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{{Use American English|date=November 2023}} |
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{{Redirect|Lokum}} |
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{{about|the confection||Turkish Delight (disambiguation)}} |
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{{redirect-distinguish|Lokum|Locum}}{{other uses|Lokum (disambiguation)|Turkish Delight (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox prepared food |
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| name = Turkish Delight |
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| image = TurkishDelightDisplay.jpg |
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| caption = An assortment of Turkish delight |
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| alternate_name = Lokum |
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| country = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} |
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| creator = Hacı Bekir Efendi<ref name="hacibekir" /> |
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| course = [[Sweet]] |
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| served = [[Room temperature]] |
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| main_ingredient = [[Starch]], [[sugar]] |
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| variations = Multiple |
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| calories = |
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| other = |
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}} |
}} |
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{{short description|Gelatinous candy}} |
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'''Turkish delight (Just a bit of a contradiction) ''' or '''lokum''' ({{lang-tr|Türk lokumu}}) is a family of [[confectionery|confections]] based on a [[gel]] of [[starch]] and [[sugar]]. Premium varieties consist largely of chopped dates, pistachios, and hazelnuts or walnuts bound by the gel; traditional varieties are mostly gel, generally flavored with [[rosewater]], [[Mastic (plant resin)|mastic]], [[Bergamot orange]], or [[lemon]]. The confection is often packaged and eaten in small cubes dusted with [[icing sugar]], [[copra]], or powdered [[cream of tartar]], to prevent clinging. Other common flavors include [[cinnamon]] and [[Mentha|mint]]. In the production process, [[soapwort]] may be used as an [[Emulsifier|emulsifying]] [[Food additive|additive]]. |
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{{Infobox food |
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| name = Lokum |
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| image = TurkishDelightDisplay.jpg |
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| image_size = 275px |
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| caption = An assortment of Turkish delight on display in [[Istanbul]] |
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| country = [[Safavid]] ([[Name of Iran|Persia]])<ref name="temptation" /> or the [[Ottoman Empire]] ([[Turkey]])<ref name="Sweet Treats">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 |title=Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture |first1=Timothy G. |last1=Roufs |first2=Kathleen Smyth |last2=Roufs |pages=343–346 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-220-5}}</ref> |
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| creator = |
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| type = [[Confection]] |
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| served = [[Room temperature]] |
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| main_ingredient = [[Starch]], [[sugar]]<ref name=recipe1>{{Cite web |title=طريقة عمل الملبن السوري الشهير |url=https://dlwaqty.com/recipes/tryk-aaml-lmlbn-lsory-lshhyr |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Dlwaqty |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=recipe2>{{Cite web |title=مقادير وطريقة عمل الملبن |url=https://mawdoo3.com/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=موضوع |language=ar}}</ref><ref name="recipe3">{{cite web |last1=Grimes |first1=Lulu |title=Turkish delight |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/turkish-delight |website=GoodFood |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 November 2023 |lang=en}}</ref> |
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| minor_ingredient = Fruit, nuts, honey |
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| variations = Multiple |
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| calories = |
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| other = |
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}} |
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'''Turkish delight''' or '''lokum''' ([[Help:IPA/English|/lɔ.kʊm/]]) or '''halgoum''' is a family of [[confectionery|confections]] based on a [[gel]] of [[starch]] and [[sugar]]. Premium varieties consist largely of chopped dates, pistachios, hazelnuts or walnuts bound by the gel; traditional varieties are often flavored with [[rosewater]], [[Mastic (plant resin)|mastic gum]], [[bergamot orange]], or [[lemon]]. Other common flavors include [[cinnamon]] and [[Mentha|mint]]. The confection is often packaged and eaten in small cubes dusted with [[icing sugar]], [[copra]], or powdered [[cream of tartar]] to prevent clinging. In the production process, [[soapwort]] may be used as an [[Emulsifier|emulsifying]] [[Food additive|additive]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loukoumi: Traditional Greek Candy |url=https://www.mykonosvillas.com/magazine/posts/2018/loukoumi-traditional-greek-candy |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Mykonos Life |language=en}}</ref> |
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The origin of lokum is not precisely known, though the confection is known to have been produced in the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Greece|Greece and Greek populations in Asia Minor]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=The Fascinating History of Greek Loukoumia, or Turkish Delights |url=https://greekreporter.com/2022/05/27/the-fascinating-history-of-greek-loukoumia-or-turkish-delights/ |work=Greek Reporter}}</ref> and [[Safavid Iran]] ([[Name of Iran|Persia]]) since the late 18th century. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[File:Turkish Delight.JPG|thumb|Rosewater-flavored Turkish delight]] |
[[File:Turkish Delight.JPG|thumb|Rosewater-flavored Turkish delight]] |
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[[File:T Honey.jpg|thumb|Turkish Delight]] |
[[File:T Honey.jpg|thumb|Several Turkish Delight variants prominently featuring dried coconut]] |
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[[File:Turkish delight surrounded by layers of nougat and dried apricot.jpg|thumb|A variation on Turkish delight surrounded by layers of nougat and dried apricot]] |
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According to the Hacı Bekir company, the sweet as it is known today was invented by Bekir Efendi, named Hacı Bekir after performing the [[hajj]]. He moved to [[Istanbul]] from his hometown [[Kastamonu]] and opened his confectionery shop in the district of Bahçekapı in 1777.<ref name="hacibekir">{{cite web|url=http://www.hacibekir.com/en/menu/haci-bekir/history.html |title=HISTORY - Hacı Bekir |publisher=Hacibekir.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pk63U0ppWYAC&pg=PR16&dq=bekir+effendi+turkish+delight&hl=en&ei=MFtYTtjpPMrmrAfd4qDXCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=bekir%20effendi%20turkish%20delight&f=false |title=xvi |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref> The company still operates under the founder's name.<ref name="hacibekir" /> |
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[[File:KaymakLokum (3).JPG|thumb|{{lang|tr|[[Kaymak]] lokum}}, Turkish delight of cream, a specialty of [[Afyonkarahisar]]]] |
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[[File:Rahat cu aroma de fructe.jpg|thumb|Fruit-flavored rahat from Romania]] |
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The exact origin of these sweets is yet to be definitively determined, partly due to the origins being fiercely contested amongst Greeks and Turks. |
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=== Turkish claims === |
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Ottoman confectionery was originally sweetened with [[honey]] and [[molasses]], using water and flour as the binding agents, with [[rosewater]], [[lemon peel]] and [[bitter orange]] as the most common flavors (red, yellow and green). Hacı Bekir introduced the use of [[glucose]] in 1811, shortly after it had been discovered by [[Gottlieb Kirchhoff]].<ref name="hacibekir" /> |
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According to the {{lang|tr|Hacı Bekir|italic=no}} company, Bekir [[Efendi]], named {{lang|tr|Hacı Bekir|italic=no}} after performing the [[Hajj]], moved to [[Constantinople]] from his hometown [[Kastamonu]] and opened his confectionery shop in the district of {{lang|tr|Bahçekapı|italic=no}} in 1777. He produced various kinds of candies and {{lang|tr|lokum}}, later including a unique form of {{lang|tr|lokum}} made with starch and sugar. The family business, now in its fifth generation, still operates under the founder's name.<ref name="Bekir History">{{cite web |title=Haci Bekir, Turkey's Oldest Company, Has Been Sweetening the Mouth for 242 Years |date=18 March 2022 |url=https://www.grandturkishbazaar.com/haci-bekir-turkeys-oldest-company/ |publisher=Hacı Bekir}}</ref> |
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=== Questioning of Turkish claims === |
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Lokum was introduced to Western Europe in the 19th century. An unknown Briton reputedly became very fond of the delicacy during his travels to Istanbul and purchased cases of it, to be shipped back to Britain under the name ''Turkish delight''. It became a major delicacy in Britain and throughout Continental [[Europe]] for high class society. During this time, it became a practice among upper class socialites to exchange pieces of Turkish delight wrapped in silk handkerchiefs as presents.<ref>UK-Turkey relations and Turkey's regional role: twelfth report of session, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee, [http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=SzfWbs7gywoC&pg=PA119&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Ebook]</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2014}} |
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Tim Richardson, a historian of sweets, has questioned the popular attribution of {{lang|tr|Hacı Bekir|italic=no}} as the inventor of Turkish delight, writing that "specific names and dates are often erroneously associated with the invention of particular sweets, not least for commercial reasons".<ref name="temptation">{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Tim |date=2003 |title=Sweets, a History of Temptation |page=51 |publisher=Bantam Press |location=London |isbn=0-553-81446-X }}</ref> Similar Arab and [[Persian language|Persian]] recipes, including the use of starch and sugar, predate Bekir by several centuries.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/the-lion-the-witch-amp-the-turkish-delight-518156.html |title=The Lion, the Witch & the Turkish Delight |work=[[The Independent]] |location=London |date=5 December 2005 |access-date=5 December 2005 }}</ref> ''[[The Oxford Companion to Food]]'' states that although Bekir is often credited with the invention, there is no hard evidence for it.<ref name="Oxford Companion">{{cite book |first1=Alan |last1=Davidson |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA838 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=21 August 2014 |isbn=978-0-19-104072-6 |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref> |
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=== Other claims === |
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Some sources suggest that similar features were also present in Arab and Persian cuisines. However, modern perspectives often attribute the origins of Turkish delight to the Ottoman period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkish delight |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Turkish-delight |website=britannica.com }}</ref> |
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==Name== |
==Name== |
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The |
The Turkish names {{lang|tr|lokma}} and {{lang|tr|lokum}} are derived from the Arabic word {{lang|ar-Latn|luqma(t)}} ({{Lang|ar|لُقْمَة}}) and its plural {{lang|ar-Latn|luqam}} ({{lang|ar|لُقَم}}) meaning 'morsel' and 'mouthful'<ref>Diran Kélékian, ''Dictionnaire Turc–Français'' (Ottoman Turkish), 1911</ref> and the alternative [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] name, {{lang|ota-Latn|rahat-ul hulküm}},<ref name="James Redhouse 1856, p.707">James Redhouse, ''A Turkish and English Dictionary'', 1856, p.707.</ref> was an Arabic formulation, {{lang|ar-Latn|rāḥat al-hulqūm}} ({{lang|ar|رَاحَةُ ٱلْحُلْقُوم}}), meaning 'comfort of the throat', which remains the name in formal Arabic.<ref>Hans Wehr, ''A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'', 1966, p.365</ref> |
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In [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]] it is known as {{langx|ar|حَلْقُوم||lit=ḥalqūm, ḥalgūm}}, {{IPA|ar|ħalquːm, ħalguːm||}}, while in [[Kuwait]] it is called {{lang|ar|كبده الفرس}} {{lang|ar-Latn|kabdat alfaras}}; in [[Egypt]] it is called {{lang|arz-Latn|malban}} ({{lang|arz|ملبن}} {{IPA|arz|ˈmælbæn|}}) or {{lang|arz-Latn|ʕagameyya}}, and in [[Lebanon]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], and [[Syria]] {{lang|ar-Latn|rāḥa}} ({{lang|ar|راحة}}). Its name in various Eastern European languages comes from Ottoman Turkish {{lang|ota-Latn|lokum}} ({{lang|ota|لوقوم}}) or {{lang|ota-Latn|rahat-ul hulküm}}. Its name in [[Greek language|Greek]], {{lang|el|λουκούμι}} ({{lang|el-Latn|loukoumi}}) shares a similar etymology with the modern Turkish and it is marketed as ''Greek Delight''. In [[Cyprus]], where the dessert has [[protected geographical indications in the European Union#General regime|protected geographical indication (PGI)]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:088:0010:0013:EN:PDF |title=Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 |publisher=[[Official Journal of the European Union]] |date=21 April 2007 |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:330:0013:0014:EN:PDF |title=Commission Regulation (EC) No 1485/2007 |publisher=[[Official Journal of the European Union]] |date=14 December 2007 |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> it is also marketed as ''Cyprus Delight''. In [[Armenian language|Armenian]] it is called {{lang|hy-Latn|lokhum}} ({{lang|hy|լոխում}}). It is läoma ܠܥܡܐ in [[Suret_language|Assyrian]]. Its name in [[Uzbekistan]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and [[Israel]] is {{lang|he-Latn|rahat lokum}}, and derives from a very old confusion of the two names found already in Ottoman Turkish;<ref name="James Redhouse 1856, p.707" /> indeed this mixed name can also be found in [[Turkey]] today. Its name in [[Serbo-Croatian]] is {{lang|sh|ratluk}} ({{lang|sh-Cyrl|ратлук}}), a reduced form of the same name. In [[Persian language|Persian]], it is called {{lang|fa-Latn|rāhat-ol-holqum}} ({{lang|fa|راحت الحلقوم}}).<ref>Colin Turner, ''A Thematic Dictionary of Modern Persian'', 2004</ref> In the [[Indian subcontinent]], a variant of it is known as ''Karachi halwa'' or ''[[Bombay halwa]]''. In [[Hungary]] it is called szultán kenyér (Sultan's bread). |
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In English, it was formerly alternatively known as |
In English, it was formerly alternatively known as "lumps of delight".<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kay |editor1-first=Christian |editor2-last=Roberts |editor2-first=Jane |editor3-last=Samuels |editor3-first=Michael |editor4-last=Wotherspoon |editor4-first=Iriné |title=Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=01.02.08.01.15.29.01 |ol=OL23951545M}}</ref> |
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== Around the world == |
== Around the world == |
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===Europe=== |
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====Bulgaria==== |
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In [[Bulgaria|Bulgarian]], Turkish delight is known as lokum (локум) and enjoys some popularity. |
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====Armenia==== |
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In [[Armenia]], Turkish delight is known as lokhum (լոխում) and is used for various sweets. For example It is used to make Cigarette cookies, ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: սիգարետ թխվածքաբլիթներ) which are soft cookies that are rolled into the form of a cigarette. They are filled with either [[Lokum|lokhum]], a mixture of sugar, [[cardamom]], and walnuts, or a combination of both. The dough mainly consists of [[matzoon]], butter, eggs, and flour. When finished the pastry gets dusted with [[powdered sugar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cigarette Cookies |url=https://heghineh.com/cigarette-cookies/ |website=Heghineh}}</ref><ref>Bodic, Slavka (31 May 2020). ''Ultimate Armenian Cookbook''. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/979-8650129738|<bdi>979-8650129738</bdi>]].</ref> |
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In Greece, Turkish delight, known as ''loukoumi'' [λουκούμι] has been a very popular delicacy since the 19th century, famously produced in the city of [[Patras]], [[Patrina loukoumia]], as well as on the island of [[Syros]] and the northern Greek cities [[Serres]] and [[Komotini]] but elsewhere as well. Loukoumi is a common traditional treat, routinely served instead of biscuits along with [[Greek coffee]]. In addition to the common rosewater and bergamot varieties, [[Mastic (plant resin)|Mastic]]-flavored loukoumi is available and very popular. |
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====Greece and Cyprus==== |
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In Greece, Turkish delight, known as ''loukoumi'' ({{Lang|el|λουκούμι}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greece-is.com/loukoumi-the-signature-sweet-of-syros/|title=Loukoumi: The Signature Sweet of Syros|date=18 November 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118205044/https://www.greece-is.com/loukoumi-the-signature-sweet-of-syros/|archive-date=18 November 2024}}</ref> has been a popular delicacy since the 19th century, famously produced in the city of [[Patras]] ([[Patrina loukoumia]]) as well as on the island of [[Syros]] and the northern Greek cities [[Thessaloniki]], [[Serres]] and [[Komotini]] but elsewhere as well. Loukoumi is a common traditional treat, routinely served instead of biscuits along with coffee. In addition to the common rosewater and bergamot varieties, [[Mastic (plant resin)|mastic]]-flavored loukoumi is available and very popular. Another sweet, similar to loukoumi, that is made exclusively in the town of Serres, is [[Akanés]]. [[Cyprus]] is the only country that has a [[Protected geographical indications in the European Union#General regime|protected geographical indication (PGI)]] for this product: Loukoumi made in [[Yeroskipou]] is called {{Lang|el|Λουκούμι Γεροσκήπου}} (''loukoumi geroskipou'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/loukoumigeroskipouxxx|title=Loukoumi Geroskipou|publisher=[[TasteAtlas]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118211104/https://www.tasteatlas.com/loukoumigeroskipouxxx|archive-date=18 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes/geographical-indications-food-and-drink/loukoumi-geroskipou-pgi_en|title=Loukoumi Geroskipou Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)|publisher=[[European Commission]]|website=ec.europa.eu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118210828/https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes/geographical-indications-food-and-drink/loukoumi-geroskipou-pgi_en|archive-date=18 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DOOR|url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/registeredName.html?denominationId=841 |access-date=1 August 2014|publisher=[[European Commission]]|website=ec.europa.eu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623032844/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/registeredName.html?denominationId=841|archive-date=23 June 2018}}</ref> |
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The Romanian word to describe this confection is ''rahat'', an abbreviation of the Arabic ''rahat ul-holkum''.<ref>Lazăr Șăineanu, Influența orientală asupra limbii și culturii românești, 1900</ref> However, in the Romanian language, the word ''rahat'' took a pejorative sense, in this case a euphemism that translates as ''shit''.<ref>{{ro icon}} {{cite web|url=http://projetbabel.org/najfordito/francais.pdf|format=PDF |title=Dictionnaire franco roumain|work=Projet babel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Yann Picand, Dominique Dutoit |url=http://traduction.sensagent.com/merde/fr-ro/ |title=Traduction de merde en roumain | dictionnaire français-roumain |publisher=Traduction.sensagent.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref> According to linguist [[Lazăr Șăineanu]], Turkish words which entered the Romanian language in the seventeenth century and eighteenth century became mostly obsolete and acquired a pejorative or ironic sense. Politically and socially, this weakened the influence of Ottoman society, and parts of the [[Ottoman Turkish language]] which had not had time to take root in the Romanian language took a touch of irony and became a mine for humorous literature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scritube.com/literatura-romana/INFLUENTA-LIMBII-TURCE-ASUPRA-75581119.php|title=INFLUENTA LIMBII TURCE ASUPRA LIMBII ROMǺNE|publisher=scritube.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> |
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====Romania==== |
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Rahat is eaten as is or is added in many Romanian cakes called [[cornulețe]], [[cozonac]] or {{Ill|fr|salam de biscuiti}}.<ref>{{en icon}} {{cite book|url=http://books.google.fr/books?id=ojc4Uker_V0C&pg=PA496&lpg=PA496&dq=lokum+romanian+gil+marks&source=bl&ots=NOhLLpJOgG&sig=pDDtjEQZYaF81o6-7-Kbb2nMouc&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|publisher=Wiley |year= 2010 |url=http://www.books.google.fr books.google.fr |isbn=0470943548 |isbn=9780470943540}}</ref> Traditionally in Romania and the Balkans, the rahat is generally served with coffee. |
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In Romania, Turkish delight is called {{Lang|tr|rahat}} and it is eaten as is or is added in many Romanian cakes called ''[[cornulețe]]'', ''[[cozonac]]'' or ''salam de biscuiţi''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojc4Uker_V0C&q=lokum+romanian+gil+marks&pg=PA496|title=Encyclopedia of Turkish Food |first=Gil |last=Marks |publisher=Wiley |year= 2010 | isbn=978-0-470-94354-0}}</ref> |
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'''Bosnia and Herzegovina''' |
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===North America=== |
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In 1930 two Armenian immigrants, Armen Tertsagian and Mark Balaban, founded [[Liberty Orchards]] of Cashmere, Washington, and began manufacturing "Aplets" (apple and walnut locoum) and "Cotlets" (apricot and walnut locoum). In 1984 they added the medley-flavored "Fruit Delights" line in strawberry, raspberry, orange, blueberry, peach, cranberry, and pineapple assortments. Although all of these confections are marketed under American-style brand names, they are referred to on product packaging as "Rahat Locoum." Since 2012, the company has also marketed a line of confections with special packaging under the name "Turkish Delights," which includes traditional Middle Eastern flavors such as rose-pistachio, orange-blossom-walnut, mint, and rose-lemon. Liberty Orchard products are sold in national chain stores and via the internet. |
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In Bosnia and Herzegovina it is commonly known as ''rahatluk'' and as well served along tea and coffee. |
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[[Chuckles]], produced by [[Farley's & Sathers Candy Company, Inc.]], are jelly candies coated with a light layer of sugar, though it is a crystalline coating rather than the powder usually associated with Turkish delight. |
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====Former Ottoman territories in the Balkans==== |
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Since 1964, the Nory Candy company of California has been producing their traditional "Rahat Locum" in rosewater, mint, orange, pomegranate, and licorice flavors as well as pistachio and hazelnut versions of Turkish delight. |
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Turkish delight was introduced to European portions of the Ottoman Empire under its rule and has remained popular. Today it is commonly consumed with coffee. Rosewater and walnut are the most common flavorings.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} |
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====Ireland, the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries==== |
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Turkish delight also forms the basic foundation of the [[Big Turk]] chocolate bar (distributed by [[Nestlé]] in Canada). |
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[[Fry's Turkish Delight]], created in 1914,<ref name="independent" /> is marketed by [[Cadbury]] in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, Canada and New Zealand. It is rosewater-flavored, and covered on all sides in milk chocolate. UK production moved to Poland in 2010.<ref>Bouckley, Ben. (30 July 2010). [http://www.confectionerynews.com/Manufacturers/Final-UK-made-Cadbury-Crunchie-bars-from-September "Final UK-made Cadbury Crunchie bars from September"]. Retrieved 12 June 2015.</ref> Hadji Bey was an Armenian emigrant to Ireland who in 1902 set up [[Hadji Bey|an eponymous company]] – still in existence – to produce rahat lokoum for the Irish and later UK markets. |
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===North America=== |
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In Canada, the [[Big Turk]] chocolate bar made by [[Nestlé]] consists of dark magenta Turkish Delight coated in milk chocolate. |
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The confection is known in Brazil as ''Manjar Turco'', ''Delícia Turca'', ''Bala de Goma [[Syria|Síria]]'' or ''Bala de Goma [[Arabia|Árabe]]''. As with most Middle Eastern dishes, it came with the Levantine [[Arab diaspora]] to Latin America. |
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=== India/Pakistan === |
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===Britain and the Commonwealth=== |
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In Karachi, now in Pakistan, the "Karachi halwa" was made with corn flour and ghee and became quite popular. It is said to have been developed by [[Chandu Halwai]] which later relocated to Bombay (Mumbai) after the partition in 1947.<ref>[https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/History-halwa-23100231 History halwa, Paromita Vohra, Mid-Day, 22 November,2020]</ref> Some of the confectioners termed it [[Bombay halwa|Bombay Halwa]] to avoid its connection with a Pakistani city. <ref>[https://agronfoodprocessing.com/the-history-of-bombay-halwa/ The History of Bombay Halwa, 11/1/2021]</ref> In the year 1896, a confectioner Giridhar Mavji who ran a shop Joshi Budhakaka Mahim Halwawala attempted to replace the starch with wheat flour and thus invented [[Mahim halwa]] which consists of flat sheets.<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-a-sweet-invention-tracing-the-history-of-one-of-mumbai-s-most-famous-halwas-and-its-creator-2544289 A sweet invention: Tracing the history of one of Mumbai's most famous halwas and its creator, Yogessh Pawar, DNA, Dec 05, 2017]</ref> |
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[[Fry's Turkish Delight]] is marketed by [[Cadbury plc|Cadbury]] in the United Kingdom, Australia, and South Africa and can also be found in Canada and New Zealand, which is rosewater flavoured, and covered on all sides in milk chocolate. UK production controversially moved to Poland in 2010.<ref>http://www.confectionerynews.com/Financial/Final-UK-made-Cadbury-Crunchie-bars-from-September</ref> |
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== Protected geographical indication == |
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Despite its worldwide popularity and production in several countries, at present, the only [[Protected geographical indications in the European Union#General regime|protected geographical indication (PGI)]] for such a product is the name Λουκούμι Γεροσκήπου (Loukoumi Geroskipou) for Turkish delight made in [[Yeroskipou]], [[Cyprus]].<ref name=PGI>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Turks riled as Cyprus set to win EU trademark on Turkish delight | date=December 13, 2007 | agency=Associated Press | url =http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/13/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Turkish-Delight.php | work =International Herald Tribune | pages = | accessdate = 2007-12-14 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/registeredName.html?denominationId=841 |title=DOOR |publisher=Ec.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref> |
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==Related products== |
==Related products== |
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{{Multiple image |
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Turkish Delight was an early precursor to the [[jelly bean]] that inspired its gummy interior.<ref>{{cite news|title=The History of Jelly Beans |publisher=National Confectioners Association|url =http://www.candyusa.com/FunStuff/CandyType.cfm?ItemNumber=929&navItemNumber=4555}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Lynne Olver |url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcandy.html |title=history notes-candy |publisher=The Food Timeline |date= |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref> |
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| image1 = Sweets_on_Spice_Bazaar_in_Istanbul_02.jpg |
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| image2 = Sweets on Spice Bazaar in Istanbul 07.jpg |
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| footer = Turkish delights in Spice Bazaar in [[Istanbul]] |
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}} |
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Turkish delight was an early precursor to the [[jelly bean]], inspiring its gummy interior.<ref>{{cite web | title=The History of Jelly Beans | website=About.com | url=http://foodreference.about.com/od/history_myths/a/The-History-Of-Jelly-Beans.htm | first=Bethany | last=Moncel | access-date=14 September 2015 | archive-date=6 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906084710/http://foodreference.about.com/od/history_myths/a/The-History-Of-Jelly-Beans.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Food Timeline]] |first=Lynne |last=Olver |author-link=Lynne Olver |url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcandy.html |title=history notes-candy |date=9 January 2015 |access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> |
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== Cultural significance == |
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There are "gourmand" perfumes that use Loukoum or Loukhoum in their names and that are said to smell like the confection, as in "Loukhoum"<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.basenotes.net/ID26126137.html |title=Loukhoum by Ava Luxe - Basenotes Fragrance Directory |publisher=Basenotes.net |date= |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref> by [[Ava Luxe]], "Lakhoum"<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.basenotes.net/ID26122627.html |title=Loukhoum by Keiko Mecheri (2002) - Basenotes Fragrance Directory |publisher=Basenotes.net |date= |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref> by [[Keiko Mecheri]], and "Lakhoum"<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.basenotes.net/ID26121346.html |title=Rahät Loukoum by Serge Lutens Les Salons du Palais Royal Shiseido (1998) - Basenotes Fragrance Directory |publisher=Basenotes.net |date= |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref> by [[Serge Lutens]]. |
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Turkish delight holds deep cultural significance in Greece, Turkey, Iran, and across the Middle East and Eastern Europe. It symbolizes hospitality, generosity, and celebration. In Turkey, lokum is a staple during festive occasions such as weddings, where it symbolizes sweetness and prosperity in the couples' life together.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=What Does Turkish Delight Symbolise? |url=https://marseldelights.com/blogs/turkish-delight-questions/what-does-turkish-delight-symbolise |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Marsel Delights UK LTD |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, during religious festivals like [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]], it is exchanged as gifts among family and friends. In Greece, loukoumi is a symbol of hospitality and refinement.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Turkish delight is commonly served to guests alongside tea or coffee;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaşar |first=Amine Berra |date=2018-08-04 |title=More than a sweet tooth: Ceremonial desserts of Turkish cuisine |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2018/08/04/more-than-a-sweet-tooth-ceremonial-desserts-of-turkish-cuisine |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}}</ref> its sweet taste complements the strength and bitterness of [[Turkish coffee]], which is traditionally served black.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications |isbn=978-0-307-92843-6 |author-last1=Hattam |author-first1=Jennifer |author-last2=Larson |author-first2=Vanessa |author-last3=Newman |author-first3=Scott |title=Turkey |date=2012 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307928436}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Basan |author-first=Ghillie |title=Classic Turkish Cookery |date=1997 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb62ZJMNVBwC&pg=PA218 |page=218 |isbn=1-86064011-7}}</ref> |
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== Popular culture == |
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Lokum's sweet taste is often seen as a metaphor for the sweetness of life and relationships, making it a beloved symbol of joy and togetherness. It can also represent warmth and respect for visitors.{{cn|date=November 2024}} |
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== In popular culture == |
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Please do not add information here just because someone in popular culture used the term "turkish delight". |
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Secondary, reliable sources that discuss its cultural significance are normally required, see [[MOS:POPCULT]]. |
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We should not, each time someone in popular culture utters "honey", mention that in our [[Honey]] article. |
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Likewise here. There has to be something particularly important, significant, or notable, about the |
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reference for it to be added, for example when this confection plays a crucial role in the plot |
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Turkish delight features as the enchanted confection the [[White Witch]] uses to gain the loyalty of [[Edmund Pevensie]] in ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'' (1950) by [[C. S. Lewis]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://daily.jstor.org/turkish-delight/ |title=Why Was Turkish Delight C.S. Lewis's Guilty Pleasure? |journal=JSTOR Daily |first=Cara |last=Strickland |date=3 August 2016}}</ref> Sales of Turkish delight rose following the theatrical release of the 2005 film ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]''.<ref>{{cite web |first=Susan |last=Reilly |url=http://info.nhpr.org/node/10325 |title=Turkish Delight Sales Jump After Narnia Chronicles |publisher=Info.nhpr.org |date=17 February 2006 |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108033343/http://info.nhpr.org/node/10325 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*''[[Turks fruit (novel)|Turks fruit]]'', a 1969 Dutch novel written by [[Jan Wolkers]]. |
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*''[[Turkish Delight (film)|Turkish Delight]]'', a 1973 Dutch love story of an artist and a young woman. |
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*"Rahadlakum" is the title of a major production number in Act 2 of the Wright and Forrest musical ''[[Kismet (musical)|Kismet]]''. The Wazir's wife, Lalume, seduces Hajj the poet with the confection, setting up the finale. |
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*In [[The Paradise (TV series)|The Paradise]], Miss Audrey, the head of ladieswear department, falls ill and loses her voice. Her former beau, the department store's direct competitor, brings her "Lumps of Delight." He knows that her illness is psychological, as the only other time she lost her voice was after his proposal. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{portal|Food |
{{portal|Greece|Turkey|Iran|Food |
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}} |
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* [[Aplets & Cotlets]] |
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* [[Big Turk]] |
* [[Big Turk]] |
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* [[Botan Rice Candy]] |
* [[Botan Rice Candy]], [[Gyūhi]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Dodol]] |
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* [[Greek cuisine]] |
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* [[Gumdrop]] |
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* [[Halva]] |
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* [[Masghati]] |
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* [[Mochi]] |
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* [[Turkish cuisine]] |
* [[Turkish cuisine]] |
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* [[Marron glacé]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist| |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* {{Cookbook-inline|Turkish Delight}} |
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{{commons category|Lokum}} |
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* {{Commonscat-inline|Lokum}} |
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{{Cookbook}} |
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{{Navboxes|list1= |
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{{Cuisine of Turkey|dessert}} |
{{Cuisine of Turkey|dessert}} |
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{{Cuisine of Cyprus}} |
{{Cuisine of Cyprus|dessert}} |
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{{Cuisine of Greece}} |
{{Cuisine of Greece|dessert}} |
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{{Levantine cuisine|dessert}} |
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{{Cuisine of Lebanon|dessert}} |
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{{Serbian cuisine}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkish Delight}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkish Delight}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Candy]] |
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[[Category:Arab desserts]] |
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[[Category:Turkish desserts]] |
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[[Category:Lebanese desserts]] |
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[[Category:Iraqi cuisine]] |
[[Category:Iraqi cuisine]] |
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[[Category:Israeli desserts]] |
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[[Category:Kurdish cuisine]] |
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[[Category:Middle Eastern cuisine]] |
[[Category:Middle Eastern cuisine]] |
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[[Category:Greek |
[[Category:Greek desserts]] |
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[[Category:Cypriot cuisine]] |
[[Category:Cypriot cuisine]] |
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[[Category:Balkan cuisine]] |
[[Category:Balkan cuisine]] |
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[[Category:Bulgarian desserts]] |
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[[Category:Romanian sweets]] |
[[Category:Romanian sweets]] |
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[[Category:Tabriz cuisine]] |
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Latest revision as of 02:34, 10 December 2024
 An assortment of Turkish delight on display in Istanbul | |
| Type | Confection |
|---|---|
| Place of origin | Safavid (Persia)[1] or the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)[2] |
| Serving temperature | Room temperature |
| Main ingredients | Starch, sugar[3][4][5] |
| Ingredients generally used | Fruit, nuts, honey |
| Variations | Multiple |
Turkish delight or lokum (/lɔ.kʊm/) or halgoum is a family of confections based on a gel of starch and sugar. Premium varieties consist largely of chopped dates, pistachios, hazelnuts or walnuts bound by the gel; traditional varieties are often flavored with rosewater, mastic gum, bergamot orange, or lemon. Other common flavors include cinnamon and mint. The confection is often packaged and eaten in small cubes dusted with icing sugar, copra, or powdered cream of tartar to prevent clinging. In the production process, soapwort may be used as an emulsifying additive.[6]
The origin of lokum is not precisely known, though the confection is known to have been produced in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Greek populations in Asia Minor[7] and Safavid Iran (Persia) since the late 18th century.
History
[edit]
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The exact origin of these sweets is yet to be definitively determined, partly due to the origins being fiercely contested amongst Greeks and Turks.
Turkish claims
[edit]According to the Hacı Bekir company, Bekir Efendi, named Hacı Bekir after performing the Hajj, moved to Constantinople from his hometown Kastamonu and opened his confectionery shop in the district of Bahçekapı in 1777. He produced various kinds of candies and lokum, later including a unique form of lokum made with starch and sugar. The family business, now in its fifth generation, still operates under the founder's name.[8]
Questioning of Turkish claims
[edit]Tim Richardson, a historian of sweets, has questioned the popular attribution of Hacı Bekir as the inventor of Turkish delight, writing that "specific names and dates are often erroneously associated with the invention of particular sweets, not least for commercial reasons".[1] Similar Arab and Persian recipes, including the use of starch and sugar, predate Bekir by several centuries.[9] The Oxford Companion to Food states that although Bekir is often credited with the invention, there is no hard evidence for it.[10]
Other claims
[edit]Some sources suggest that similar features were also present in Arab and Persian cuisines. However, modern perspectives often attribute the origins of Turkish delight to the Ottoman period.[11]
Name
[edit]The Turkish names lokma and lokum are derived from the Arabic word luqma(t) (لُقْمَة) and its plural luqam (لُقَم) meaning 'morsel' and 'mouthful'[12] and the alternative Ottoman Turkish name, rahat-ul hulküm,[13] was an Arabic formulation, rāḥat al-hulqūm (رَاحَةُ ٱلْحُلْقُوم), meaning 'comfort of the throat', which remains the name in formal Arabic.[14]
In Libya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Tunisia it is known as Arabic: حَلْقُوم, lit. 'ḥalqūm, ḥalgūm', [ħalquːm, ħalguːm], while in Kuwait it is called كبده الفرس kabdat alfaras; in Egypt it is called malban (ملبن [ˈmælbæn]) or ʕagameyya, and in Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria rāḥa (راحة). Its name in various Eastern European languages comes from Ottoman Turkish lokum (لوقوم) or rahat-ul hulküm. Its name in Greek, λουκούμι (loukoumi) shares a similar etymology with the modern Turkish and it is marketed as Greek Delight. In Cyprus, where the dessert has protected geographical indication (PGI),[15][16] it is also marketed as Cyprus Delight. In Armenian it is called lokhum (լոխում). It is läoma ܠܥܡܐ in Assyrian. Its name in Uzbekistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Israel is rahat lokum, and derives from a very old confusion of the two names found already in Ottoman Turkish;[13] indeed this mixed name can also be found in Turkey today. Its name in Serbo-Croatian is ratluk (ратлук), a reduced form of the same name. In Persian, it is called rāhat-ol-holqum (راحت الحلقوم).[17] In the Indian subcontinent, a variant of it is known as Karachi halwa or Bombay halwa. In Hungary it is called szultán kenyér (Sultan's bread).
In English, it was formerly alternatively known as "lumps of delight".[18]
Around the world
[edit]Europe
[edit]Bulgaria
[edit]In Bulgarian, Turkish delight is known as lokum (локум) and enjoys some popularity.
Armenia
[edit]In Armenia, Turkish delight is known as lokhum (լոխում) and is used for various sweets. For example It is used to make Cigarette cookies, (Armenian: սիգարետ թխվածքաբլիթներ) which are soft cookies that are rolled into the form of a cigarette. They are filled with either lokhum, a mixture of sugar, cardamom, and walnuts, or a combination of both. The dough mainly consists of matzoon, butter, eggs, and flour. When finished the pastry gets dusted with powdered sugar.[19][20]
Greece and Cyprus
[edit]In Greece, Turkish delight, known as loukoumi (λουκούμι),[21] has been a popular delicacy since the 19th century, famously produced in the city of Patras (Patrina loukoumia) as well as on the island of Syros and the northern Greek cities Thessaloniki, Serres and Komotini but elsewhere as well. Loukoumi is a common traditional treat, routinely served instead of biscuits along with coffee. In addition to the common rosewater and bergamot varieties, mastic-flavored loukoumi is available and very popular. Another sweet, similar to loukoumi, that is made exclusively in the town of Serres, is Akanés. Cyprus is the only country that has a protected geographical indication (PGI) for this product: Loukoumi made in Yeroskipou is called Λουκούμι Γεροσκήπου (loukoumi geroskipou).[22][23][24]
Romania
[edit]In Romania, Turkish delight is called rahat and it is eaten as is or is added in many Romanian cakes called cornulețe, cozonac or salam de biscuiţi.[25]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
In Bosnia and Herzegovina it is commonly known as rahatluk and as well served along tea and coffee.
Former Ottoman territories in the Balkans
[edit]Turkish delight was introduced to European portions of the Ottoman Empire under its rule and has remained popular. Today it is commonly consumed with coffee. Rosewater and walnut are the most common flavorings.[citation needed]
Ireland, the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries
[edit]Fry's Turkish Delight, created in 1914,[9] is marketed by Cadbury in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, Canada and New Zealand. It is rosewater-flavored, and covered on all sides in milk chocolate. UK production moved to Poland in 2010.[26] Hadji Bey was an Armenian emigrant to Ireland who in 1902 set up an eponymous company – still in existence – to produce rahat lokoum for the Irish and later UK markets.
North America
[edit]In Canada, the Big Turk chocolate bar made by Nestlé consists of dark magenta Turkish Delight coated in milk chocolate.
India/Pakistan
[edit]In Karachi, now in Pakistan, the "Karachi halwa" was made with corn flour and ghee and became quite popular. It is said to have been developed by Chandu Halwai which later relocated to Bombay (Mumbai) after the partition in 1947.[27] Some of the confectioners termed it Bombay Halwa to avoid its connection with a Pakistani city. [28] In the year 1896, a confectioner Giridhar Mavji who ran a shop Joshi Budhakaka Mahim Halwawala attempted to replace the starch with wheat flour and thus invented Mahim halwa which consists of flat sheets.[29]
Related products
[edit]
Turkish delight was an early precursor to the jelly bean, inspiring its gummy interior.[30][31]
Cultural significance
[edit]Turkish delight holds deep cultural significance in Greece, Turkey, Iran, and across the Middle East and Eastern Europe. It symbolizes hospitality, generosity, and celebration. In Turkey, lokum is a staple during festive occasions such as weddings, where it symbolizes sweetness and prosperity in the couples' life together.[32] Similarly, during religious festivals like Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, it is exchanged as gifts among family and friends. In Greece, loukoumi is a symbol of hospitality and refinement.[7]
Turkish delight is commonly served to guests alongside tea or coffee;[33] its sweet taste complements the strength and bitterness of Turkish coffee, which is traditionally served black.[34][35]
Lokum's sweet taste is often seen as a metaphor for the sweetness of life and relationships, making it a beloved symbol of joy and togetherness. It can also represent warmth and respect for visitors.[citation needed]
In popular culture
[edit]Turkish delight features as the enchanted confection the White Witch uses to gain the loyalty of Edmund Pevensie in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) by C. S. Lewis.[36] Sales of Turkish delight rose following the theatrical release of the 2005 film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.[37]
See also
[edit]
- Aplets & Cotlets
- Big Turk
- Botan Rice Candy, Gyūhi
- Dodol
- Greek cuisine
- Gumdrop
- Halva
- Masghati
- Mochi
- Turkish cuisine
- Marron glacé
References
[edit]- ^ a b Richardson, Tim (2003). Sweets, a History of Temptation. London: Bantam Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-553-81446-X.
- ^ Roufs, Timothy G.; Roufs, Kathleen Smyth (2014). Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-1-61069-220-5.
- ^ "طريقة عمل الملبن السوري الشهير". Dlwaqty (in Arabic). Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ "مقادير وطريقة عمل الملبن". موضوع (in Arabic). Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ Grimes, Lulu. "Turkish delight". GoodFood. BBC. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Loukoumi: Traditional Greek Candy". Mykonos Life. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ a b "The Fascinating History of Greek Loukoumia, or Turkish Delights". Greek Reporter.
- ^ "Haci Bekir, Turkey's Oldest Company, Has Been Sweetening the Mouth for 242 Years". Hacı Bekir. 18 March 2022.
- ^ a b Brown, Jonathan (5 December 2005). "The Lion, the Witch & the Turkish Delight". The Independent. London. Retrieved 5 December 2005.
- ^ Davidson, Alan (21 August 2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Turkish delight". britannica.com.
- ^ Diran Kélékian, Dictionnaire Turc–Français (Ottoman Turkish), 1911
- ^ a b James Redhouse, A Turkish and English Dictionary, 1856, p.707.
- ^ Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 1966, p.365
- ^ "Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006". Official Journal of the European Union. 21 April 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ "Commission Regulation (EC) No 1485/2007". Official Journal of the European Union. 14 December 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ Colin Turner, A Thematic Dictionary of Modern Persian, 2004
- ^ Kay, Christian; Roberts, Jane; Samuels, Michael; Wotherspoon, Iriné, eds. (2009). Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 01.02.08.01.15.29.01. OL 23951545M.
- ^ "Cigarette Cookies". Heghineh.
- ^ Bodic, Slavka (31 May 2020). Ultimate Armenian Cookbook. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. ISBN 979-8650129738.
- ^ "Loukoumi: The Signature Sweet of Syros". 18 November 2024. Archived from the original on 18 November 2024.
- ^ "Loukoumi Geroskipou". TasteAtlas. Archived from the original on 18 November 2024.
- ^ "Loukoumi Geroskipou Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)". ec.europa.eu. European Commission. Archived from the original on 18 November 2024.
- ^ "DOOR". ec.europa.eu. European Commission. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- ^ Marks, Gil (2010). Encyclopedia of Turkish Food. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-94354-0.
- ^ Bouckley, Ben. (30 July 2010). "Final UK-made Cadbury Crunchie bars from September". Retrieved 12 June 2015.
- ^ History halwa, Paromita Vohra, Mid-Day, 22 November,2020
- ^ The History of Bombay Halwa, 11/1/2021
- ^ A sweet invention: Tracing the history of one of Mumbai's most famous halwas and its creator, Yogessh Pawar, DNA, Dec 05, 2017
- ^ Moncel, Bethany. "The History of Jelly Beans". About.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ Olver, Lynne (9 January 2015). "history notes-candy". The Food Timeline. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- ^ "What Does Turkish Delight Symbolise?". Marsel Delights UK LTD. 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ^ Yaşar, Amine Berra (2018-08-04). "More than a sweet tooth: Ceremonial desserts of Turkish cuisine". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ^ Hattam, Jennifer; Larson, Vanessa; Newman, Scott (2012). Turkey. Fodor's Travel Publications. ISBN 978-0-307-92843-6.
- ^ Basan, Ghillie (1997). Classic Turkish Cookery. I.B. Tauris. p. 218. ISBN 1-86064011-7.
- ^ Strickland, Cara (3 August 2016). "Why Was Turkish Delight C.S. Lewis's Guilty Pleasure?". JSTOR Daily.
- ^ Reilly, Susan (17 February 2006). "Turkish Delight Sales Jump After Narnia Chronicles". Info.nhpr.org. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
External links
[edit]
Turkish Delight at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
Media related to Lokum at Wikimedia Commons
