Sons of Liberty: Difference between revisions

Sons of Liberty
Sons of Liberty
	The Rebellious Stripes Flag
Leaders	See below
Dates of operation	1765–1776
Motives	Before 1766:; Opposition to the Stamp Act ; After 1766:; Independence of the United Colonies from Great Britain
Active regions	Massachusetts Bay; Rhode Island; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New York; Maryland; Virginia
Ideology	Initial phase:; Rights of Englishmen ; "No taxation without representation"; Later phase:; Liberalism; Republicanism
Major actions	Public demonstrations, direct action, destruction of Crown goods and property, boycotts, tar and feathering, pamphleteering
Notable attacks	Gaspee Affair, Boston Tea Party, attack on John Malcolm
Allies	Patriot revolutionaries
Opponents	Parliament of Great Britain; Royal Colonial Governments; Tories and other Crown Loyalists

Browse history interactively

[pending revision]

[accepted revision]

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 06:32, 6 January 2025

The Sons of Liberty was a loosely organized, clandestine, sometimes violent, political organization active in the Thirteen American Colonies founded to advance the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. It played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765^[1] and throughout the entire period of the American Revolution. Historian David C. Rapoport called the activities of the Sons of Liberty "mob terror."^[2]

In popular thought, the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders. More likely, the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws.^[3] The well-known label allowed organizers to make or create anonymous summons to a Liberty Tree, "Liberty Pole", or other public meeting-place. Furthermore, a unifying name helped to promote inter-Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown's actions. Their motto became "No taxation without representation."^[4]

History

In 1765, the British government needed money to afford the 10,000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies, and intended that the colonists living there should contribute.^[5] The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists, and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes; they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative. This became commonly known as "No Taxation without Representation." Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament.^[6] The most incendiary tax was the Stamp Act of 1765, which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions (starting in the colony of Virginia), public demonstrations,^[7] threats, and occasional hurtful losses.^[8]

The name is presumed to have been inspired by the phrase's use in a pro-American, anti-taxation speech in the House of Commons on February 6, 1765, by Irish MP Isaac Barré.^[9]^[10] A precursor of the Sons of Liberty in Boston was the Loyal Nine, which burned effigies of Stamp Act commissioner Andrew Oliver in Boston on August 14, 1765. When he did not resign, the group escalated to burning down his office building. Even after he resigned, they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson. It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities. Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear.

The organization spread after independent starts in several different colonies under various names.^[11] The name Sons of Liberty was used beginning in November in New York and Connecticut. By November 6, a committee was set up in New York City to correspond with other colonies, and by November 11 a meeting in Windham, Connecticut laid out organizational plans. In December an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut, and the name of Sons of Liberty was first used in Boston. January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City, and by March, Providence, Rhode Island had initiated connections with New York, New Hampshire, and Newport, Rhode Island. March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia.

To celebrate the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, the Sons of Liberty in Dedham, Massachusetts, erected the Pillar of Liberty.^[12]

The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767. This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution. This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates.^[13]

On August 14, 1769, the Boston Sons of Liberty held a public rally in celebration of the 4th Anniversary of their founding. At 11 in the morning they gathered at the Liberty Tree in Boston where they gave speeches and made toasts; they then paraded to the Liberty Tree Tavern in nearby Dorchester, where they held a celebratory dinner of 300 members of the organization in a tent set up next to the tavern, where "Music played, and at proper Intervals Cannon were fired. [...] About Five o'Clock the Company left [the tavern] in a Procession that extended near a Mile and a half, and before Dark entered the City, went round the State House and retired each to his own House."^[14]

At this time in the history of their organization they still considered themselves to be loyal subjects of the monarchy of Great Britain; when it came time at both events to give a round of toasts, the first toasts were to "The King, the Queen and the Royal Family";^[14] only much later during the course of the Revolution did they begin to stridently oppose giving any support to the monarchy.

The Bostonian branch of the Sons of Liberty were responsible for organizing and executing the famous Boston Tea Party of 1773 in response to the Tea Act.

Early in the American Revolution, the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups, such as the Committee of Safety.

New York

"The association of the Sons of Liberty was organized in 1765, soon after the passage of the Stamp Act, and extended throughout the colonies, from Massachusetts to South Carolina. It appears that New York was the central post from which communications were dispatched, to and from the east and to the south as far as Maryland..."^[15]

While the exact name "Sons of Liberty" may not have been taken up as their official moniker by the leaders of the New York opposition to the Stamp Act in 1765 - they were popularly known there around that time as "The Liberty Boys" - it appears that they were known to other "Sons of Liberty" organizations in other states by that name not long after that time. There is a letter written by the "Sons of Liberty" in Baltimore, Maryland, "to the Sons of Liberty in New York", dated 6 March 1766 in which the Baltimore "Sons" thanked their New York brethren for having forced Zachariah Hood, who had been appointed stamp-master for Maryland, into resigning his commission. Hood had arrived in New York on a ship from London, and as soon as his mission became known to The Liberty Boys of New York, they arranged for a meeting with him at which they reasoned with him in their own inimitable way and thus secured his "resignation."^[16]

A list of New York members of the Sons of Liberty compiled by the Sons in Maryland, written on 1 March 1766, lists the following correspondents in the colony of New York: "New York [city] — John Lamb, Isaac Sears, William Wiley, Edward Laight, Thomas Robinson, Flores Bancker, Charles Nicoll, Joseph Allicoke, and Gershom Mott. Jer. Van Rensselaer, Maynard Roseboom, Rob. Henry, and Thos. Young, Albany. John S. Hobart, Gilbert Potter, Thomas Brush, Cornelius Conklin, and Nathaniel Williams, Huntington, Long Island. George Townsend, Barack Sneething, Benjamin Townsend, George Weeks, Michael Weeks, and Rowland Chambers, Oyster Bay, Long Island."^[17]

In December 1773, a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was "an enemy to the liberties of America" and that "whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with, or employ, or have any connection with him."^[18]

After the end of the American Revolutionary War, Isaac Sears, Marinus Willet, and John Lamb revived in New York City the Sons of Liberty. In March 1784, they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1. The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists. In violation of the Treaty of Paris (1783), they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists.^[19] Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists, citing the supremacy of the treaty.

Flags

An original flag flown from the Liberty Tree is in the collection of Revolutionary Spaces in Boston at the Old State House. The flag is wool with nine vertical stripes, four white and five red. The owner of the flag post-Revolution, Samuel "Rat-Trap" Adams, claimed that the flag was used by the Sons of Liberty, although there is no contemporary documentation of a non-British striped flag used by the Sons of Liberty. A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by the Continental Navy and by American merchant ships during the war, although the two styles of flag do not appear to be related.^[20]^[21]

Famous Sons of Liberty

Boston

Samuel Adams – political writer, tax collector, cousin of John Adams, fire warden. Founded the Sons Of Liberty
Benjamin Church – first Surgeon-General of the United States Army and known traitor. Banished from Massachusetts in 1778.
Benjamin Edes – journalist/publisher Boston Gazette
Benjamin Kent – Attorney General
John Hancock – merchant, smuggler, fire warden^[22]
James Otis – lawyer, Massachusetts
Paul Revere – silversmith, fire warden^[23]
James Swan – financier
Isaiah Thomas – printer, Boston then Worcester, first to read Declaration of Independence in Massachusetts^[24]
Joseph Warren – doctor, soldier
Thomas Young – doctor

New York

Joseph Allicocke – One of the leaders of the Sons, and possibly of African ancestry.^[25]
John Lamb – trader
Alexander McDougall – captain of privateers
Hercules Mulligan – haberdasher, spy under George Washington for the Continental Army, friend of Alexander Hamilton
Isaac Sears – captain of privateers
Haym Salomon – financial broker, New York and Philadelphia
Marinus Willett – militia officer, cabinet maker, student^[26]

Other

Benedict Arnold – businessman, later General in the Continental Army and then the British Army^[27]
Timothy Bigelow – blacksmith, Worcester, Massachusetts
John Brown – business leader of Providence, Rhode Island
Samuel Chase – signer of the Declaration of Independence
John Crane – carpenter, colonel in command of the 3rd Continental Artillery Regiment, Braintree, Massachusetts
William Ellery – signer of the Declaration of Independence
Christopher Gadsden – merchant, Charleston, South Carolina
William Goddard (1740-1817) – publisher, co-founder of the US Post Office with Benjamin Franklin
Patrick Henry – lawyer, Virginia
Jedediah Huntington – General in the Continental Army
Samuel Huntington – signer of the Declaration of Independence^[28]
William Paca – signer of the Declaration of Independence
Charles Willson Peale – portrait painter and saddle maker, Annapolis, Maryland
Matthew Phripp – merchant, chairman of the Norfolk committee of safety, prominent Freemason, and colonel of the militia. Norfolk, Virginia^[29]
Benjamin Rush – physician, Philadelphia
Charles Thomson – tutor, secretary, Philadelphia^[30]
William Williams – signer of the Declaration of Independence

Later societies

At various times, small secret organizations took the name "Sons of Liberty". They generally left very few records. In the early 19th century, there was an organization in Bennington, Vermont, named the Sons of Liberty, that included local notables such as military officer Martin Scott and Hiram Harwood.^[31]

The Improved Order of Red Men, established in 1834, claimed to be descended from the original Sons of Liberty, noting that the Sons participated in the Boston Tea Party dressed as their idea of "Indians".

The name was also used during the American Civil War.^[32] The Copperhead group, the Knights of the Golden Circle, reorganized in 1863 as the "Order of American Knights". In 1864, it became the Order of the Sons of Liberty, with the Ohio politician Clement L. Vallandigham, most prominent of the Copperheads, as its supreme commander. In most areas, only a minority of its membership was radical enough to discourage enlistments, resist the draft, and shield deserters. The group held numerous peace meetings. A few agitators, some of them encouraged by Southern money, talked of a revolt in the Old Northwest, with the goal of ending the war.^[33] In 1864, both the KGC and the Order of the Sons of Liberty were prosecuted for treason by federal authorities, especially in Indiana.^[34]

In 1948, a radical wing of the Zionist movement, calling itself the "Sons of Liberty", launched a boycott of British films in the U.S., in response to British policies in Palestine.^[35]

References

Notes

^ John Phillips Resch, ed., culture, and the homefront (MacMillan Reference Library, 2005) 1: 174–75
^ Rapoport, David C. (2008). "Before the Bombs There Were the Mobs: American Experiences with Terror". Terrorism and Political Violence. 20 (2): 168. doi:10.1080/09546550701856045.
^ Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies (2007) 1:688
^ Frank Lambert (2005). James Habersham: loyalty, politics, and commerce in colonial Georgia. U. of Georgia Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8203-2539-2.
^ John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston, 1943) p. 74.
^ John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston, 1943)
^ Such as by the local judges and Frederick, Maryland. See Thomas John Chew Williams (1979). History of Frederick County, Maryland. Genealogical Publishing Co. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0806379739.
^ Miller, Origins of the American Revolution pp. 121, 129–130
^ Shain, Barry Alan (2014-06-10). The Declaration of Independence in Historical Context: American State Papers, Petitions, Proclamations, and Letters of the Delegates to the First National Congresses. Yale University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-300-15874-8.
^ Flexner, Stuart Berg; Soukhanov, Anne H. (1997). Speaking Freely: A Guided Tour of American English from Plymouth Rock to Silicon Valley. Oxford University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-19-510692-3.
^ Maier, Pauline (1991). From Resistance To Revolution: Colonial Radicals & The Development Of American Opposition To Britain. United Kingdom: WW Norton. pp. 78–93. ISBN 9780393308259.
^ Dedham Historical Society (2001). Images of America: Dedham. Arcadia Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7385-0944-0. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
^ Benjamin H. Irvin, "Tar, feathers, and the enemies of American liberties, 1768–1776." New England Quarterly (2003): 197–238. in JSTOR
^ ^a ^b "Untitled news item, column 1". The Boston Evening-Post. Massachusetts Historical Society. 21 August 1769. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^ Leake, Isaac (1850). Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb. Internet Archive: J. Munsell. p. 2 et seq. OCLC 1048816315.
^ Dawson, Henry (3 May 1859). The Sons of Liberty in New York. Internet Archive: New York State Historical Society. p. 72 et. seq. OCLC 1157513559.
^ Leake, Isaac (1850). Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb. Internet Archive: J. Munsell. p. 4. OCLC 1048816315.
^ T. H. Breen (2004). The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence. Oxford UP. p. 446. ISBN 978-0199840113.
^ Schecter, p. 382
^ "Not That Samuel Adams". Old State House. 13 August 2014. Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Ansoff, Peter; vexillologie, North American Vexillological Association / Association nord-américaine de (1 July 2004). "The First Navy Jack". Raven: A Journal of Vexillology. 11: 1–60. doi:10.5840/raven2004111. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Ira Stoll (2008). Samuel Adams: A Life. Free Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1416594567.
^ David H. Fischer (1995). Paul Revere's ride. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0195098310.
^ Paul Della Valle (2009). Massachusetts Troublemakers: Rebels, Reformers, and Radicals from the Bay State. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 57. ISBN 978-0762757954.
^ Donald A. Grinde Jr, "Joseph Allicocke: African-American Leader of the Sons of Liberty." Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 14#.2 (1990): 61–69.
^ Daniel Elbridge Wager (1891). Col. Marinus Willett, the Hero of Mohawk Valley. Society. p. 10.
^ Dave R. Plamer (2010). George Washington and Benedict Arnold: A Tale of Two Patriots. Regnery Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-1596981645.
^ "Signers of the Declaration of Independence: Samuel Huntington".
^ Louis Bellet Plamer (1976). Prominent Virginia Families. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 978-0806307220.
^ Chris Alexander (2010). Two Truths Two Justices. Xulon Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-1612154527.
^ Shalhope, Robert (2003). A Tale of New England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 92–96. ISBN 0-8018-7127-1.
^ Baker, p. 341
^ Hesseline, William B. (1948) Lincoln and the War Governors. p.312. New York: Knopf. OCLC 445066
^ Keehn, David C. (2013). Knights of the Golden Circle: Secret Empire, Southern Secession, Civil War. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0807150047.
^ Kerry Segrave (2004). Foreign Films in America: A History. McFarland. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7864-8162-0.

Further reading

18th century Sons

Becker, Carl (1901), "Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in New York Province 1765–1774", American Historical Review, 7 (1): 56–76, doi:10.2307/1832532, ISSN 0002-8762, JSTOR 1832532
Carson, Clayborne, Jake Miller, and James Miller. "Sons of Liberty." in Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States (2015): 276+
Champagne, Roger J. (1967), "Liberty Boys and Mechanics of New York City, 1764–1774", Labor History, 8 (2): 115–135, doi:10.1080/00236566708584011, ISSN 0023-656X
Champagne, Roger J. (1964), "New York's Radicals and the Coming of Independence", Journal of American History, 51 (1): 21–40, doi:10.2307/1917932, ISSN 0021-8723, JSTOR 1917932
Dawson, Henry Barton. The Sons of Liberty in New York (1859) 118 pages; online edition
Foner, Philip Sheldon. Labor and the American Revolution (1976) Westport, CN: Greenwood. 258 pages
Hoffer, Peter Charles (2006), Seven Fires: The Urban Infernos The Reshaped America, New York: Public Affairs, ISBN 1-58648-355-2
Irvin, Benjamin H. (2003), "Tar, Feathers, and the Enemies of American Liberties, 1768–1776", New England Quarterly, 76 (2): 197–238, doi:10.2307/1559903, ISSN 0028-4866, JSTOR 1559903
Labaree, Benjamin Woods. The Boston Tea Party (1964).
Maier, Pauline (1972), From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765–1776, New York: W.W. Norton
Maier, Pauline. "Reason and Revolution: The Radicalism of Dr. Thomas Young," American Quarterly Vol. 28, No. 2, (Summer 1976), pp. 229–249 in JSTOR
Middlekauff, Robert (2005), The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789, Oxford University Press, ISBN 019531588X
Miller, John C. (1943), Origins of the American Revolution, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, archived from the original on 2009-10-23, retrieved 2017-09-14
Morais, Herbert M. (1939), "The Sons of Liberty in New York", in Morris, Richard B. (ed.), The Era of the American Revolution, pp. 269–289, archived from the original on 2009-10-23, retrieved 2017-09-14, a Marxist interpretation
Nash, Gary B. (2005), The Unknown Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America, London: Viking, ISBN 0-670-03420-7
Schecter, Barnet (2002), The Battle of New York, New York: Walker, ISBN 0-8027-1374-2
Unger, Harlow (2000), John Hancock: Merchant King and American Patriot, Edison, NJ: Castle Books, ISBN 0-7858-2026-4
Walsh, Richard. Charleston's Sons of Liberty: A Study of the Artisans, 1763–1789 (1968)
Warner, William B. Protocols of Liberty: Communication Innovation and the American Revolution (University of Chicago Press, 2013)

Later groups

Baker, Jean (1983), Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-1513-6
Churchill, Robert. "Liberty, conscription, and a party divided-The Sons of Liberty conspiracy, 1863–1864." Prologue-Quarterly of the National Archives 30#4 (1998): 294–303.
Rodgers, Thomas E. "Copperheads or a Respectable Minority: Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War-Era Democrats." Indiana Magazine of History 109#2 (2013): 114–146. in JSTOR

External links

[1] John Phillips Resch, ed., culture, and the homefront (MacMillan Reference Library, 2005) 1: 174–75

[Rapoport-2] Rapoport, David C. (2008). "Before the Bombs There Were the Mobs: American Experiences with Terror". Terrorism and Political Violence. 20 (2): 168. doi:10.1080/09546550701856045.

[GregoryFremontBarnes-3] Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies (2007) 1:688

[4] Frank Lambert (2005). James Habersham: loyalty, politics, and commerce in colonial Georgia. U. of Georgia Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8203-2539-2.

[5] John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston, 1943) p. 74.

[6] John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston, 1943)

[7] Such as by the local judges and Frederick, Maryland. See Thomas John Chew Williams (1979). History of Frederick County, Maryland. Genealogical Publishing Co. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0806379739.

[8] Miller, Origins of the American Revolution pp. 121, 129–130

[9] Shain, Barry Alan (2014-06-10). The Declaration of Independence in Historical Context: American State Papers, Petitions, Proclamations, and Letters of the Delegates to the First National Congresses. Yale University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-300-15874-8.

[10] Flexner, Stuart Berg; Soukhanov, Anne H. (1997). Speaking Freely: A Guided Tour of American English from Plymouth Rock to Silicon Valley. Oxford University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-19-510692-3.

[11] Maier, Pauline (1991). From Resistance To Revolution: Colonial Radicals & The Development Of American Opposition To Britain. United Kingdom: WW Norton. pp. 78–93. ISBN 9780393308259.

[images-12] Dedham Historical Society (2001). Images of America: Dedham. Arcadia Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7385-0944-0. Retrieved August 11, 2019.

[13] Benjamin H. Irvin, "Tar, feathers, and the enemies of American liberties, 1768–1776." New England Quarterly (2003): 197–238. in JSTOR

[Untitled_news_item,_column_1-14] "Untitled news item, column 1". The Boston Evening-Post. Massachusetts Historical Society. 21 August 1769. Retrieved 22 September 2022.

[15] Leake, Isaac (1850). Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb. Internet Archive: J. Munsell. p. 2 et seq. OCLC 1048816315.

[16] Dawson, Henry (3 May 1859). The Sons of Liberty in New York. Internet Archive: New York State Historical Society. p. 72 et. seq. OCLC 1157513559.

[17] Leake, Isaac (1850). Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb. Internet Archive: J. Munsell. p. 4. OCLC 1048816315.

[18] T. H. Breen (2004). The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence. Oxford UP. p. 446. ISBN 978-0199840113.

[19] Schecter, p. 382

[20] "Not That Samuel Adams". Old State House. 13 August 2014. Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.

[21] Ansoff, Peter; vexillologie, North American Vexillological Association / Association nord-américaine de (1 July 2004). "The First Navy Jack". Raven: A Journal of Vexillology. 11: 1–60. doi:10.5840/raven2004111. Retrieved 10 January 2018.

[22] Ira Stoll (2008). Samuel Adams: A Life. Free Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1416594567.

[23] David H. Fischer (1995). Paul Revere's ride. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0195098310.

[24] Paul Della Valle (2009). Massachusetts Troublemakers: Rebels, Reformers, and Radicals from the Bay State. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 57. ISBN 978-0762757954.

[25] Donald A. Grinde Jr, "Joseph Allicocke: African-American Leader of the Sons of Liberty." Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 14#.2 (1990): 61–69.

[26] Daniel Elbridge Wager (1891). Col. Marinus Willett, the Hero of Mohawk Valley. Society. p. 10.

[27] Dave R. Plamer (2010). George Washington and Benedict Arnold: A Tale of Two Patriots. Regnery Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-1596981645.

[28] "Signers of the Declaration of Independence: Samuel Huntington".

[29] Louis Bellet Plamer (1976). Prominent Virginia Families. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 978-0806307220.

[30] Chris Alexander (2010). Two Truths Two Justices. Xulon Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-1612154527.

[31] Shalhope, Robert (2003). A Tale of New England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 92–96. ISBN 0-8018-7127-1.

[32] Baker, p. 341

[33] Hesseline, William B. (1948) Lincoln and the War Governors. p.312. New York: Knopf. OCLC 445066

[34] Keehn, David C. (2013). Knights of the Golden Circle: Secret Empire, Southern Secession, Civil War. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0807150047.

[35] Kerry Segrave (2004). Foreign Films in America: A History. McFarland. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7864-8162-0.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

v t e New York in the American Revolution
1765	Sons of Liberty First Liberty poles erected Stamp Act Congress
1770	Battle of Golden Hill
1775	Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada
1776	New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington
1777	Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga)
1778	Setauket Spy Ring launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton's Raid Cherry Valley massacre
1779	Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush
1780	Battle of Young's House First Purple Heart Arnold–André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock's Field Battle of Fort St. George
1781	HMS Culloden runs aground at Montauk Washington calls off invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown
1782	Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter
1783	Newburgh Conspiracy British evacuate New York Washington's Farewell to His Officers

v t e Samuel Adams
4th Governor of Massachusetts, 1794–1797 Second Continental Congress, 1775–1781 First Continental Congress, 1774 Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1766–1774
United States founding events	The Independent Advertiser Boston Caucus 1764 Sugar Act response protests 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter Probable author, 1768–1769 "Journal of Occurrences" Arranged Christopher Seider funeral, 1770 Co-author, 1772 Boston Pamphlet Committees of correspondence Boston, 1772 Hutchinson letters affair Co-inspired and publicized, Boston Tea Party Signed, 1774 Continental Association Massachusetts Provincial Congress Co-author, 1775 "Letter to the inhabitants of Canada" Signed, United States Declaration of Independence Signed, Articles of Confederation 1788 Massachusetts Compromise
Life	Early life Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University Sons of Liberty 1789 U.S. House election 1796 presidential election Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule Granary Burying Ground
Related	American republicanism Boston Gazette American Revolution patriots Founding Father Faneuil Hall Old South Meeting House
Legacy	Samuel Adams (Whitney) Adams, Massachusetts Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series) John Adams (2008 miniseries) Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries) The Revolutionary: Samuel Adams (2022 book)
Adams family	Samuel Adams Sr. (father) John Adams (second cousin)

v t e John Hancock
1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts, 1780–1785, 1787–1793 President, Second Continental Congress, 1775–1777, 1785-1786 Boston Board of Selectmen, 1766–1775
United States Founding events	HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired, Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President, Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman, Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over, signed, United States Declaration of Independence (signing Dunlap broadside) Signed, Articles of Confederation 1788 Massachusetts Compromise
Life	Early life Hancock–Clarke House Hancock Manor Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University Boston Cadets Co-founder, American Academy of Arts and Sciences United States presidential election, 1788–89 Granary Burying Ground
Related	American Revolution patriots Founding Father Syng inkstand
Legacy	1776 (1969 musical, 1972 film) Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series) John Adams (2008 miniseries) Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries) USS Hancock, 1775 USS Hancock, 1776 USS John Hancock (1850) USS Hancock (1944) USS John Hancock (1977) John Hancock Center John Hancock Tower Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
Family	Dorothy Quincy (wife) John Hancock Jr. (father) Thomas Hancock (uncle) John Hancock Sr. (grandfather) Edmund Quincy (father-in-law)

v t e Patrick Henry
1st and 6th Governor of Virginia (1776-1779, 1784-1786) Delegate to the First Continental Congress (1774–1775)
Founding of the United States	Parson's Cause Sons of Liberty (Philadelphia) Virginia Resolves Petition to the King (1774, co-wrote, signed) Continental Association (1774, signed) Second Virginia Convention "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention Gunpowder Incident Anti-Federalists papers Virginia Ratifying Convention
Elections	1776 Virginia gubernatorial election
Homes	Birthplace Pine Slash Hanover Tavern Scotchtown Governor's Palace Leatherwood Plantation Salisbury Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial (home and burial site)
Namesakes	Fort Henry Camp Patrick Henry Patrick Henry Building Emory and Henry University Patrick Henry College Patrick Henry High School Patrick Henry International Airport Patrick Henry (packet) CSS Patrick Henry SS Patrick Henry USS Patrick Henry (SSBN-599)
Depictions	Give Me Liberty (1936 film) Old Glory (1939 film) Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
Related	Sarah Shelton Henry (first wife) Dorothea Dandridge Henry (second wife) Sarah Winston Syme Henry (mother) William Henry (brother) Annie Henry Christian (sister) Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell (sister) William H. Roane (grandson) William Wirt Henry (grandson) Rural Plains St. John's Episcopal Church Founding Fathers

v t e Paul Revere
Life	Paul Revere House Revere bells Revere Copper Company Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule Granary Burying Ground
History	Paul Revere's Midnight Ride capture site Penobscot Expedition Sons of Liberty
Namesakes	USS Paul Revere (APA-248) Paul Revere Mall Paul Revere Park Revere, Massachusetts
Cultural depictions	"Paul Revere's Ride" "The British Are Coming" The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere Equestrian statue Sons of Liberty miniseries The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History
Related	Joseph Warren Revere (son) Joseph Warren Revere (grandson) Apollos Rivoire (father)

Latest revision as of 06:32, 6 January 2025

History

New York

Flags

Famous Sons of Liberty

Boston

New York

Other

Later societies

See also

References

External links