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A Polish Enigma "double" was a machine produced by the Polish Biuro Szyfrów that replicated the German Enigma machine. The Enigma double was one result of Marian Rejewski's remarkable achievement of determining the wirings of the Enigma's rotors and reflectors.^[1]

First Polish double

The Polish Cipher Bureau realized that the Germans were using a new cipher. The Germans had mistakenly shipped a cipher machine to Poland; their attempts to recover the shipment raised the suspicions of Polish customs, and the Cipher Bureau learned that the Germans were using Enigma machines.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] The Bureau purchased a commercial Enigma and attempted, but failed, to break the cipher.

In December 1932 the Cipher Bureau tasked Marian Rejewski with reconstructing the Enigma machine. A French spy had obtained some material about the Enigma, and the French had provided the material to the Polish Cipher Bureau. By then, for the purposes of the German military, the original commercial Enigma had been equipped with a plugboard. Rejewski made rapid progress and was able to determine the wirings of the military Enigma. The Bureau modified its commercial Enigma rotors, reflector, and internal wiring to match the military Enigma's.

The Cipher Bureau's commercial Enigma did not have a plugboard, but the plugboard could be simulated by relabeling the keys and lamps.^[6] The result was the first Polish Enigma double.

AVA-made doubles

In February 1933, the Polish Cipher Bureau ordered fifteen "doubles" of the military Enigma machine from the AVA Radio Manufacturing Company, in Warsaw.^[7] Ultimately, about seventy such functional replicas were produced.

Gift to Poland's Allies

In August 1939, following a tripartite meeting of Polish, French, and British cryptologists at Warsaw on 25–26 July 1939 – during which the Poles had explained all their Enigma-decryption methods and equipment – two Enigma replicas were passed to Poland's allies, one sent to Paris and one to London.^[8]

Earlier, German military Enigma traffic had totally defeated the French and British, and they had faced the prospect of being unable to read German communications during the coming war.

Polish doubles assembled in France

After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 and key Polish Polish Cipher Bureau personnel had been evacuated to France, the Cipher Bureau resumed its interrupted work at PC Bruno outside Paris. The Poles had only three replica Enigmas to work with,^[9] two secretly taken out of Poland during the evacuation, and the one that had been sent to France after the July 1939 Warsaw conference, and these were wearing out from round-the-clock use.

French Army intelligence officer Gustave Bertrand ordered parts for forty machines from a French precision-mechanics firm. Manufacture proceeded sluggishly, however, and it was only after the fall of France and the opening of underground work in southern France's Free Zone in October 1940 that four machines were finally assembled.^[10]

Notes

^ Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," pp. 53–55.
^ Rejewski, Marian (July 1981), "How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma" (PDF), IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 3 (3), IEEE: 213–234, doi:10.1109/mahc.1981.10033, S2CID 15748167, p. 213. says incident was end of 1927 or beginning of 1928. Enigma traffic appeared 15 July 1928.
^ Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2000), Enigma: The Battle for the Code, John Wiley, p. 21, ISBN 0-471-40738-0, On the last Saturday in January 1929 an alert customs officer working in Warsaw had been about to process a heavy box when his suspicions were aroused by a request from the German Embassy. Apparently the box had been sent to Poland by mistake and a German Embassy official was requesting that it should be returned to Germany immediately. When the box was opened, an Enigma machine was found inside. The Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau quickly called in two engineers to examine it.. This date is one year later than Rejewski's date. This reference also has the Polish Cipher Bureau receiving technical details of the Enigma from the French in December 1931 and September 1932.
^ Enigma, http://www.polandinexile.com/enigmaenglish.html
^ Gordon, Don E. (1981), Electronic Warfare: Element of Strategy and Multiplier of Combat Power, Pergamon, p. 36, ISBN 978-1483208824
^ Kozaczuk 1984
^ Kozaczuk 1984, p. 25
^ Kozaczuk 1984, pp. 59–60
^ Kozaczuk 1984, p. 83
^ Kozaczuk 1984, pp. 84–85

References

Brzezinski, Zbigniew (2005). "The Unknown Victors". Marian Rejewski, 1905-1980: Living with the Enigma Secret. Bydgoszcz: Bydgoszcz City Council. pp. 15–18. ISBN 83-7208-117-4. OCLC 62701914.
Kozaczuk, Władysław (1984). Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two. Foreign intelligence book series. edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek. Frederick, Maryland: University Publications of America. ISBN 0-89093-547-5. OCLC 9826775.
Woytak, Richard A. (January 1982). "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski". Cryptologia. 6 (1). transcribed and translated by Christopher Kasparek: 50–60. doi:10.1080/0161-118291856830.

External links

Slawo Wesolkowski, "The Invention of Enigma and How the Polish Broke It Before the Start of WWII"
http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigma/hist.htm has picture of Enigma double (http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigma/polish/img/polish_enigma_1.jpg)
http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/poles/poles.htm has picture of Enigma double

[1] Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," pp. 53–55.

[2] Rejewski, Marian (July 1981), "How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma" (PDF), IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 3 (3), IEEE: 213–234, doi:10.1109/mahc.1981.10033, S2CID 15748167, p. 213. says incident was end of 1927 or beginning of 1928. Enigma traffic appeared 15 July 1928.

[3] Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2000), Enigma: The Battle for the Code, John Wiley, p. 21, ISBN 0-471-40738-0, On the last Saturday in January 1929 an alert customs officer working in Warsaw had been about to process a heavy box when his suspicions were aroused by a request from the German Embassy. Apparently the box had been sent to Poland by mistake and a German Embassy official was requesting that it should be returned to Germany immediately. When the box was opened, an Enigma machine was found inside. The Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau quickly called in two engineers to examine it.. This date is one year later than Rejewski's date. This reference also has the Polish Cipher Bureau receiving technical details of the Enigma from the French in December 1931 and September 1932.

[4] Enigma, http://www.polandinexile.com/enigmaenglish.html

[5] Gordon, Don E. (1981), Electronic Warfare: Element of Strategy and Multiplier of Combat Power, Pergamon, p. 36, ISBN 978-1483208824

[6] Kozaczuk 1984

[7] Kozaczuk 1984, p. 25

[8] Kozaczuk 1984, pp. 59–60

[9] Kozaczuk 1984, p. 83

[10] Kozaczuk 1984, pp. 84–85

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Replication of the Enigma machine}}
-{{Cipher Bureau}}
+[[File:Polish copy of Enigma made by Biuro Szyfrow.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Prewar Polish ''Enigma'' double]]
-{{EnigmaSeries}}
 <!-- Unsourced image removed: [[File:Polish copy of Enigma made by Biuro Szyfrow .jpg|left|thumb|250px|"Double" of German [[Enigma machine]], built by the Poles in France in 1940.  1:  [[Typewriter keyboard|Keyboard]].  2:  [[Incandescent light bulb|Glowlamps]].  3:  Two alternate [[Rotor machine|rotor]]s.  4:  Entry ring.  5:  Three operational [[Rotor machine|rotor]]s.  6:  [[Reflector (cipher machine)|Reflector]].  7:  [[Plugboard]] (at opposite end from its location in German military Enigmas).]] -->
+A '''Polish Enigma "double"''' was a machine produced by the Polish [[Biuro Szyfrów]] that replicated the German [[Enigma machine]]. The Enigma double was one result of [[Marian Rejewski]]'s remarkable achievement of determining the wirings of the Enigma's rotors and reflectors.<ref>Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," pp. 53–55.</ref>
+==First Polish double==
-'''Enigma "doubles"''' were machines produced by the Polish [[Biuro Szyfrów|Cipher Bureau]]. They replicated the functions of German [[Enigma machine|Enigma]] [[Rotor machine|rotor cipher]] machines, following [[Marian Rejewski]]'s remarkable achievement in deriving its wirings.<ref>Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," pp. 53–55.</ref>
+The Polish Cipher Bureau realized that the Germans were using a new cipher. The Germans had mistakenly shipped a cipher machine to Poland; their attempts to recover the shipment raised the suspicions of Polish customs, and the Cipher Bureau learned that the Germans were using Enigma machines.<ref>{{citation |first=Marian |last=Rejewski |author-link=Marian Rejewski |title=How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma |publisher=IEEE |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |date=July 1981 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=213–234 |url=http://chc60.fgcu.edu/Images/articles/Rejewski.pdf |doi=10.1109/mahc.1981.10033|s2cid=15748167 }}, p. 213. says incident was end of 1927 or beginning of 1928.  Enigma traffic appeared 15 July 1928.</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Hugh |last=Sebag-Montefiore |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |publisher=John Wiley |year=2000 |isbn=0-471-40738-0 |page=21 |quote=On the last Saturday in January 1929 an alert customs officer working in Warsaw had been about to process a heavy box when his suspicions were aroused by a request from the German Embassy.  Apparently the box had been sent to Poland by mistake and a German Embassy official was requesting that it should be returned to Germany immediately.  When the box was opened, an Enigma machine was found inside. The Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau quickly called in two engineers to examine it. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUnmwrKa1XcC&pg=PA21}}. This date is one year later than Rejewski's date. This reference also has the Polish Cipher Bureau receiving technical details of the Enigma from the French in December 1931 and September 1932.</ref><ref>Enigma, http://www.polandinexile.com/enigmaenglish.html</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Don E. |last=Gordon |title=Electronic Warfare: Element of Strategy and Multiplier of Combat Power |publisher=Pergamon |year=1981 |isbn=978-1483208824 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeJbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36}}</ref>  The Bureau purchased a commercial Enigma and  attempted, but failed, to break the cipher.
+In December 1932 the Cipher Bureau tasked [[Marian Rejewski]] with reconstructing the Enigma machine.  A French spy had obtained some material about the Enigma, and the French had provided the material to the Polish Cipher Bureau.  By then, for the purposes of the German military, the original commercial Enigma had been equipped with a plugboard.  Rejewski made rapid progress and was able to determine the wirings of the military Enigma.  The Bureau modified its commercial Enigma rotors, reflector, and internal wiring to match the military Enigma's.
-==Built in Poland==
-By the end of 1932, Rejewski, aided by spy-supplied documents, had derived the internal wiring of the Enigma machine.  This information would allow the Polish to build their own copies of the machine. In February 1933, the Polish [[Biuro Szyfrów|Cipher Bureau]] ordered fifteen "doubles" of the military [[Enigma machine]] to be produced by the AVA Radio Manufacturing Company, in Warsaw.<ref>Kozaczuk, ''Enigma'', p. 25.</ref> Ultimately, about seventy such functional replicas would be produced.
+The Cipher Bureau's commercial Enigma did not have a plugboard, but the plugboard could be simulated by relabeling the keys and  lamps.<ref>{{harvnb|Kozaczuk|1984}}</ref> The result was the first Polish Enigma double.
-==Precious gift==
-In August 1939, following the tripartite meeting of the French, British and Polish cryptanalysts held near Warsaw on 25 and 26 July, two Enigma replicas were passed to Poland's allies, one being sent to Paris and one to London.<ref>Kozaczuk, ''Enigma'', pp. 59–60.</ref> Until then, German military Enigma traffic had defeated the British and French, and they had faced the disturbing prospect that German communications would remain "black" to them for the duration of the coming war.
+==AVA-made doubles==
+In February 1933, the Polish [[Biuro Szyfrów|Cipher Bureau]] ordered fifteen "doubles" of the military [[Enigma machine]] from the AVA Radio Manufacturing Company, in Warsaw.<ref>{{harvnb|Kozaczuk|1984|p=25}}</ref> Ultimately, about seventy such functional replicas were produced.
+==Gift to Poland's Allies==
+In August 1939, following a tripartite meeting of Polish, French, and British cryptologists at Warsaw on 25–26 July 1939 – during which the Poles had explained all their Enigma-decryption methods and equipment – two Enigma replicas were passed to Poland's allies, one sent to Paris and one to London.<ref>{{harvnb|Kozaczuk|1984|pp=59–60}}</ref>
+Earlier, German military Enigma traffic had totally defeated the French and British, and they had faced the prospect of being unable to read German communications during the coming war.
+==Polish doubles assembled in France==
+[[File:Polish Enigma double.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|One of four Enigma doubles assembled in France in 1940, featuring ''ABCD'' keyboard layout.  In [[Józef Piłsudski Institute, London]].]]
+After [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] in September 1939 and key Polish [[Polish Cipher Bureau]] personnel had been evacuated to [[France]], the Cipher Bureau resumed its interrupted work at ''[[PC Bruno]]'' outside [[Paris]]. The Poles had only three replica Enigmas to work with,<ref>{{harvnb|Kozaczuk|1984|p=83}}</ref> two secretly taken out of Poland during the evacuation, and the one that had been sent to France after the July 1939 Warsaw conference, and these were wearing out from round-the-clock use.
+[[French Army]] [[intelligence officer]] [[Gustave Bertrand]] ordered parts for forty machines from a French precision-mechanics firm.  Manufacture proceeded sluggishly, however, and it was only after the fall of France and the opening of underground work in southern France's [[Zone libre|Free Zone]] in October 1940 that four machines were finally assembled.<ref>{{harvnb|Kozaczuk|1984|pp=84–85}}</ref>
-==Built in France==
-After [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] in September 1939 and key Polish [[Biuro Szyfrów|Cipher Bureau]] personnel evacuated to [[France]], the Cipher Bureau resumed its interrupted work at ''[[PC Bruno]]'', outside [[Paris]].  The Poles had only three replica Enigma machines to work with,<ref>Kozaczuk, ''Enigma'', p. 83. Two secretly taken out of Poland during the evacuation, and the one that had been sent to France after the July Warsaw conference.</ref> and these were wearing out from round-the-clock use.  [[French Army]] [[intelligence officer]] [[Gustave Bertrand]] ordered parts for forty machines from a French precision-mechanics firm.  Manufacture proceeded sluggishly, however, and it was only after the fall of France and the opening of underground work in southern France's [[Zone libre|Free Zone]] in October 1940 that four machines were finally assembled.<ref>Kozaczuk, ''Enigma'', pp. 84–85.</ref>
 ==See also==
+{{Cipher Bureau}}
-* [[Saxon Palace]] ({{lang-pl|'''Pałac Saski'''}}), in Warsaw, where German Enigma ciphers were first broken in December 1932
+{{Enigma series}}
+* [[Saxon Palace]] (in Polish, ''Pałac Saski''), in Warsaw, where German Enigma ciphers were first broken in December 1932.
 ==Notes==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{reflist|30em}}
 ==References==
-* {{cite book |title=Marian Rejewski, 1905-1980: Living with the Enigma Secret|last=Brzezinski |first=Zbigniew|authorlink= Zbigniew Brzezinski|year= 2005|chapter=The Unknown Victors|publisher= Bydgoszcz City Council|location= Bydgoszcz|isbn=83-7208-117-4|pages=15–18|oclc=62701914}}
+* {{cite book |title=Marian Rejewski, 1905-1980: Living with the Enigma Secret|last=Brzezinski |first=Zbigniew|author-link= Zbigniew Brzezinski|year= 2005|chapter=The Unknown Victors|publisher= Bydgoszcz City Council|location= Bydgoszcz|isbn=83-7208-117-4|pages=15–18|oclc=62701914}}
-* {{cite book |title= Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two|last=Kozaczuk |first= Władysław|authorlink=Władysław Kozaczuk |coauthors=edited and translated by [[Christopher Kasparek]] |year= 1984|publisher= University Publications of America|location= Frederick, Md.|isbn=0-89093-547-5 |oclc= 9826775|series=Foreign intelligence book series}}
+* {{cite book |title= Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two|last=Kozaczuk |first= Władysław|author-link=Władysław Kozaczuk |others=edited and translated by [[Christopher Kasparek]] |year= 1984|publisher= University Publications of America|location= Frederick, Maryland|isbn=0-89093-547-5 |oclc= 9826775|series=Foreign intelligence book series }}
-* {{cite journal |last=Woytak|first=Richard A.|authorlink=Richard Woytak|coauthors=transcribed and translated by [[Christopher Kasparek]]|date=January 1982 |title= A Conversation with Marian Rejewski|journal=[[Cryptologia]]|volume=6 |issue=1|pages=50–60|doi=10.1080/0161-118291856830}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Woytak|first=Richard A.|author-link=Richard Woytak|others=transcribed and translated by [[Christopher Kasparek]]|date=January 1982 |title= A Conversation with Marian Rejewski|journal=[[Cryptologia]]|volume=6 |issue=1|pages=50–60|doi=10.1080/0161-118291856830}}
+==External links==
-[[Category:Science and technology in Poland]]
+* Slawo Wesolkowski, "[http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/b/bb/Wesolkowski.pdf The Invention of Enigma and How the Polish Broke It Before the Start of WWII]"<!-- overview; some errors-->
-[[Category:Biuro Szyfrów]]
+* http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigma/hist.htm has picture of Enigma double (http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigma/polish/img/polish_enigma_1.jpg)
-[[Category:History of cryptography]]
+* http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/poles/poles.htm has picture of Enigma double
+{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
-{{crypto-stub}}
+{{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Cipher Bureau (Poland)]]
+[[Category:Enigma machine]]
+[[Category:History of cryptography]]
+[[Category:Science and technology in Poland]]

Polish Cipher Bureau
*Biuro Szyfrów*
Methods and technology
"ANX" Enigma "double" Grill Clock Cyclometer Card catalog Cryptologic bomb Zygalski sheets Lacida
Locations
Saxon Palace Kabaty Woods PC Bruno Cadix
Personnel
Chief Gwido Langer Deputy Chief Chief of Radio Intelligence Chief of German Section Maksymilian Ciężki German Section cryptologists Marian Rejewski Jerzy Różycki Henryk Zygalski Antoni Palluth Wiktor Michałowski Chief of Russian Section Jan Graliński Russian Section cryptologist Piotr Smoleński Others Jan Kowalewski Stanisław Leśniewski Stefan Mazurkiewicz Franciszek Pokorny Wacław Sierpiński
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