Comparison of relational database management systems: Difference between revisions

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The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.

General information

	Maintainer	First public release date	Latest stable version	Latest release date	License	Public issues list
4D (4th Dimension)	4D S.A.S.	1984	v16.0	2017-01-10^[1]	Proprietary	No
ADABAS	Software AG	1970	8.1	2013-06	Proprietary	No
Adaptive Server Enterprise	SAP AG	1987	16.0 SP03 PL07	2019-06-10	Proprietary	No
Advantage Database Server (ADS)	SAP AG	1992	12.0	2015	Proprietary	No
Altibase	Altibase Corp.	2000	7.1.0.1.2	2018-03-02	Proprietary	No
Apache Derby	Apache	2004	10.17.1.0^[2]	2023-11-14	Apache License	Yes^[3]
ClustrixDB	MariaDB Corporation	2010	v7.0	2015-08-19	Proprietary	No
CockroachDB	Cockroach Labs	2015	v20.2.8	2021-04-23	BSL,CCL,MIT,BSD	Yes^[4]
CUBRID	CUBRID	2008-11	11.2.3	2023-01-31	Apache License 2.0, BSD license for APIs and GUI tools	Yes^[5]
Datacom	CA, Inc.	Early 70s^[6]	14^[7]	2012^[8]	Proprietary	No
IBM Db2	IBM	1983	12.1^[9]	2024-11-14; 22 days ago	Proprietary	No
Empress Embedded Database	Empress Software Inc	1979	10.20	2010-03	Proprietary	No
Exasol	EXASOL AG	2004	7.1.1	2021-09-15; 3 years ago	Proprietary	No
FileMaker	FileMaker, Inc., an Apple subsidiary	1985-04	19	2020-05-20	Proprietary	No
Firebird	Firebird project	2000-07-25	5.0.1^[10]	2024-08-02; 4 months ago	IPL^[11] and IDPL^[12]	Yes^[13]
GPUdb	GIS Federal	2014	3.2.5	2015-01-14	Proprietary	No
HSQLDB	HSQL Development Group	2001	2.6.1	2021-10-21	BSD	Yes^[14]
H2	H2 Software	2005	2.1.214	2022-06-13	EPL and modified MPL	Yes^[15]
Informix Dynamic Server	IBM / HCL Technologies	1981????1980	14.10.xC9	2022-10-03	Proprietary	No
Ingres	Actian	1974	11.2^[16]	2022-05-06	GPL and Proprietary	No
InterBase	Embarcadero Technologies	1984	XE7 v12.0.4.357	2015-08-12	Proprietary	No
Linter SQL RDBMS	RELEX Group	1990	6.0.17.53	2018-02-15	Proprietary	Yes^[17]
LucidDB	The Eigenbase Project	2007-01	0.9.4	2012-01-05	GPL v2	No
MariaDB	MariaDB Community	2010-02-01	11.6.2^[18]	2024-11-21; 15 days ago	GPL v2, LGPL (for client-libraries)^[19]	Yes^[20]
MaxDB	SAP AG	2003-05	7.9.0.8	2014	Proprietary	Yes^[21]
SingleStore (formerly MemSQL)	SingleStore	2012-06	7.1.11	2020-10-12	Proprietary	No
Microsoft Access (JET)	Microsoft	1992	16 (2016)	2015-09-22	Proprietary	No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Microsoft	1984	9 (2005)	2007-10-11	Proprietary	No
Microsoft SQL Server	Microsoft	1989	2022^[22]	2022-11-16; 2 years ago	Proprietary	No
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Microsoft	2000	2011 (v4.0)		Proprietary	No
Mimer SQL	Mimer Information Technology	1978	11.0.8E	2024-10-22	Proprietary	No
MonetDB	MonetDB Foundation ^[23]	2004	Aug2024 ^[24]	2024-08-26	Mozilla Public License, version 2.0^[25]	Yes^[26]
mSQL	Hughes Technologies	1994	4.1^[27]	2017-06-30	Proprietary	No
MySQL	Oracle Corporation	1995-11	8.0.38^[28]	2024-10-15; 52 days ago	GPL v2 or Proprietary	Yes^[29]
NexusDB	NexusDB Pty Ltd	2003	4.00.14	2015-06-25	Proprietary	No
HPE NonStop SQL	Hewlett Packard Enterprise	1987	SQL/MX 3.4		Proprietary	No
NuoDB	NuoDB	2013	4.1	2020-08	Proprietary	No
Omnis Studio	TigerLogic Inc	1982-07	6.1.3 Release 1no	2015-12	Proprietary	No
OpenEdge	Progress Software Corporation	1984	12.8	2024-1	Proprietary	No
OpenLink Virtuoso	OpenLink Software	1998	7.2.5.1	2018-08-15	GPL v2 or Proprietary	Yes^[30]
Oracle DB	Oracle Corporation	1979-11	23ai^[31]	2023-09-19; 14 months ago	Proprietary	No
Oracle Rdb	Oracle Corporation	1984	7.4.1.1^[32]	2021-04-21[±]	Proprietary	No
Paradox	Corel Corporation	1985	11	2009-09-07	Proprietary	No
Percona Server for MySQL	Percona	2006	8.0.37-29	2024-08-06[±]	GPL v2	Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Actian	1982	v15	2021	Proprietary	No
Polyhedra DBMS	ENEA AB	1993	9.0	2015-06-24	Proprietary, with Polyhedra Lite available as Freeware^[33]	No
PostgreSQL	PostgreSQL Global Development Group	1989-06	17.2	2024-11-21^[34]	Postgres License^[35]	No^[36]
R:Base	R:BASE Technologies	1982	10.0	2016-05-26	Proprietary	No
SAP HANA	SAP AG	2010	2.0 SPS04	2019-08-08	Proprietary	No
solidDB	UNICOM Global	1992	7.0.0.10	2014-04-29	Proprietary	No
SQL Anywhere	SAP AG	1992	17.0.0.48	2019-07-26	Proprietary	No
SQLBase	Unify Corp.	1982	11.5	2008-11	Proprietary	No
SQLite	D. Richard Hipp	2000-09-12	3.47.1^[37]	2024-11-25; 11 days ago	Public domain	Yes^[38]
SQream DB	SQream Technologies	2014	2.1^[39]	2018-01-15	Proprietary	No
Superbase	Superbase	1984	Classic	2003	Proprietary	No
Superbase NG	Superbase NG	2002	Superbase NG 2.10	2017	Proprietary	Yes^[40]
Teradata	Teradata	1984	15	2014-04	Proprietary	No
TiDB	PingCAP Inc.	2016	8.4.0^[41]	2024-11-11; 25 days ago	Apache License	Yes^[42]
UniData	Rocket Software	1988	8.2.1	2017-07	Proprietary	No
YugabyteDB	Yugabyte, Inc.	2018	2.20.1.3^[43]	2024-01-25[±]	Apache License	Yes^[44]
	Maintainer	First public release date	Latest stable version	Latest release date	License	Public issues list

Operating system support

The operating systems that the RDBMSes can run on.

	Windows	macOS	Linux	BSD	UNIX	AmigaOS	z/OS	OpenVMS	iOS	Android
4th Dimension	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
ADABAS	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Advantage Database Server	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Altibase	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Apache Derby	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	?	No
ClustrixDB	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
CockroachDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
CUBRID	Yes	Partial	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
IBM Db2	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
Empress Embedded Database	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes
EXASolution	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
FileMaker	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
Firebird	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Maybe	No	Yes^[45]	No
HSQLDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	?	?
H2	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	?	Yes
Informix Dynamic Server	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Ingres	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Partial	Yes^[46]	No	No
InterBase	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes (Solaris)	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Under Linux on IBM Z	Yes	Yes	Yes
LucidDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
MariaDB	Yes	Yes^[47]	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	?	Yes^[48]
MaxDB	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Maybe	No	No	No
Microsoft Access (JET)	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Microsoft SQL Server	Yes	No	Yes^[49]	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Mimer SQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^[50]	No	Yes
MonetDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
MySQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?	Yes^[51]
Omnis Studio	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
OpenEdge	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
OpenLink Virtuoso	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Oracle	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No
Oracle Rdb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Yes	Yes (OEM only)	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Polyhedra	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
PostgreSQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (MorphOS)^[52]	Under Linux on IBM Z^[53]	No	No	Yes
R:Base	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
SAP HANA	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
solidDB	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Under Linux on IBM Z	No	No	No
SQL Anywhere	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes
SQLBase	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
SQLite	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No	Yes	Yes
SQream DB	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Superbase	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No
Superbase NG	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Teradata	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
TiDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Partial	No	No	No	No	No	No
UniData	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
UniVerse	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
YugabyteDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
	Windows	macOS	Linux	BSD	UNIX	AmigaOS	z/OS	OpenVMS	iOS	Android

Fundamental features

Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively.

Database Name	ACID	Referential integrity	Transactions	Fine-grained locking	Multiversion concurrency control	Unicode	Interface	Type inference
4th Dimension	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	GUI & SQL	Yes
ADABAS	Yes	No	Yes	?	?	Yes	proprietary direct call & SQL (via 3rd party)	Yes
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)	Yes	Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Yes
Advantage Database Server	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)	?	Yes⁴	API & SQL	Yes
Altibase	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)	?	Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Yes
Apache Derby	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking) ^[54]	?	Yes	SQL	Yes
ClustrixDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	SQL	Yes
CockroachDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)	Yes	Yes	SQL	No
CUBRID	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)	Yes	Yes	GUI & SQL	Yes
IBM Db2	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)^[55]	?	Yes	GUI & SQL	Yes
Empress Embedded Database	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	API & SQL	Yes
EXASolution	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Yes
Firebird	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	API & SQL	Yes
HSQLDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	SQL	Yes
H2	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes^[56]	Yes	SQL	Yes
Informix Dynamic Server	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)	Yes	Yes	SQL, REST, MQ, and JSON	Yes
Ingres	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)	Yes	Yes	SQL & QUEL	Yes
InterBase	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	SQL	Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS	Yes	Yes	Yes (Except for DDL)	Yes (Row-level locking)	?	Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Yes
LucidDB	Yes	No	No	?	?	Yes	SQL	Yes
MariaDB	Yes²	Yes	Yes² except for DDL^[57]^[58]	Yes (Row-level locking)	Yes	Yes	SQL	Yes
MaxDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	SQL	Yes
Microsoft Access (JET)	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	GUI & SQL	Yes
Microsoft Visual FoxPro	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking SMB2)	Yes	No	GUI & SQL	Yes
Microsoft SQL Server	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)^[59]	Yes	Yes	GUI & SQL	Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	GUI & SQL	Yes
Mimer SQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Optimistic locking)	Yes	Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Yes
MonetDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	API & SQL & MAL	Yes
MySQL	Yes²	Yes³	Yes² except for DDL^[57]	Yes (Row-level locking)^[60]	Yes	Yes	GUI ⁵ & SQL	Yes
OpenEdge	Yes	Yes⁶	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)	?	Yes	GUI & SQL	Yes
OpenLink Virtuoso	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Yes
Oracle	Yes	Yes	Yes except for DDL^[57]	Yes (Row-level locking)^[61]	Yes	Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Yes
Oracle Rdb	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	SQL	Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Yes
Polyhedra DBMS	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (optimistic and pessimistic cell-level locking)^[62]	?	Yes	API & SQL	Yes
PostgreSQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)^[63]	Yes	Yes	API & GUI & SQL	No^[64]
SAP HANA	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)	Yes	Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Yes
solidDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)	?	Yes	API & SQL	Yes
SQL Anywhere	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Row-level locking)^[65]	Yes^[66]	Yes	API & GUI & HTTP(S) (REST & SOAP)^[67] & SQL	Yes
SQLBase	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Yes
SQLite	Yes	Yes	Yes	No (Database-level locking)^[68]	No	Optional^[69]	API & SQL	Yes
Superbase NG	?	?	?	Yes (Record-level locking)	?	Yes	GUI & Proprietary & ODBC	Yes
Teradata	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (Hash and Partition)	?	Yes	SQL	Yes
TiDB	Yes	Yes	Yes except for DDL^[57]	Yes (Row-level locking)^[70]	Yes	Yes	GUI ⁵ & SQL	Yes
UniData	Yes	No	Yes	?	?	Yes	Multiple	Yes
UniVerse	Yes	No	Yes	?	?	Yes	Multiple	Yes
Database Name	ACID	Referential integrity	Transactions	Fine-grained locking	Multiversion concurrency control	Unicode	Interface	Type inference

Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommitted transaction isolation. Version 1.9 adds serializable isolation and version 2.0 will be fully ACID compliant.
Note (2): MariaDB and MySQL provide ACID compliance through the default InnoDB storage engine.^[71]^[72]
Note (3): "For other than InnoDB storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the FOREIGN KEY and REFERENCES syntax in CREATE TABLE statements. The CHECK clause is parsed but ignored by all storage engines."^[73]
Note (4): Support for Unicode is new in version 10.0.
Note (5): MySQL provides GUI interface through MySQL Workbench.
Note (6): OpenEdge SQL database engine uses Referential Integrity, OpenEdge ABL Database engine does not and is handled via database triggers.

Limits

Information about data size limits.

	Max DB size	Max table size	Max row size	Max columns per row	Max Blob/Clob size	Max CHAR size	Max NUMBER size	Min DATE value	Max DATE value	Max column name size
4th Dimension	Limited	?	?	65,135	200 GB (2 GiB Unicode)	200 GB (2 GiB Unicode)	64 bits	?	?	?
Advantage Database Server	Unlimited	16 EiB	65,530 B	65,135 / (10+ AvgFieldNameLength)	4 GiB	?	64 bits	?	?	128
Apache Derby	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	1,012 (5,000 in views)	2,147,483,647 chars	254 (VARCHAR: 32,672)	64 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128
ClustrixDB	Unlimited	Unlimited	64 MB on Appliance, 4 MB on AWS	?	64 MB	64 MB	64 MB	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	254
CUBRID	2 EB	2 EB	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	1 GB	64 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	254
IBM DB2	Unlimited	2 ZB	1,048,319 B	1,012	2 GB	32 KiB	64 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128
Empress Embedded Database	Unlimited	2⁶³−1 bytes	2 GB	32,767	2 GB	2 GB	64 bits	0000-01-01	9999-12-31	32
EXASolution	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	10,000	—	2 MB	128 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	256
FileMaker	8 TB	8 TB	8 TB	256,000,000	4 GB	10,000,000	1 billion characters, 10⁻⁴⁰⁰ to 10⁴⁰⁰, ±	0001-01-01	4000-12-31	100
Firebird	Unlimited¹	≈32 TB	65,536 B	Depends on data types used	32 GB	32,767 B	64 bits	100	32768	31
HSQLDB	64 TB	Unlimited⁸	Unlimited⁸	Unlimited⁸	64 TB⁷	Unlimited⁸	Unlimited⁸	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128
H2	64 TB	Unlimited⁸	Unlimited⁸	Unlimited⁸	64 TB⁷	Unlimited⁸	64 bits	-99999999	99999999	Unlimited⁸
	Max DB size	Max table size	Max row size	Max columns per row	Max Blob/Clob size	Max CHAR size	Max NUMBER size	Min DATE value	Max DATE value	Max column name size
Informix Dynamic Server	≈128 PB¹²	≈128 PB¹²	32,765 bytes (exclusive of large objects)	32,765	4 TB	32,765	10¹²⁵ ¹³	01/01/0001¹⁰	12/31/9999	128 bytes
Ingres	Unlimited	Unlimited	256 KB	1,024	2 GB	32 000 B	64 bits	0001	9999	256
InterBase	Unlimited¹	≈32 TB	65,536 B	Depends on data types used	2 GB	32,767 B	64 bits	100	32768	31
Linter SQL RDBMS	Unlimited	2³⁰ rows	64 KB (w/o BLOBs), 2GB (each BLOB value)	250	2 GB	4000 B	64 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	66
MariaDB	Unlimited	MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; Innodb storage limits: 64 TB; Aria storage limits: ???	64 KB³	4,096⁴	4 GB (longtext, longblob)	64 KB (text)	64 bits	1000	9999	64^[74]
Microsoft Access (JET)	2 GB	2 GB	16 MB	255	64 KB (memo field), 1 GB ("OLE Object" field)	255 B (text field)	32 bits	0100	9999	64
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Unlimited	2 GB	65,500 B	255	2 GB	16 MB	32 bits	0001	9999	10
Microsoft SQL Server	524,272 TB (32 767 files × 16 TB max file size) 16ZB per instance	524,272 TB	8,060 bytes / 2 TB⁶	1,024 / 30,000(with sparse columns)	2 GB / Unlimited (using RBS/FILESTREAM object)	2 GB⁶	126 bits²	0001	9999	128
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	4 GB	4 GB	8,060 bytes	1024	2 GB	4000	154 bits	0001	9999	128
Mimer SQL	Unlimited	Unlimited	16000 (+lob data)	252	Unlimited	15000	45 digits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128
MonetDB	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	2 GB	2 GB	128 bits	-4712-01-01	9999-12-31	1024
MySQL	Unlimited	MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; Innodb storage limits: 64 TB	64 KB³	4,096⁴	4 GB (longtext, longblob)	64 KB (text)	64 bits	1000	9999	64
OpenLink Virtuoso	32 TB per instance (Unlimited via elastic cluster)	DB size (or 32 TB)	4 KB	200	2 GB	2 GB	2³¹	0	9999	100
Oracle	2 PB (with standard 8k block) 8 PB (with max 32k block) 8 EB (with max 32k block and BIGFILE option)	4 GB × block size (with BIGFILE tablespace)	8 KB	1,000	128 TB	32,767 B¹¹	126 bits	−4712	9999	128
	Max DB size	Max table size	Max row size	Max columns per row	Max Blob/Clob size	Max CHAR size	Max NUMBER size	Min DATE value	Max DATE value	Max column name size
Actian Zen (PSQL)	4 billion objects	256 GB	2 GB	1,536	2 GB	8,000 bytes	64 bits	01-01-0001	12-31-9999	128 bytes
Polyhedra	Limited by available RAM, address space	2³² rows	Unlimited	65,536	4 GB (subject to RAM)	4 GB (subject to RAM)	64 bits	0001-01-01	8000-12-31	255
PostgreSQL^[75]	Unlimited	32 TB	1.6 TB	250–1600 depending on type	1 GB (text, bytea) stored inline or 4 TB using pg_largeobject ^[76]	1 GB	Unlimited	−4,713 ^[77]	5,874,897	63
SAP HANA	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
solidDB	256 TB	256 TB	32 KB + BLOB data	Limited by row size	4 GB	4 GB	64 bits	-32768-01-01	32767-12-31	254
SQL Anywhere^[78]	104 TB (13 files, each file up to 8 TB (32 KB pages))	Limited by file size	Limited by file size	45,000	2 GB	2 GB	64 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128 bytes
SQLite	128 TB (2³¹ pages × 64 KB max page size)	Limited by file size	Limited by file size	32,767	2 GB	2 GB	64 bits	No DATE type⁹	No DATE type⁹	Unlimited
Teradata	Unlimited	Unlimited	64000 wo/lobs (64 GB w/lobs)	2,048	2 GB	64,000	38 digits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128
UniVerse	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited
	Max DB size	Max table size	Max row size	Max columns per row	Max Blob/Clob size	Max CHAR size	Max NUMBER size	Min DATE value	Max DATE value	Max column name size

Note (1): Firebird 2.x maximum database size is effectively unlimited with the largest known database size >980 GB.^[79] Firebird 1.5.x maximum database size: 32 TB.
Note (2): Limit is 10³⁸ using DECIMAL datatype.^[80]
Note (3): InnoDB is limited to 8,000 bytes (excluding VARBINARY, VARCHAR, BLOB, or TEXT columns).^[81]
Note (4): InnoDB is limited to 1,017 columns.^[81]
Note (6): Using VARCHAR (MAX) in SQL 2005 and later.^[82]
Note (7): When using a page size of 32 KB, and when BLOB/CLOB data is stored in the database file.
Note (8): Java array size limit of 2,147,483,648 (2³¹) objects per array applies. This limit applies to number of characters in names, rows per table, columns per table, and characters per CHAR/VARCHAR.
Note (9): Despite the lack of a date datatype, SQLite does include date and time functions,^[83] which work for timestamps between 24 November 4714 B.C. and 1 November 5352.
Note (10): Informix DATETIME type has adjustable range from YEAR only through 1/10000th second. DATETIME date range is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.00000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999.
Note (11): Since version 12c. Earlier versions support up to 4000 B.
Note (12): The 128 PB limit refers to the storage limit of a single Informix server instance. Informix v12.10 and later versions support using sharding techniques to distribute a table across multiple server instances. A distributed Informix database has no upper limit on table or database size.
Note (13): Informix DECIMAL type supports up to 32 decimal digits of precision with a range of 10⁻¹³⁰ to 10¹²⁵. Fixed and variable precision are supported.

Tables and views

Information about what tables and views (other than basic ones) are supported natively.

	Temporary table	Materialized view
4th Dimension	Yes	No
ADABAS	?	?
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Yes¹	Yes – see precomputed result sets
Advantage Database Server	Yes	No (only common views)
Altibase	Yes	No (only common views)
Apache Derby	Yes	No
ClustrixDB	Yes	No
CUBRID	Yes (only CTE)	No (only common views)
IBM Db2	Yes	Yes
Empress Embedded Database	Yes	Yes
EXASolution	Yes	No
Firebird	Yes	No (only common views)
HSQLDB	Yes	No
H2	Yes	No (only common views)
Informix Dynamic Server	Yes	No²
Ingres	Yes	No
InterBase	Yes	No
Linter SQL RDBMS	Yes	Yes
LucidDB	No	No
MariaDB	Yes	No⁴
MaxDB	Yes	No
Microsoft Access (JET)	No	No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Yes	Yes
Microsoft SQL Server	Yes	Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Yes	No
Mimer SQL	No	No
MonetDB	Yes	No (only common views)
MySQL	Yes	No⁴
Oracle	Yes	Yes
Oracle Rdb	Yes	Yes
OpenLink Virtuoso	Yes	Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Yes	No
Polyhedra DBMS	No	No (only common views)
PostgreSQL	Yes	Yes
SAP HANA	Yes	?
solidDB	Yes	No (only common views)
SQL Anywhere	Yes	Yes
SQLite	Yes	No
Superbase	Yes	Yes
Teradata	Yes	Yes
UniData	Yes	No
UniVerse	Yes	No
	Temporary table	Materialized view

Note (1): Server provides tempdb, which can be used for public and private (for the session) temp tables.^[84]
Note (2): Materialized views are not supported in Informix; the term is used in IBM's documentation to refer to a temporary table created to run the view's query when it is too complex, but one cannot for example define the way it is refreshed or build an index on it. The term is defined in the Informix Performance Guide.^[85]
Note (4): Materialized views can be emulated using stored procedures and triggers.^[86]

Indexes

Information about what indexes (other than basic B-/B+ tree indexes) are supported natively.

	R-/R+ tree	Hash	Expression	Partial	Reverse	Bitmap	GiST	GIN	Full-text	Spatial	FOT	Duplicate index prevention
4th Dimension	?	Cluster	?	?	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	No
ADABAS	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	No
Adaptive Server Enterprise	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	?	?	No
Advantage Database Server	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	?	?	No
Apache Derby	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No^[87]	?	?	No
ClustrixDB	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	No
CUBRID	No	No	Yes^[88]	Yes^[88]	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
IBM Db2	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes^[89]	?	?	No
Empress Embedded Database	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	?	?	No
EXASolution	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	?	No
Firebird	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No^[90]	?	?	No
HSQLDB	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	?	No
H2	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^[91]	Yes^[92]	?	No
Informix Dynamic Server	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[93]	Yes
Ingres	Yes	Yes	Ingres v10	No	No	Ingres v10	No	No	No	?	?	No
InterBase	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	?	No
Linter SQL RDBMS¹⁰	No	Yes temporary indexes for equality joins	Yes for some scalar functions like LOWER and UPPER	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^[94]	No	No	Yes
LucidDB	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	?	?	No
MariaDB	Aria and MyISAM tables and, since v10.2.2, InnoDB tables only^[95]	MEMORY,^[96] InnoDB,⁵ tables only	PERSISTENT virtual columns only^[97]	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^[98]	Aria and MyISAM tables and, since v10.2.2, InnoDB tables only^[95]	?	No
MaxDB	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	?	No
Microsoft Access (JET)	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No^[99]	?	?	No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes²	Yes	No	No	No	?	?	No
Microsoft SQL Server	Spatial Indexes	Yes⁴	Yes³	Yes	on Computed columns³	Bitmap filter index for Star Join Query	No	No	Yes^[100]	Yes^[101]	?	No
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No^[102]	?	?	No
Mimer SQL	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No
MonetDB	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
MySQL	Spatial Indexes^[103]	MEMORY, Cluster (NDB), InnoDB,⁵ tables only	No^[104]	No	No	No	No	No	MyISAM tables^[105] and, since v5.6.4, InnoDB tables^[106]	MyISAM tables^[107] and, since v5.7.5, InnoDB tables^[108]	?	No
OpenLink Virtuoso	Yes	Cluster	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes (Commercial only)	No	No
Oracle	Yes ¹¹	Cluster Tables	Yes	Yes ⁶	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes^[109]	Yes^[110]	?	Yes^[111]
Oracle Rdb	No	Yes	?	No	No	?	No	No	?	?	?	No
Actian Zen (PSQL)	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Polyhedra DBMS	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	No
PostgreSQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes⁷	Yes	Yes^[112]	Yes	Yes^[113]	PostGIS^[114]	No	No
SAP HANA	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	No
solidDB	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
SQL Anywhere	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	?	Yes
SQLite	Yes^[115]	No	Yes^[116]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes^[117]	SpatiaLite^[118]	?	No
SQream DB	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	No
Teradata	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	?^[119]	?	?	No
UniVerse	Yes	Yes	Yes³	Yes³	Yes³	No	No	No	?	Yes^[120]	?	No
	R-/R+ tree	Hash	Expression	Partial	Reverse	Bitmap	GiST	GIN	Full-text	Spatial	FOT	Duplicate index prevention

Note (1): The users need to use a function from freeAdhocUDF library or similar.^[121]
Note (2): Can be implemented for most data types using expression-based indexes.
Note (3): Can be emulated by indexing a computed column^[122] (doesn't easily update) or by using an "Indexed View"^[123] (proper name not just any view works^[124]).
Note (4): Used for InMemory ColumnStore index, temporary hash index for hash join, Non/Cluster & fill factor.
Note (5): InnoDB automatically generates adaptive hash index^[125] entries as needed.
Note (6): Can be implemented using Function-based Indexes in Oracle 8i and higher, but the function needs to be used in the sql for the index to be used.
Note (7): A PostgreSQL functional index can be used to reverse the order of a field.
Note (10): B+ tree and full-text only for now.
Note (11): R-Tree indexing available in base edition with Locator but some functionality requires Personal Edition or Enterprise Edition with Spatial option.

Database capabilities

	Union	Intersect	Except	Inner joins	Outer joins	Inner selects	Merge joins	Blobs and clobs	Common table expressions	Windowing functions	Parallel query	System-versioned tables
4th Dimension	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	?	?	?	?
ADABAS	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Yes	?	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	?
Advantage Database Server	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	No	?	?
Altibase	Yes	Yes	Yes, via MINUS	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	?
Apache Derby	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	No	No	?	?
ClustrixDB	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?
CUBRID	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[88]	?	?
IBM Db2	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[126]	Yes^[127]
Empress Embedded Database	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?
EXASolution	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	?
Firebird	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?
HSQLDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[128]	Yes	Yes	No	Yes^[128]	?
H2	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	experimental^[129]	Yes^[130]	?	?
Informix Dynamic Server	Yes	Yes	Yes, via MINUS	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[131]	?
Ingres	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[132]	Yes^[133]	Yes^[134]	?
InterBase	Yes	?	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?
Linter SQL RDBMS	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
LucidDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?	?	?	?
MariaDB	Yes	10.3+^[135]	10.3+^[136]	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^[137]	Yes^[138]	No^[139]	Yes^[127]
MaxDB	Yes	?	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	?	?	?	?
Microsoft Access (JET)	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	?	?
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Yes	?	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	?	?	?	?
Microsoft SQL Server	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[140]	Yes^[141]	Yes^[127]
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	?	No	Yes	No	No	?	?
Mimer SQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	No	No	?
MonetDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
MySQL	Yes	8+^[142]	8+^[143]	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	8+^[144]	8+^[145]	No^[139]	No^[127]
OpenLink Virtuoso	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	?	?	Yes	?
Oracle	Yes	Yes	Yes, via MINUS	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes ¹	Yes	Yes^[146]	Yes^[147]
Oracle Rdb	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	?	?	Yes	No	No	No	?
Polyhedra DBMS	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	?
PostgreSQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[148]	No^[127]
SAP HANA	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
solidDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	?
SQL Anywhere	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?
SQLite	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	LEFT only	Yes	No	Yes	3.8.3+^[149]	3.25+^[150]	No	No^[127]
SQream DB	ALL only	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	?
Teradata	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?
UniVerse	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	?	?
	Union	Intersect	Except	Inner joins	Outer joins	Inner selects	Merge joins	Blobs and clobs	Common table expressions	Windowing functions	Parallel query	System-versioned tables

Note (1): Recursive CTEs introduced in 11gR2 supersedes similar construct called CONNECT BY.

Data types

	Type system	Integer	Floating point	Decimal	String	Binary	Date/Time	Boolean	Other
4th Dimension	Static	UUID (16-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit), NUMERIC (64-bit)	REAL, FLOAT	REAL, FLOAT	CLOB, TEXT, VARCHAR	BIT, BIT VARYING, BLOB	DURATION, INTERVAL, TIMESTAMP	BOOLEAN	PICTURE
Altibase^[151]	Static	SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE (64-bit)	DECIMAL, NUMERIC, NUMBER, FLOAT	CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, CLOB	BLOB, BYTE, NIBBLE, BIT, VARBIT	DATE		GEOMETRY
ClustrixDB^[152]	Static	TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE	DECIMAL	CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT	TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB	DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR	BIT(1), BOOLEAN	ENUM, SET,
CUBRID^[153]	Static	SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	FLOAT, REAL(32-bit), DOUBLE(64-bit)	DECIMAL, NUMERIC	CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, CLOB	BLOB	DATE, DATETIME, TIME, TIMESTAMP	BIT	MONETARY, BIT VARYING, SET, MULTISET, SEQUENCE, ENUM
IBM Db2	?	SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	DECFLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE	DECIMAL	CLOB, CHAR, VARCHAR	BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB	DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE	BOOLEAN	XML, GRAPHIC, VARGRAPHIC, DBCLOB, ROWID
Empress Embedded Database	Static	TINYINT, SQL_TINYINT, or INTEGER8; SMALLINT, SQL_SMALLINT, or INTEGER16; INTEGER, INT, SQL_INTEGER, or INTEGER32; BIGINT, SQL_BIGINT, or INTEGER64	REAL, SQL_REAL, or FLOAT32; DOUBLE PRECISION, SQL_DOUBLE, or FLOAT64; FLOAT, or SQL_FLOAT; EFLOAT	DECIMAL, DEC, NUMERIC, SQL_DECIMAL, or SQL_NUMERIC; DOLLAR	CHARACTER, ECHARACTER, CHARACTER VARYING, NATIONAL CHARACTER, NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING, NLSCHARACTER, CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, TEXT, NATIONAL CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, NLSTEXT	BINARY LARGE OBJECT or BLOB; BULK	DATE, EDATE, TIME, ETIME, EPOCH_TIME, TIMESTAMP, MICROTIMESTAMP	BOOLEAN	SEQUENCE 32, SEQUENCE
EXASolution	Static	TINYINT, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT,	REAL, FLOAT, DOUBLE	DECIMAL, DEC, NUMERIC, NUMBER	CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR, NVARCHAR2, CLOB, NCLOB	N/A	DATE, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL	BOOLEAN, BOOL	GEOMETRY
FileMaker^[154]	Static	Not Supported	Not Supported	NUMBER	TEXT	CONTAINER	TIMESTAMP	Not Supported
Firebird^[155]	?	INT64, INTEGER, SMALLINT	DOUBLE, FLOAT	DECIMAL, NUMERIC, DECIMAL(18, 4), DECIMAL(10, 4)	BLOB, CHAR, CHAR(x) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS, VARCHAR(x) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS, VARCHAR	BLOB SUB_TYPE TEXT, BLOB	DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP (without time zone)	BOOLEAN	TIMESTAMP, CHAR(38), User defined types (Domains)
	Type system	Integer	Floating point	Decimal	String	Binary	Date/Time	Boolean	Other
HSQLDB^[156]	Static	TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	DOUBLE (64-bit)	DECIMAL, NUMERIC	CHAR, VARCHAR, LONGVARCHAR, CLOB	BINARY, VARBINARY, LONGVARBINARY, BLOB	DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL	BOOLEAN	OTHER (object), BIT, BIT VARYING, ARRAY
Informix Dynamic Server^[157]	Static + UDT	SMALLINT (16-bit), INT (32-bit), INT8 (64-bit proprietary), BIGINT (64-bit)	SMALLFLOAT (32-bit), FLOAT (64-bit)	DECIMAL (32 decimal digits float/fixed, range 10¹³⁰ to +10¹²⁵), MONEY	CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, LVARCHAR, CLOB, TEXT	TEXT, BYTE, BLOB, CLOB	DATE, DATETIME, INTERVAL	BOOLEAN	SET, LIST, MULTISET, ROW, TIMESERIES, SPATIAL, GEODETIC, JSON, BSON, USER DEFINED TYPES
Ingres^[158]	Static	TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	FLOAT4 (32-bit), FLOAT (64-bit)	DECIMAL	C, CHAR, VARCHAR, LONG VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, LONG NVARCHAR, TEXT	BYTE, VARBYTE, LONG VARBYTE (BLOB)	DATE, ANSIDATE, INGRESDATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL	N/A	MONEY, OBJECT_KEY, TABLE_KEY, USER-DEFINED DATA TYPES (via OME)
Linter SQL RDBMS	Static + Dynamic (in stored procedures)	SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	REAL(32-bit), DOUBLE(64-bit)	DECIMAL, NUMERIC	CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, BLOB	BYTE, VARBYTE, BLOB	DATE	BOOLEAN	GEOMETRY, EXTFILE
MariaDB^[159]	Static	TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit)	DECIMAL	CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT	TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB	DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR	BIT(1), BOOLEAN (aka BOOL) = synonym for TINYINT	ENUM, SET, GIS data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon)
Microsoft SQL Server^[160]	Static	TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT	FLOAT, REAL	NUMERIC, DECIMAL, SMALLMONEY, MONEY	CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, NTEXT	BINARY, VARBINARY, IMAGE, FILESTREAM, FILETABLE	DATE, DATETIMEOFFSET, DATETIME2, SMALLDATETIME, DATETIME, TIME	BIT	CURSOR, TIMESTAMP, HIERARCHYID, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, SQL_VARIANT, XML, TABLE, Geometry, Geography, Custom .NET datatypes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)^[161]	Static	TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT	FLOAT, REAL	NUMERIC, DECIMAL, MONEY	NCHAR, NVARCHAR, NTEXT	BINARY, VARBINARY, IMAGE	DATETIME	BIT	TIMESTAMP, ROWVERSION, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, IDENTITY, ROWGUIDCOL
Mimer SQL	Static	SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT, INTEGER(n)	FLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE, FLOAT(n)	NUMERIC, DECIMAL	CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, CLOB, NCLOB	BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB	DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL	BOOLEAN	DOMAINS, USER-DEFINED TYPES (including the pre-defined spatial data types location, latitude, longitude and coordinate, and UUID)
MonetDB	Static, extensible	TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, INTEGER, BIGINT, HUGEINT, SERIAL, BIGSERIAL	FLOAT, FLOAT(n), REAL, DOUBLE, DOUBLE PRECISION	DECIMAL, NUMERIC	CHAR, CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n), CLOB, CLOB(n), TEXT, STRING	BLOB, BLOB(n)	DATE, TIME, TIME WITH TIME ZONE, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, INTERVAL MONTH, INTERVAL DAY, INTERVAL SECOND	BOOLEAN	JSON, JSON(n), URL, URL(n), INET, UUID, GIS data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon), User Defined Types
MySQL^[152]	Static	TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit)	DECIMAL	CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT	TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB	DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR	BIT(1), BOOLEAN (aka BOOL) = synonym for TINYINT	ENUM, SET, GIS data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon)
OpenLink Virtuoso^[162]	Static + Dynamic	INT, INTEGER, SMALLINT	REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION, FLOAT, FLOAT(n)	DECIMAL, DECIMAL(n), DECIMAL(m, n), NUMERIC, NUMERIC(n), NUMERIC(m, n)	CHARACTER, CHAR(n), VARCHAR, VARCHAR(n), NVARCHAR, NVARCHAR(n)	BLOB	TIMESTAMP, DATETIME, TIME, DATE	N/A	ANY, REFERENCE (IRI, URI), UDT (User Defined Type), GEOMETRY (BOX, BOX2D, BOX3D, BOXM, BOXZ, BOXZM, CIRCULARSTRING, COMPOUNDCURVE, CURVEPOLYGON, EMPTY, GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONM, GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONZ, GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONZM, LINESTRING, LINESTRINGM, LINESTRINGZ, LINESTRINGZM, MULTICURVE, MULTILINESTRING, MULTILINESTRINGM, MULTILINESTRINGZ, MULTILINESTRINGZM, MULTIPOINT, MULTIPOINTM, MULTIPOINTZ, MULTIPOINTZM, MULTIPOLYGON, MULTIPOLYGONM, MULTIPOLYGONZ, MULTIPOLYGONZM, POINT, POINTM, POINTZ, POINTZM, POLYGON, POLYGONM, POLYGONZ, POLYGONZM, POLYLINE, POLYLINEZ, RING, RINGM, RINGZ, RINGZM)
	Type system	Integer	Floating point	Decimal	String	Binary	Date/Time	Boolean	Other
Oracle^[163]	Static + Dynamic (through ANYDATA)	NUMBER	BINARY_FLOAT, BINARY_DOUBLE	NUMBER	CHAR, VARCHAR2, CLOB, NCLOB, NVARCHAR2, NCHAR, LONG (deprecated)	BLOB, RAW, LONG RAW (deprecated), BFILE	DATE, TIMESTAMP (with/without TIME ZONE), INTERVAL	N/A	SPATIAL, IMAGE, AUDIO, VIDEO, DICOM, XMLType, UDT, JSON
Actian Zen (PSQL)^[164]	Static	BIGINT, INTEGER, SMALLINT, TINYINT, UBIGINT, UINTEGER, USMALLINT, UTINYINT	BFLOAT4, BFLOAT8, DOUBLE, FLOAT	DECIMAL, NUMERIC, NUMERICSA, NUMERICSLB, NUMERICSLS, NUMERICSTB, NUMERICSTS	CHAR, LONGVARCHAR, VARCHAR	BINARY, LONGVARBINARY, VARBINARY	DATE, DATETIME, TIME	BIT	CURRENCY, IDENTITY, SMALLIDENTITY, TIMESTAMP, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER
Polyhedra^[165]	Static	INTEGER8 (8-bit), INTEGER(16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), INTEGER64 (64-bit)	FLOAT32 (32-bit), FLOAT (aka REAL; 64-bit)	N/A	VARCHAR, LARGE VARCHAR (aka CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT)	LARGE BINARY (aka BINARY LARGE OBJECT)	DATETIME	BOOLEAN	N/A
PostgreSQL^[166]	Static	SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE PRECISION (64-bit)	DECIMAL, NUMERIC	CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT	BYTEA	DATE, TIME (with/without TIME ZONE), TIMESTAMP (with/without TIME ZONE), INTERVAL	BOOLEAN	ENUM, POINT, LINE, LSEG, BOX, PATH, POLYGON, CIRCLE, CIDR, INET, MACADDR, BIT, UUID, XML, JSON, JSONB, arrays, composites, ranges, custom
SAP HANA	Static	TINYINT, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT	SMALLDECIMAL, REAL, DOUBLE, FLOAT, FLOAT(n)	DECIMAL	VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, ALPHANUM, SHORTTEXT	VARBINARY, BINTEXT, BLOB	DATE, TIME, SECONDDATE, TIMESTAMP	BOOLEAN	CLOB, NCLOB, TEXT, ARRAY, ST_GEOMETRY, ST_POINT, ST_MULTIPOINT, ST_LINESTRING, ST_MULTILINESTRING, ST_POLYGON, ST_MULTIPOLYGON, ST_GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, ST_CIRCULARSTRING
solidDB	Static	TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE (64-bit), FLOAT (64-bit)	DECIMAL, NUMERIC (51 digits)	CHAR, VARCHAR, LONG VARCHAR, WCHAR, WVARCHAR, LONG WVARCHAR	BINARY, VARBINARY, LONG VARBINARY	DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP
SQLite^[167]	Dynamic	INTEGER (64-bit)	REAL (aka FLOAT, DOUBLE) (64-bit)	N/A	TEXT (aka CHAR, CLOB)	BLOB	N/A	N/A	N/A
SQream DB^[168]	Static	TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka FLOAT) (64-bit)	N/A	CHAR, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR	N/A	DATE, DATETIME (aka TIMESTAMP)	BOOL	N/A
	Type system	Integer	Floating point	Decimal	String	Binary	Date/Time	Boolean	Other
Teradata	Static	BYTEINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)	FLOAT (64-bit)	DECIMAL, NUMERIC (38 digits)	CHAR, VARCHAR, CLOB	BYTE, VARBYTE, BLOB	DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP (w/wo TIME ZONE)		PERIOD, INTERVAL, GEOMETRY, XML, JSON, UDT (User Defined Type)
UniData	Dynamic	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
UniVerse	Dynamic	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Type system	Integer	Floating point	Decimal	String	Binary	Date/Time	Boolean	Other

Other objects

Information about what other objects are supported natively.

	Data domain	Cursor	Trigger	Function¹	Procedure¹	External routine¹
4th Dimension	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ADABAS	?	Yes	?	Yes?	Yes?	Yes
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Advantage Database Server	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Altibase	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Apache Derby	No	Yes	Yes	Yes²	Yes²	Yes²
ClustrixDB	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
CUBRID	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes²	Yes
Empress Embedded Database	Yes via RANGE CHECK	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
EXASolution	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
IBM Db2	Yes via CHECK CONSTRAINT	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Firebird	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
HSQLDB	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
H2	Yes	No	Yes²	Yes²	Yes²	Yes
Informix Dynamic Server	Yes via CHECK	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes ⁵
Ingres	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
InterBase	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
LucidDB	No	Yes	No	Yes²	Yes²	Yes²
MariaDB	Yes^[169]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
MaxDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?
Microsoft Access (JET)	Yes	No	No	No	Yes, But single DML/DDL Operation	Yes
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Microsoft SQL Server	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	No	Yes	No	No	No	No
Mimer SQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
MonetDB	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
MySQL	No ³	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Oracle	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Oracle Rdb	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
OpenLink Virtuoso	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Polyhedra DBMS	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
PostgreSQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
SAP HANA	?	?	?	?	?	?
solidDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
SQL Anywhere	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
SQLite	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes
Teradata	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
UniData	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
UniVerse	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Data domain	Cursor	Trigger	Function¹	Procedure¹	External routine¹

Note (1): Both function and procedure refer to internal routines written in SQL and/or procedural language like PL/SQL. External routine refers to the one written in the host languages, such as C, Java, Cobol, etc. "Stored procedure" is a commonly used term for these routine types. However, its definition varies between different database vendors.
Note (2): In Derby, H2, LucidDB, and CUBRID, users code functions and procedures in Java.
Note (3): ENUM datatype exists. CHECK clause is parsed, but not enforced in runtime.
Note (5): Informix supports external functions written in Java, C, & C++.

Partitioning

Information about what partitioning methods are supported natively.

	Range	Hash	Composite (Range+Hash)	List	Expression	Round Robin
4th Dimension	?	?	?	?	?	?
ADABAS	?	?	?	?	?	?
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	?	?
Advantage Database Server	No	No	No	No	?	?
Altibase	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	?	?
Apache Derby	No	No	No	No	?	?
ClustrixDB	Yes	No	No	No	No	?
CUBRID	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	?	?
IBM Db2	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?
Empress Embedded Database	No	No	No	No	?	?
EXASolution	No	Yes	No	No	No	?
Firebird	No	No	No	No	?	?
HSQLDB	No	No	No	No	?	?
H2	No	No	No	No	?	?
Informix Dynamic Server	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ingres	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?
InterBase	No	No	No	No	?	?
Linter SQL RDBMS	No	No	No	No	No	?
MariaDB	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?
MaxDB	No	No	No	No	?	?
Microsoft Access (JET)	No	No	No	No	?	?
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	No	No	No	No	?	?
Microsoft SQL Server	Yes	via computed column	via computed column	Yes	via computed column	?
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	No	No	No	No	?	?
Mimer SQL	No	No	No	No	No	?
MonetDB	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	?
MySQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?
Oracle	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	via Virtual Columns	?
Oracle Rdb	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?
OpenLink Virtuoso	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?
Actian Zen (PSQL)	No	No	No	No	No	?
Polyhedra DBMS	No	No	No	No	No	?
PostgreSQL	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?
SAP HANA	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?
solidDB	Yes	No	No	No	?	?
SQL Anywhere	No	No	No	No	?	?
SQLite	No	No	No	No	?	?
Teradata	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?
UniVerse	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?
	Range	Hash	Composite (Range+Hash)	List	Expression	Round Robin

Access control

Information about access control functionalities.

	Native network encryption¹	Brute-force protection	Enterprise directory compatibility	Password complexity rules²	Patch access³	Run unprivileged⁴	Audit	Resource limit	Separation of duties (RBAC)⁵	Security Certification	Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)
4D	Yes (with SSL)	?	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?	?
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Yes (optional; to pay)	Yes	Yes (optional ?)	Yes	Partial (need to register; depend on which product)^[170]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (EAL4+ ¹)	?
Advantage Database Server	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	?	?
CUBRID	Yes (with SSL)	?	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?
IBM Db2	Yes	?	Yes (LDAP, Kerberos...)	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (EAL4+⁶)	?
Empress Embedded Database	?	?	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	?
EXASolution	No	Yes	Yes (LDAP)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?
Firebird	Yes	Yes^[171]	Yes (Windows trusted authenification)	Yes (by custom plugin)	Yes (no security page)^[172]	Yes	Yes^[173]	Yes	No⁷	?	?
HSQLDB	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	?
H2	Yes	Yes	?	No	?	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	No	?
Informix Dynamic Server	Yes	?	Yes¹⁰	?¹⁰	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS	Yes (with SSL)	Yes	Yes	Yes (length only)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
MariaDB	Yes (SSL)	No	Yes (with 5.2, but not on Windows servers)	Yes^[174]^[175]	Yes^[176]	Yes	?	?	?⁸	No	?
Microsoft SQL Server	Yes	?	Yes (Microsoft Active Directory)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (From 2008)	Yes	Yes	Yes (EAL4+¹¹)	?
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	No (not relevant, only file permissions)	No (not relevant)	No (not relevant)	No (not relevant)	Yes	Yes (file access)	Yes	Yes	No	?	?
Mimer SQL	Yes	?	?	?	Yes	Yes (depending on OS)	Yes	?	Yes	?	Yes
MySQL	Yes (SSL with 4.0)	No	Yes (with 5.5, but only in commercial edition)	No	Partial (no security page)^[177]	Yes	?	?	?⁸	Yes	?
OpenLink Virtuoso	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (optional)	Yes (optional)	Yes	Yes (optional)	Yes (optional)	Yes	No	Yes (optional)
Oracle	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (EAL2¹)	?
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Yes	?	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes ¹²	No	No	No	?
Polyhedra DBMS	Yes (with SSL. Optional)	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes ¹³	Yes	Yes ¹³	No	?
PostgreSQL	Yes	Yes	Yes (LDAP, Kerberos...⁹)	Yes (with passwordcheck module)	Yes^[178]	Yes	Yes (with pgaudit extension)^[179]	Yes	Yes	Yes (EAL2+¹)	?
SAP HANA	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
solidDB	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
SQL Anywhere	Yes	?	Yes (Kerberos)	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes (EAL2+¹ as Adaptive Server Anywhere)	?
SQLite	No (not relevant, only file permissions)	No (not relevant)	No (not relevant)	No (not relevant)	Partial (no security page)^[180]	Yes (file access)	Yes	Yes	No	No	?
Teradata	Yes	No	Yes (LDAP, Kerberos...)	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Native network encryption¹	Brute-force protection	Enterprise directory compatibility	Password complexity rules²	Patch access³	Run unprivileged⁴	Audit	Resource limit	Separation of duties (RBAC)⁵	Security Certification	Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)

Note (1): Network traffic could be transmitted in a secure way (not clear-text, in general SSL encryption). Precise if option is default, included option or an extra modules to buy.
Note (2): Options are present to set a minimum size for password, respect complexity like presence of numbers or special characters.
Note (3): How do you get security updates? Is it free access, do you need a login or to pay? Is there easy access through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through offline access (mail CD-ROM, phone).
Note (4): Does database process run as root/administrator or unprivileged user? What is default configuration?
Note (5): Is there a separate user to manage special operation like backup (only dump/restore permissions), security officer (audit), administrator (add user/create database), etc.? Is it default or optional?
Note (6): Common Criteria certified product list.^[181]
Note (7): FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup operator and security administrator.
Note (8): User can define a dedicated backup user but nothing particular in default install.^[182]
Note (9): Authentication methods.^[183]
Note (10): Informix Dynamic Server supports PAM and other configurable authentication. By default uses OS authentication.
Note (11): Authentication methods.^[184]
Note (12): With the use of Pervasive AuditMaster.
Note (13): User-based security is optional in Polyhedra, but when enabled can be enhanced to a role-based model with auditing.^[185]

Databases vs schemas (terminology)

The SQL specification defines what an "SQL schema" is; however, databases implement it differently. To compound this confusion the functionality can overlap with that of a parent database. An SQL schema is simply a namespace within a database; things within this namespace are addressed using the member operator dot ".". This seems to be a universal among all of the implementations.

A true fully (database, schema, and table) qualified query is exemplified as such: SELECT * FROM database.schema.table

Both a schema and a database can be used to isolate one table, "foo", from another like-named table "foo". The following is pseudo code:

SELECT * FROM database1.foo vs. SELECT * FROM database2.foo (no explicit schema between database and table)
SELECT * FROM [database1.]default.foo vs. SELECT * FROM [database1.]alternate.foo (no explicit database prefix)

The problem that arises is that former MySQL users will create multiple databases for one project. In this context, MySQL databases are analogous in function to PostgreSQL-schemas, insomuch as PostgreSQL deliberately lacks off-the-shelf cross-database functionality (preferring multi-tenancy) that MySQL has. Conversely, PostgreSQL has applied more of the specification implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then left room for future cross-database functionality.

MySQL aliases schema with database behind the scenes, such that CREATE SCHEMA and CREATE DATABASE are analogs. It can therefore be said that MySQL has implemented cross-database functionality, skipped schema functionality entirely, and provided similar functionality into their implementation of a database. In summary, PostgreSQL fully supports schemas and multi-tenancy by strictly separating databases from each other and thus lacks some functionality MySQL has with databases, while MySQL does not even attempt to support standard schemas.

Oracle has its own spin where creating a user is synonymous with creating a schema. Thus a database administrator can create a user called PROJECT and then create a table PROJECT.TABLE. Users can exist without schema objects, but an object is always associated with an owner (though that owner may not have privileges to connect to the database). With the 'shared-everything' Oracle RAC architecture, the same database can be opened by multiple servers concurrently. This is independent of replication, which can also be used, whereby the data is copied for use by different servers. In the Oracle implementation, a 'database' is a set of files which contains the data while the 'instance' is a set of processes (and memory) through which a database is accessed.

Informix supports multiple databases in a server instance like MySQL. It supports the CREATE SCHEMA syntax as a way to group DDL statements into a single unit creating all objects created as a part of the schema as a single owner. Informix supports a database mode called ANSI mode which supports creating objects with the same name but owned by different users.

PostgreSQL and some other databases have support for foreign schemas, which is the ability to import schemas from other servers as defined in ISO/IEC 9075-9 (published as part of SQL:2008). This appears like any other schema in the database according to the SQL specification while accessing data stored either in a different database or a different server instance. The import can be made either as an entire foreign schema or merely certain tables belonging to that foreign schema.^[186] While support for ISO/IEC 9075-9 bridges the gap between the two competing philosophies surrounding schemas, MySQL and Informix maintain an implicit association between databases while ISO/IEC 9075-9 requires that any such linkages be explicit in nature.

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External links

Comparison of different SQL implementations against SQL standards. Includes Oracle, Db2, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and PostgreSQL. (8 June 2007)
The SQL92 standard
DMBS comparison by SQL Workbench

[1] "Product Release Life Cycle". 10 January 2020.

[2] "Apache Derby: Downloads". Retrieved 2024-03-18.

[3] "- ASF JIRA". issues.apache.org.

[4] "cockroachdb Issue tracker". GitHub. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-03.

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v t e Database management systems
Types	Object-oriented comparison Relational list comparison Key–value Column-oriented list Document-oriented Wide-column store Graph NoSQL NewSQL In-memory list Multi-model comparison Cloud Blockchain-based database
Concepts	Database ACID Armstrong's axioms Codd's 12 rules CAP theorem CRUD Null Candidate key Foreign key PACELC theorem Superkey Surrogate key Unique key
Objects	Relation table column row View Transaction Transaction log Trigger Index Stored procedure Cursor Partition
Components	Concurrency control Data dictionary JDBC XQJ ODBC Query language Query optimizer Query rewriting system Query plan
Functions	Administration Query optimization Replication Sharding
Related topics	Database models Database normalization Database storage Distributed database Federated database system Referential integrity Relational algebra Relational calculus Relational model Object–relational database Transaction processing
Category Outline