dual citizenship. Being a former colony of Spain, Filipino citizens can apply for dual citizenship within two years residence.<ref name="citizenship-esp">{{cite news | last=Gutierrez | first=Pia | title=Spain clarifies legislation offering citizenship | url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/global-filipino/03/27/14/spain-clarifies-legislation-offering-citizenship | publisher=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs]] | date=March 27, 2014 | access-date=January 24, 2022}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}''': {{as of|2022}}, there were more than 700 Filipinos in Sri Lanka.
*'''{{SUD}}''': {{as of|2023}}, there are around 400 Filipinos in Sudan.
*'''{{SWE}}''': {{as of|2018}}, there were 24,456 Filipinos in Sweden.<ref>[https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/ Befolkningsstatistik<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*'''{{SWI}}''': See [[Filipinos in Switzerland]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}
*'''{{flag|Syria}}''': {{as of|2012}}, there are over 5,000 Filipinos in Syria.
*'''{{TWN}}''': {{as of|2021}}, there were 147,000 [[Filipinos in Taiwan]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs" />
*'''{{flag|Tajikistan}}''': {{as of|2010}}, there were 25 Filipinos in Tajikistan.
*'''{{THA}}''': See [[Filipinos in Thailand]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}
*'''{{flag|Timor-Leste}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 1,220 Filipinos in Timor-Leste.
*'''{{Flag|Togo}}''': {{as of|2019}}, there are 24 Filipinos in Togo.
*'''{{TUR}}''': {{as of|2008}}, there were 5,500 Filipinos in Turkey.
*'''{{UGA}}''': {{as of|2012}}, there were about 600 [[Filipinos in Uganda]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}
*'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': {{as of|2019}}, there were 342 Filipinos in Ukraine.
*'''{{UAE}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 648,929 Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates.<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />
*'''{{UK}}''': {{as of|2014}}, there were 200,000 Filipinos in the United Kingdom.<ref name="DFAGovPH-DistributionOFWs" /> Nurses and caregivers have begun migrating to the United Kingdom in recent years. The island nation has welcomed thousands of nurses and various other occupations from the Philippines during the past 5 years. Many Filipino seamen settled in British port cities during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [[Liverpool]] even had an area nicknamed '[[Little Manila]]'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filipinohome.com/02_10_15liverpool.html |title=Filipinos in Liverpool, Part 1 |publisher=Filipinohome.com |date=May 4, 1915 |access-date=July 9, 2014}}</ref> See [[Filipinos in the United Kingdom]].
*'''{{USA}}''': {{as of|2010}}, there were [[Demographics of Filipino Americans|3.4 million Filipinos in the United States]], including those of partial descent.<ref name=CFO2013 /> Despite race relation problems of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the American Northwest, most [[Filipino American]]s today find it easy to integrate into American society. Filipinos are the second-largest [[Asian American]] group in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/30477/filipinos-2nd-largest-asian-group-in-us-census-shows|title=Filipinos 2nd largest Asian group in US, census shows|last=Rueda|first=Nimfa U.|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=March 25, 2012|access-date=February 17, 2017}}<br />{{cite book|author=Kevin L. Nadal|title=Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PT17|date=March 23, 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-01977-1|page=17}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Min Zhou|author2=Anthony C. Ocampo|title=Contemporary Asian America (third Edition): A Multidisciplinary Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQLMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA292|date=April 19, 2016|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-2923-1|page=292}}</ref> The United States hosts the largest population of Filipinos outside the Philippines, with a [[Historic Filipinotown, Los Angeles|Historic Filipinotown]] in Los Angeles designated in August 2002, the first district established outside the Philippines to honor and recognize the area's Filipino community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitasianla.org/index.php/historic-filipinotown/things-to-do|title=Historic Filipinotown - Things to Do|publisher=VisitAsianLA.org|access-date=July 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name=BNP2007>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm |title=Background Note: Philippines |publisher=U.S. Department of State: Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs |date=May 2007 |access-date=September 2, 2007 |quote=There are an estimated four million Americans of Filipino ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines.}}</ref> The largest population of Filipino Americans reside in [[California]];<ref>{{cite news |last=Melendez |first=Lyanne |date=December 17, 2018 |title=Bay Area Filipinos react to new Miss Universe 2018 |url=https://abc7news.com/entertainment/bay-area-filipinos-react-to-new-miss-universe-2018/4916935/ |work=KGO |location=San Francisco |access-date=March 2, 2019 |quote=California is home to the largest Filipino population in the U.S. }}<br />{{cite book|author=Maria P. P. Root|title=Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jK0RrwCHqQC&pg=PA15|date=May 20, 1997|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-0579-0|page=15}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Kyle L. Kreider|author2=Thomas J. Baldino|author3=Joaquin Jay Gonzalez III|title=Minority Voting in the United States &#91;2 volumes&#93;|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFwzCwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA264|date=December 7, 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-3024-2|pages=265–280|chapter=Filipino American Voting }}</ref> there are other large populations in the [[Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area|New York metropolitan area]], [[Illinois]], [[Nevada]], [[Texas]], and [[Filipinos in Hawaii|Hawaii]].
*'''{{flag|Uzbekistan}}''': {{as of|2017}}, there are around 3,809 Filipinos in Uzbekistan.
*'''{{VEN}}''': {{as of|2013}}, there were about 200 Filipinos living in Venezuela.<ref name=CFO2013 />
*'''{{flag|Vietnam}}''': {{as of|2016}}, there were nearly 20,000 Filipinos in Vietnam.
*'''{{YEM}}''': {{as of|2020}}, there were 150 Filipinos in [[Yemen]].<ref name="DFAGovPH-2020-OFW-MidEast" />
*'''{{flag|Zambia}}''': {{as of|2016}}, there were approximately 475 Filipinos in Zambia.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Immigration]]
*[[Brain drain#Philippines|Brain drain]]
*[[Balikbayan box]]
*[[Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area]]
*[[Human migration]]
*[[Human migration]]
*[[Overseas Filipino Worker]]
*[[Philippine Labor Migration Policy]]
*[[Philippine Overseas Employment Administration]]
*[[Philippine Independence Day Parade]]
*[[UN]]: [[ILO]], [[UNESCO]], [[UNIFEM]], [[WTO]]
*[[Women migrant workers from developing countries]]


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Terry |first=William |title=The perfect worker: discursive makings of Filipinos in the workplace hierarchy of the globalized cruise industry |url=https://www.academia.edu/5339958 |journal=Social & Cultural Geography |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=73–79 |doi=10.1080/14649365.2013.864781 |access-date=March 5, 2007|year=2014 |s2cid=143393473 }}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Filipino diaspora}}


===General statistics from Philippine government===
===General statistics from Philippine government===
* '''POEA2004''' {{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|a}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|b}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|c}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|d}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|e}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|f}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|g}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|h}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|i}} {{cite web
* '''POEA2004''' {{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|a}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|b}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|c}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|d}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|e}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|f}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|g}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|h}}{{note label|POEA2004|POEA2004|i}} {{cite web|url=http://www.poea.gov.ph/docs/STOCK_ESTIMATE_2004.xls |title=Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas |publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration |format=[[MS Excel]] |date=2004 |access-date=August 1, 2007 }}{{dead link|date=November 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} (overseas Filipinos working and/or living overseas):
|url=http://www.poea.gov.ph/docs/STOCK%20ESTIMATE%202004.xls
|title=Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos
|format=[[MS Excel]]
|publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA)
|year=2004
|accessdate=2007-08-01 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070303122418/http://www.poea.gov.ph/docs/STOCK+ESTIMATE+2004.xls |archivedate = 2007-03-03}} (overseas Filipinos working and/or living overseas):
** 3,187,586 stay permanently, 3,599,257 stay for work contracts, and 1,296,972 stay irregularly (without proper documents), which make a sum of 8,083,815.
** 3,187,586 stay permanently, 3,599,257 stay for work contracts, and 1,296,972 stay irregularly (without proper documents), which make a sum of 8,083,815.
* [http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2005/of04tx.html Press release on the 2004 Survey on Overseas Filipinos], Philippine National Statistics Office, on OFWs:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204061810/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2005/of04tx.html Press release on the 2004 Survey on Overseas Filipinos], Philippine Statistics Authority, on OFWs:
** 1.06 million Overseas Filipinos Workers
** 1.06 million Overseas Filipino Workers
** 33.4% are unskilled workers, 15.4% are Trades and related workers, 15.1% are plant and machine operators and assemblers.
** 33.4% are unskilled workers, 15.4% are Trades and related workers, 15.1% are plant and machine operators and assemblers.
** 49.3% are males, 50.7% are females.
** 49.3% are males, 50.7% are females.
** Remittances are 64.7 billion [[Philippine peso]]s (equaled 1.2 billion USD then)
** Remittances are 64.7 billion [[Philippine peso]]s (equaled US$1.2 billion then)
* [http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2005deployment.xls Deployed Landbased Overseas Filipino Workers by Destination (New hires and Rehires)] ([[MS Excel]] format), Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), 2005, on OFWs:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060423161733/http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2005deployment.xls Deployed Landbased Overseas Filipino Workers by Destination (New hires and Rehires)] ([[MS Excel]] format), Philippine Overseas Employment Administration, 2005, on OFWs:
** 733,970 are landbased, 247,707 are seabased, which make a sum of 981,677. There is a 5.15% growth since 2004's 933,588.
** 733,970 are landbased, 247,707 are seabased, which make a sum of 981,677. There is a 5.15% growth since 2004's 933,588.
** Remittances are 9,727,138,000 USD. There is a 26.6% growth since 2004.
** Remittances are US$9,727,138,000. There is a 26.6% growth since 2004.
* [http://www.poea.gov.ph/html/statistics.html List of Additional Reports from the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration Statistics Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060904005652/http://www.poea.gov.ph/html/statistics.html List of Additional Reports from the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration Statistics Page]


===From other sources===
===From other sources===
{{Commons category|Filipino diaspora}}
*{{note_label|AUS|AUS|a}}{{note_label|AUS|AUS|b}}'''AUS''' - {{cite web
*{{note_label|AUS|AUS|a}}{{note_label|AUS|AUS|b}}'''AUS''' - {{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by_Subject/1301.0~2012~Main_Features~Country_of_birth~54 |title=1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2012 - Population - Country of Birth |publisher=Australia Bureau of Statistics |date=2012 |access-date=August 30, 2013}}.
|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Country%20of%20birth~54
|title=1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2012 - Population - Country of Birth
|year=2012
|publisher=Australia Bureau of Statistics
|accessdate=2013-08-30}}.
*{{note_label|GWM|GWM|a}}'''GWM''' - {{cite web
*{{note_label|GWM|GWM|a}}'''GWM''' - {{cite web
|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html#People
|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guam/
|title=Country Profile: Guam - People
|title=Country Profile: Guam - People
|publisher=[[CIA Factbook]]
|publisher=[[CIA Factbook]] |access-date=May 12, 2007}}.
|accessdate=2007-05-12}}.
*{{note_label|HKG|HKG|a}}{{note_label|HKG|HKG|b}}'''HKG''' - {{cite web
| url = http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2005/en/fact_01.htm
| title = Hong Kong Yearbook 2005 - population
| accessdate = 2007-04-12
| year = 2005
| publisher = Central Statistics Office
}}
*{{note_label|LBN|LBN|a}}'''LBN''' - {{cite news
*{{note_label|LBN|LBN|a}}'''LBN''' - {{cite news
|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=13250
|url = http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=13250
|title='Standby fund' for OFWS in Lebanon gets House committee nod
|title = 'Standby fund' for OFWs in Lebanon gets House committee nod
|author=Maila Ager
|author = Maila Ager
|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer
|newspaper = Philippine Daily Inquirer
|date=August 3, 2006
|date = August 3, 2006
|access-date = May 9, 2007
|accessdate=2007-05-09}}.
|url-status = dead
*{{note_label|NZL|NZL|a}}'''NZL''' - {{cite news
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011232818/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=13250
|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master
|archive-date = October 11, 2007
|title=QuickStats About Culture and Identity
}}.
|publisher=Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aotearoa
*{{note_label|NZL|NZL|a}}'''NZL''' - {{cite news|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master |title=QuickStats About Culture and Identity |publisher=Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aotearoa |date=August 3, 2006 |access-date=May 12, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070829171542/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master |archive-date=August 29, 2007}}.
|date=August 3, 2006
*{{note_label|SAU|SAU|a}}'''SAU''' - {{cite web|url=http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2006Stats.pdf |title=Table 29. Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2006 |publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration |date=2006 |access-date=September 1, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208142755/http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2006Stats.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2012 }}.
|accessdate=2007-05-12 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070829171542/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master |archivedate = 2007-08-29}}.
*{{note_label|TWN|TWN|a}}{{note_label|ROC|b|b}}'''TWN''' - [https://web.archive.org/web/20081224154220/http://statdb.cla.gov.tw/html/mon/c11020.htm Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality] ([[JPG]] and [[PDF]] format), 2006 February, CLA, [[Taiwan]].
*{{note_label|SAU|SAU|a}}'''SAU''' - {{cite web
*{{note_label|MAL|MAL|a}}'''MAL''' - {{cite web|url=http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2006Stats.pdf |title=Table 29. Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2006 |publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration |date=2006 |access-date=September 1, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208142755/http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2006Stats.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2012 }}.
|url=http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2006Stats.pdf
|format=PDF|title=Table 29. Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos As of December 2006
|year=2006
|publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA)
|accessdate=2007-09-01}}.
*{{note_label|TWN|TWN|a}}{{note_label|ROC|b|b}}'''TWN''' - [http://statdb.cla.gov.tw/html/mon/c11020.htm Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality] ([[JPG]] and [[PDF]] format), 2006 February, CLA, [[Taiwan]].
*{{note_label|MAL|MAL|a}}'''MAL''' - {{cite web
|url=http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2006Stats.pdf
|format=PDF|title=Table 29. Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos As of December 2006
|year=2006
|publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA)
|accessdate=2007-09-01}}.
*'''USA'''
*'''USA'''
**{{note_label|USA|USA|a1}}{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en |title=Selected Population Profile in the United States - Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |date=2005 |access-date=May 9, 2007 |quote=Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination - Total population: 288,378,137 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212040712/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=dead }}.
**{{note_label|USA|USA|a1}}{{cite web
**{{note_label|USA|USA|b1}}{{note_label|USA|USA|b2}}{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm |title=Background Note: Philippines |author=United States Census Bureau |publisher=U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs |date=2007 |access-date=November 4, 2006 |quote=There are an estimated four million Americans of Filipino ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines.}}
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en
|title=Selected Population Profile in the United States - Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination
|publisher=U.S. census bureau
|year=2005
|accessdate=2007-05-09
|quote=Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination - Total population: 288,378,137}}.
**{{note_label|USA|USA|b1}}{{note_label|USA|USA|b2}}{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm|author=United States Census Bureau|title= Background Note: Philippines|year=2007|publisher=U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs|accessdate=2006-11-04
|quote=There are an estimated four million Americans of Filipino ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines.}}
*{{note label|ARE|ARE|a}}'''ARE''' – {{cite news
*{{note label|ARE|ARE|a}}'''ARE''' – {{cite news
|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/business/2007/April/business_April715.xml&section=business
|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data%2Fbusiness%2F2007%2FApril%2Fbusiness_April715.xml&section=business
|title=Jan–Feb 2007 remittances by Filipinos in Dubai grow 96pc
|title=Jan–Feb 2007 remittances by Filipinos in Dubai grow 96pc
|author=Jose N. Franco Jr
|author=Jose N. Franco Jr
|date=28 April 2007
|date=April 28, 2007
|publisher=Khaleej Tomes
|newspaper=Khaleej Times
|access-date=May 9, 2007
|accessdate=2007-05-09}}
|archive-date=May 6, 2013
*{{note label|AUS|AUS|a}}'''AUS''' – {{cite web
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506200948/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data%2Fbusiness%2F2007%2FApril%2Fbusiness_April715.xml&section=business
|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/00FB61D4FA7DA54BCA2572360001105C?opendocument
|url-status=dead
|title=Year Book Australia, 2007 Contents >> Population >> Country of birth
}}
|year=2007
*{{note label|AUS|AUS|a}}'''AUS''' – {{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/00FB61D4FA7DA54BCA2572360001105C?opendocument |title=Year Book Australia, 2007 Contents >> Population >> Country of birth |publisher=Australia Bureau of Statistics |date=2007 |access-date=August 8, 2007}}
|publisher=Australia Bureau of Statistics
*{{note label|CAN|CAN|a}}'''CAN''' – {{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacific.ca/data/people/demographics_dataset1_byprov.cfm|title=Population by Ethnic Origin|publisher=[[Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada]]|access-date=May 8, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070409142817/http://www.asiapacific.ca/data/people/demographics_dataset1_byprov.cfm |archive-date=April 9, 2007}}
|accessdate=2007-08-08}}
*{{note label|CAN|CAN|a}}'''CAN''' – {{cite web
|url=http://www.asiapacific.ca/data/people/demographics_dataset1_byprov.cfm
|title=Population by Ethnic Origin
|publisher=[[Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada]]
|accessdate=2007-05-08 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070409142817/http://www.asiapacific.ca/data/people/demographics_dataset1_byprov.cfm |archivedate = 2007-04-09}}
*{{note label|GWM|GWM|a}}'''GWM''' – {{cite web
*{{note label|GWM|GWM|a}}'''GWM''' – {{cite web
|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html#People
|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guam/
|title=Country Profile: Guam – People
|title=Country Profile: Guam – People
|publisher=[[CIA Factbook]]
|publisher=[[CIA Factbook]]
|accessdate=2007-05-12}}
|access-date=May 12, 2007}}
*{{note label|IRL|IRL|a}}'''IRL''' – {{cite web |url=http://www.cso.ie/statistics/persclassbynationality2002.htm |title=Principal Statistics of Ireland by nationality |author=Central Statistics Office Ireland |access-date=April 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406122156/http://www.cso.ie/statistics/persclassbynationality2002.htm |archive-date=April 6, 2007 |url-status=dead }}
*{{note label|HKG|HKG|a}}'''HKG''' – {{cite web
*{{note label|ITA|ITA|a}}'''ITA''' – {{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view_article.php?article_id=80342 |title=Microsoft training centers cater to 200,000 OFWs in Italy |author=Lawrence Casiraya |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |access-date=August 14, 2007 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
| url = http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2005/en/fact_01.htm
*{{note label|JPN|JPN|a}}'''JPN''' – {{cite news|url=http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=132 |title=Undocumented Filipinos cross the great divide in Japan |publisher=Philippines Today |access-date=May 9, 2007}}
| title = Hong Kong Yearbook 2005 – population
| accessdate = 2007-04-12
| year = 2005
| publisher=Central Statistics Office
}}
*{{note label|IRL|IRL|a}}'''IRL''' – {{cite web |url=http://www.cso.ie/statistics/persclassbynationality2002.htm|author=Central Statistics Office Ireland|title=Principal Statistics of Ireland by nationality|accessdate=2007-04-12}}
*{{note label|ITA|ITA|a}}'''ITA''' – {{cite web
|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view_article.php?article_id=80342
|title=Microsoft training centers cater to 200,000 OFWs in Italy
|author=Lawrence Casiraya
|publisher=Inquirer.net
|accessdate=2007-08-14}}
*{{note label|JPN|JPN|a}}'''JPN''' – {{cite news
|url=http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=132
|title=Undocumented Filipinos cross the great divide in Japan
|publisher=Philippines Today
|accessdate=2007-05-09}}
*{{note label|LBN|LBN|a}}'''LBN''' – {{cite news
*{{note label|LBN|LBN|a}}'''LBN''' – {{cite news
|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=13250
|url = http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=13250
|title='Standby fund’ for OFWS in Lebanon gets House committee nod
|title = 'Standby fund' for OFWs in Lebanon gets House committee nod
|author=Maila Ager
|author = Maila Ager
|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer
|newspaper = Philippine Daily Inquirer
|date=3 August 2006
|date = August 3, 2006
|access-date = May 9, 2007
|accessdate=2007-05-09}}
|url-status = dead
*{{note label|NZL|NZL|a}}'''NZL''' – {{cite news
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011232818/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=13250
|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master
|archive-date = October 11, 2007
|title=QuickStats About Culture and Identity
|publisher=Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aotearoa
|date=3 August 2006
|accessdate=2007-05-12 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070829171542/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master |archivedate = 2007-08-29}}
*{{note label|ROK|ROK|a}}'''ROK''' – {{cite news
|url=http://www.dfa.gov.ph/news/pr/pr2004/may/pr341.htm
|title=Secretary Albert Assures Filipinos in Korea of Continued Government Protection for Their Interests
|publisher=Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs
|date=3 August 2006
|accessdate=2007-05-12 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070805021216/http://www.dfa.gov.ph/news/pr/pr2004/may/pr341.htm |archivedate = 2007-08-05}}
*{{note label|SAU|SAU|a}}'''SAU''' – {{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51609.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2005 – Saudi Arabia
|year=2005
|publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State
|accessdate=2007-05-09}}
*{{note label|TWN|TWN|a}}'''TWN''' – [http://statdb.cla.gov.tw/html/mon/c11020.htm Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality] ([[JPG]] and [[PDF]] format), 2006 February, CLA, [[Taiwan]].
*'''USA'''
**{{note label|USA|USA|a1}}{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en
|title=Selected Population Profile in the United States – Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination
|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
|year=2005
|accessdate=2007-05-09
|quote=Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination: 2,807,731
}}
}}
*{{note label|NZL|NZL|a}}'''NZL''' – {{cite news|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master |title=QuickStats About Culture and Identity |publisher=Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aotearoa |date=August 3, 2006 |access-date=May 12, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070829171542/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master |archive-date=August 29, 2007}}
**{{note label|USA|USA|b1}}{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm|author=United States Census Bureau|title= Background Note: Philippines|date= May 2007|publisher=U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs|accessdate=2007-09-02
*{{note label|ROK|ROK|a}}'''ROK''' – {{cite news|url=http://www.dfa.gov.ph/news/pr/pr2004/may/pr341.htm |title=Secretary Albert Assures Filipinos in Korea of Continued Government Protection for Their Interests |publisher=Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs |date=August 3, 2006
|quote=There are an estimated four million Americans of Filipino ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines.}}
|access-date=May 12, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070805021216/http://www.dfa.gov.ph/news/pr/pr2004/may/pr341.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2007}}
*{{note label|SAU|SAU|a}}'''SAU''' – {{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51609.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2005 – Saudi Arabia |publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State |date=2005 |access-date=May 9, 2007}}
*{{note label|TWN|TWN|a}}'''TWN''' – [https://web.archive.org/web/20081224154220/http://statdb.cla.gov.tw/html/mon/c11020.htm Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality] ([[JPG]] and [[PDF]] format), 2006 February, CLA, [[Taiwan]].
*'''USA'''
**{{note label|USA|USA|a1}}{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en |title=Selected Population Profile in the United States – Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |date=2005 |access-date=May 9, 2007 |quote=Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination: 2,807,731 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212040712/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=dead }}
**{{note label|USA|USA|b1}}{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm |title=Background Note: Philippines|date=May 2007 |author=United States Census Bureau |publisher=U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs |access-date=September 2, 2007 |quote=There are an estimated four million Americans of Filipino ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines.}}
*[http://balinkbayan.gov.ph/ Overseas Filipino]


{{Overseas Asians}}
{{Overseas Asians}}
{{Overseas Filipinos}}
{{PHOverseassmall}}
{{Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}
{{Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Economy of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Filipino diaspora| ]]
[[Category:Filipino diaspora| ]]
[[Category:Filipino emigrants]]
[[Category:Filipino people]]

Latest revision as of 17:24, 5 December 2024

Overseas Filipinos
Mga Pilipino sa Ibayong-dagat
Map of the Filipino diaspora in the world
Total population
15 million (2019)[1][2]
figures below are for various years, per individual supporting sources cited.
Regions with significant populations
 United States4,640,313 (2023) (Filipino ancestry and immigrants)[3]
 Canada957,355 (2021)[4]
 Saudi Arabia725,893 (2022) [5]
 United Arab Emirates919,819 (2013)[6]
 Japan332,293 (2024)[7]
 Australia408,836 (2021)[8]
 Kuwait276,000 (2018)[9]
 Malaysia245,000 (2009)[10]
 Qatar240,000 (2017)[11]
 Singapore203,243 (2013)[12]
 France150,000-200,000 (2020)[13][14]
 Spain200,000 (2018)[15]
 United Kingdom164,000 (2021 UK census)[16]
 Hong Kong186,869 (2016)[17]
 Italy158,926 (2023 Italian census)[18]
 Jordan40,538 (2020)[19]
 Lebanon33,424 (2020)[19]

An overseas Filipino (Filipino: Pilipino sa ibayong-dagat) is a person of full or partial Filipino origin who trace their ancestry back to the Philippines but are living and working outside of the country. They get jobs in countries, and they move to live in countries that they get jobs in, or if they want to migrate to somewhere else, This term generally applies to both people of Filipino ancestry and citizens abroad. As of 2019, there were over 15 million Filipinos overseas.[2]

Population

[edit]

In 2013, the Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO) estimated that approximately 10.2 million people of Filipino descent lived or worked abroad.[12] This number constitutes about 11 percent of the total population of the Philippines.[20] It is one of the largest diaspora populations, spanning over 100 countries.[21]

The Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) tend to be young and gender-balanced. Based on a survey conducted in 2011, the demographics indicate how the 24-29 age group constitutes 24 percent of the total and is followed by the 30-34 age group (23 percent) working abroad.[22] Male OFWs account for 52 percent of the total OFW population. The slightly smaller percentage of the female overseas workers tend to be younger than their male counterparts.[22] Production workers and service workers account for more than 80 percent of the labor outflows by 2010 and this number is steadily increasing, along with the trend for professional workers, who are mainly nurses and engineers.[22] Filipino seamen, overseas Filipino workers in the maritime industry, make an oversize impact on the global economy, making up a fifth to a quarter of the merchant marine crews, who are responsible for the movement of the majority of goods in the global economy.[23][24]

The OFW population is consistently increasing through the years and this is partly attributed to the government's encouragement of the outflow of contractual workers as evidenced in policy pronouncements, media campaigns, and other initiatives.[25] For instance, it describes the OFWs as the heroes of the nation, encouraging citizens to take pride in these workers.

Economic impact

[edit]

In 2012, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), the central bank of the Philippines, expected official remittances coursed through banks and agents to grow 5% over 2011 to US$21 billion, but official remittances constitute only a fraction of all remittances.[26]

Remittances by unofficial, including illegal, channels are estimated by the Asian Bankers Association to be 30 to 40% higher than the official BSP figure.[26]

In 2011, remittances were US$20.118 billion.[27]

In 2012, approximately 80% of the remittances came from only seven countries—United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Japan.[27]

In 2018, remittance had increased to $31 billion, which was nearly 10% of the GDP of the Philippines.[23]

In 2019, Overseas Filipinos sent back $32.2 billion to the Philippines.[28]

Philippine Independence Day Parade

[edit]

The Philippine Independence Day Parade, or Philippine Day Parade in New York City, the world's largest outside the Philippines, takes place annually in the United States along Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. The parade is held on the first Sunday in June. Its main purpose is to create awareness of Philippine culture and to raise funds for charity projects in the Philippines and the United States.[29] The Philippine Independence Day Parade is increasingly being attended by both American politicians and Filipino celebrities as well as diplomatic officials who are keenly aware of the significant and increasing political and economic power exerted by the Filipino diaspora in the New York metropolitan area.[30][31]

Issues

[edit]

Employment conditions

[edit]

Employment conditions overseas are relevant to the individual worker and their families as well as for the sending country and its economic growth and well-being. Poor working conditions for Filipinos hired abroad include long hours, low wages and few chances to visit family.[32][33][34] Evidence suggests that these women cope with the emotional stress of familial separation in one of two ways: first, in domestic care situations, they substitute their host-family's children for their own in the love and affection they give, and second, they actively considered the benefit their earnings would have on their children's future.[34] Women often face disadvantages in their employment conditions as they tend to work in the elder/child care and domestic.[35] These occupations are considered low skilled and require little education and training, thereby regularly facing poor working conditions.[32] Women facing just working conditions are more likely to provide their children with adequate nutrition, better education and sufficient health. There is a strong correlation between women's rights and the overall well-being of children. It is therefore a central question to promote women's rights in order to promote children's capabilities.[36][37]

According to a statement made in 2009 by John Leonard Monterona, the Middle East coordinator of Migrante, a Manila-based OFW organization, every year, an unknown number of Filipinos in Saudi Arabia were then "victims of sexual abuses, maltreatment, unpaid salaries, and other labor malpractices".[38][needs update]

Government policy

[edit]

Philippine Labor Migration Policy has historically focused on removing barriers for migrant workers to increase accessibility for employment abroad. Working conditions among Filipinos employed abroad varies depending on whether the host country acknowledges and enforces International labor standards. The standards are set by the ILO, which is an UN agency that 185 of the 193 UN members are part of. Labor standards vary greatly depending on host country regulations and enforcement. One of the main reasons for the large differences in labor standards is due to the fact that ILO only can register complaints and not impose sanctions on governments. Returning overseas Filipinos are known as "Balikbayans".[39]

Emigration policies tend to differ within countries depending on if the occupation is mainly dominated by men or women. Occupations dominated by men tend to be driven by economic incentives whereas emigration policies aimed at women traditionally tend to be value driven, adhering to traditional family roles that favors men's wage work. As women are regularly seen as symbols of national pride and dignity, governments tend to have more protective policies in sectors dominated by women. These policies risk to increase gender inequality in the Philippines and thereby this public policy work against women joining the workforce.[40] Female OFWs most often occupy domestic positions.[41] However, some researchers[33] argue that the cultural trends of female migrancy have the potential to destabilize the gender inequality of the Filipino culture. Evidence suggests that in intact, heterosexual families wherein the wife-mother works overseas, Filipino fathers have the potential to take on greater roles in care-giving to their children, though seldom few actually do.[42] Other researchers report that these situations lead to abuse, particularly of older daughters, who face increased pressure and responsibility in the mother's absence.[35] Likewise, the "reversal of breadwinning and caregiving roles between migrant wives and left-behind husbands" more often results in tension regarding family finances and the role each spouse should play in decision making.[32]

The Philippine government has recently[when?] opened up their public policy to promote women working abroad since the world's demand for domestic workers and healthcare workers has increased.[35] This has led to the government reporting a recent increase in women emigrating from the Philippines. A healthcare problem arises as migrating women from the Philippines and other developing countries often create a nursing shortage in the home country. The nurse to patient ratio is down to one nurse to between 40 and 60 patients, in the 1990s, the ratio was one nurse to between 15 and 20 patients. It seems inevitable that the healthcare sector loses experienced nurses as the emigration is increasing. The Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement is seen as a failure by most since only 7% of applicants or 200 nurses a year has been accepted on average – mainly due to resistance by domestic stakeholders and failed program implementation. The result is a "lose-lose" outcome where Philippine workers fail to leverage their skills and a worldwide shortage persists. Despite the fact that Japan has an aging population and many Filipinos want to work in Japan, a solution has not yet been found. The Japanese Nursing Association supports "equal or better" working conditions and salaries for Filipino nurses. In contrast, Yagi propose more flexible wages to make Filipinos more attractive on the Japanese job market.[43][44] [45]

Results from a focus group in the Philippines shows that the positive impacts from migration of nurses is attributed to the individual migrant and his/her family, while the negative impacts are attributed to the Filipino healthcare system and society in general. In order to fill the nursing shortage in the Philippines, suggestions have been made by several NGOs that nursing-specializing Filipino workers overseas, locally known as "Overseas Filipino Workers" (OFWs), return to the country to train local nurses, for which program training would be required in order for the Philippines to make up for all its nurses migrating abroad.[45]

Host country policies

[edit]

Wealthier households derive a larger share of their income from abroad. This might suggest that government policies in host countries favor capital-intensive activities. Even though work migration is mainly a low and middle class activity, the high-income households are able to derive a larger share of their income from abroad due to favorable investment policies. These favorable investment policies causes an increase in income inequalities and do not promote domestic investments that can lead to increased standard of living. This inequality threatens to halt the economic development as investments are needed in the Philippines and not abroad in order to increase growth and well-being. A correlation between successful contribution to the home country's economy and amounted total savings upon the migrants return has been found, therefore it is important to decrease income inequalities while attracting capital from abroad to the Philippines.[43][46]

Many host governments of OFWs have protective policies and barriers making it difficult to enter the job market. Japan has been known for rigorous testing of Filipinos in a way that make them look reluctant to hold up their part of the Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement and solely enjoy the benefit of affordable manufacturing in the Philippines, not accepting and educating OFWs.[44]

Return migration

[edit]

Returning migrant workers are often argued to have a positive effect on the home economy since they are assumed to gain skills and return with a new perspective. Deskilling has caused many Filipino workers to return less skilled after being assigned simple tasks abroad, this behavior creates discouragement for foreign workers to climb the occupational ladder. Deskilling of labor is especially prevalent among women who often have few and low skill employment options, such as domestic work and child or elder care. Other occupations that recently has seen an increase in deskilling are doctors, teachers and assembly line workers.[43]

To underline what a common problem this deskilling is: Returning migrant workers are calling for returnee integration programs, which suggests that they do not feel prepared to be re-integrated in the domestic workforce.[40]

As the Philippines among other countries who train and export labor repeatedly has faced failures in protecting labor rights, the deskilling of labor has increased on a global scale. A strong worldwide demand for healthcare workers causes many Filipinos to emigrate without ever getting hired or become deskilling while possibly raising their salary. The result is a no-win situation for the sending and receiving country. The receiving countries lose as skilled workers are not fully utilizing their skills while the home country simultaneously experience a shortage of workers in emigrating prone sectors.[44]

Countries and territories with Filipino populations

[edit]
Map of the Filipino diaspora in the world (includes people with Filipino ancestry or citizenship).[47]
  Philippines
  1,000,000+
  100,000+
  10,000+
  1,000+
Filipino Market in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Lucky Plaza mall in Orchard Road hosts products and services that cater for Overseas Filipinos in Singapore.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Further reading

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General statistics from Philippine government

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From other sources

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