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{{Infobox|title = Montenegrin cap<br><small>''Црногорска капа''</small> |
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[[Image:Montenegrin cap.jpg|thumb|right|Montenegrin cap with the [[Serbian cross]], invented in 1918 after occupation of Montenegro by Serbia]] |
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|image = [[File:Montenegrin cap with NI.jpg|250px]] |
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|caption = A Montenegrin cap with the initials ''N.I.''of King [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]] |
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[[Image:WoundedMontenegrin.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Earliest known Montenegrin cap]] |
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The '''Montenegrin cap''' ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]: Црногорска капа, ''Crnogorska kapa'') is a [[cap]] [[tradition]]ally worn by [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]]. Originally worn by males, it is now not exclusively for them. |
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The '''Montenegrin cap''' ({{langx|sr|Црногорска капа|Crnogorska kapa}}) is a [[cap]] traditionally worn in [[Montenegro]] by the [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] and [[Serbs of Montenegro]]. It was introduced by Prince Bishop [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš]] in the mid-1840s as a replacement for the then-popular [[fez (hat)|fez]].<ref name="Roudometof2001">{{cite book|author=Victor Roudometof|title=Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9p_m7oXQ00C&pg=PA128|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31949-5|page=128}}</ref> |
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==Design and symbolism== |
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Many writers <ref>"Crna Gora i Crnogorci" by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić</ref> <ref>"O najstarijoj kapi kod Jugoslovena..." by Miodrag Vlahović</ref> <ref>Crna Gora... Narodni život i običaji" by Andrija Jovićević</ref> <ref>"Crnogorska muška kapa" by Zorica Radulović</ref> <ref>"Fizicki lik i izgled Njegosa" by Jovan Vukmanović</ref> told that symbolic meaning Montenegrin cap was in some way associated with [[Kosovo Myth]], and that her inventor was Montenegrin Prince-Bishop [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš|Njegoš]] , but it was all based on one single account of [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]], a Serbian linguist who was determined to assimilate Montenegrin culture to Serbian nation by means of propaganda. However, his claims appeared to be false <ref>Miroslav Ćosović (2013), ''Njegoš je izmislio srpsku narodnost Crnogoraca''</ref> . |
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[[File:Petar II Petrovic-Njegos.jpg|thumb|left|Prince Bishop [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš]] donning the Montenegrin cap he popularized]] |
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Vuk Karadžić claimed, in order to assimilate Montenegrins, that red on the cap represented blood spilled on Kosovo field, and that red colour was sign of grief for Kosovo defeat, added by Njegoš. But long before Njegoš same variant of cap has been worn <ref>''Istorija Crne Gore'', knjiga III</ref>, as it can be seen on various paintings of Montenegrins, and [[Croats]] of [[Lika]] and [[Herzegovina]] have worn almost the same cap as Montenegrins for centuries. The [[Serbian cross]] was introduced during [[Christmas Uprising|Occupation of Montenegro by Serbian forces]] in 1918, when caps with initials of [[Nicholas I of Montenegro|Montenegrin king Nicholas I]] were forbidden to wear. When [[Russian]] diplomats in Montenegro described Montenegrin cap they said it had initials of ruler, floral motifs, [[Coat of arms of Montenegro|double-headed Montenegrin eagle]], or person's own initials, but they never mentioned Serbian cross. <ref>Knyaz Dm. Golicin (1898, Saint Petersburg): ''U sinya morya''</ref> . Montenegrin commander Božo Šestović who died in battle in 1905 was identified by his Montenegrin cap, which had his initials on it. <ref>Svetislav Šestović, ''Šestovići kroz vremena''</ref>. |
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The cap is originally in the shape of a flat [[cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]], having a red upper surface (called ''tepelak'') not dissimilar to the [[Herzegovina]] and [[Lika cap]]s. Prince-Bishop [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš]] wore it with a [[black]] rim (called ''derevija''),<ref>{{citation|author=Vuk Stefanović Karadžić|title=Crna Gora i Crnogorci|year=1837|publisher=Rastko|url=http://www.rastko.rs/knjizevnost/vuk/vkaradzic-crnagora.html}}</ref> and the definition given was as a sign of grief of occupied [[Kosovo]]. The [[Kosovo Myth]] was very popular in Montenegro. The enforcement of the cap upon the Montenegrin chieftains by Prince-Bishop Petar II was a mark of expression of then's dominating [[Serbian national identity]].<ref>{{citation|author=Miodrag Vlahović|title=O najstarijoj kapi kod jugoslovena s obzirom na zbirku kapa etnografskog muzeja u Beogradu|work=Glasnik Etnografskog muzeja u Beogradu|year=1953|location=Belgrade|publisher=Etnografski Muzej}}</ref> |
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The national telling recorded the most often version of the cap as following: the black wrapper was a sign of grief for their [[Serbian Empire|once great Serbian Empire]], the red the symbol of spilled blood at the [[Battle of Kosovo]]<ref>{{citation|author=Andrija Jovićević|title=Crna Gora, Narodni život i običaji|year=1903}}</ref> and the five small stripes on the top represent the remaining remains of the once great Serbian realm,<ref>{{citation|author=Zorica Radulović|title=Crnogorska muška kapa|work=Glasnik Cetinjskih muzeja IX|year=1976|location=Cetinje}}</ref> which became increasingly popular amongst the common folk during the reign of Prince [[Danilo I, Prince of Montenegro|Danilo I Petrović-Njegoš]]. Within the stripes is angled a six star, representing the last free part, Montenegro, shining upon the fallen and conquered.<ref>{{citation|author=Jovan Vukmanović|title=Fizicki lik i izgled Njegosa|work=Glasnik Etnografskog muzeja na Cetinju|location=Cetinje|year=1963}}</ref> |
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Prince Danilo in the many variations introduced his initials "ДI" (Danilo the 1st), while his successor [[Nikola I of Montenegro|Prince Nikola]] in the second half of the 19th century replaced it with "Н.I", quite often alongside the letter "Ж" signifying "Живио" (Long live!). |
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During the Communist era in the second half of the 20th century instead of the Serb cross the Communist [[Red Star]] was implanted between the golden stripes, although it was not spread amongst the people and never accepted. Several years ago a new version appeared with a large modern (2004) [[Coat of Arms of Montenegro]] spread across the cap's red top, that is becoming increasingly popular as a sign of the Montenegrin nation's independence and sovereignty. A female version of the cap was introduced, so far worn almost exclusively by men. |
During the [[SFR Yugoslavia|Communist era]] in the second half of the 20th century instead of the [[Serb cross]] the Communist [[Red Star]] was implanted between the golden stripes, although it was not spread amongst the people and never accepted. Several years ago a new version appeared with a large modern (2004) [[Coat of Arms of Montenegro]] spread across the cap's red top, that is becoming increasingly popular as a sign of the Montenegrin nation's independence and sovereignty. A female version of the cap was introduced, so far worn almost exclusively by men.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} |
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==History== |
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The Montenegrin cap has a three-hundred-year history. A 1754 portrait of a Montenegrin from [[Paštrovići]] is the oldest representation of the Montenegrin cap, with the Paštrovići variant of the cap being all-black in color. The first representation of the cap in its modern, two-colour variety (black and red) is found on an aquarelle from 1782.<ref>Slobodan B. Medojević, Crnogorska Kapa, https://issuu.com/vijececg/docs/cg_glasnik_84 #page=52-53</ref> [[Josef Holeček (writer)|Josef Holeček]], on his journey through Montenegro in 1876, described a Montenegrin cap and its eagle motif.<ref> Mladen Zadrima, 2019, Crnogorska narodna nošnja kroz opise stranih putopisaca http://www.maticacrnogorska.me/files/78/21%20mladen%20zadrima%2078.pdf #page=389</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Montenegrin priest before battle.jpg|A Montenegrin [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Priest before battle wearing his cap, 1876 |
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Image:11 Monteneginer.jpg|Montenegrin man, 19th Century |
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Image:Montenegrin officers in national costumes, R. Wyon (1904).jpg|Officers of the [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Royal Montenegrin Army]] wearing their caps, 1904 |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] |
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* [[Montenegro]] |
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* [[Culture of Montenegro]] |
* [[Culture of Montenegro]] |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.portalanalitika.me/drustvo/tema/76831-utjerivanje-lane-istorije.html Article about montenegrin cap (in montenegrin language)] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Hats}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Montenegrin Cap}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Montenegrin Cap}} |
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[[Category:Montenegrin clothing]] |
[[Category:Montenegrin clothing|Cap]] |
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[[Category:Caps]] |
[[Category:Caps]] |
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[[Category:Montenegro–Serbia relations]] |
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[[Category:Montenegrin nationalism]] |
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[[ca:Casquet circular]] |
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[[Category:Serbian nationalism]] |
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[[ru:Черногорская капа]] |
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[[Category:National symbols of Montenegro]] |
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[[sr:Црногорска капа]] |
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[[Category:History of the Serbs of Montenegro]] |
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[[Category:Cultural history of Montenegro]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:17, 5 November 2024
 A Montenegrin cap with the initials N.I.of King Nicholas I of Montenegro |
The Montenegrin cap (Serbian: Црногорска капа, romanized: Crnogorska kapa) is a cap traditionally worn in Montenegro by the Montenegrins and Serbs of Montenegro. It was introduced by Prince Bishop Petar II Petrović-Njegoš in the mid-1840s as a replacement for the then-popular fez.[1]
Design and symbolism
[edit]
The cap is originally in the shape of a flat cylinder, having a red upper surface (called tepelak) not dissimilar to the Herzegovina and Lika caps. Prince-Bishop Petar II Petrović-Njegoš wore it with a black rim (called derevija),[2] and the definition given was as a sign of grief of occupied Kosovo. The Kosovo Myth was very popular in Montenegro. The enforcement of the cap upon the Montenegrin chieftains by Prince-Bishop Petar II was a mark of expression of then's dominating Serbian national identity.[3]
The national telling recorded the most often version of the cap as following: the black wrapper was a sign of grief for their once great Serbian Empire, the red the symbol of spilled blood at the Battle of Kosovo[4] and the five small stripes on the top represent the remaining remains of the once great Serbian realm,[5] which became increasingly popular amongst the common folk during the reign of Prince Danilo I Petrović-Njegoš. Within the stripes is angled a six star, representing the last free part, Montenegro, shining upon the fallen and conquered.[6]
During the Communist era in the second half of the 20th century instead of the Serb cross the Communist Red Star was implanted between the golden stripes, although it was not spread amongst the people and never accepted. Several years ago a new version appeared with a large modern (2004) Coat of Arms of Montenegro spread across the cap's red top, that is becoming increasingly popular as a sign of the Montenegrin nation's independence and sovereignty. A female version of the cap was introduced, so far worn almost exclusively by men.[citation needed]
History
[edit]The Montenegrin cap has a three-hundred-year history. A 1754 portrait of a Montenegrin from Paštrovići is the oldest representation of the Montenegrin cap, with the Paštrovići variant of the cap being all-black in color. The first representation of the cap in its modern, two-colour variety (black and red) is found on an aquarelle from 1782.[7] Josef Holeček, on his journey through Montenegro in 1876, described a Montenegrin cap and its eagle motif.[8]
Gallery
[edit]-
A Montenegrin Orthodox Priest before battle wearing his cap, 1876 -
Montenegrin man, 19th Century -
Officers of the Royal Montenegrin Army wearing their caps, 1904 -
Montenegrin cap with the Serbian cross -
These richly adorned caps were worn by King Nikola I (right) and his queen, Milena Vukotić
.jpg)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Victor Roudometof (2001). Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-313-31949-5.
- ^ Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1837), Crna Gora i Crnogorci, Rastko
- ^ Miodrag Vlahović (1953), "O najstarijoj kapi kod jugoslovena s obzirom na zbirku kapa etnografskog muzeja u Beogradu", Glasnik Etnografskog muzeja u Beogradu, Belgrade: Etnografski Muzej
- ^ Andrija Jovićević (1903), Crna Gora, Narodni život i običaji
- ^ Zorica Radulović (1976), "Crnogorska muška kapa", Glasnik Cetinjskih muzeja IX, Cetinje
- ^ Jovan Vukmanović (1963), "Fizicki lik i izgled Njegosa", Glasnik Etnografskog muzeja na Cetinju, Cetinje
- ^ Slobodan B. Medojević, Crnogorska Kapa, https://issuu.com/vijececg/docs/cg_glasnik_84 #page=52-53
- ^ Mladen Zadrima, 2019, Crnogorska narodna nošnja kroz opise stranih putopisaca http://www.maticacrnogorska.me/files/78/21%20mladen%20zadrima%2078.pdf #page=389