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{{Short description|American commercial artist (1921–2001)}}
'''Harvey Ross Ball''' ([[10 July]] [[1921]] – [[12 April]] [[2001]]) is famous for his invention of the [[Smiley]].
{{distinguish|Harvey balls}}
{{use mdy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Lead too short|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harvey Ball
| image = Harvey Ball.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Harvey Ross Ball
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|07|10}}
| birth_place = [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|04|12|1921|07|10}}
| death_place = Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-apr-14-me-51031-story.html|title=Harvey Ball; Created 'Smiley Face' Design |work=Los Angeles Times|first=Elaine|last=Woo|date=April 14, 2001|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>
| education = [[South High Community School|Worcester South High School]]; [[Worcester Art Museum]] School
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Commercial art|Commercial artist]]
| years_active =
| known_for = Inventor of the [[smiley]] face
| notable_works = [[Smiley]] face
}}


'''Harvey Ross Ball''' (July 10, 1921 – April 12, 2001) was an American commercial artist. He is recognized as the inventor of the popular [[smiley|smiley face]] graphic picture, which became an enduring and notable international icon.<ref>{{cite news | first=William H. | last=Honan |author-link=William H. Honan | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/14/us/h-r-ball-79-ad-executive-credited-with-smiley-face.html | date=April 14, 2001 | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | page=C6 | title=H. R. Ball, 79, Ad Executive Credited With Smiley Face}}</ref> He never applied for a [[trademark]] for the iconic smiley image and only earned $45 for his efforts. Ball later founded the '''Harvey Ball World Smile Foundation''' in 1999, a non-profit [[charitable trust]] that supports children's causes.
'''Harvey Ball''' was born and raised in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], USA. Whilst a student at South High School, he became an apprentice to local sign painter, and later attended Worcester Art Museum School, where he studied fine arts.


== Early life ==
Harvey Ball served 27 years in the [[United States National Guard|National Guard]], and was based in Asia and the Pacific during [[World War II]]. He retired as a [[Brigadier General]] in [[1973]] and then served six years in the Army Reserves. He retired as a full colonel in [[1979]]. Ball was awarded the Bronze Star for heroism during the [[Battle of Okinawa]]. He was awarded the ''Veteran of the Year'' award from the Worcester Veterans Council in [[1999]].


Ball was born and raised in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], by his parents Ernest G. Ball and Christine ("Kitty") Ross Ball.<ref>Massachusetts Archives Vital Records, Birth of Harvey R Ball, 1921, vol. 144, p. 120.</ref> Ball had five siblings, three younger by the names of Merrit, Virginia, and Raymond, and two older by the names of Jessie and Ernest Jr.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XQTF-P94 "United States Census, 1930,"] database with images, ''FamilySearch''. Retrieved May 10, 2018, Ernest G Ball, Worcester, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 109, sheet 20B, line 75, family 287, NARA microfilm publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002), roll 971; FHL microfilm 2,340,706.</ref> Ball was a student at [[South High Community School|South High School]] where he started to take an interest in art. During high school, he worked as an apprentice under a local sign painter who started teaching him different styles and techniques of graphic design. After high school and his apprenticeship, he later went to [[Worcester Art Museum]] School where he studied fine arts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=whm |date=2012-08-28 |title=Smiley Face |url=https://www.worcesterhistory.org/sidebar-exhibitions/smiley-face/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Worcester Historical Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> After his time at [[Worcester Art Museum School]], Ball decided to go into the [[National Guard]], where he served for 27 years. He was stationed in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Asia]] during World War 2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Harvey Ball |url=https://www.worldsmileday.com/index.php/article-index/item/380-about-harvey-ball |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.worldsmileday.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
⚫
After World War II, Harvey Ball worked for a local advertising firm until he started his own business, ''Harvey Ball Advertising'', in [[1959]].


== State Mutual and the creation of The Smiley ==
The invention of the [[Smiley]] came about in [[1962]]. The State Mutual Life Assurance of Worcester, MA (now known as Allamerica) purchased Guarantee Mutual Company of Ohio. The merger resulted in low employee morale. In an attempt to solve this, Harvey Ball was employed in [[1963]] as a freelance artist to create a smiley face to be used on buttons, desk cards, and posters. In less then ten minutes the smiley face was complete. The use of the smiley face was part of the company's friendship campaign where as State Mutual handed out 100 smiley pins to employees. The aim was to get employees to smile while using the phone, and doing other tasks. The buttons were highly popular, with orders in lots of 10,000 and at more than 50 million Smiley Face buttons were sold by 1971. The smiley has been described as an international icon.


⚫
After [[World War II]], Ball worked for a local advertising firm until he started his own business, Harvey Ball Advertising, in 1959. He designed the [[smiley]] in 1963.<ref name = "Melady"/>{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
Ball never applied for a trademark or copyright of the smiley and earned just $45 for his work. The State Mutual, similarly, did not make any money from the design. Ball's son, Charles Ball is reported to have said his father never regretted not registering the copyright. The Telegram and Gazette of Worcester reported Charles Ball as saying "he was not a money-driven guy, he used to say, 'Hey, I can only eat one steak at a time, drive one car at a time'".
The associated "Have a Nice Day" tag line was not part of the original design. Brothers Bernard and Murray Spain later trademarked the line and the smiley face design in the early 1970s. The Spain brothers and later marketers earned millions of dollars form Harvey’s initial icon.


The State Mutual Life Assurance Company of [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] (now known as [[Hanover Insurance]]) had purchased Guarantee Mutual Company of Ohio. The merger resulted in low employee morale. In an attempt to solve this, Ball was employed in 1963 as a freelance artist, to come up with an image to increase morale. Ball started with a sunny-yellow circle containing a smile, however wasn't happy that it could be turned upside down to make a frown. By adding two eyes, he created a smiley face.<ref name = "WHODUNNIT">{{cite news |last1=Dempsey |first1=Jim |title=WHO DUNNIT? Harvey Did. |url=http://www.smileyproductions.com/about.html |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=Worcester Telegram & Gazette |publisher=Worcester Telegram & Gazette |date=7 July 1996 |archive-date=December 3, 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981203033343/http://www.smileyproductions.com/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The whole drawing took 10 minutes to complete, and earned him $45.<ref name = "SUNSENTINEL">{{cite news |last1=KAUFFMAN The Hartford Courant |first1=MATTHEW |title=FRENCH SMILEY BRINGS FROWN TO U.S. CREATOR |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1998-09-26-9809240840-story.html |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=The Hartford Courant |publisher=SUN-SENTINEL |date=26 September 1988 |archive-date=June 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628131040/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1998-09-26-9809240840-story.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title= Now You Know More: The Book of Answers |series= Now You Know |volume= 2 |author= Doug Lennox , illustrated by Catriona Wight |edition= illustrated |publisher= Dundurn |year= 2004 |isbn= 9781550025309 |page= 50 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P4gCzZsOY0UC&q=smiley+wmca&pg=PA50 }}</ref>
The World Smile Corporation was founded by Harvey Ball. The corporation licenses Smileys and organizes World Smile Day. World Smile Day raises money for the Harvey Ball World Smile Foundation, a non-profit charitable trust which supports children's causes. World Smile Day is held on the first Friday of October each year and is a day dedicated to "good cheer and good works". The catch phrase for the day is "Do an act of kindness - help one person smile".


State Mutual had planned to hand out 100 button pins containing the design, however demand quickly soared.<ref name="SUNSENTINEL" /> The aim was to get employees to smile while using the phone and doing other tasks. Research has since taken place confirming Ball's instincts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Li |first1=Ding |title=What's the science behind a smile? |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/famelab-whats-science-behind-smile |website=Voices |publisher=www.britishcouncil.org |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205222055/https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/famelab-whats-science-behind-smile |archive-date=5 December 2016 |date=2 April 2014 |quote=A Swedish study found that it is indeed difficult to keep a long face when you look at people who are smiling at you. Smiling is just contagious! Seeing people smile stimulates our mirror neurones to suppress our facial muscle control, and trigger a smile. 'You smile, I smile' is actually a scientific fact!}}</ref> The buttons became popular, with orders being taken in lots of 10,000. More than 50 million smiley face buttons had been sold by 1971,<ref name=smithsonian/> and the smiley has been described as an international icon.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Smile Day {{!}} Blog {{!}} The Humble Co. |url=https://www.thehumble.co/blogs/news/world-smile-day |website=The Humble Co. |access-date= September 29, 2020 |language=English |quote=In fact, the commonly known smiley face is considered a symbol of goodwill and good cheer on our planet; an international icon.}}</ref>
Harvey Ball died on 12th April 2001 as a result of liver failure following after a short illness. He was 79 years old. He is survived by his wife, Winifred, three sons and a daughter. He has a number of grandchildren and great-grandchildren.


By 1971 the smiley face was everywhere, so Ball contacted patent attorneys, who told him the design was now in the public domain. Ball said: "It never bothered me. I figured if I make the world a little happier, OK, fine".<ref name="SUNSENTINEL" /> Ball's son, Charles, is reported to have said his father never regretted not registering the copyright. [[Telegram & Gazette]] reported Charles Ball as saying "he was not a money-driven guy, he used to say, 'Hey, I can only eat one steak at a time, drive one car at a time.'"<ref name = Melady>{{cite news |last1=Melady |first1=Mark |title=Harvey Ball Dies |work=Telegram & Gazette |publisher=Available from NewsBank: America's News – Historical and Current |date=April 13, 2001 |issn =1050-4184 |location=Worcester, Massachusetts |page=A1}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
==External link==
http://www.worldsmile.com/


== Popularity of the smiley ==
[[Category:U.S. Army generals|Ball, Harvey]]
[[file:Harvey Ball 1998.jpg|thumb|Ball (seated) at a public signing, 1998]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts|Ball, Harvey]]

The phrase "Have a happy day" became associated with the smiley although it was not part of Ball's original design. [[Philadelphia]]n brothers Bernard and Murray Spain designed and sold products with the phrase and logo in the early 1970s. They [[trademark]]ed the combination and later changed the phrase to "[[Have a nice day]]", which itself has become a phrase in everyday use in [[North America]].

The smiley was introduced to France in 1972 as a signal of a good news story in the newspaper ''[[France-Soir]]''. Frenchman [[Franklin Loufrani]] used the image this way and made swift moves to trademark the image. As of 2013, the company turns over $100 million a year<ref name=smithsonian/> and became embroiled in a copyright dispute with [[Walmart]] over the image in the 1990s.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01bh91h | title=BBC Radio 4 - Smiley's People}}</ref>

The [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] broadcast a radio documentary on February 4, 2012, called ''Smiley's People'' that covered the story of the smiley.<ref name="auto"/>

== Promotion ==
[[File:A plaque honoring Harvey Ball at Boston's Logan International Airport.jpg|thumb|250px|A plaque honoring Harvey Ball and his contribution to the Smiley Face at Boston's [[Logan International Airport]]]]
On July 18, 1998, around the 35th anniversary of the design's inception, Ball appeared at [[That's Entertainment (comic shop)|That's Entertainment]] to meet fans and sign smiley pins and art. At this appearance Ball was shown copies of the graphic novel ''[[Watchmen]]'' issue number 1, which featured a notorious image of a smiley face with a splatter of blood across it.<ref>[http://www.comics.org/series.lasso?SeriesID=3172 Watchmen, DC, 1986 series], entry in the [[Grand Comics Database]], includes picture of cover with the smiley</ref> Store Manager Ken Carson was quoted as saying Ball seemed amused to see it on the cover.<ref>{{citation|title=Smiley face connection|date=March 6, 2009|url=http://www.telegram.com/article/20090306/NEWS/903060414/-1/eworcester&template=eworcester| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090727063321/http://www.telegram.com/article/20090306/NEWS/903060414/-1/eworcester&template=eworcester | publisher = New York Times Company |issn =1050-4184 |location=Worcester, Massachusetts | archive-date = July 27, 2009 |first =Craig S. |last =Semon|work=[[Worcester Telegram]]}}<!--another link http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Smiley+face+connection.-a0195055018--></ref>

== World Smile Foundation ==

Ball founded the World Smile Foundation in 1999, a non-profit charitable trust that supports children's causes. The group licenses Smileys and organizes '''World Smile Day''', which takes place on the first Friday of October each year and is a day dedicated to "good cheer and good works". The catchphrase for the day is: "Do an act of kindness – help one person smile."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boston25news.com/news/world-smile-day-celebrated-yearly-has-its-roots-in-worcester/847474338|title=World Smile Day, celebrated yearly, has its roots in Worcester|date=October 5, 2018|website=WFXT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldsmileday.com/index.php/article-index/item/373-about-world-smile-day|title=About World Smile Day®|website=www.worldsmileday.com}}</ref>

== Later life, death and legacy ==

After his first military years with the National Guard, he served another 6 years in the [[Army Reserves]] and retired as a full colonel in 1979. A major accolade that he was granted after his service was the [[Bronze medal|Bronze Medal]] for his acts of heroism during the [[Battle of Okinawa]]. Ball was a decorated, respected veteran. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Harvey Ball |url=https://www.worldsmileday.com/index.php/article-index/item/380-about-harvey-ball |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.worldsmileday.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Ball died on April 12, 2001, as a result of [[liver failure]] following a short illness. He was 79. He left behind his wife of 54 years, Winifred Trudell, and four children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ricefuneralhome.com/obituary/Harvey-R-Ball-1|title=Obituary for Harvey R. Ball|publisher=Rice Funeral Home|date=April 14, 2001|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>

The land that was owned by the Ball family, off Granite Street in Worcester, was purchased by the [[Worcester, Massachusetts|City of Worcester]] in June 2007, with help from Mass Audubon and a $500,000 grant from the state Executive Office of Environmental Affairs' Division of Conservation Services. This property links Mass Audubon's Broad Meadow Brook Sanctuary with the developing [[Blackstone River Bikeway]]. It is now known as the "Harvey Ball Conservation Area" and is home to the appropriately named "Smiley Face Trail".

[[file:Authentic Worcester-made smiley face, Harvey Ball.jpg|thumb|Distinguishing features of a Worcester-made smiley face]]

== Distinguishing features of Ball's smiley face ==
A Harvey Ball smiley face can be identified by three distinguishing features: Narrow oval eyes (with the one on the right slightly larger than the one on the left), a bright sunny yellow color, and a mouth that is not a perfect arc, which has been claimed to be similar to a "[[Mona Lisa]] Mouth".<ref name=smithsonian>{{cite magazine |first=Jimmy |last=Stamp |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/who-really-invented-the-smiley-face-2058483/?no-ist|title=Who Really Invented the Smiley Face? |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|date=March 13, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2016}}</ref> The face has creases at the sides of the mouth, and the mouth is slightly off-center (with the right side a little higher than the left) and the right side of the mouth is slightly thicker than on the left.

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ball, Harvey}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:American advertising executives]]
[[Category:Artists from Worcester, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Deaths from liver failure]]
[[Category:South High Community School alumni]]
[[Category:Logo designers]]

Latest revision as of 17:45, 17 December 2024

Not to be confused with Harvey balls.

Harvey Ball
Born
Harvey Ross Ball

(1921-07-10)July 10, 1921
Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedApril 12, 2001(2001-04-12) (aged 79)
Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.[1]
EducationWorcester South High School; Worcester Art Museum School
OccupationCommercial artist
Known forInventor of the smiley face
Notable workSmiley face

Harvey Ross Ball (July 10, 1921 – April 12, 2001) was an American commercial artist. He is recognized as the inventor of the popular smiley face graphic picture, which became an enduring and notable international icon.[2] He never applied for a trademark for the iconic smiley image and only earned $45 for his efforts. Ball later founded the Harvey Ball World Smile Foundation in 1999, a non-profit charitable trust that supports children's causes.

Early life

[edit]

Ball was born and raised in Worcester, Massachusetts, by his parents Ernest G. Ball and Christine ("Kitty") Ross Ball.[3] Ball had five siblings, three younger by the names of Merrit, Virginia, and Raymond, and two older by the names of Jessie and Ernest Jr.[4] Ball was a student at South High School where he started to take an interest in art. During high school, he worked as an apprentice under a local sign painter who started teaching him different styles and techniques of graphic design. After high school and his apprenticeship, he later went to Worcester Art Museum School where he studied fine arts.[5] After his time at Worcester Art Museum School, Ball decided to go into the National Guard, where he served for 27 years. He was stationed in the Pacific and Asia during World War 2.[6]

State Mutual and the creation of The Smiley

[edit]

After World War II, Ball worked for a local advertising firm until he started his own business, Harvey Ball Advertising, in 1959. He designed the smiley in 1963.[7][citation needed]

The State Mutual Life Assurance Company of Worcester, Massachusetts (now known as Hanover Insurance) had purchased Guarantee Mutual Company of Ohio. The merger resulted in low employee morale. In an attempt to solve this, Ball was employed in 1963 as a freelance artist, to come up with an image to increase morale. Ball started with a sunny-yellow circle containing a smile, however wasn't happy that it could be turned upside down to make a frown. By adding two eyes, he created a smiley face.[8] The whole drawing took 10 minutes to complete, and earned him $45.[9][10]

State Mutual had planned to hand out 100 button pins containing the design, however demand quickly soared.[9] The aim was to get employees to smile while using the phone and doing other tasks. Research has since taken place confirming Ball's instincts.[11] The buttons became popular, with orders being taken in lots of 10,000. More than 50 million smiley face buttons had been sold by 1971,[12] and the smiley has been described as an international icon.[13]

By 1971 the smiley face was everywhere, so Ball contacted patent attorneys, who told him the design was now in the public domain. Ball said: "It never bothered me. I figured if I make the world a little happier, OK, fine".[9] Ball's son, Charles, is reported to have said his father never regretted not registering the copyright. Telegram & Gazette reported Charles Ball as saying "he was not a money-driven guy, he used to say, 'Hey, I can only eat one steak at a time, drive one car at a time.'"[7][citation needed]

Popularity of the smiley

[edit]
Ball (seated) at a public signing, 1998

The phrase "Have a happy day" became associated with the smiley although it was not part of Ball's original design. Philadelphian brothers Bernard and Murray Spain designed and sold products with the phrase and logo in the early 1970s. They trademarked the combination and later changed the phrase to "Have a nice day", which itself has become a phrase in everyday use in North America.

The smiley was introduced to France in 1972 as a signal of a good news story in the newspaper France-Soir. Frenchman Franklin Loufrani used the image this way and made swift moves to trademark the image. As of 2013, the company turns over $100 million a year[12] and became embroiled in a copyright dispute with Walmart over the image in the 1990s.[14]

The BBC broadcast a radio documentary on February 4, 2012, called Smiley's People that covered the story of the smiley.[14]

Promotion

[edit]
A plaque honoring Harvey Ball and his contribution to the Smiley Face at Boston's Logan International Airport

On July 18, 1998, around the 35th anniversary of the design's inception, Ball appeared at That's Entertainment to meet fans and sign smiley pins and art. At this appearance Ball was shown copies of the graphic novel Watchmen issue number 1, which featured a notorious image of a smiley face with a splatter of blood across it.[15] Store Manager Ken Carson was quoted as saying Ball seemed amused to see it on the cover.[16]

World Smile Foundation

[edit]

Ball founded the World Smile Foundation in 1999, a non-profit charitable trust that supports children's causes. The group licenses Smileys and organizes World Smile Day, which takes place on the first Friday of October each year and is a day dedicated to "good cheer and good works". The catchphrase for the day is: "Do an act of kindness – help one person smile."[17][18]

Later life, death and legacy

[edit]

After his first military years with the National Guard, he served another 6 years in the Army Reserves and retired as a full colonel in 1979. A major accolade that he was granted after his service was the Bronze Medal for his acts of heroism during the Battle of Okinawa. Ball was a decorated, respected veteran. [19]

Ball died on April 12, 2001, as a result of liver failure following a short illness. He was 79. He left behind his wife of 54 years, Winifred Trudell, and four children.[20]

The land that was owned by the Ball family, off Granite Street in Worcester, was purchased by the City of Worcester in June 2007, with help from Mass Audubon and a $500,000 grant from the state Executive Office of Environmental Affairs' Division of Conservation Services. This property links Mass Audubon's Broad Meadow Brook Sanctuary with the developing Blackstone River Bikeway. It is now known as the "Harvey Ball Conservation Area" and is home to the appropriately named "Smiley Face Trail".

Distinguishing features of a Worcester-made smiley face

Distinguishing features of Ball's smiley face

[edit]

A Harvey Ball smiley face can be identified by three distinguishing features: Narrow oval eyes (with the one on the right slightly larger than the one on the left), a bright sunny yellow color, and a mouth that is not a perfect arc, which has been claimed to be similar to a "Mona Lisa Mouth".[12] The face has creases at the sides of the mouth, and the mouth is slightly off-center (with the right side a little higher than the left) and the right side of the mouth is slightly thicker than on the left.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Woo, Elaine (April 14, 2001). "Harvey Ball; Created 'Smiley Face' Design". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  2. ^ Honan, William H. (April 14, 2001). "H. R. Ball, 79, Ad Executive Credited With Smiley Face". The New York Times. p. C6.
  3. ^ Massachusetts Archives Vital Records, Birth of Harvey R Ball, 1921, vol. 144, p. 120.
  4. ^ "United States Census, 1930," database with images, FamilySearch. Retrieved May 10, 2018, Ernest G Ball, Worcester, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 109, sheet 20B, line 75, family 287, NARA microfilm publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002), roll 971; FHL microfilm 2,340,706.
  5. ^ whm (August 28, 2012). "Smiley Face". Worcester Historical Museum. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  6. ^ "About Harvey Ball". www.worldsmileday.com. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  7. ^ a b Melady, Mark (April 13, 2001). "Harvey Ball Dies". Telegram & Gazette. Worcester, Massachusetts: Available from NewsBank: America's News – Historical and Current. p. A1. ISSN 1050-4184.
  8. ^ Dempsey, Jim (July 7, 1996). "WHO DUNNIT? Harvey Did". Worcester Telegram & Gazette. Worcester Telegram & Gazette. Archived from the original on December 3, 1998. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  9. ^ a b c KAUFFMAN The Hartford Courant, MATTHEW (September 26, 1988). "FRENCH SMILEY BRINGS FROWN TO U.S. CREATOR". The Hartford Courant. SUN-SENTINEL. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ^ Doug Lennox , illustrated by Catriona Wight (2004), Now You Know More: The Book of Answers, Now You Know, vol. 2 (illustrated ed.), Dundurn, p. 50, ISBN 9781550025309
  11. ^ Li, Ding (April 2, 2014). "What's the science behind a smile?". Voices. www.britishcouncil.org. Archived from the original on December 5, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2022. A Swedish study found that it is indeed difficult to keep a long face when you look at people who are smiling at you. Smiling is just contagious! Seeing people smile stimulates our mirror neurones to suppress our facial muscle control, and trigger a smile. 'You smile, I smile' is actually a scientific fact!
  12. ^ a b c Stamp, Jimmy (March 13, 2013). "Who Really Invented the Smiley Face?". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
  13. ^ "World Smile Day | Blog | The Humble Co". The Humble Co. Retrieved September 29, 2020. In fact, the commonly known smiley face is considered a symbol of goodwill and good cheer on our planet; an international icon.
  14. ^ a b "BBC Radio 4 - Smiley's People".
  15. ^ Watchmen, DC, 1986 series, entry in the Grand Comics Database, includes picture of cover with the smiley
  16. ^ Semon, Craig S. (March 6, 2009), "Smiley face connection", Worcester Telegram, Worcester, Massachusetts: New York Times Company, ISSN 1050-4184, archived from the original on July 27, 2009
  17. ^ "World Smile Day, celebrated yearly, has its roots in Worcester". WFXT. October 5, 2018.
  18. ^ "About World Smile Day®". www.worldsmileday.com.
  19. ^ "About Harvey Ball". www.worldsmileday.com. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  20. ^ "Obituary for Harvey R. Ball". Rice Funeral Home. April 14, 2001. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
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