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{{short description|Frontiersman, farmer and soldier in British North America}}
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'''James Smith''' (1737&ndash;1812<ref name=Rebellion>{{cite web |url=http://smithrebellion1765.com/?page_id=101 |title=James Smith |publisher=smithrebellion1765.com |accessdate=October 6, 2011}}</ref> or 1814<ref name=Ohio>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=347 |title=James Smith |publisher=ohiohistorycentral.org |accessdate=October 6, 2011}}</ref>) was a frontiersman, farmer and soldier in [[British North America]]. In 1765, he led the "[[Black Boys]]", a group of Pennsylvania men, in a nine-month rebellion against British rule, ten years before the outbreak of the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He participated in the war as a colonel of the Pennsylvania militia and was a legislator in the [[Kentucky General Assembly]]. Smith was also an author, publishing his analysis of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] ways of fighting in ''Narrative''<ref name=Narrative>{{cite book|title=An account of the remarkable occurrences in the life and travels of Colonel James Smith (Late a citizen of Bourbon County, Kentucky) during his captivity with the Indians, in the years 1755,'56, '57, '58, & '59|last=Smith|first=James|year=1799|url=https://archive.org/details/accountofremarka00smit|accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref> in 1799.
{{Infobox person
⚫
| name = James Smith
| image = James-Smith.png
| caption = Portrait from 1800-1810 by an unknown artist
| birth_date = {{birth date|1737|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]], present-day [[Franklin County, Pennsylvania]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1813|4|11|1737|11|26}}
| death_place = [[Green County, Kentucky]]
| occupation = Frontiersman, militia officer, politician, author, missionary
| employer =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse = Anne Wilson
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| known for = Leader of the [[Black Boys]]
⚫
}}


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'''James Smith''' (November 26, 1737 – April 11, 1813<ref name=Atkins>{{cite web |url=http://kentuckyancestors.org/colonel-james-smiths-death-verified/ |title=Colonel James Smith's Death Verified |author=Martha Ann Atkins |date=July 25, 2014 |website=kentuckyancestors.org}}</ref>) was a frontiersman, farmer and soldier in [[British North America]]. In 1765, he led the "[[Black Boys]]", a group of Pennsylvania men, in a nine-month rebellion against British rule ten years before the outbreak of the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He participated in the Revolutionary War as a colonel of the Pennsylvania militia and was a legislator in the [[Kentucky General Assembly]]. Smith was also an author, publishing a memoir about his captivity by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] in his ''Narrative''<ref name=Narrative>{{cite book|title=An account of the remarkable occurrences in the life and travels of Colonel James Smith (Late a citizen of Bourbon County, Kentucky) during his captivity with the Indians, in the years 1755,'56, '57, '58, & '59|last=Smith|first=James|year=1799|url=https://archive.org/details/accountofremarka00smit|accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref> in 1799, and in 1812 an in-depth analysis of Native American fighting techniques, based on observations during his captivity.
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==Early life and capture==
Smith was born in what is now [[Franklin County, Pennsylvania]]. He had little formal education,<ref name=Rebellion/> but could read and write.<ref name=Ohio/>


⚫
==Early life==
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In May 1755,<ref name=FLHS>{{cite web|last=Rotz|first=Anna|title=The James Smith Story|url=http://www.fortloudoun-pa.com/history.htm|publisher=Fort Loudoun Historical Society|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> he was helping build the westward road for General [[Edward Braddock]]'s [[Braddock Expedition|ill-fated expedition against the French]]<ref name=Rebellion/><ref name=Ohio/><ref name=Eid/> when he was taken captive by [[Lenape|Delaware Indians]]. Smith was brought to [[Fort Duquesne]] at the Forks of the Ohio River, where he was forced to [[Running the gauntlet#Native American usage|run a gauntlet]] before being given over to the French.<ref name=WQED>{{cite web|title=The War that Made America: Biographies (British)|url=http://www.wqed.org/tv/specials/the-war-that-made-america/downloads/englishidentities.doc|publisher=WQED Pittsburgh|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> He was eventually adopted by a [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] family, ritually cleansed, and made to practice tribal ways—ultimately gaining respect for Indian culture<ref name=FLHS/> before escaping near [[Montreal]] in 1759. He was jailed by the French for four months until finally being released in a prisoner exchange with the British. He returned to the [[Conococheague Creek|Conococheague Valley]] in Pennsylvania and took up farming, marrying Anne Wilson in May 1763.<ref name=Rebellion/>
Smith was born in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]], in an area now part of [[Franklin County, Pennsylvania]]. Some later sources suggest that he had little formal education.<ref name=Rebellion>{{cite web |url=http://smithrebellion1765.com/?page_id=101 |title=James Smith |publisher=smithrebellion1765.com |accessdate=October 6, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Ohio>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=347 |title=James Smith |publisher=ohiohistorycentral.org |accessdate=October 6, 2011}}</ref>


==French and Indian War and aftermath==
⚫
During [[Pontiac's War]], he fought in the 1763 [[Battle of Bushy Run]] and accompanied British officer [[Henry Bouquet]]'s 1764 expedition into the [[Ohio Country]].<ref name=Ohio/> When the unrest subsided, however, the British allowed trading with the Native Americans to resume, arousing the anger of the colonists.
⚫
In May 1755,<ref name="FLHS">{{cite web|last=Burke|first=Mike|date=November 17, 2015|title=Portrait of a Frontiersman: James Smith|url=https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/blog/fort-pitt-museum/portrait-of-a-frontiersman-james-smith|publisher=Fort Pitt Museum|accessdate=|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref> he worked on the Braddock Road, a road built west from [[Alexandria, Virginia]] in support of General [[Edward Braddock]]'s ill-fated [[Braddock Expedition|expedition against the French]].<ref name=Rebellion/><ref name=Ohio/><ref name=Eid/> He was captured by [[Lenape|Delaware Indians]] and brought to [[Fort Duquesne]] at the Forks of the Ohio River, where he was forced to [[Running the gauntlet#Native American usage|run a gauntlet]] before being given over to the French.<ref name=WQED>{{cite web|title=The War that Made America: Biographies (British)|url=http://www.wqed.org/tv/specials/the-war-that-made-america/downloads/englishidentities.doc|publisher=WQED Pittsburgh|accessdate=15 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405050858/http://www.wqed.org/tv/specials/the-war-that-made-america/downloads/englishidentities.doc|archive-date=5 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was adopted by a [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] family, ritually cleansed, and made to practice tribal ways – ultimately gaining respect for Indian culture.<ref name=FLHS/> He escaped near [[Montreal]], but was jailed by the French for four months until his release in a prisoner exchange with the British. He returned to the [[Conococheague Creek|Conococheague Valley]] in Pennsylvania and took up farming, marrying Anne Wilson in May 1763.<ref name=Rebellion/>

⚫
During [[Pontiac's War]], he fought in the 1763 [[Battle of Bushy Run]] and accompanied the 1764 British expedition led by [[Henry Bouquet]] into the [[Ohio Country]].<ref name=Ohio/> When the unrest subsided, however, the British allowed trading with the Native Americans to resume, angering the colonists.


==Black Boys Rebellion==
==Black Boys Rebellion==
In the 1760s, Smith led an unofficial band called the "[[Black Boys]]" (so called because they blackened their faces while engaged in their unauthorized activities) in protecting settlers in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio from Native American attacks.<ref name=Ohio/> On March 6, 1765, they stopped a pack train and burned illegal goods, including rum and gunpowder, that British official [[George Croghan]] was trying to trade to the Native Americans. The British authorities, however, sided with Croghan.
In the 1760s, Smith took part in an unofficial band called Black Boys, so-called because they resided in Black's Town (then named after resident James Black, present-day [[Mercersburg, Pennsylvania]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Marotte III|first=Mike|date=March 23, 2017|title=Mercersburg could have been called 'Squire Smith's Town'|url=https://www.publicopiniononline.com/story/life/2017/03/23/mercersburg-could-have-been-called-squire-smiths-town/99506140/}}</ref> and disguised themselves in Native American dress, were upset with British policy regarding [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]] following [[Pontiac's War]].<ref name=Ohio/> On March 6, 1765, they stopped a pack train and burned goods, including rum and gunpowder, that Irish-born official [[George Croghan]] sought to trade to Native Americans, out of hatred for the Native Americans.


This led to the Black Boys Rebellion or Smith's Rebellion, armed resistance to British rule in North America.<ref name=Rebellion/> The rebels laid siege to [[Fort Loudoun (Pennsylvania)|Fort Loudoun]]. They captured enough soldiers to [[Prisoner exchange|exchange]] them two-for-one for settlers imprisoned, rightly or wrongly, for raids on wagon trains. The rebellion died down after the Black Boys succeeded in forcing the British [[42nd Regiment of Foot|42nd Highland Regiment]] to abandon the fort in November.<ref name=Eid>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/gero/papers/1985-1986/sec4.htm |title="Their Rules of War": James Smith's Summary of Indian Woodland War |author=Leroy V. Eid |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |accessdate=October 9, 2011}}</ref>
British authorities, however, supported Croghan's trading, and this led to the [[The Black Boys rebellion|Black Boys Rebellion]].<ref name=Rebellion/> The rebels laid siege to [[Fort Loudoun (Pennsylvania)|Fort Loudoun]] in the Pennsylvania mountain country and captured enough soldiers to [[Prisoner exchange|exchange]] them two-for-one for settlers imprisoned, rightly or wrongly, for raids on wagon trains. The rebellion subsided in November.<ref name=Eid>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/gero/papers/1985-1986/sec4.htm |title="Their Rules of War": James Smith's Summary of Indian Woodland War |author=Leroy V. Eid |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |accessdate=October 9, 2011}}</ref>


In June 1766, Smith left to explore Kentucky.<ref name=Eid/><ref name=Penn>{{cite web |url=http://smithrebellion1765.com/?page_id=119 |title=Gov. John Penn |publisher=smithrebellion1765.com |accessdate=October 8, 2011}}</ref>
In June 1766, Smith left to explore Kentucky. During the trip, he was injured by puncturing his foot on [[rivercane]]. With the help of an enslaved man named Jamie, Smith managed to return east to North Carolina. He was jailed because of his rough appearance until someone was found who could vouch for him. <ref name=Eid/><ref name=Penn>{{cite web |url=http://smithrebellion1765.com/?page_id=119 |title=Gov. John Penn |publisher=smithrebellion1765.com |accessdate=October 8, 2011}}</ref>


In 1769, Smith and the Black Boys surprised [[Fort Bedford]], the first fort taken from the British by the colonials, freeing some prisoners being held there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bedboro.com/aboutus.html |title=About Us |publisher=Bedford Borough |accessdate=October 9, 2011}}</ref>
In 1769, Smith and the Black Boys surprised [[Fort Bedford]], freeing some prisoners being held there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bedboro.com/aboutus.html |title=About Us |publisher=Bedford Borough |accessdate=October 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408052056/http://www.bedboro.com/aboutus.html |archive-date=April 8, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Later in 1769, while passing through Bedford in the company of two fellow travelers, Smith was accosted by several men intent upon his arrest for being the leader of the Black Boys. During the incident, shots were fired and Smith's companion was accidentally killed. Smith was initially found guilty of murder and jailed for four months before being exonerated and released.<ref>https://archive.org/details/accountofremarka00smit</ref> During his jail time, a group of 300 people, some of them Black Boys, came to free Smith from the jail, but Smith convinced them to return home in peace.
Later in 1769, while passing through Bedford with two companions, Smith was accosted by several men intent upon his arrest for being the leader of the Black Boys. Shots were fired, and one of Smith's companions was accidentally killed. Smith was initially found guilty of murder and jailed for four months before being exonerated and released. During his jail time, a group of 300 people, some of them Black Boys, came to free Smith from the jail, but Smith convinced them to return home in peace.


==American Revolutionary War and later life==
==American Revolutionary War==
Smith represented [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania]] at the [[Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776|1776 Constitutional Convention]].
Smith represented [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania]] at the [[Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776|1776 Constitutional Convention]].


When the American War of Independence broke out, he joined the Pennsylvania militia as captain, and was made a colonel in 1778.<ref name=Rebellion/><ref name=Eid/>
When the American Revolutionary War broke out, he joined the Pennsylvania militia as captain, and was made a colonel in 1778.<ref name=Rebellion/><ref name=Eid/>


In at least one action against Indians, Smith ordered, "In case of an attack, the officers were immediately to order the men to face out and take trees -—in this position the Indians could not avail themselves by surrounding us, or have an opportunity of shooting a man from either side of the tree."
Smith described his orders for at least one action against Indians: "In case of an attack, the officers were immediately to order the men to face out and take trees – in this position the Indians could not avail themselves by surrounding us, or have an opportunity of shooting a man from either side of the tree."


After his wife died in 1778, Smith moved to Westmoreland County. In 1785, he married Margaret Irwin.<ref name=Rebellion/> By the late 1780s, he and his family were living in [[Bourbon County, Kentucky]].<ref name=Eid/> He served as a member of the [[Kentucky General Assembly]] for a number of years.<ref name=Eid/> In 1799, he published his ''Narrative'',<ref name=Narrative/> an analysis of how the Native Americans fought.<ref name=Eid/>
After his wife died in 1778, Smith moved to Westmoreland County. In 1785, he married Margaret Irvin.<ref name=Rebellion/> By the late 1780s, he and his family were living in [[Bourbon County, Kentucky]].<ref name=Eid/> He served as a member of the [[Kentucky General Assembly]] for a number of years.<ref name=Eid/>


In 1799, he published his narrative, ''An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and Travels of Col. James Smith'', consisting of an autobiography and an analysis of Indian culture.<ref name=Narrative/><ref name=Eid/>
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Smith became a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] missionary to the Native Americans,<ref name=Eid/> aided by the knowledge he had acquired of their customs in his early captivity. His son became a [[Shakers|Shaker]], but he himself, after living with his son and among the Shakers for a few months, concluded they were a cult and denounced them in a pamphlet entitled ''Remarkable Occurrences Lately Discovered Among The People Called Shakers'', printed in 1810.<ref name=Rebellion/><ref name=Eid/>


==Missionary work==
He died in either 1812 or 1814.
⚫
Smith became a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] missionary to the Native Americans,<ref name=Eid/> aided by the knowledge he had acquired of their customs in his early captivity. His son became a [[Shakers|Shaker]], but he himself, after living with his son among the Shakers for a few months, concluded they were a cult and denounced them in a pamphlet entitled ''Remarkable Occurrences Lately Discovered Among The People Called Shakers'', printed in 1810.<ref name=Rebellion/><ref name=Eid/> He continued his attack in another pamphlet, "Shakerism Detected", also printed in 1810.


In 1812, in response to the nation's continuing troubles with the Indians, Smith published "A Treatise on the Mode and Manner of Indian War".
⚫
==Book, film and television==

⚫
James Smith was the subject of the 1937 book ''The First Rebel'' by Neil F. Swanson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758045,00.html |title=Books, Jul. 26, 1937 |publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine |date=July 26, 1937 |accessdate=October 6, 2011}}</ref> He was portrayed by [[John Wayne]] in the 1939 movie ''[[Allegheny Uprising]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Allegheny Uprising (1939) |author=Frank S. Nugent |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 10, 1939 |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9801EFD8153EE23ABC4852DFB7678382629EDE}}</ref> which was based on the book. A segment in the 2006 PBS miniseries ''[[The War that Made America]]'' shows a reenactment of Smith running the Native American gauntlet following his capture in 1755.
==Death==
According to the May 8, 1813, edition of the Kentucky newspaper ''The Reporter'', "DIED, at the house of Mr. John Rodgers, Green County, on Sunday, the 11th of April, Colonel JAMES SMITH, late of Bourbon County ... after an illness of four weeks" from an unspecified disease.<ref name=Atkins/>

⚫
==Book, film, and television==
⚫
James Smith was the subject of the 1937 book ''The First Rebel'' by Neil H. Swanson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758045,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125031525/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758045,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 25, 2012 |title=Books, Jul. 26, 1937 |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] magazine |date=July 26, 1937 |accessdate=October 6, 2011}}</ref> He was portrayed by [[John Wayne]] in the 1939 movie ''[[Allegheny Uprising]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Allegheny Uprising (1939) |author=Frank S. Nugent |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 10, 1939 |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9801EFD8153EE23ABC4852DFB7678382629EDE}}</ref> which was based on the book. A segment in the 2006 PBS miniseries ''[[The War that Made America]]'' shows a dramatization of Smith running the Native American gauntlet, following his capture in 1755.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
* {{Gutenberg author|id=4477}}
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| NAME = Smith, James
* [http://exploreuk.uky.edu/catalog/xt7q5717mm5j_1 Digitized images of An account of the remarkable occurrences on the life and travels of Col. James Smith, during his captivity with the Indians, in the years 1755, 56, 57, 58, & 59] housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =

| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American politician
{{Authority control}}
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1737

| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
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}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, James}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, James}}
[[Category:1737 births]]
[[Category:1737 births]]
[[Category:1810s deaths]]
[[Category:1813 deaths]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania colonial people]]
[[Category:People from colonial Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania militiamen in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania militiamen in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Members of the Kentucky General Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the Kentucky General Assembly]]

Latest revision as of 11:31, 8 July 2024

James Smith
Portrait from 1800-1810 by an unknown artist
Born(1737-11-26)November 26, 1737
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, present-day Franklin County, Pennsylvania
DiedApril 11, 1813(1813-04-11) (aged 75)
Green County, Kentucky
Occupation(s)Frontiersman, militia officer, politician, author, missionary
Known forLeader of the Black Boys
SpouseAnne Wilson

James Smith (November 26, 1737 – April 11, 1813[1]) was a frontiersman, farmer and soldier in British North America. In 1765, he led the "Black Boys", a group of Pennsylvania men, in a nine-month rebellion against British rule ten years before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. He participated in the Revolutionary War as a colonel of the Pennsylvania militia and was a legislator in the Kentucky General Assembly. Smith was also an author, publishing a memoir about his captivity by Native Americans in his Narrative[2] in 1799, and in 1812 an in-depth analysis of Native American fighting techniques, based on observations during his captivity.

Early life

[edit]

Smith was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in an area now part of Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Some later sources suggest that he had little formal education.[3][4]

French and Indian War and aftermath

[edit]

In May 1755,[5] he worked on the Braddock Road, a road built west from Alexandria, Virginia in support of General Edward Braddock's ill-fated expedition against the French.[3][4][6] He was captured by Delaware Indians and brought to Fort Duquesne at the Forks of the Ohio River, where he was forced to run a gauntlet before being given over to the French.[7] He was adopted by a Mohawk family, ritually cleansed, and made to practice tribal ways – ultimately gaining respect for Indian culture.[5] He escaped near Montreal, but was jailed by the French for four months until his release in a prisoner exchange with the British. He returned to the Conococheague Valley in Pennsylvania and took up farming, marrying Anne Wilson in May 1763.[3]

During Pontiac's War, he fought in the 1763 Battle of Bushy Run and accompanied the 1764 British expedition led by Henry Bouquet into the Ohio Country.[4] When the unrest subsided, however, the British allowed trading with the Native Americans to resume, angering the colonists.

Black Boys Rebellion

[edit]

In the 1760s, Smith took part in an unofficial band called Black Boys, so-called because they resided in Black's Town (then named after resident James Black, present-day Mercersburg, Pennsylvania)[8] and disguised themselves in Native American dress, were upset with British policy regarding American Indians following Pontiac's War.[4] On March 6, 1765, they stopped a pack train and burned goods, including rum and gunpowder, that Irish-born official George Croghan sought to trade to Native Americans, out of hatred for the Native Americans.

British authorities, however, supported Croghan's trading, and this led to the Black Boys Rebellion.[3] The rebels laid siege to Fort Loudoun in the Pennsylvania mountain country and captured enough soldiers to exchange them two-for-one for settlers imprisoned, rightly or wrongly, for raids on wagon trains. The rebellion subsided in November.[6]

In June 1766, Smith left to explore Kentucky. During the trip, he was injured by puncturing his foot on rivercane. With the help of an enslaved man named Jamie, Smith managed to return east to North Carolina. He was jailed because of his rough appearance until someone was found who could vouch for him. [6][9]

In 1769, Smith and the Black Boys surprised Fort Bedford, freeing some prisoners being held there.[10]

Later in 1769, while passing through Bedford with two companions, Smith was accosted by several men intent upon his arrest for being the leader of the Black Boys. Shots were fired, and one of Smith's companions was accidentally killed. Smith was initially found guilty of murder and jailed for four months before being exonerated and released. During his jail time, a group of 300 people, some of them Black Boys, came to free Smith from the jail, but Smith convinced them to return home in peace.

American Revolutionary War

[edit]

Smith represented Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania at the 1776 Constitutional Convention.

When the American Revolutionary War broke out, he joined the Pennsylvania militia as captain, and was made a colonel in 1778.[3][6]

Smith described his orders for at least one action against Indians: "In case of an attack, the officers were immediately to order the men to face out and take trees – in this position the Indians could not avail themselves by surrounding us, or have an opportunity of shooting a man from either side of the tree."

After his wife died in 1778, Smith moved to Westmoreland County. In 1785, he married Margaret Irvin.[3] By the late 1780s, he and his family were living in Bourbon County, Kentucky.[6] He served as a member of the Kentucky General Assembly for a number of years.[6]

In 1799, he published his narrative, An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and Travels of Col. James Smith, consisting of an autobiography and an analysis of Indian culture.[2][6]

Missionary work

[edit]

Smith became a Presbyterian missionary to the Native Americans,[6] aided by the knowledge he had acquired of their customs in his early captivity. His son became a Shaker, but he himself, after living with his son among the Shakers for a few months, concluded they were a cult and denounced them in a pamphlet entitled Remarkable Occurrences Lately Discovered Among The People Called Shakers, printed in 1810.[3][6] He continued his attack in another pamphlet, "Shakerism Detected", also printed in 1810.

In 1812, in response to the nation's continuing troubles with the Indians, Smith published "A Treatise on the Mode and Manner of Indian War".

Death

[edit]

According to the May 8, 1813, edition of the Kentucky newspaper The Reporter, "DIED, at the house of Mr. John Rodgers, Green County, on Sunday, the 11th of April, Colonel JAMES SMITH, late of Bourbon County ... after an illness of four weeks" from an unspecified disease.[1]

Book, film, and television

[edit]

James Smith was the subject of the 1937 book The First Rebel by Neil H. Swanson.[11] He was portrayed by John Wayne in the 1939 movie Allegheny Uprising,[12] which was based on the book. A segment in the 2006 PBS miniseries The War that Made America shows a dramatization of Smith running the Native American gauntlet, following his capture in 1755.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Martha Ann Atkins (July 25, 2014). "Colonel James Smith's Death Verified". kentuckyancestors.org.
  2. ^ a b Smith, James (1799). An account of the remarkable occurrences in the life and travels of Colonel James Smith (Late a citizen of Bourbon County, Kentucky) during his captivity with the Indians, in the years 1755,'56, '57, '58, & '59. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "James Smith". smithrebellion1765.com. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d "James Smith". ohiohistorycentral.org. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  5. ^ a b Burke, Mike (November 17, 2015). "Portrait of a Frontiersman: James Smith". Fort Pitt Museum.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Leroy V. Eid. ""Their Rules of War": James Smith's Summary of Indian Woodland War". National Park Service. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
  7. ^ "The War that Made America: Biographies (British)". WQED Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  8. ^ Marotte III, Mike (March 23, 2017). "Mercersburg could have been called 'Squire Smith's Town'".
  9. ^ "Gov. John Penn". smithrebellion1765.com. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
  10. ^ "About Us". Bedford Borough. Archived from the original on April 8, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
  11. ^ "Books, Jul. 26, 1937". Time magazine. July 26, 1937. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  12. ^ Frank S. Nugent (November 10, 1939). "Allegheny Uprising (1939)". The New York Times.
[edit]
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