Jump to content

Bulldog: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Previous form was both according to consensus and factually correct as well as consistent with article title.
cropped image
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|British breed of dog}}
{{Hatnote|For the game, see [[British Bulldogs (game)]].}}
{{About|the English Bulldog}}
{{Other uses}}
{{See also|French Bulldog|American Bulldog|Old English Bulldog}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox Dogbreed
{{Infobox dog breed
<!-- Put article text AFTER this infobox markup. See: -->
|name = Bulldog
<!-- Wikipedia:WikiProject Dog breeds/Templates for more info.-->
|image = Bulldog inglese.jpg
| width = 200px
|image_alt =
| image = File:Buldog angielski 000pl.jpg
|image_caption =
| name = Bulldog
|altname = English Bulldog,<br />British Bulldog
| altname = English Bulldog| country = England<ref>{{cite book | title = The Bulldog | isbn = 0-7368-0004-2| page = 5| last = Wilcox| first = Charlotte| year=1999| publisher = Capstone Press}}</ref>
|nickname =
| country = [[England]]
|country = [[England]]<ref>{{cite book| title = The Bulldog| isbn = 978-0-7368-0004-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/bulldog00wilc/page/5 5]| last = Wilcox| first = Charlotte| year = 1999| publisher = Capstone Press| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/bulldog00wilc/page/5}}</ref>
| life_span = 7–10 years
|collapse_standards_and_traits = no
| fcigroup = 2
| fcisection = 2
|weight =
|maleweight = {{convert|50|-|55|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| fcinum = 149
|femaleweight = {{convert|40|-|50|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| fcistd = http://web.archive.org/web/20070311015452/http://www.dogdomain.com/fcistandards/fci-149.htm
|height =
| akcgroup = Non-sporting
|maleheight =
| akcstd = http://www.akc.org/breeds/bulldog/index.cfm
|femaleheight =
| ankcgroup = Group 7 (Non-Sporting)
|colour = Brindle; solid white, red, fawn or yellow; piebald
| nkcgroup = Non-sporting
|litter_size =
| nkcstd = http://www.nationalkennelclub.com/Breed-Standards/english_bulldog.htm
|life_span = 7.4{{endash}}9.8 years
| ankcstd = http://web.archive.org/web/20040603015920/http://www.ankc.aust.com/british.html
| kc_name = [[The Kennel Club]]
| kcukgroup = Utility
| kcukstd = http://www.the-kennel-club.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=4084
| kc_std = https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/utility/bulldog/
| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/149g02-en.pdf
| nzkcgroup = Non-sporting
|note = National animal of United Kingdom
| nzkcstd = http://www.nzkc.org.nz/br712.html
| note = National animal of England
}}
}}


The '''Bulldog''' is a British [[dog breed|breed]] of dog of [[mastiff]] type. It may also be known as the '''English Bulldog''' or '''British Bulldog'''. It is a medium-sized, muscular dog of around {{convert|40|-|55|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}. They have large heads with thick folds of skin around the face and shoulders and a relatively flat face with a protruding lower jaw. The breed has significant health issues as a consequence of breeding for its distinctive appearance, including [[Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome|brachycephaly]], [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]], heat sensitivity, and skin infections. Due to concerns about their quality of life, breeding Bulldogs is illegal in [[Norway]] and the [[Netherlands]].
'''Bulldog''' is the name for a breed of [[dog]] commonly referred to as the '''English Bulldog'''. Other Bulldog breeds include the [[American Bulldog]], [[Old English Bulldog]] (now extinct), [[Olde English Bulldogge]], and the [[French Bulldog]]. The Bulldog is a muscular, heavy dog with a wrinkled face and a distinctive pushed-in nose.<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog">[http://www.akc.org/sitesearch/index.cfm?q=bulldog "Get to Know the Bulldog"], 'The American Kennel Club', Retrieved 29 May 2014</ref> The [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC), [[The Kennel Club]] (UK), and the [[United Kennel Club]] (UKC) oversee breeding standards. Bulldogs are the 5th most popular purebreed in the United States in 2013 according to the American Kennel Club.<ref>[http://www.akc.org/reg/dogreg_stats.cfm American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends], ''The American Kennel Club'', Retrieved 29 May 2014</ref>

The modern Bulldog was bred as a [[companion dog]] from the [[Old English Bulldog]], a now-extinct breed used for [[bull-baiting]], when the sport was outlawed in England under the Cruelty to Animals Act. The Bulldog Club (in England) was formed in 1878, and the Bulldog Club of America was formed in 1890. While often used as a symbol of ferocity and courage, modern Bulldogs are generally friendly, amiable dogs. Bulldogs are now commonly kept as pets; in 2013, the Bulldog was the 12th most frequently registered breed worldwide.{{r|skk}}


== Description ==
== Description ==


=== Appearance ===
=== Appearance ===
[[File:Clyde The Bulldog.jpg|thumb|right| Bulldog, Purebred six-month-old puppy from [[American Kennel Club|AKC]] Champion bloodlines]]
[[File:Female English Bulldog.jpg|thumb|A 4-year-old Bulldog of Champion bloodlines, side view. Note the "rope" over the nose, and pronounced underbite]]
The Bulldog is a breed with characteristically wide head and shoulders along with a pronounced mandibular [[prognathism]]. There are generally thick folds of skin on a Bulldog's brow; round, black, wide-set eyes; a short muzzle with characteristic folds called a knot above the nose; hanging skin under the neck; drooping lips and pointed teeth, and occasionally an underbite. The coat is short, flat, and sleek, with colors of red, fawn, white, [[brindle]], and [[piebald]].<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog"/>
[[File:Female English Bulldog.jpg|thumb|left| Example of four-year-old English Bulldog of champion bloodline, side view. Notice the "rope" over the nose, and pronounced underbite.]]
In the UK, the breed standards are 50 pounds for a male and 40 pounds for a female.<ref>[http://www.petwave.com/Dogs/Dog-Breed-Center/Non-Sporting-Group/Bulldog/Appearance.aspx "English Bulldog – Appearance & Grooming"]. Petwave. Retrieved 22 January 2013</ref> In the United States, a typical mature male weighs 45 to 55 pounds. Mature females weigh about 45 pounds. The American Kennel Club recommends the average weight of a bulldog to be 40 to 50 pounds.<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog"/>


Bulldogs have characteristically wide heads and shoulders along with a pronounced mandibular [[prognathism]]. There are generally thick folds of skin on the brow; round, black, wide-set eyes; a short muzzle with characteristic folds called a rope or nose roll above the nose; hanging skin under the neck; drooping lips and pointed teeth, and an underbite with an upturned jaw. The coat is short, flat, and sleek with colours of red, fawn, white, [[brindle]], and [[piebald]].<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog">[http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/bulldog/#standard "Get to Know the Bulldog"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222002618/http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/bulldog/#standard|date=22 December 2015}}, 'The American Kennel Club'. Retrieved 29 May 2014</ref> They have short tails that can either hang down straight or be tucked in a coiled "corkscrew" into a tail pocket.
Bulldogs are one of the few breeds whose tail is naturally short and either straight or screwed and thus is not cut or [[Docking (dog)|docked]] as with some other breeds. A straight tail is a more desirable tail according the breed standard set forth by the BCA if it is facing downward, not upwards.

In the United Kingdom, the breed standards are {{convert|55|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} for a male and {{convert|50|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} for a female.<ref name="KC breed standard">{{cite web |title=Bulldog breed standard |url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=4084 |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=The Kennel Club |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823105128/https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=4084 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the United States, the standard calls for a smaller dog — a typical mature male weighs {{convert|50|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, while mature females weigh about {{convert|40|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home of the Official AKC Bulldog Breed Club |url=https://bulldogclubofamerica.org/ |access-date=2021-09-25 |website=The Bulldog Club of America |language=en-US |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925093841/https://bulldogclubofamerica.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== Temperament ===
=== Temperament ===
[[File:Clyde The Bulldog.jpg|thumb|Six-month-old Bulldog puppy from [[American Kennel Club|AKC]] Champion bloodlines]]
According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), a Bulldog's disposition should be "equable and kind, resolute, and courageous (not vicious or aggressive), and demeanor should be pacific and dignified. These attributes should be countenanced by the expression and behavior".<ref name="AKC Bulldog Page">[http://www.akc.org/breeds/bulldog/ American Kennel Club – Bulldog]. Akc.org. Retrieved on 9 June 2012.</ref>
According to the [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC), a Bulldog's disposition should be "equable and kind, resolute, and courageous (not vicious or aggressive), and demeanour should be pacifist and dignified. These attributes should be countenanced by the expression and behaviour".<ref name="AKC Bulldog Page">[http://www.akc.org/breeds/bulldog/ American Kennel Club – Bulldog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813002750/http://www.akc.org/breeds/bulldog/ |date=13 August 2012 }}. Akc.org. Retrieved 9 June 2012.</ref>


Bulldogs are known for getting along well with children, other dogs, and other pets.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ewing |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuwzTHW-n3cC&q=Bulldogs+are+known+for+getting+along+well+with+children,+other+dogs,+and+pets&pg=PA1 |title=Bulldogs for dummies |publisher=Wiley Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7645-9979-8 |location=Indiana |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213807/https://books.google.com/books?id=iuwzTHW-n3cC&q=Bulldogs+are+known+for+getting+along+well+with+children,+other+dogs,+and+pets&pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-12 |title=Bulldog - Did You Know? |url=https://www.animalonplanet.com/bulldog-information-did-you-know/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Animal On Planet |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201163643/http://animalonplanet.com/bulldog-information-did-you-know/ }}</ref>
Breeders have worked to reduce/remove aggression from these dogs.<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog"/> Eventually, the Bulldog is known to be of good temperament.<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog"/> Most have a friendly, patient nature. Bulldogs are recognized as excellent family pets because of their tendency to form strong bonds with children.<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog"/>


==Health==
Generally, Bulldogs are known for getting along well with children, other dogs, and pets.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ewing|first=Susan|title=Bulldogs for dummies|year=2006|publisher=Wiley Publishing|location=Indiana|isbn=978-0-7645-9979-8|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=iuwzTHW-n3cC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Bulldogs+are+known+for+getting+along+well+with+children,+other+dogs,+and+pets&ots=bmmFgmH8NS&sig=Occlr57u7fkwfG9nwJ8UnCa6gTU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} They can become so attached to home and family, that they will not venture out of the yard without a human companion. They are also more likely to sleep on someone's lap than chase a ball around the yard.


== History ==
=== Lifespan ===
A 2022 study in the UK of veterinary data found a life expectancy of 7.39 years, the second lowest of all breeds in the study.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Teng | first1=Kendy Tzu-yun | last2=Brodbelt | first2=Dave C. | last3=Pegram | first3=Camilla | last4=Church | first4=David B. | last5=O'Neill | first5=Dan G. | title=Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=12 | issue=1 | date=2022-04-28 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6 | page=6415| pmid=35484374 | pmc=9050668 | bibcode=2022NatSR..12.6415T }}</ref> A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 9.8 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for [[Mongrel|crossbreeds]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=McMillan | first=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=| pmc=10834484 }}</ref>
[[File:Philip Reinagle - Bulldog.jpg|thumb|Painting of a Bulldog from 1790 by English artist [[Philip Reinagle]].]]
[[File:Arthur Heyer - Bulldog Sound Asleep.jpg|thumb|Painting of a Bulldog by [[Arthur Heyer]] (1872&ndash;1931).]]
The term "Bulldog" was first mentioned in literature around 1500, the oldest spelling of the word being Bondogge and Bolddogge. The first reference to the word with the modern spelling is dated 1631 or 1632 in a letter by a man named Preswick Eaton where he writes: "procuer mee two good Bulldogs, and let them be sent by ye first shipp".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jesse, George R. |title=Researches into the history of the British Dog, from ancient laws, charters, and historical records: With original anecdotes, and illustrations of the nature and attributes of the dog, from the poets and prose writers of ancient, mediaeval, and modern times. With engravings designed and etched by the author|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7oo-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA306|year=1866|publisher=Rob. Hardwicke|page=306}}</ref>
In 1666 [[Christopher Merret]] applied: "Canis pugnax, ''a Butchers Bull or Bear Dog''."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Merret|first1=Christopher|title=Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, continens Vegetabilia, Animalia, et Fossilia|date=1666|page=169|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7JC-IpBPhsoC&dq=canis%20pugnax&pg=PA169#v=onepage&q=canis%20pugnax&f=false}}</ref> as an entry in his ''[[Christopher Merret#Bibliography|Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum]]''.


A 2004 UK survey found the leading cause of death of Bulldogs to be cardiac-related (20%), cancer (18%), and old age (9%).<ref name="kcsurvey">{{cite journal | last=Adams | first=V. J. | last2=Evans | first2=K. M. | last3=Sampson | first3=J. | last4=Wood | first4=J. L. N. | title=Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | volume=51 | issue=10 | date=2010-10-01 | doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00974.x | pages=512–524}}</ref>
The designation "bull" was applied because of the dog's use in the sport of [[bull baiting]]. This entailed the setting of dogs (after placing wagers on each dog) onto a tethered bull. The dog that grabbed the bull by the nose and pinned it to the ground would be the victor. It was common for a bull to maim or kill several dogs at such an event, either by goring, tossing, or trampling. Over the centuries, dogs used for bull-baiting developed the stocky bodies and massive heads and jaws that typify the breed as well as a ferocious and savage temperament. Bull-baiting, along with bear-baiting, reached the peak of its popularity in England in the early 1800s until they were both made illegal by the [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1835]]. This amended the existing legislation to protect animals from mistreatment and included (as "cattle") bulls, dogs, bears, and sheep, so that bull and bear-baiting as well as [[cockfighting]] became prohibited. Therefore, the Old English Bulldog had outlived its usefulness in England as a sporting animal and its active or "working" days were numbered. However, emigrants did have a use for such dogs in the New World. In mid-17th century New York, Bulldogs were used as a part of a citywide roundup effort led by Governor [[Richard Nicolls]]. Because cornering and leading wild bulls was dangerous, Bulldogs were trained to seize a bull by its nose long enough for a rope to be secured around its neck.<ref>Ellis, Edward Robb (2005). The Epic of New York City – A Narrative History. Basic Books, New York. ISBN 978-0-7867-1436-0</ref> Bulldogs as pets were continually promoted by dog dealer [[Bill George (dog dealer)|Bill George]].<ref>Oliff, D. B. (1988) ''The Mastiff and Bullmastiff Handbook'', The Boswell Press ISBN 0-85115-485-9.</ref>


===Brachycephaly===
Despite slow maturation so that growing up is rarely achieved by two and a half years, bulldogs' lives are relatively short. At five to six years of age they are starting to show signs of aging.
[[File:Brachycephalie.png|alt=Three bulldog skulls. From left to right, the face becomes flatter, with a shorter snout and pronounced underbite and protruding jaw.|thumb|400x400px|Evolution of brachycephalia in Bulldogs. Left to right, the skulls are from approximately the 1910s, 1960s, and 1980s.]]
The shortened snout and pushed in face of the Bulldog is known as [[brachycephaly]].<ref>Knecht, C. D. (1979). Upper airway obstruction in brachycephalic dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 1, 25-31.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=Niels C. |last2=Pooch |first2=Ashley S. |last3=Liu |first3=Hongwei |date=2016-07-29 |title=A genetic assessment of the English bulldog |journal=Canine Genetics and Epidemiology |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.1186/s40575-016-0036-y |issn=2052-6687 |pmc=4965900 |pmid=27478618 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Brachycephaly results in deformation of the upper airway tract and leads to obstruction of breathing.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hendricks | first=Joan C. | title=Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome | journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=22 | issue=5 | year=1992 | issn=0195-5616 | doi=10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0 | pages=1145–1153| doi-access=free | pmid=1523786 }}</ref> Effects of brachycephaly are [[stridor]], stertorous breathing, [[emesis]], [[skin fold dermatitis]], [[brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome]], [[exophthalmos]], [[Pharyngeal reflex|pharyngeal gag reflex]], [[cyanosis]], and laryngeal collapse.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=TC | first1=Amis | last2=C | first2=Kurpershoek | title=Pattern of breathing in brachycephalic dogs | journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research | date=1986 | publisher=Am J Vet Res | volume=47 | issue=10 | pages=2200–2204 | issn=0002-9645 | pmid=3777646}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hendricks | first1=J. C. | last2=Kline | first2=L. R. | last3=Kovalski | first3=R. J. | last4=O'Brien | first4=J. A. | last5=Morrison | first5=A. R. | last6=Pack | first6=A. I. | title=The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing | journal=Journal of Applied Physiology | publisher=American Physiological Society | volume=63 | issue=4 | date=1987-10-01 | issn=8750-7587 | doi=10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1344 | pages=1344–1350| pmid=3693167 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Hendricks | first=Joan C. | title=Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome | journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=22 | issue=5 | year=1992 | issn=0195-5616 | doi=10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0 | pages=1145–1153| doi-access=free | pmid=1523786 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Meola | first=Stacy D. | title=Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome | journal=Topics in Companion Animal Medicine | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=28 | issue=3 | year=2013 | issn=1938-9736 | doi=10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004 | pages=91–96| pmid=24182996 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2335 |title=Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex) |last=Lundgrun |first=Becky |date=26 June 2006 |work= VeterinaryPartner.com |access-date=26 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Sebbag | first1=Lionel | last2=Sanchez | first2=Rick F. | title=The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome | journal=Veterinary Ophthalmology | volume=26 | issue=S1 | date=2023 | issn=1463-5216 | doi=10.1111/vop.13054 | pages=31–46| doi-access=free | pmid=36585820 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hobi | first1=Stefan | last2=Barrs | first2=Vanessa R. | last3=Bęczkowski | first3=Paweł M. | title=Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs | journal=Animals | publisher=MDPI AG | volume=13 | issue=12 | date=2023-06-16 | issn=2076-2615 | doi=10.3390/ani13122016 | doi-access=free | page=2016| pmid=37370526 | pmc=10294810 }}</ref> Other issues arising from brachycephaly are risk of complications whilst under anaesthesia,<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Gruenheid | first1=Michaela | last2=Aarnes | first2=Turi K. | last3=McLoughlin | first3=Mary A. | last4=Simpson | first4=Elaine M. | last5=Mathys | first5=Dimitria A. | last6=Mollenkopf | first6=Dixie F. | last7=Wittum | first7=Thomas E. | title=Risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs | journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) | volume=253 | issue=3 | date=2018-08-01 | issn=0003-1488 | doi=10.2460/javma.253.3.301 | pages=301–306| pmid=30020004 | s2cid=51676839 }}</ref> and [[hyperthermia]] — with the latter caused due to an inability to effectively reduce body temperature via panting.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ewers Clark | first=Anna | title=Heatstroke and brachycephalic dogs – is there an increased risk? | journal=Veterinary Evidence | volume=7 | issue=4 | date=2022-12-22 | issn=2396-9776 | doi=10.18849/ve.v7i4.534 | page=| doi-access=free }}</ref> Many airlines ban the breed from flying in the cargo hold due to a high rate of deaths from air pressure interacting poorly with their breathing problems.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haughney |first=Christine |date=2011-10-07 |title=Banned by Many Airlines, These Bulldogs Fly Private |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007124248/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Other conditions===
In time, the original old English Bulldog was crossed with the [[pug]]. The outcome was a shorter, wider dog with a [[Cephalic index#Brachycephalic animals|brachycephalic]] skull. Though today's Bulldog looks tough, he cannot perform the job he was originally created for as he cannot withstand the rigors of running and being thrown by a bull, and also cannot grip with such a short muzzle.
Statistics from the [[Orthopedic Foundation for Animals]] indicate that of the 467 Bulldogs tested between 1979 and 2009 (30 years), 73.9% were affected by [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]], the highest amongst all breeds.<ref name="ofa">{{cite web|url=http://www.offa.org/stats_hip.html|title=Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed|publisher=Orthopedic Foundation for Animals|access-date=10 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019034631/http://www.offa.org/stats_hip.html|archive-date=19 October 2010}}</ref> Similarly, the breed has the worst score in the British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia scoring scheme, although only 22 Bulldogs were tested in the scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bva.co.uk/public/documents/bms_hip_2010.pdf|title=British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia Scheme – Breed Mean Scores at 01/11/2009|publisher=British Veterinary Association|access-date=27 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727145831/http://www.bva.co.uk/public/documents/bms_hip_2010.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2013}}</ref>


A study in England found the Bulldog to have a nearly three times greater risk of [[patellar luxation]], with 2.9% of all Bulldogs having the condition.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=O'Neill | first1=Dan G. | last2=Meeson | first2=Richard L. | last3=Sheridan | first3=Adam | last4=Church | first4=David B. | last5=Brodbelt | first5=Dave C. | title=The epidemiology of patellar luxation in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England | journal=Canine Genetics and Epidemiology | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=3 | issue=1 | date=2016-06-08 | issn=2052-6687 | doi=10.1186/s40575-016-0034-0 | doi-access=free | page=4| pmid=27280025 | pmc=4898461 }}</ref>
The oldest single breed specialty club is The Bulldog Club (England), which was formed in 1878. Members of this club met frequently at the Blue Post pub on [[Oxford Street]] in [[London]]. There they wrote the first standard of perfection for the breed. In 1894 the two top Bulldogs, King Orry and Dockleaf, competed in a contest to see which dog could walk 20 miles. King Orry was reminiscent of the original Bulldogs, lighter boned and very athletic. Dockleaf was smaller and heavier set, more like modern Bulldogs. King Orry was declared the winner that year, finishing the 20-mile walk while Dockleaf collapsed.<ref>The sun., 11 September 1894, [http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1894-09-11/ed-1/seq-4/;words=orry+Dock+Orry+Leaf Page 4, Image 4]</ref> The Bulldog was officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1886.<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog"/>


In a 1963 UK study, 17% of Bulldogs surveyed had [[skin fold dermatitis]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hodgman | first=S. | title=Abnormalities and Defects in Pedigree Dogs–I. An Investigation into the Existence of Abnormalities in Pedigree Dogs in the British Isles | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | date=1963 | volume=4 | issue=6 | pages=447–456 | doi=10.1111/J.1748-5827.1963.TB01301.X | s2cid=73404440 }}</ref> The breed is also predisposed to [[atopic dermatitis]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rhodes |first=Karen Helton |title=Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion |last2=Werner |first2=Alexander H. |date=2011-01-25 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-0-8138-1596-1 |location=Ames, Iowa |page=94}}</ref>
At the turn of the 20th century, Ch. Rodney Stone became the first Bulldog to command a price of $5,000 when he was bought by controversial Irish American political figure [[Richard Croker]].


A study by the Royal Veterinary College found that Bulldogs are a much less healthy breed than average, with over twice the odds of being diagnosed with at least one of the common dog disorders investigated in the study.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Dan G. |last2=Skipper |first2=Alison |last3=Packer |first3=Rowena M. A. |last4=Lacey |first4=Caitriona |last5=Brodbelt |first5=Dave C. |last6=Church |first6=David B. |last7=Pegram |first7=Camilla |date=2022-06-15 |title=English Bulldogs in the UK: a VetCompass study of their disorder predispositions and protections |journal=Canine Medicine and Genetics |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/s40575-022-00118-5 |issn=2662-9380 |pmc=9199211 |pmid=35701824 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Health==
[[File:English Bulldog puppy.jpg|thumb|English Bulldog puppy]]
[[File:White-red English bulldog.jpg|thumb|right|White-red English bulldog]]
The UK Bulldog Breed Council puts the average life span of the breed at 8–10 years.<ref>[http://www.bulldogbreedcouncil.co.uk/education_owningabulldog.html Frequently asked questions on The Bulldog, 'Britain's National Breed'] Bulldog Breed Council</ref> A UK survey puts Bulldog life expectancy at 6.5 years. The leading cause of death of Bulldogs in the survey was cardiac related (20%), cancer (18%), and old age (9%). Those that died of old age had an average lifespan of 10 to 11 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/download/1527/hsbulldog.pdf|title=2004 Purebred Dog Health Survey|publisher=Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association|accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> Recent UK vet clinic data puts the median at 8.4 years.<ref>{{Cite doi|10.1016.2Fj.tvjl.2013.09.020}}</ref>


Over 80% of Bulldog litters are delivered by [[Caesarean section]] because their characteristically large heads can become lodged in the mother's birth canal and to avoid potential breathing problems for the mother during labour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Bulldog - Dystocia |url=https://www.ufaw.org.uk/dogs/english-bulldog-dystocia |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=www.ufaw.org.uk |language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=K. |last2=Adams |first2=V. |year=2010 |title=Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section |url=http://www.bakalo.com/C-Section-rates-purebreed-dogs.pdf |journal=The Journal of Small Animal Practice |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x |pmid=20136998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406144345/http://www.bakalo.com/C-Section-rates-purebreed-dogs.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Statistics from the [[Orthopedic Foundation for Animals]] indicate that of the 467 Bulldogs tested between 1979 and 2009 (30 years), 73.9% were affected by [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]], the highest amongst all breeds.<ref name="ofa">{{cite web|url=http://www.offa.org/stats_hip.html|title=Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed|publisher=Orthopedic Foundation for Animals|accessdate=10 February 2010}}</ref> Similarly, the breed has the worst score in the British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia scoring scheme, although [[sample size|only 22 Bulldogs]] were tested in the scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bva.co.uk/public/documents/bms_hip_2010.pdf|title=British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia Scheme – Breed Mean Scores at 01/11/2009|publisher=British Veterinary Association|accessdate=27 February 2010}}</ref> [[Luxating patella|Patellar luxation]] is another condition; it affects 6.2% of Bulldogs.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020024153/http://offa.org/patluxstatbreed.html Patellar Luxation Statistics]. offa.org</ref>


A British study found [[demodicosis]] to be more prevalent in the Bulldog than other breeds. The overall prevalence was 1.5% in the breed compared to the 0.17% rate for all dogs. For dogs aged under 2 years, the prevalence was 3.6% compared to 0.48%.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=O'Neill | first1=D. G. | last2=Turgoose | first2=E. | last3=Church | first3=D. B. | last4=Brodbelt | first4=D. C. | last5=Hendricks | first5=A. | title=Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | volume=61 | issue=1 | date=2020 | issn=0022-4510 | pmid=31584708 | pmc=7003809 | doi=10.1111/jsap.13067 | pages=32–41}}</ref>
Some individuals of this breed are prone to interdigital cysts—cysts that form between the toes. These cause the dog some discomfort, but are treatable either by vet or an experienced owner. They may also suffer from respiratory problems. Other problems can include [[cherry eye]], a protrusion of the inner eyelid (which can be corrected by a veterinarian), [[Allergy|allergies]], and [[hip]] issues in older Bulldogs.


The Bulldog is one of the two most commonly affected breeds for [[hiatal hernia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Monnet | first=Eric | first2=Ronald |last2=Bright| title=Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery | publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, NJ | date=2023-05-31 | isbn=978-1-119-69368-0 | pages=29-36 |chapter=Hiatal hernia}}</ref>
Over 80% of Bulldog litters are delivered by [[Caesarean section]]<ref>{{cite doi|10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x}}</ref> because their characteristically large heads can become lodged in the mother's birth canal. The folds, or "rope," on a Bulldog's face should be cleaned daily to avoid infections caused by moisture accumulation. Some Bulldogs' naturally curling tails can be so tight to the body as to require regular cleaning and ointment.


=== Controversies and legal status ===
Like all dogs, Bulldogs require daily [[exercise]]. If not properly exercised it is possible for a Bulldog to become overweight, which could lead to heart and lung problems, as well as stress on the joints.<ref>Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (22 November 2011) [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/magazine/can-the-bulldog-be-saved.html Can the Bulldog be Saved?] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref>
In January 2009, after the BBC documentary ''[[Pedigree Dogs Exposed]]'', [[The Kennel Club]] introduced revised breed standards for the British Bulldog, along with 209 other breeds, to address health concerns. Opposed by the British Bulldog Breed Council, it was speculated by the press that the changes would lead to a smaller head, fewer skin folds, a longer muzzle, and a taller thinner posture, to combat problems with respiration and breeding due to head size and width of shoulders.<ref name="Time14Jan09Bulldog">{{cite news |author=Elliott, Valerie |date=14 January 2009 |title=Healthier new Bulldog will lose its Churchillian jowl |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5512620.ece |access-date=14 January 2009 |archive-date=16 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116003604/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5512620.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2019 the [[Dutch Kennel Club]] implemented some breeding rules to improve the health of the Bulldog. Among these is a fitness test where the dog has to walk 1 km (0.62 miles) in 12 minutes. Its temperature and heart rate have to recover after 15 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Convenant Bulldog, breeding rules|url=http://www.raadvanbeheer.nl/uploads/media/Convenant_Bulldog-breeding_rules.pdf|publisher=Raad van Beheer (Dutch Kennel Club)|access-date=30 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083847/http://www.raadvanbeheer.nl/uploads/media/Convenant_Bulldog-breeding_rules.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:English Bulldog about to sleep.jpg|thumb|left|English Bulldog about to sleep]]
Bulldogs have very small nasal cavities and thus have great difficulty keeping their bodies cool. Bulldogs are very sensitive to heat. Extra caution should be practiced in warmer climates and during summer months. Bulldogs must be given plenty of shade and water, and must be kept out of standing heat.<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog"/> Air conditioning and good ventilation are required to keep them healthy and safe. Bulldogs actually do most of their sweating through the pads on their feet and accordingly enjoy cool floors. Like all [[brachycephalic]], or "short faced," breeds, Bulldogs can easily become overheated and even die from [[hyperthermia]].<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog"/> (see [[Brachycephalic syndrome]]) They can be big snorters and heavy breathers, and they tend to be loud snorers. Bulldog owners can keep these issues under control by staying aware and protecting their Bulldog(s) from these unsafe conditions. In 2014 the Dutch Kennel Club implemented some breeding rules to improve the health of the Bulldog. Among these is a fitness test where the dog has to walk 1&nbsp;km (0.62 miles) in 12 minutes. Its temperature and heart rate has to recover after 15 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Convenant Bulldog, breeding rules|url=http://www.raadvanbeheer.nl/uploads/media/Convenant_Bulldog-breeding_rules.pdf|publisher=Raad van Beheer (Dutch Kennel Club)|accessdate=30 June 2014}}</ref>
In January 2009, after the BBC documentary ''[[Pedigree Dogs Exposed]]'', [[The Kennel Club]] introduced revised breed standards for the British Bulldog, along with 209 other breeds, to address health concerns. Opposed by the British Bulldog Breed Council, it was speculated by the press that the changes would lead to a smaller head, fewer skin folds, a longer muzzle, and a taller thinner posture, in order to combat problems with respiration and breeding due to head size and width of shoulders.<ref name="Time14Jan09Bulldog">{{cite news
|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5512620.ece
|title=Healthier new Bulldog will lose its Churchillian jowl
|author=Elliott, Valerie
|publisher=The Times
|date=14 January 2009
|accessdate=14 January 2009
| location=London}}</ref>


In 2014, the [[Dutch government]] forbade the breeding of dogs with a snout shorter than a third of the skull, including Bulldogs, a law that it began enforcing in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vettimes.co.uk/news/dutch-to-crack-down-on-breeding-of-dogs-with-too-short-snouts/|title=Dutch to crack down on breeding of dogs with too short snouts {{!}} Vet Times|work=vettimes.co.uk|date=31 May 2019|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727064050/https://www.vettimes.co.uk/news/dutch-to-crack-down-on-breeding-of-dogs-with-too-short-snouts/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the [[Oslo District Court]] made a ruling that banned the breeding of Bulldogs in Norway due to their propensity for developing health problems. In its verdict the court judged that no dog of this breed could be considered healthy, therefore using them for breeding would be a violation of Norway's Animal Welfare Act.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-02|title=Norway bans breeding of British Bulldogs and Cavalier King Charles spaniels|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/norway-british-bulldogs-cavalier-spaniels-b2006120.html|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210180849/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/norway-british-bulldogs-cavalier-spaniels-b2006120.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=Breeding ban for bulldogs and cavaliers in Norway |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220222-breeding-ban-for-bulldogs-and-cavaliers-in-norway |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328132411/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220222-breeding-ban-for-bulldogs-and-cavaliers-in-norway |url-status=live }}</ref>


== History ==
[[File:Philip Reinagle - Bulldog.jpg|thumb|Painting of a Bulldog from 1790 by English artist [[Philip Reinagle]].]]The first reference to the word "Bulldog" is dated 1631 or 1632 in a letter by a man named Preswick Eaton where he writes: "procuer mee two good Bulldogs, and let them be sent by ye first shipp".<ref>{{cite book |author=Jesse, George R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oo-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA306 |title=Researches into the history of the British Dog, from ancient laws, charters, and historical records: With original anecdotes, and illustrations of the nature and attributes of the dog, from the poets and prose writers of ancient, mediaeval, and modern times. With engravings designed and etched by the author |publisher=Rob. Hardwicke |year=1866 |page=306 |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213803/https://books.google.com/books?id=7oo-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA306 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1666, English scientist [[Christopher Merret]] applied: "Canis pugnax, ''a Butchers Bull or Bear Dog''", as an entry in his ''[[Christopher Merret#Bibliography|Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Merret |first1=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JC-IpBPhsoC&q=canis+pugnax&pg=PA169 |title=Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, continens Vegetabilia, Animalia, et Fossilia |date=1666 |page=169 |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213803/https://books.google.com/books?id=7JC-IpBPhsoC&q=canis+pugnax&pg=PA169 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The designation "bull" was applied because of the dog's use in the sport of [[bull-baiting]]. This entailed the setting of dogs (after placing wagers on each dog) onto a tethered bull. The dog that grabbed the bull by the nose and pinned it to the ground would be the victor. It was common for a bull to maim or kill several dogs at such an event, either by goring, tossing, or trampling over them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulldog origin |url=https://www.nebkc.com/bulldog-origin-1 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=NEBKC |language=en}}</ref> Over the centuries, dogs used for bull-baiting developed the stocky bodies and massive heads and jaws that typify the breed, as well as a ferocious and savage temperament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulldog origin |url=https://www.nebkc.com/bulldog-origin-1 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=NEBKC |language=en}}</ref> Bull-baiting was made illegal in England by the [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1835]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curnutt |first1=Jordan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2p0MptGeBkC |title=Animals and the Law: A Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-147-2 |page=284 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213803/https://books.google.com/books?id=p2p0MptGeBkC |archive-date=21 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Therefore, the [[Old English Bulldog]] had outlived its usefulness in England as a sporting animal and its "working" days were numbered. However, emigrants did have a use for such dogs in the New World. In mid-17th century New York, Bulldogs were used as a part of a citywide roundup effort led by Governor [[Richard Nicolls]]. Because cornering and leading wild bulls was dangerous, Bulldogs were trained to seize a bull by its nose long enough for a rope to be secured around its neck.<ref>Ellis, Edward Robb (2005). The Epic of New York City – A Narrative History. Basic Books, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-7867-1436-0}}</ref>
[[File:Illustrirtes Muster Hunde-Buch, page 23 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bulldog on an 1890 illustration]]


Bulldogs as pets were continually promoted by dog dealer [[Bill George (dog dealer)|Bill George]].<ref>Oliff, D. B. (1988) ''The Mastiff and Bullmastiff Handbook'', The Boswell Press {{ISBN|0-85115-485-9}}.</ref>
==Popular mascot==
{{multiple image
<!-- Essential parameters -->
| align = right<!-- left/right/center/none -->
| direction = horizontal<!-- horizontal/vertical -->
| width = <!-- integer width in pixels; no "px" suffix -->


In 1864, a group of Bulldog breeders under R. S. Rockstro founded the first Bulldog Club. Three years after its opening the Club ceased to exist, not having organized a single show. The main achievement of the Rockstro Bulldog Club was a detailed description of the Bulldog, known as the Philo-Kuan Standard. Samuel Wickens, treasurer of the club, published this description in 1865 under the pseudonym Philo-Kuan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Origin of the English Bulldog Standard |url=http://www.bulldoginformation.com/standardorigin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312110236/http://bulldoginformation.com:80/standardorigin.html |archive-date=12 March 2004 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=Bulldog Information |language=en}}</ref>{{bettersourceneeded|date=February 2024}}
<!-- Image 1 -->
| image1 = "Venus" the bulldog mascot of the destroyer HMS VANSITTART, 1941. A3998.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = "Venus", the bulldog mascot of WWII [[Royal Navy]] destroyer [[HMS Vansittart (D64)|HMS ''Vansittart'']]


On 4 April 1873, [[The Kennel Club]] was founded, the first dog breeding club dealing with the registration of purebred dogs and dog breeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Kennel Club |url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/about-us/about-the-kennel-club/history-of-the-kennel-club/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918110844/https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/about-us/about-the-kennel-club/history-of-the-kennel-club/ |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=The Kennel Club}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}} Bulldogs were included in the first volume of the Kennel Club Stud Book, which was presented at the Birmingham Show on 1 December 1874. The first English Bulldog entered into the register was a male dog named Adam, born in 1864.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
<!-- Image 2 -->
| image2 = Original Handsome Dan Yale's mascot.jpg
| width2 = 95
| alt2 =
| caption2 = The original [[Handsome Dan]], mascot of [[Yale University]]


[[File:Bulldog from 1915.JPG|thumb|Bulldog from 1915]]
<!-- Image 3 -->
In March 1875, the third Bulldog Club was founded, which still exists today.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the English Bulldog |url=http://www.bulldoginformation.com/english-bulldog-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029080137/http://www.bulldoginformation.com:80/english-bulldog-history.html |archive-date=29 October 2005 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=Bulldog Information}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of the English Bulldog |url=http://www.bulldogclubdobrasil.com/english/bulldog.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020112205717/http://www.bulldogclubdobrasil.com:80/english/bulldog.asp |archive-date=12 January 2002 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=Bulldog Club do Brasil}}</ref>{{bettersourceneeded|date=February 2024}} Members of this club met frequently at the Blue Post pub on [[Oxford Street]] in [[London]]. The founders of the club collected all available information about the breed and its best representatives and developed a new standard for the English Bulldog, which was published on 27 May 1875, the same year they held the first breed show. Since 1878, exhibitions of the club were held annually, except during the [[Second World War]]. On 17 May 1894, the Bulldog Club was granted the status of a corporation and since then has carried the official name "The Bulldog Club, Inc.". It is the oldest mono-breed dog kennel club in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The first Bulldog breed Clubs and first Bulldog Champions |url=http://www.bulldoginformation.com/first-bulldog-breed-clubs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104144040/http://www.bulldoginformation.com:80/first-bulldog-breed-clubs.html |archive-date=4 January 2006 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=Bulldog Information}}</ref>{{bettersourceneeded|date=February 2024}}
| image3 = <!-- file name only; no "File:" or "Image:" prefix -->
| width3 =
| alt3 =
| caption3 =


The Bulldog was officially recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1886.<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog" />
<!-- up to |image10 is accepted -->


In 1894, the two top Bulldogs, King Orry and Dock Leaf, competed in a contest to see which dog could walk {{convert|20|mi|km}}. King Orry was reminiscent of the original Bulldogs, lighter-boned and very athletic. Dock Leaf was a smaller and heavier set, more like modern Bulldogs. King Orry was declared the winner that year, finishing the {{convert|20|mi|km|adj=on}} walk while Dock Leaf collapsed and expired.<ref>The sun., 11 September 1894, [http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1894-09-11/ed-1/seq-4/;words=orry+Dock+Orry+Leaf Page 4, Image 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904091923/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1894-09-11/ed-1/seq-4/;words=orry+Dock+Orry+Leaf|date=4 September 2012}}</ref> Though today Bulldogs look tough, they cannot perform the job they were originally bred for, as they cannot withstand the rigours of running after and being thrown by a bull, and also cannot grip with such a short muzzle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomson |first1=K.S. |date=1996 |title=The Fall and Rise of the English Bulldog |url=https://omnilogos.com/fall-and-rise-of-english-bulldog/ |url-status=live |journal=American Scientist |volume=84 |issue=3 |page=220 |bibcode=1996AmSci..84..220T |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213819/https://essentials.ebsco.com/search/eds/details/the-fall-and-rise-of-the-english-bulldog?query=%22The%20fall%20and%20rise%20of%20the%20English%20bulldog%22&requestCount=2&db=asx&an=8949157 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=May 30, 2022}}</ref>
<!-- Extra parameters -->
| header =
| header_align = <!-- left/right/center -->
| header_background =
| footer =
| footer_align = <!-- left/right/center -->
| footer_background =
| background color =
}}
{{Main|List of bulldog mascots}}
The English Bulldog is popularly used to represent [[England]] or the [[United Kingdom]]. It has been associated with [[Winston Churchill|Winston Churchill']]<nowiki/>s defiance of Nazi Germany.<ref>Baker, Steve (2001). Picturing the Beast. University of Illinois Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-252-07030-5.</ref> The English Bulldog breed is the official mascot of the [[United States Marine Corps]], and many bases have their own mascot on base. Thirty-nine American universities use a Bulldog as their mascot including [[Bryant University]],<ref>[http://tuppertails.wordpress.com/tag/bryant-university-mascot/]</ref> [[Drake University]],<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2013/12/30/Drake-University-bulldog-mascot-passes-away/UPI-85681388432485/ Drake-University]</ref> [[Georgetown University]], [[Mississippi State University]],<ref>[http://www.hailstate.com//ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=16800&ATCLID=926236]</ref> [[Yale University]],<ref>[http://yale.prestosports.com/information/mascot/handsome_dan/index Yale University]</ref> [[The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina]]<ref>[http://www.citadel.edu/root/news-archives-sy03-04-mascot_puppy]</ref> [[South Carolina State University]],<ref>[http://www.scsu.edu]</ref>
and [[University of Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20081017080732/http://journalism.georgetown.edu/kingajanik.html |title= Bulldogs Best at Bolstering School Spirit? |first= Kinga |last= Janik |date= 6 July 2007 |work= Georgetown Journalism |accessdate= 22 July 2008}}</ref>


== See also ==
== Cultural significance ==
[[File:Maud Earl — What we have we'll hold.jpg|alt=A painting of a bulldog standing on a British flag|thumb|Bulldogs are a national symbol of British culture]]
* [[Companion dog]]
Bulldogs are often associated with determination, strength, and courage due to their historical occupation, though the modern-day dog is bred for appearance and friendliness and not suited for significant physical exertion. They are [[list of bulldog mascots|often used as mascots]] by universities, sports teams, and other organizations. Some of the better-known Bulldog mascots include Georgetown's [[Jack the Bulldog|Jack]], Butler's [[Butler Blue|Blue IV]], Yale's [[Handsome Dan]], the University of Georgia's [[Uga (mascot)|Uga]], Mississippi State's [[Bully (mascot)|Bully]], and the United States Marine Corps' [[Chesty XV|Chesty]].<ref name=":0">Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (22 November 2011) [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/magazine/can-the-bulldog-be-saved.html Can the Bulldog be Saved?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313195349/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/magazine/can-the-bulldog-be-saved.html |date=13 March 2021 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Anna |last=Burke |date=May 25, 2018 |title=The Legacy of Chesty: How a Bulldog Became the United States Marine Corps Mascot |url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/marine-corps-bulldog-chesty/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=American Kennel Club |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118230714/https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/marine-corps-bulldog-chesty/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Companion Group|Companion Dog Group]]
* [[Molosser]]
* [[Non-Sporting Group]]


The Bulldog originated in England and has a longstanding association with [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British culture]]; the [[BBC]] wrote: "To many the Bulldog is a national icon, symbolising pluck and determination".<ref name="Icon">{{cite news |date=12 December 2016 |title=English Bulldog health problems prompt cross-breeding call |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-36916431 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108171111/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-36916431 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[Second World War]], the Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] was likened to a Bulldog for his defiance of [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name="National symbol">Baker, Steve (2001). Picturing the Beast. University of Illinois Press. p. 52. {{ISBN|0-252-07030-5}}.</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}


==External links==
==See also==
* [[Portal:Dogs|Dogs portal]]
{{commons}}
* [[List of dog breeds]]
* [[British Bulldog (game)]]
* [[Bulldog type]]

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=skk>[Svenska Kennelklubben] (2013). [http://newsletter15.dogdotcom.be/en/skk.aspx Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323092044/http://newsletter15.dogdotcom.be/en/skk.aspx |date=23 March 2014 }}. ''FCI Newsletter'' 15. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed March 2022.</ref>

}}

{{Commons and category|Bulldog|English Bulldog}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{dmoz|dmoz.org/Recreation/Pets/Dogs/Breeds/Molosser_Group/Bulldog/}}
<!-- DO NOT ADD PRIVATE BREEDERS OR ADVERTISING; IT WILL BE REMOVED -->
<!--Editors: breed registry, club, rescue, and kennel information links are placed on DMOZ, not here-->


{{English dogs}}
{{English dogs}}
{{Mastiffs}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Dog breeds]]
[[Category:FCI breeds]]
[[Category:Bulldog breeds]]
[[Category:Bulldog breeds]]
[[Category:Molossers]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in England]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in England]]
[[Category:National symbols of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companion dogs]]

{{Link FA|ru}}

Latest revision as of 13:09, 23 December 2024

This article is about the English Bulldog. For other uses, see Bulldog (disambiguation).
See also: French Bulldog, American Bulldog, and Old English Bulldog

Bulldog
Other namesEnglish Bulldog,
British Bulldog
OriginEngland[1]
NotesNational animal of United Kingdom
Dog (domestic dog)

The Bulldog is a British breed of dog of mastiff type. It may also be known as the English Bulldog or British Bulldog. It is a medium-sized, muscular dog of around 40–55 lb (18–25 kg). They have large heads with thick folds of skin around the face and shoulders and a relatively flat face with a protruding lower jaw. The breed has significant health issues as a consequence of breeding for its distinctive appearance, including brachycephaly, hip dysplasia, heat sensitivity, and skin infections. Due to concerns about their quality of life, breeding Bulldogs is illegal in Norway and the Netherlands.

The modern Bulldog was bred as a companion dog from the Old English Bulldog, a now-extinct breed used for bull-baiting, when the sport was outlawed in England under the Cruelty to Animals Act. The Bulldog Club (in England) was formed in 1878, and the Bulldog Club of America was formed in 1890. While often used as a symbol of ferocity and courage, modern Bulldogs are generally friendly, amiable dogs. Bulldogs are now commonly kept as pets; in 2013, the Bulldog was the 12th most frequently registered breed worldwide.[2]

Description

[edit]

Appearance

[edit]
A 4-year-old Bulldog of Champion bloodlines, side view. Note the "rope" over the nose, and pronounced underbite

Bulldogs have characteristically wide heads and shoulders along with a pronounced mandibular prognathism. There are generally thick folds of skin on the brow; round, black, wide-set eyes; a short muzzle with characteristic folds called a rope or nose roll above the nose; hanging skin under the neck; drooping lips and pointed teeth, and an underbite with an upturned jaw. The coat is short, flat, and sleek with colours of red, fawn, white, brindle, and piebald.[3] They have short tails that can either hang down straight or be tucked in a coiled "corkscrew" into a tail pocket.

In the United Kingdom, the breed standards are 55 lb (25 kg) for a male and 50 lb (23 kg) for a female.[4] In the United States, the standard calls for a smaller dog — a typical mature male weighs 50 lb (23 kg), while mature females weigh about 40 lb (18 kg).[5]

Temperament

[edit]
Six-month-old Bulldog puppy from AKC Champion bloodlines

According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), a Bulldog's disposition should be "equable and kind, resolute, and courageous (not vicious or aggressive), and demeanour should be pacifist and dignified. These attributes should be countenanced by the expression and behaviour".[6]

Bulldogs are known for getting along well with children, other dogs, and other pets.[7][8]

Health

[edit]

Lifespan

[edit]

A 2022 study in the UK of veterinary data found a life expectancy of 7.39 years, the second lowest of all breeds in the study.[9] A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 9.8 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.[10]

A 2004 UK survey found the leading cause of death of Bulldogs to be cardiac-related (20%), cancer (18%), and old age (9%).[11]

Brachycephaly

[edit]
Three bulldog skulls. From left to right, the face becomes flatter, with a shorter snout and pronounced underbite and protruding jaw.
Evolution of brachycephalia in Bulldogs. Left to right, the skulls are from approximately the 1910s, 1960s, and 1980s.

The shortened snout and pushed in face of the Bulldog is known as brachycephaly.[12][13] Brachycephaly results in deformation of the upper airway tract and leads to obstruction of breathing.[14] Effects of brachycephaly are stridor, stertorous breathing, emesis, skin fold dermatitis, brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome, exophthalmos, pharyngeal gag reflex, cyanosis, and laryngeal collapse.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Other issues arising from brachycephaly are risk of complications whilst under anaesthesia,[22] and hyperthermia — with the latter caused due to an inability to effectively reduce body temperature via panting.[23] Many airlines ban the breed from flying in the cargo hold due to a high rate of deaths from air pressure interacting poorly with their breathing problems.[24]

Other conditions

[edit]

Statistics from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals indicate that of the 467 Bulldogs tested between 1979 and 2009 (30 years), 73.9% were affected by hip dysplasia, the highest amongst all breeds.[25] Similarly, the breed has the worst score in the British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia scoring scheme, although only 22 Bulldogs were tested in the scheme.[26]

A study in England found the Bulldog to have a nearly three times greater risk of patellar luxation, with 2.9% of all Bulldogs having the condition.[27]

In a 1963 UK study, 17% of Bulldogs surveyed had skin fold dermatitis.[28] The breed is also predisposed to atopic dermatitis.[29]

A study by the Royal Veterinary College found that Bulldogs are a much less healthy breed than average, with over twice the odds of being diagnosed with at least one of the common dog disorders investigated in the study.[30]

Over 80% of Bulldog litters are delivered by Caesarean section because their characteristically large heads can become lodged in the mother's birth canal and to avoid potential breathing problems for the mother during labour.[31][32]

A British study found demodicosis to be more prevalent in the Bulldog than other breeds. The overall prevalence was 1.5% in the breed compared to the 0.17% rate for all dogs. For dogs aged under 2 years, the prevalence was 3.6% compared to 0.48%.[33]

The Bulldog is one of the two most commonly affected breeds for hiatal hernia.[34]

[edit]

In January 2009, after the BBC documentary Pedigree Dogs Exposed, The Kennel Club introduced revised breed standards for the British Bulldog, along with 209 other breeds, to address health concerns. Opposed by the British Bulldog Breed Council, it was speculated by the press that the changes would lead to a smaller head, fewer skin folds, a longer muzzle, and a taller thinner posture, to combat problems with respiration and breeding due to head size and width of shoulders.[35] In 2019 the Dutch Kennel Club implemented some breeding rules to improve the health of the Bulldog. Among these is a fitness test where the dog has to walk 1 km (0.62 miles) in 12 minutes. Its temperature and heart rate have to recover after 15 minutes.[36]

In 2014, the Dutch government forbade the breeding of dogs with a snout shorter than a third of the skull, including Bulldogs, a law that it began enforcing in 2019.[37] In 2022, the Oslo District Court made a ruling that banned the breeding of Bulldogs in Norway due to their propensity for developing health problems. In its verdict the court judged that no dog of this breed could be considered healthy, therefore using them for breeding would be a violation of Norway's Animal Welfare Act.[38][39]

History

[edit]
Painting of a Bulldog from 1790 by English artist Philip Reinagle.

The first reference to the word "Bulldog" is dated 1631 or 1632 in a letter by a man named Preswick Eaton where he writes: "procuer mee two good Bulldogs, and let them be sent by ye first shipp".[40] In 1666, English scientist Christopher Merret applied: "Canis pugnax, a Butchers Bull or Bear Dog", as an entry in his Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum.[41]

The designation "bull" was applied because of the dog's use in the sport of bull-baiting. This entailed the setting of dogs (after placing wagers on each dog) onto a tethered bull. The dog that grabbed the bull by the nose and pinned it to the ground would be the victor. It was common for a bull to maim or kill several dogs at such an event, either by goring, tossing, or trampling over them.[42] Over the centuries, dogs used for bull-baiting developed the stocky bodies and massive heads and jaws that typify the breed, as well as a ferocious and savage temperament.[43] Bull-baiting was made illegal in England by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835.[44] Therefore, the Old English Bulldog had outlived its usefulness in England as a sporting animal and its "working" days were numbered. However, emigrants did have a use for such dogs in the New World. In mid-17th century New York, Bulldogs were used as a part of a citywide roundup effort led by Governor Richard Nicolls. Because cornering and leading wild bulls was dangerous, Bulldogs were trained to seize a bull by its nose long enough for a rope to be secured around its neck.[45]

Bulldog on an 1890 illustration

Bulldogs as pets were continually promoted by dog dealer Bill George.[46]

In 1864, a group of Bulldog breeders under R. S. Rockstro founded the first Bulldog Club. Three years after its opening the Club ceased to exist, not having organized a single show. The main achievement of the Rockstro Bulldog Club was a detailed description of the Bulldog, known as the Philo-Kuan Standard. Samuel Wickens, treasurer of the club, published this description in 1865 under the pseudonym Philo-Kuan.[47][better source needed]

On 4 April 1873, The Kennel Club was founded, the first dog breeding club dealing with the registration of purebred dogs and dog breeds.[48][non-primary source needed] Bulldogs were included in the first volume of the Kennel Club Stud Book, which was presented at the Birmingham Show on 1 December 1874. The first English Bulldog entered into the register was a male dog named Adam, born in 1864.[citation needed]

Bulldog from 1915

In March 1875, the third Bulldog Club was founded, which still exists today.[49][50][better source needed] Members of this club met frequently at the Blue Post pub on Oxford Street in London. The founders of the club collected all available information about the breed and its best representatives and developed a new standard for the English Bulldog, which was published on 27 May 1875, the same year they held the first breed show. Since 1878, exhibitions of the club were held annually, except during the Second World War. On 17 May 1894, the Bulldog Club was granted the status of a corporation and since then has carried the official name "The Bulldog Club, Inc.". It is the oldest mono-breed dog kennel club in the world.[51][better source needed]

The Bulldog was officially recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1886.[3]

In 1894, the two top Bulldogs, King Orry and Dock Leaf, competed in a contest to see which dog could walk 20 miles (32 km). King Orry was reminiscent of the original Bulldogs, lighter-boned and very athletic. Dock Leaf was a smaller and heavier set, more like modern Bulldogs. King Orry was declared the winner that year, finishing the 20-mile (32 km) walk while Dock Leaf collapsed and expired.[52] Though today Bulldogs look tough, they cannot perform the job they were originally bred for, as they cannot withstand the rigours of running after and being thrown by a bull, and also cannot grip with such a short muzzle.[53]

Cultural significance

[edit]
A painting of a bulldog standing on a British flag
Bulldogs are a national symbol of British culture

Bulldogs are often associated with determination, strength, and courage due to their historical occupation, though the modern-day dog is bred for appearance and friendliness and not suited for significant physical exertion. They are often used as mascots by universities, sports teams, and other organizations. Some of the better-known Bulldog mascots include Georgetown's Jack, Butler's Blue IV, Yale's Handsome Dan, the University of Georgia's Uga, Mississippi State's Bully, and the United States Marine Corps' Chesty.[54][55]

The Bulldog originated in England and has a longstanding association with British culture; the BBC wrote: "To many the Bulldog is a national icon, symbolising pluck and determination".[56] During the Second World War, the Prime Minister Winston Churchill was likened to a Bulldog for his defiance of Nazi Germany.[57]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Wilcox, Charlotte (1999). The Bulldog. Capstone Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-7368-0004-4.
  2. ^ [Svenska Kennelklubben] (2013). Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds Archived 23 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. FCI Newsletter 15. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed March 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Get to Know the Bulldog" Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 'The American Kennel Club'. Retrieved 29 May 2014
  4. ^ "Bulldog breed standard". The Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  5. ^ "Home of the Official AKC Bulldog Breed Club". The Bulldog Club of America. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  6. ^ American Kennel Club – Bulldog Archived 13 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Akc.org. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  7. ^ Ewing, Susan (2006). Bulldogs for dummies. Indiana: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7645-9979-8. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  8. ^ "Bulldog - Did You Know?". Animal On Planet. 12 May 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  9. ^ Teng, Kendy Tzu-yun; Brodbelt, Dave C.; Pegram, Camilla; Church, David B.; O'Neill, Dan G. (28 April 2022). "Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom". Scientific Reports. 12 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 6415. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.6415T. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9050668. PMID 35484374.
  10. ^ McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484.
  11. ^ Adams, V. J.; Evans, K. M.; Sampson, J.; Wood, J. L. N. (1 October 2010). "Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 51 (10): 512–524. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00974.x.
  12. ^ Knecht, C. D. (1979). Upper airway obstruction in brachycephalic dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 1, 25-31.
  13. ^ Pedersen, Niels C.; Pooch, Ashley S.; Liu, Hongwei (29 July 2016). "A genetic assessment of the English bulldog". Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. 3 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s40575-016-0036-y. ISSN 2052-6687. PMC 4965900. PMID 27478618.
  14. ^ Hendricks, Joan C. (1992). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 22 (5). Elsevier BV: 1145–1153. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0. ISSN 0195-5616. PMID 1523786.
  15. ^ TC, Amis; C, Kurpershoek (1986). "Pattern of breathing in brachycephalic dogs". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 47 (10). Am J Vet Res: 2200–2204. ISSN 0002-9645. PMID 3777646.
  16. ^ Hendricks, J. C.; Kline, L. R.; Kovalski, R. J.; O'Brien, J. A.; Morrison, A. R.; Pack, A. I. (1 October 1987). "The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing". Journal of Applied Physiology. 63 (4). American Physiological Society: 1344–1350. doi:10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1344. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 3693167.
  17. ^ Hendricks, Joan C. (1992). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 22 (5). Elsevier BV: 1145–1153. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0. ISSN 0195-5616. PMID 1523786.
  18. ^ Meola, Stacy D. (2013). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Topics in Companion Animal Medicine. 28 (3). Elsevier BV: 91–96. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004. ISSN 1938-9736. PMID 24182996.
  19. ^ Lundgrun, Becky (26 June 2006). "Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex)". VeterinaryPartner.com. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  20. ^ Sebbag, Lionel; Sanchez, Rick F. (2023). "The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome". Veterinary Ophthalmology. 26 (S1): 31–46. doi:10.1111/vop.13054. ISSN 1463-5216. PMID 36585820.
  21. ^ Hobi, Stefan; Barrs, Vanessa R.; Bęczkowski, Paweł M. (16 June 2023). "Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs". Animals. 13 (12). MDPI AG: 2016. doi:10.3390/ani13122016. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 10294810. PMID 37370526.
  22. ^ Gruenheid, Michaela; Aarnes, Turi K.; McLoughlin, Mary A.; Simpson, Elaine M.; Mathys, Dimitria A.; Mollenkopf, Dixie F.; Wittum, Thomas E. (1 August 2018). "Risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 253 (3). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 301–306. doi:10.2460/javma.253.3.301. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 30020004. S2CID 51676839.
  23. ^ Ewers Clark, Anna (22 December 2022). "Heatstroke and brachycephalic dogs – is there an increased risk?". Veterinary Evidence. 7 (4). doi:10.18849/ve.v7i4.534. ISSN 2396-9776.
  24. ^ Haughney, Christine (7 October 2011). "Banned by Many Airlines, These Bulldogs Fly Private". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  25. ^ "Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
  26. ^ "British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia Scheme – Breed Mean Scores at 01/11/2009" (PDF). British Veterinary Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  27. ^ O'Neill, Dan G.; Meeson, Richard L.; Sheridan, Adam; Church, David B.; Brodbelt, Dave C. (8 June 2016). "The epidemiology of patellar luxation in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England". Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. 3 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 4. doi:10.1186/s40575-016-0034-0. ISSN 2052-6687. PMC 4898461. PMID 27280025.
  28. ^ Hodgman, S. (1963). "Abnormalities and Defects in Pedigree Dogs–I. An Investigation into the Existence of Abnormalities in Pedigree Dogs in the British Isles". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 4 (6): 447–456. doi:10.1111/J.1748-5827.1963.TB01301.X. S2CID 73404440.
  29. ^ Rhodes, Karen Helton; Werner, Alexander H. (25 January 2011). Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8138-1596-1.
  30. ^ O'Neill, Dan G.; Skipper, Alison; Packer, Rowena M. A.; Lacey, Caitriona; Brodbelt, Dave C.; Church, David B.; Pegram, Camilla (15 June 2022). "English Bulldogs in the UK: a VetCompass study of their disorder predispositions and protections". Canine Medicine and Genetics. 9 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/s40575-022-00118-5. ISSN 2662-9380. PMC 9199211. PMID 35701824.
  31. ^ "English Bulldog - Dystocia". www.ufaw.org.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  32. ^ Evans, K.; Adams, V. (2010). "Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section" (PDF). The Journal of Small Animal Practice. 51 (2): 113–118. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x. PMID 20136998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2016.
  33. ^ O'Neill, D. G.; Turgoose, E.; Church, D. B.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Hendricks, A. (2020). "Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 61 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1111/jsap.13067. ISSN 0022-4510. PMC 7003809. PMID 31584708.
  34. ^ Monnet, Eric; Bright, Ronald (31 May 2023). "Hiatal hernia". Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 29–36. ISBN 978-1-119-69368-0.
  35. ^ Elliott, Valerie (14 January 2009). "Healthier new Bulldog will lose its Churchillian jowl". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  36. ^ "Convenant Bulldog, breeding rules" (PDF). Raad van Beheer (Dutch Kennel Club). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  37. ^ "Dutch to crack down on breeding of dogs with too short snouts | Vet Times". vettimes.co.uk. 31 May 2019. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  38. ^ "Norway bans breeding of British Bulldogs and Cavalier King Charles spaniels". The Independent. 2 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  39. ^ "Breeding ban for bulldogs and cavaliers in Norway". France 24. 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  40. ^ Jesse, George R. (1866). Researches into the history of the British Dog, from ancient laws, charters, and historical records: With original anecdotes, and illustrations of the nature and attributes of the dog, from the poets and prose writers of ancient, mediaeval, and modern times. With engravings designed and etched by the author. Rob. Hardwicke. p. 306. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  41. ^ Merret, Christopher (1666). Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, continens Vegetabilia, Animalia, et Fossilia. p. 169. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  42. ^ "Bulldog origin". NEBKC. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  43. ^ "Bulldog origin". NEBKC. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  44. ^ Curnutt, Jordan (2001). Animals and the Law: A Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 284. ISBN 978-1-57607-147-2. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  45. ^ Ellis, Edward Robb (2005). The Epic of New York City – A Narrative History. Basic Books, New York. ISBN 978-0-7867-1436-0
  46. ^ Oliff, D. B. (1988) The Mastiff and Bullmastiff Handbook, The Boswell Press ISBN 0-85115-485-9.
  47. ^ "The Origin of the English Bulldog Standard". Bulldog Information. Archived from the original on 12 March 2004. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  48. ^ "History of the Kennel Club". The Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  49. ^ "History of the English Bulldog". Bulldog Information. Archived from the original on 29 October 2005. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  50. ^ "Origins of the English Bulldog". Bulldog Club do Brasil. Archived from the original on 12 January 2002. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  51. ^ "The first Bulldog breed Clubs and first Bulldog Champions". Bulldog Information. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  52. ^ The sun., 11 September 1894, Page 4, Image 4 Archived 4 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ Thomson, K.S. (1996). "The Fall and Rise of the English Bulldog". American Scientist. 84 (3): 220. Bibcode:1996AmSci..84..220T. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  54. ^ Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (22 November 2011) Can the Bulldog be Saved? Archived 13 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times.
  55. ^ Burke, Anna (25 May 2018). "The Legacy of Chesty: How a Bulldog Became the United States Marine Corps Mascot". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  56. ^ "English Bulldog health problems prompt cross-breeding call". BBC. 12 December 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  57. ^ Baker, Steve (2001). Picturing the Beast. University of Illinois Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-252-07030-5.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Bulldog (category)
Wikiquote has quotations related to Bulldog.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bulldog&oldid=1264775779"