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{{short description|Server software for macOS}}
Based on the [[BSD Unix]]-based [[operating system]] [[software]] [[Apple Computer]] acquired from [[Next Computer]]—which formed the basis of the current [[Mac OS X]]—'''Mac OS X Server''' is the server edition of the [[Mac OS]].
{{distinguish|Mac OS X}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = PAGENAME
| title =
| screenshot = File:OS X Server Snow Leopard.png
| caption = Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server running Server Admin on Desktop
| developer = [[Apple Inc.]]
| family = {{flat list|
* [[Macintosh operating systems|Macintosh]]
* [[Unix]]<ref name=snow_leopard_unix_cert>{{cite web | url=http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3581.htm | title=Mac OS X Version 10.6 on Intel-based Macintosh computers | publisher=The Open Group | access-date=December 4, 2014}}</ref>
}}
| source_model = [[Closed-source]] (with [[open-source software|open-source]] components)
| released = {{Start date and age|1999|03|16}}
| latest release version = 5.12<ref name="about-5.7.1-and-later">{{cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT208312|title=About macOS Server 5.7.1 and later|website=Apple|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|date=May 12, 2022}}</ref>
| latest release date = {{Release date|2021|12|08}}
| language = English, Japanese, French, German, Simplified Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Korean, Spanish, Traditional Chinese<ref name="server-specs"/>
| programmed in = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], [[Objective-C]], and [[HTML]] for settings
| kernel_type = [[Hybrid kernel|Hybrid]] ([[XNU]]) (mostly [[monolithic kernel|monolithic]])
| ui = [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua]]
| license = [[Commercial software|Commercial]] [[proprietary software]]
| supported_platforms = {{flat list|
* [[x86-64]]
* (Formerly [[PowerPC|PPC]], [[IA-32]])
}}
| working_state = Discontinued on April 21, 2022
| discontinued = yes
| website = {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109013529/https://www.apple.com/macos/server//|title=Mac OS X Server}}
}}


'''Mac OS&nbsp;X Server''' is a series of [[Discontinued software|discontinued]] [[Unix]]-like server [[operating systems]] developed by [[Apple Inc.]] based on [[macOS]]. It provided server functionality and system administration tools, and tools to manage both macOS-based computers and [[iOS]]-based devices, [[network service]]s such as a [[message transfer agent|mail transfer agent]], [[Apple Filing Protocol|AFP]] and [[Server Message Block|SMB]] servers, an [[Lightweight Directory Access Protocol|LDAP]] server, and a [[Domain Name System|domain name server]], as well as server applications including a [[Web server]], [[database]], and [[Calendar (Apple)|calendar]] server.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/unix.html|title=Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard - UNIX|publisher=Apple|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609032125/http://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/unix.html |archive-date=June 9, 2011|access-date=November 25, 2012}}</ref>
Prior to OS X, Apple's [[AppleShare]] services provided server applications such as file and printer sharing and user management.


Starting with [[OS X Lion]], Apple stopped selling a standalone server operating system, instead releasing an add-on Server app marketed as '''OS X Server''' (and later '''macOS Server'''), which was sold through the [[Mac App Store]].<ref name="server-specs">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macos/server/specs/|title=Apple - macOS Server - Read the technical specifications.|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=November 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114180555/https://www.apple.com/macos/server/specs/|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1822?viewlocale=en_US&locale=en_US|title=OS X Server: Admin tools compatibility information|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=July 25, 2012|access-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref> The Server app lacked many features from Mac OS X Server, and later versions of the app only included functionality related to user and group management, [[Xsan]], and [[mobile device management]] through profiles. The Server app was discontinued on April 21, 2022, and Apple said that later versions of macOS would drop support for it.<ref name="about-5.7.1-and-later" />
The first version of Mac OS X Server was a hybrid of [[OpenStep]] from [[NeXT Computer]] and Mac OS 9. The GUI looked more like OpenSTEP, with an emulation layer for running legacy MacOS 9 based applications. [[WebObjects]] was included with the server package.


==History==
As of version 10.0 of the Mac OS, the server version and the standard version are nearly identical; OS X Server mainly adds [[server management software]]&mdash;web, mail, and user services. Most of OS X Server's services are based on standard BSD tools, e.g., the Apache web server; OS X Server adds a [[GUI]] interface to these services. An exception, however, are User services, which are based on (Next) NetInfo.
{{see also|macOS version history}}
[[File:OSXServerBoxes.png|thumbnail|right|400px|Box artwork for Mac OS X Server versions 10.1–10.6]]


Mac OS X Server is based on an [[open source]] foundation called [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] and uses open industry standards and protocols. Mac OS X Server was provided as the operating system for [[Xserve]] computers, [[rack unit|rack-mounted]] [[server (computing)|server computer]]s designed by Apple. Also, it was optionally [[pre-installed software|pre-installed]] on the [[Mac Mini]] and [[Mac Pro]] and was sold separately for use on any [[Macintosh]] computer meeting its minimum requirements.
At version 10.3 (Released August of 2003), OS X Server presents a mature, fully featured server environment. User and file management are provided via [[Open Directory]], an [[LDAP]] compatible server architecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improves configuration significantly. Many common network services are provided such as [[Network Time Protocol|NTP]], [[Simple network management protocol|SNMP]], Web Server, Mail Server, [[LDAP]], [[Appletalk]], Print Server. The inclusion of [[Samba software|SAMBA]] version 3 allows tight integration with [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] clients and servers. [[MySQL]] v4.0.16 and [[PHP]] v4.3.7 are also included.


==A list of updates to Mac OS X Server==
===Mac OS X Server 1.0 (Rhapsody)===
{{Main|Mac OS X Server 1.0}}
{{expand list}}
Mac OS X Server 1.0 was released in March 1999, predating the release of the consumer version of Mac OS X by two years. Mac OS X Server 1.0 was based on [[Rhapsody (operating system)|Rhapsody]], a hybrid of [[OpenStep|OPENSTEP]] from NeXT Computer and [[Mac OS 8|Mac OS 8.5.1]]. The [[Graphical user interface|GUI]] looked like a mixture of Mac OS 8's Platinum appearance with OPENSTEP's [[NeXT]]-based interface. It included a runtime layer called Blue Box for running legacy Mac OS-based applications within a separate window. There was discussion of implementing a 'transparent blue box' which would intermix Mac OS applications with those written for Rhapsody's Yellow Box environment, but this would not happen until [[macOS|Mac OS X]]'s Classic environment. Apple File Services, Macintosh Manager, QuickTime Streaming Server, [[WebObjects]], and [[NetBoot]] were included with Mac OS X Server 1.0. It could not use [[IEEE 1394|FireWire]] devices. The last release is Mac OS X Server 1.2v3.
* [[July 3]] [[2001]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120035 Mac OS X Server Update 10.0.4]


===Mac OS X Server 10.0 (Cheetah)===
* [[February 19]] [[2002]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120088 Mac OS X Server Update 10.1.3]
Mac OS X Server 10.0 (released May 21, 2001) included the new [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua user interface]], [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]], [[PHP]], [[MySQL]], [[Apache Tomcat|Tomcat]], [[WebDAV]] support, Macintosh Manager, and [[NetBoot]].
* [[April 17]] [[2002]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120115 Mac OS X Server Update 10.1.4]


===Mac OS X Server 10.1 (Puma)===
* [[September 18]] [[2002]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120149 Mac OS X Server Update 10.2.1]
Mac OS X Server 10.1 (released September 25, 2001) featured improved performance, increased system stability, and decreased file transfer times compared to Mac OS X Server 10.0. Support was added for RAID 0 and RAID 1 storage configurations, and Mac OS 9.2.1 in NetBoot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Major Mac OS X Server v10.1 Update Now Available|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/09/25Major-Mac-OS-X-Server-v10-1-Update-Now-Available/|access-date=2020-11-21|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[November 11]] [[2002]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120183 Mac OS X Server Update 10.2.2]
* [[December 19]] [[2002]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120162 Mac OS X Server Update 10.2.3]
* [[February 24]] [[2003]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=70171 Mac OS X Server Update 10.2.4]
* [[May 8]] [[2003]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120216 Mac OS X Server Update 10.2.6]
* [[October 10]] [[2003]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120246 Mac OS X Server Update 10.2.8]


===Mac OS X Server 10.2 (Jaguar)===
* [[November 10]] [[2003]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120270 Mac OS X Server Update 10.3.1]
Mac OS X Server 10.2 (released August 23, 2002) includes updated [[Apple Open Directory|Open Directory]] user and file management, which with this release is based on [[Lightweight Directory Access Protocol|LDAP]], beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originated [[NetInfo]] architecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. The release also saw major updates to [[NetBoot]] and [[NetInstall]]. Many common network services are provided such as [[Network Time Protocol|NTP]], [[SNMP]], web server ([[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]]), mail server ([[Postfix (software)|Postfix]] and [[Cyrus (imapd)|Cyrus]]), LDAP ([[OpenLDAP]]), [[Apple Filing Protocol|AFP]], and print server. The inclusion of [[Samba software|Samba]] version 3 allows tight integration with [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] clients and servers. [[MySQL]] v4.0.16 and [[PHP]] v4.3.7 are also included.
* [[December 19]] [[2003]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120293 Mac OS X Server Update 10.3.2]

* [[March 15]] [[2004]] [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=107851 Mac OS X Server Update 10.3.3]
===Mac OS X Server 10.3 (Panther)===
* [[May 26]] [[2004]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=107923 Mac OS X Server Update 10.3.4]
Mac OS X Server 10.3 (released October 24, 2003) release includes updated [[Apple Open Directory|Open Directory]] user and file management, which with this release is based on [[Lightweight Directory Access Protocol|LDAP]], beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originated [[NetInfo]] architecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. Many common network services are provided such as NTP, SNMP, web server ([[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]]), mail server ([[Postfix (software)|Postfix]] and [[Cyrus (imapd)|Cyrus]]), LDAP ([[OpenLDAP]]), [[Apple Filing Protocol|AFP]], and print server. The inclusion of [[Samba software|Samba]] version 3 allows tight integration with [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] clients and servers. [[MySQL]] v4.0.16 and [[PHP]] v4.3.7 are also included.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}
* [[August 9]] [[2004]]: [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=108026 Mac OS X Server Update 10.3.5]

===Mac OS X Server 10.4 (Tiger)===
The 10.4 release (April 29, 2005) adds [[64-bit]] application support, [[Access Control Lists]], [[Xgrid]], [[link aggregation]], [[e-mail spam]] filtering ([[SpamAssassin]]), virus detection ([[ClamAV]]), Gateway Setup Assistant, and servers for [[Apple Software Update|Software Update]], [[iChat Server]] using [[Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol|XMPP]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/collaborationservices.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813212747/http://www.apple.com/server/macosx/collaborationservices.html |title= Apple - Mac OS X Server - Collaboration Services|archive-date=August 13, 2006|access-date=November 25, 2012}}</ref> Boot Camp Assistant, Dashboard, and Weblog Server based on the open-source [[Blojsom]] project ([[Java (programming language)|Java]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2004 |title=Apple Previews Mac OS X Server "Tiger" |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2004/06/28Apple-Previews-Mac-OS-X-Server-Tiger/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref>

On August 10, 2006, Apple announced the first [[Universal Binary]] release of Mac OS X Server, version 10.4.7, supporting both PowerPC and Intel processors. At the same time Apple announced the release of the Intel-based [[Mac Pro]] and [[Xserve]] systems.
===Mac OS X Server 10.5 (Leopard)===
[[File:Leopard Server 10.5.png|right|thumb|Screenshot of OS X Leopard 10.5 Server]]
Leopard Server (released October 26, 2007) sold for $999 for an unlimited-client license.<ref name="In depth with Lion OS X Server">[http://www.anandtech.com/show/4547/mac-os-x-lion-server-review In depth with Lion OS X Server] – Anandtech, August 2, 2011</ref> Mac OS&nbsp;X Server version 10.5.x ‘Leopard’ was the last major version of Mac OS&nbsp;X Server to support [[PowerPC]]-based servers and workstations such as the Apple [[Xserve G5]] and [[Power Mac G5]].

'''Features:'''
* [[RADIUS]] Server. Leopard Server includes [[FreeRADIUS]] for network authentication. It ships with support for wireless access stations however can be modified into a fully functioning FreeRADIUS server.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.macosxhints.com/article.php?story=20071130134610850| title = 10.5: Enable full RADIUS support on OS X Server| website = Mac OS X Hints | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090918051730/http://www.macosxhints.com/article.php?story=20071130134610850| archive-date = September 18, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Ruby on Rails]]. Mac OS&nbsp;X Server version 10.5 ‘Leopard’ was the first version to ship with [[Ruby on Rails]], the [[server-side]] [[Web framework|Web application framework]] used by sites such as [[GitHub]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2006/8/7/ruby-on-rails-will-ship-with-os-x-10-5-leopard/|title=Ruby on Rails will ship with OS X 10.5 (Leopard)|author=David|date=August 7, 2006|website=RubyOnRails.org}}</ref>

===Mac OS X Server 10.6 (Snow Leopard)===
Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server (released August 28, 2009) sold for $499 and included unlimited client licenses.<ref name="In depth with Lion OS X Server" />

'''New Features:'''
* Full [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] operating system. On appropriate systems with 4&nbsp;GB of RAM or more, Snow Leopard Server uses a 64-bit kernel to address up to a theoretical 16&nbsp;TB of RAM.<ref>{{cite web|title=Apple - Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard - 64-bit Computing |url=https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/sixtyfour-bit.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608204248/http://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/sixtyfour-bit.html |archive-date=June 8, 2011|access-date=August 26, 2009}}</ref>
* [[iCal Server]] 2 with improved [[CalDAV]] support, a new web calendaring application, push notifications and the ability to send email invitations to non-iCal users.
* [[Calendar and Contacts Server|Address Book Server]] provides a central location for users to store and access personal contacts across multiple Macs and synchronized iPhones. Based on the [[CardDAV]] protocol standard.
* [[Wiki Server]] 2, with server side [[Quick Look]] and the ability to view wiki content on iPhone.
* A new [[Mail server]] engine that supports push email so users receive immediate access to new messages. However, Apple's implementation of push email is not supported for Apple's iPhone.
* Podcast Producer 2 with dual-source video support. Also includes a new Podcast Composer application to automate the production process, making it simple to create podcasts with a customized, consistent look and feel. Podcast Composer creates a workflow to add titles, transitions and effects, save to a desired format and share to wikis, blogs, [[iTunes]], [[iTunes U]], [[Final Cut Server]] or Podcast Library.
* Mobile Access Server enables iPhone and Mac users to access secured network services, including corporate websites, online business applications, email, calendars and contacts. Without requiring additional software, Mobile Access Server acts as a reverse proxy server and provides SSL encryption and authentication between the user's iPhone or Mac and a private network.

=== Server app ===
[[File:Yosemite Server 10.10.png|thumb|The Server app running on OS X Yosemite]]
In releasing the developer preview of [[Mac OS X Lion]] in February 2011, Apple indicated that beginning with Lion, Mac OS X Server would be bundled with the operating system and would not be marketed as a separate product.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2011/02/24Apple-Releases-Developer-Preview-of-Mac-OS-X-Lion/ |title=Apple Releases Developer Preview of Mac OS X Lion |publisher=Apple |date=February 24, 2011 |access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref> However, a few months later, the company said it would instead sell the server components as a [[United States dollar|US$]]49.99 add-on to Lion, distributed through the [[Mac App Store]] (as well as Lion itself).<ref name="lion-june-pr">{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2011/06/06Mac-OS-X-Lion-With-250-New-Features-Available-in-July-From-Mac-App-Store/|title=Mac OS X Lion With 250 New Features Available in July From Mac App Store|publisher=Apple|date=June 6, 2011|access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref> The combined cost of an upgrade to Lion and the purchase of the OS X Server add-on, which costs approximately US$50,<ref name="In depth with Lion OS X Server" /> was nonetheless significantly lower than the retail cost of Snow Leopard Server (US$499). Lion Server came with unlimited client licenses as did Snow Leopard Server. Lion Server includes new versions of [[iCal Server]], [[Wiki Server]], and [[Mail Server]].<ref name="lion-server-specs">{{cite web |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/SP630 |title=OS X Lion Server - Technical Specifications |author=[[Apple Inc.]] |date=November 15, 2011 |access-date=November 25, 2012}}</ref> More significantly, Lion Server can be used for iOS mobile device management. Starting with Apple Mac OS&nbsp;X Server Version 10.7 “Lion,” [[PostgreSQL]] replaces [[MySQL]] as the database provided with Mac OS&nbsp;X Server, coinciding with [[Oracle Corporation]]’s acquisition of [[Sun Microsystems]] and Oracle’s subsequent attempts to tighten MySQL’s licensing restrictions and to exert influence on MySQL’s previously open and independent development model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.computerworld.com.au/article/457551/dead_database_walking_mysql_creator_why_future_belongs_mariadb/|title=Dead database walking: MySQL's creator on why the future belongs to MariaDB|last=Pearce|first=Rohan|date=2013-03-28|website=Computerworld.com.au|publisher=[[Computerworld]]|access-date=2020-10-07}}</ref>

Like Lion, Mountain Lion had no separate server edition. An OS X Server package was available for Mountain Lion from the Mac App Store for US$19.99, which included a server management application called Server, as well as other additional administrative tools to manage client profiles and [[Xsan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=OS X Server|url=http://movies.apple.com/media/us/osx/2012/server/docs/OSXServer_Product_Overview.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619100813/http://movies.apple.com/media/us/osx/2012/server/docs/OSXServer_Product_Overview.pdf |archive-date=2012-06-19 |url-status=live|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=June 2012|access-date=July 31, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Server, simplified: A power user's guide to OS X Server|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/07/the-server-simplified-a-power-users-guide-to-os-x-server|author=Andrew Cunningham|website=Ars Technica|date=July 29, 2012|access-date=July 31, 2012}}</ref> Mountain Lion Server, like Lion Server, was provided with unlimited client licenses, and once purchased could be run on an unlimited number of systems.

Server 5.7 (released September 28, 2018) stopped bundling open source services such as Calendar Server, Contacts Server, the Mail Server, DNS, DHCP, VPN Server, and Websites.<ref name="about-5.7.1-and-later" /> Included services are now limited to Profile Manager, Open Directory and Xsan.<ref name="about-5.7.1-and-later" />

Server 5.8 (released March 25, 2019) added new restrictions, payloads, and commands to Profile Manager.

The Server app does not support versions of macOS newer than Monterey, marking the end of Mac OS X Server product line.<ref name="about-5.7.1-and-later" />

==Bundled applications==

=== Prior to OS X Mountain Lion ===
One of Mac OS X Server's main administrative tools was the Server Administrator app, which allowed users to configure server services, and turn them on or off.

RAID Admin was a utility for administering and controlling [[RAID|RAIDs]], usually [[Xserve RAID|Xserve RAIDs]]. It was written in Java,<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Apple Unveils New Xserve RAID Storage System |url=https://www.apple.com/au/newsroom/2004/01/06Apple-Unveils-New-Xserve-RAID-Storage-System/ |date=6 January 2004 |publisher=Apple}}</ref> and could run on Windows or Linux.

Other bundled tools include:

* Server Preferences (application)
* [[Server Assistant]]
* [[Server Monitor]]
* [[System Image Utility]]
* [[Workgroup Manager]]
* [[Xgrid|Xgrid Admin]]

=== After OS X Mountain Lion ===
Beginning with the release of [[OS X Mountain Lion]] (version 10.8), there is only one Administrative tool, an app called "Server", which can be bought and downloaded from the [[Mac App Store]], and is updated independently of OS X. This Server tool is used to configure, maintain and monitor one or more macOS Server installations.

== Server services ==
Apple's Address Book Server, iCal Server, Wiki Server, and Web Server are mostly written in the [[Python (programming language)|Python]] programming language, relying on the [[Twisted (software)|Twisted]] framework.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dilger |first=Daniel Eran |title=Snow Leopard Server |date=November 2009 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9780470521311}}</ref> Most{{Clarify|date=February 2023}} of these services were discontinued and removed in version 5.7.1 of the Server app, released on September 30, 2018.

=== Address Book Server ===
Address Book Server is a contacts server, and the first commercial server to have implemented [[CardDAV]], which relies on the [[WebDAV]] protocol. It was added in [[Mac OS X Server#Mac OS X Server 10.6 (Snow Leopard)|Mac OS X Server 10.6]].<ref name=":0" />

=== iCal Server ===
iCal Server is the first commercial calendar server to have implemented the [[CalDAV]] standard, built on top of WebDAV. iCal Server was added in [[Mac OS X Server#Mac OS X Server 10.5 (Leopard)|Mac OS X Server 10.5]], and was also released under the open-source [[Apache License 2.0]] as Darwin Calendar Server.<ref name=":0" />

The server, named "{{mono|caldavd}}", is a [[Daemon (computer software)|daemon]] background service. It has been [[Porting|ported]] to non-Apple computer platforms. It is currently possible to install it on [[FreeBSD]] and several flavours of [[Linux]]. The server uses an SQL database for storage of calendar data.

=== iChat Server ===
iChat Server is an XMPP server that was added in [[Mac OS X Server#Mac OS X Server 10.4 (Tiger)|Mac OS X Server 10.4]], and was upgraded to version 2 with the release of Mac OS X 10.5 Server in October 2007.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/leopard/more.html Leopard features]</ref> iChat Server was originally based on jabberd 1.4.3 and is named after Apple's [[iChat]] [[online chat]] client software.<ref>[http://opensource.apple.com/source/ChatServer/ChatServer-37.4/jabberd-src/README jabberd14 copyright and version number from source]</ref> Version 2 of the software is based on [[Jabberd2|jabberd2 2.0s9]] and supports server federation,<ref>[http://opensource.apple.com/source/ChatServer/ChatServer-260/jabberd2/README jabberd2 copyright and version number from source]</ref> which allows chat clients to talk directly with other systems that support [[Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol|XMPP]]. It also supports server-based chat archiving.<ref>[http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=198700215&pgno=3 Inside Apple's Leopard Server OS] on [[InformationWeek]], March 27, 2007.</ref>

=== Wiki Server ===
Wiki Server was a set of services which have shipped with all versions of [[Mac OS X Server]] since [[Mac OS X Leopard|v10.5]] until [[macOS High Sierra]]. Mac OS X Server includes web-based [[Wiki]], [[Weblog]], Calendaring, and Contact services. Additionally, it includes a Cocoa application called Directory which allows directory viewing as well as enabling of group services.

Server 5.7.1, the version aligned with [[macOS 10.14]] and released on September 30, 2018, removed the Wiki Server functionality from Server.app.

==Discontinuation==
On April 21, 2022, Apple announced that they have discontinued macOS Server and that the most popular features (Caching Server, File Sharing Server, and Time Machine Server) are already bundled with every copy of macOS High Sierra and later, so customers will still have access to them. Existing macOS Server customers can still download and use the app with macOS Monterey.<ref name="about-5.7.1-and-later" />

==Technical specifications==
{{col-begin|width=}}
{{col-break}}
'''File and print services'''
* Mac ([[Apple Filing Protocol|AFP]], AppleTalk PAP, [[Internet Printing Protocol|IPP]])
* [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] ([[Server Message Block|SMB/CIFS]]: Apple SMBX in Lion Server — previously [[Samba software|Samba]] 2, IPP)
* [[Unix-like]] systems ([[Network File System (protocol)|NFS]], [[Line Printer Daemon protocol|LPR/LPD]], IPP)
* Internet ([[FTP]], [[WebDAV]])

'''Directory services and authentication'''
* [[Apple Open Directory|Open Directory]] ([[OpenLDAP]], [[Kerberos (protocol)|Kerberos]], [[Simple Authentication and Security Layer|SASL]])
* Windows NT Domain Services (removed in Lion Server, previously [[Samba software|Samba]] 2)
* [[Backup Domain Controller]] (BDC)
* [[Lightweight Directory Access Protocol|LDAP]] directory connector
* [[Active Directory]] connector
* BSD configuration files (/etc)
* [[RADIUS]]

'''Mail services'''
* [[SMTP]] ([[Postfix (software)|Postfix]])
* [[Post Office Protocol|POP]] and [[IMAP]] ([[Dovecot (software)|Dovecot]])
* [[Transport Layer Security|SSL/TLS]] encryption ([[OpenSSL]])
* [[Mailing list]]s ([[Mailman (GNU)|Mailman]])
* [[Webmail]] ([[RoundCube]])
* [[E-mail spam|Junk mail]] filtering ([[SpamAssassin]])
* [[Computer virus|Virus]] detection ([[ClamAV]])

'''Calendaring'''
* [[iCal Server]] ([[CalDAV]], iTIP, iMIP)

'''Web hosting'''
* [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] Web server (2.2 and 1.3)
* SSL/TLS (OpenSSL)
* [[WebDAV]]
* [[Perl]] (5.8.8), [[PHP]] (5.2), [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] (1.8.6), [[Ruby on Rails|Rails]] (1.2.3)
* [[MySQL]] 5 (replaced by [[PostgreSQL]] in Lion Server)
* [[Capistrano (software)|Capistrano]], [[Mongrel (web server)|Mongrel]]
{{col-break}}
'''Collaboration services'''
* [[Wiki Server]] ([[RSS]])
* [[iChat Server]] 3 ([[Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol|XMPP]])

'''Application servers'''
* [[Apache Tomcat]] (6)
* [[Java SE]] virtual machine
* [[WebObjects]] deployment (5.4)
* [[Apache Axis]] ([[SOAP]])

'''Media streaming'''
* [[QuickTime Streaming Server]] 6 (removed in Lion Server)
* QuickTime Broadcaster 1.5

'''Client management'''
* Managed Preferences
* [[NetBoot]]
* [[NetInstall]]
* [[Apple Software Update|Software Update]] Server
* Portable home directories
* Profile Manager (new in Lion Server)

'''Networking and VPN'''
* [[Domain Name System|DNS]] server ([[BIND]] 9)
* [[DHCP]] server
* [[Network address translation|NAT]] server
* [[VPN]] server ([[L2TP]]/[[IPSec]], [[PPTP]])
* [[Firewall (computing)|Firewall]] ([[IPFW2]])
* [[Network Time Protocol|NTP]]
{{col-break}}
'''Distributed computing'''
* [[Xgrid]] 2

'''High-availability features'''
* Automatic recovery
* [[Journaling file system|File system journaling]]
* IP [[failover]] (dropped in OS X 10.7 and later<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.schellworth.de/os_x:ipfailover|title=osx:ipfailover|access-date=September 11, 2014|last=Schellworth|first=Ph.|archive-date=March 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311063801/http://wiki.schellworth.de/os_x:ipfailover|url-status=dead}}</ref>)
* Software [[RAID]]
* Disk space monitor

'''File systems'''
* [[HFS+]] (journaled, [[case sensitivity|case sensitive and case insensitive]])
* [[File Allocation Table|FAT]]
* [[NTFS]] (write support only available on Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server)
* [[Unix File System|UFS]] (read-only)

'''Management features'''
* Server Assistant
* Server Admin
* Server Preferences
* Server Status widget
* Workgroup Manager
* System Image Utility
* [[Secure Shell]] (SSH2)
* Server Monitor
* RAID Utility
* [[SNMP]]v3 ([[Net-SNMP]])
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
*Apple Computer, Inc. (2003). ''Mac OS X Server Update 10.3.2: Information and Download''. Retrieved December 19, 2003, from http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120293

==External links==
{{Wikibooks}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220421183815/https://www.apple.com/macos/server/ Apple – macOS Server]
*[https://www.apple.com/feedback/server.html Official feedback page]
*[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/05/21Apple-Introduces-Mac-OS-X-Server/ Apple Introduces Mac OS X Server] – Apple press release
*[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/09/25Major-Mac-OS-X-Server-v10-1-Update-Now-Available/ Major Mac OS X Server v10.1 Update Now Available] – Apple press release
*[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/07/17Apple-Announces-Mac-OS-X-Jaguar-Server-Worlds-Easiest-to-Manage-UNIX-Based-Server-Software/ Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Jaguar”, World’s Easiest-to-Manage UNIX-Based Server Software] – Apple press release
*[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/10/08Apple-Announces-Mac-OS-X-Server-Panther/ Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Panther”] – Apple press release
*[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2005/04/12Apple-Announces-Mac-OS-X-Server-Tiger/ Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Tiger”] – Apple press release
*[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/06/11Apple-Announces-New-Mac-OS-X-Server-Leopard-Features/ Apple Announces New Mac OS X Server "Leopard" Features] – Apple press release
*[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2009/06/08Apple-Introduces-Mac-OS-X-Server-Snow-Leopard/ Apple Introduces Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard] – Apple press release


{{Mac_OS_History}}
{{macOS Server}}
{{macOS}}
[[Category:Apple software]] [[Category:Mac OS]]
{{Darwin derivations}}
[[Category:Mac OS X]]
{{Apple Inc. operating systems}}
{{Apple}}


[[it:Mac OS X Server]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:macOS Server}}
[[Category:MacOS Server| ]]
[[Category:MacOS| Server]]
[[Category:Software version histories]]
[[Category:Mobile device management]]

Latest revision as of 20:56, 19 September 2024

Not to be confused with Mac OS X.

Mac OS X Server
Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server running Server Admin on Desktop
DeveloperApple Inc.
Written inC, C++, Objective-C, and HTML for settings
OS family
Working stateDiscontinued on April 21, 2022
Source modelClosed-source (with open-source components)
Initial releaseMarch 16, 1999; 25 years ago (1999-03-16)
Final release5.12[2] / December 8, 2021 (2021-12-08)
Available inEnglish, Japanese, French, German, Simplified Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Korean, Spanish, Traditional Chinese[3]
Platforms
Kernel typeHybrid (XNU) (mostly monolithic)
Default
user interface		Aqua
LicenseCommercial proprietary software
Official websiteMac OS X Server at the Wayback Machine (archived 2020-11-09)

Mac OS X Server is a series of discontinued Unix-like server operating systems developed by Apple Inc. based on macOS. It provided server functionality and system administration tools, and tools to manage both macOS-based computers and iOS-based devices, network services such as a mail transfer agent, AFP and SMB servers, an LDAP server, and a domain name server, as well as server applications including a Web server, database, and calendar server.[4]

Starting with OS X Lion, Apple stopped selling a standalone server operating system, instead releasing an add-on Server app marketed as OS X Server (and later macOS Server), which was sold through the Mac App Store.[3][5] The Server app lacked many features from Mac OS X Server, and later versions of the app only included functionality related to user and group management, Xsan, and mobile device management through profiles. The Server app was discontinued on April 21, 2022, and Apple said that later versions of macOS would drop support for it.[2]

History

[edit]
See also: macOS version history
Box artwork for Mac OS X Server versions 10.1–10.6

Mac OS X Server is based on an open source foundation called Darwin and uses open industry standards and protocols. Mac OS X Server was provided as the operating system for Xserve computers, rack-mounted server computers designed by Apple. Also, it was optionally pre-installed on the Mac Mini and Mac Pro and was sold separately for use on any Macintosh computer meeting its minimum requirements.

Mac OS X Server 1.0 (Rhapsody)

[edit]
Main article: Mac OS X Server 1.0

Mac OS X Server 1.0 was released in March 1999, predating the release of the consumer version of Mac OS X by two years. Mac OS X Server 1.0 was based on Rhapsody, a hybrid of OPENSTEP from NeXT Computer and Mac OS 8.5.1. The GUI looked like a mixture of Mac OS 8's Platinum appearance with OPENSTEP's NeXT-based interface. It included a runtime layer called Blue Box for running legacy Mac OS-based applications within a separate window. There was discussion of implementing a 'transparent blue box' which would intermix Mac OS applications with those written for Rhapsody's Yellow Box environment, but this would not happen until Mac OS X's Classic environment. Apple File Services, Macintosh Manager, QuickTime Streaming Server, WebObjects, and NetBoot were included with Mac OS X Server 1.0. It could not use FireWire devices. The last release is Mac OS X Server 1.2v3.

Mac OS X Server 10.0 (Cheetah)

[edit]

Mac OS X Server 10.0 (released May 21, 2001) included the new Aqua user interface, Apache, PHP, MySQL, Tomcat, WebDAV support, Macintosh Manager, and NetBoot.

Mac OS X Server 10.1 (Puma)

[edit]

Mac OS X Server 10.1 (released September 25, 2001) featured improved performance, increased system stability, and decreased file transfer times compared to Mac OS X Server 10.0. Support was added for RAID 0 and RAID 1 storage configurations, and Mac OS 9.2.1 in NetBoot.[6]

Mac OS X Server 10.2 (Jaguar)

[edit]

Mac OS X Server 10.2 (released August 23, 2002) includes updated Open Directory user and file management, which with this release is based on LDAP, beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originated NetInfo architecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. The release also saw major updates to NetBoot and NetInstall. Many common network services are provided such as NTP, SNMP, web server (Apache), mail server (Postfix and Cyrus), LDAP (OpenLDAP), AFP, and print server. The inclusion of Samba version 3 allows tight integration with Windows clients and servers. MySQL v4.0.16 and PHP v4.3.7 are also included.

Mac OS X Server 10.3 (Panther)

[edit]

Mac OS X Server 10.3 (released October 24, 2003) release includes updated Open Directory user and file management, which with this release is based on LDAP, beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originated NetInfo architecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. Many common network services are provided such as NTP, SNMP, web server (Apache), mail server (Postfix and Cyrus), LDAP (OpenLDAP), AFP, and print server. The inclusion of Samba version 3 allows tight integration with Windows clients and servers. MySQL v4.0.16 and PHP v4.3.7 are also included.[citation needed]

Mac OS X Server 10.4 (Tiger)

[edit]

The 10.4 release (April 29, 2005) adds 64-bit application support, Access Control Lists, Xgrid, link aggregation, e-mail spam filtering (SpamAssassin), virus detection (ClamAV), Gateway Setup Assistant, and servers for Software Update, iChat Server using XMPP,[7] Boot Camp Assistant, Dashboard, and Weblog Server based on the open-source Blojsom project (Java).[8]

On August 10, 2006, Apple announced the first Universal Binary release of Mac OS X Server, version 10.4.7, supporting both PowerPC and Intel processors. At the same time Apple announced the release of the Intel-based Mac Pro and Xserve systems.

Mac OS X Server 10.5 (Leopard)

[edit]
Screenshot of OS X Leopard 10.5 Server

Leopard Server (released October 26, 2007) sold for $999 for an unlimited-client license.[9] Mac OS X Server version 10.5.x ‘Leopard’ was the last major version of Mac OS X Server to support PowerPC-based servers and workstations such as the Apple Xserve G5 and Power Mac G5.

Features:

Mac OS X Server 10.6 (Snow Leopard)

[edit]

Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server (released August 28, 2009) sold for $499 and included unlimited client licenses.[9]

New Features:

  • Full 64-bit operating system. On appropriate systems with 4 GB of RAM or more, Snow Leopard Server uses a 64-bit kernel to address up to a theoretical 16 TB of RAM.[12]
  • iCal Server 2 with improved CalDAV support, a new web calendaring application, push notifications and the ability to send email invitations to non-iCal users.
  • Address Book Server provides a central location for users to store and access personal contacts across multiple Macs and synchronized iPhones. Based on the CardDAV protocol standard.
  • Wiki Server 2, with server side Quick Look and the ability to view wiki content on iPhone.
  • A new Mail server engine that supports push email so users receive immediate access to new messages. However, Apple's implementation of push email is not supported for Apple's iPhone.
  • Podcast Producer 2 with dual-source video support. Also includes a new Podcast Composer application to automate the production process, making it simple to create podcasts with a customized, consistent look and feel. Podcast Composer creates a workflow to add titles, transitions and effects, save to a desired format and share to wikis, blogs, iTunes, iTunes U, Final Cut Server or Podcast Library.
  • Mobile Access Server enables iPhone and Mac users to access secured network services, including corporate websites, online business applications, email, calendars and contacts. Without requiring additional software, Mobile Access Server acts as a reverse proxy server and provides SSL encryption and authentication between the user's iPhone or Mac and a private network.

Server app

[edit]
The Server app running on OS X Yosemite

In releasing the developer preview of Mac OS X Lion in February 2011, Apple indicated that beginning with Lion, Mac OS X Server would be bundled with the operating system and would not be marketed as a separate product.[13] However, a few months later, the company said it would instead sell the server components as a US$49.99 add-on to Lion, distributed through the Mac App Store (as well as Lion itself).[14] The combined cost of an upgrade to Lion and the purchase of the OS X Server add-on, which costs approximately US$50,[9] was nonetheless significantly lower than the retail cost of Snow Leopard Server (US$499). Lion Server came with unlimited client licenses as did Snow Leopard Server. Lion Server includes new versions of iCal Server, Wiki Server, and Mail Server.[15] More significantly, Lion Server can be used for iOS mobile device management. Starting with Apple Mac OS X Server Version 10.7 “Lion,” PostgreSQL replaces MySQL as the database provided with Mac OS X Server, coinciding with Oracle Corporation’s acquisition of Sun Microsystems and Oracle’s subsequent attempts to tighten MySQL’s licensing restrictions and to exert influence on MySQL’s previously open and independent development model.[16]

Like Lion, Mountain Lion had no separate server edition. An OS X Server package was available for Mountain Lion from the Mac App Store for US$19.99, which included a server management application called Server, as well as other additional administrative tools to manage client profiles and Xsan.[17][18] Mountain Lion Server, like Lion Server, was provided with unlimited client licenses, and once purchased could be run on an unlimited number of systems.

Server 5.7 (released September 28, 2018) stopped bundling open source services such as Calendar Server, Contacts Server, the Mail Server, DNS, DHCP, VPN Server, and Websites.[2] Included services are now limited to Profile Manager, Open Directory and Xsan.[2]

Server 5.8 (released March 25, 2019) added new restrictions, payloads, and commands to Profile Manager.

The Server app does not support versions of macOS newer than Monterey, marking the end of Mac OS X Server product line.[2]

Bundled applications

[edit]

Prior to OS X Mountain Lion

[edit]

One of Mac OS X Server's main administrative tools was the Server Administrator app, which allowed users to configure server services, and turn them on or off.

RAID Admin was a utility for administering and controlling RAIDs, usually Xserve RAIDs. It was written in Java,[19] and could run on Windows or Linux.

Other bundled tools include:

After OS X Mountain Lion

[edit]

Beginning with the release of OS X Mountain Lion (version 10.8), there is only one Administrative tool, an app called "Server", which can be bought and downloaded from the Mac App Store, and is updated independently of OS X. This Server tool is used to configure, maintain and monitor one or more macOS Server installations.

Server services

[edit]

Apple's Address Book Server, iCal Server, Wiki Server, and Web Server are mostly written in the Python programming language, relying on the Twisted framework.[20] Most[clarification needed] of these services were discontinued and removed in version 5.7.1 of the Server app, released on September 30, 2018.

Address Book Server

[edit]

Address Book Server is a contacts server, and the first commercial server to have implemented CardDAV, which relies on the WebDAV protocol. It was added in Mac OS X Server 10.6.[20]

iCal Server

[edit]

iCal Server is the first commercial calendar server to have implemented the CalDAV standard, built on top of WebDAV. iCal Server was added in Mac OS X Server 10.5, and was also released under the open-source Apache License 2.0 as Darwin Calendar Server.[20]

The server, named "caldavd", is a daemon background service. It has been ported to non-Apple computer platforms. It is currently possible to install it on FreeBSD and several flavours of Linux. The server uses an SQL database for storage of calendar data.

iChat Server

[edit]

iChat Server is an XMPP server that was added in Mac OS X Server 10.4, and was upgraded to version 2 with the release of Mac OS X 10.5 Server in October 2007.[21] iChat Server was originally based on jabberd 1.4.3 and is named after Apple's iChat online chat client software.[22] Version 2 of the software is based on jabberd2 2.0s9 and supports server federation,[23] which allows chat clients to talk directly with other systems that support XMPP. It also supports server-based chat archiving.[24]

Wiki Server

[edit]

Wiki Server was a set of services which have shipped with all versions of Mac OS X Server since v10.5 until macOS High Sierra. Mac OS X Server includes web-based Wiki, Weblog, Calendaring, and Contact services. Additionally, it includes a Cocoa application called Directory which allows directory viewing as well as enabling of group services.

Server 5.7.1, the version aligned with macOS 10.14 and released on September 30, 2018, removed the Wiki Server functionality from Server.app.

Discontinuation

[edit]

On April 21, 2022, Apple announced that they have discontinued macOS Server and that the most popular features (Caching Server, File Sharing Server, and Time Machine Server) are already bundled with every copy of macOS High Sierra and later, so customers will still have access to them. Existing macOS Server customers can still download and use the app with macOS Monterey.[2]

Technical specifications

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Mac OS X Version 10.6 on Intel-based Macintosh computers". The Open Group. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "About macOS Server 5.7.1 and later". Apple. Apple. May 12, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Apple - macOS Server - Read the technical specifications". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  4. ^ "Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard - UNIX". Apple. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  5. ^ "OS X Server: Admin tools compatibility information". Apple Inc. July 25, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
  6. ^ "Major Mac OS X Server v10.1 Update Now Available". Apple Newsroom. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  7. ^ "Apple - Mac OS X Server - Collaboration Services". Archived from the original on August 13, 2006. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  8. ^ "Apple Previews Mac OS X Server "Tiger"". Apple Newsroom. June 28, 2004. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  9. ^ a b c In depth with Lion OS X Server – Anandtech, August 2, 2011
  10. ^ "10.5: Enable full RADIUS support on OS X Server". Mac OS X Hints. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009.
  11. ^ David (August 7, 2006), "Ruby on Rails will ship with OS X 10.5 (Leopard)", RubyOnRails.org
  12. ^ "Apple - Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard - 64-bit Computing". Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
  13. ^ "Apple Releases Developer Preview of Mac OS X Lion" (Press release). Apple. February 24, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  14. ^ "Mac OS X Lion With 250 New Features Available in July From Mac App Store" (Press release). Apple. June 6, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  15. ^ Apple Inc. (November 15, 2011). "OS X Lion Server - Technical Specifications". Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  16. ^ Pearce, Rohan (March 28, 2013). "Dead database walking: MySQL's creator on why the future belongs to MariaDB". Computerworld.com.au. Computerworld. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  17. ^ "OS X Server" (PDF). Apple Inc. June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  18. ^ Andrew Cunningham (July 29, 2012). "Server, simplified: A power user's guide to OS X Server". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  19. ^ "Apple Unveils New Xserve RAID Storage System" (Press release). Apple. January 6, 2004.
  20. ^ a b c Dilger, Daniel Eran (November 2009). Snow Leopard Server. Wiley. ISBN 9780470521311.
  21. ^ Leopard features
  22. ^ jabberd14 copyright and version number from source
  23. ^ jabberd2 copyright and version number from source
  24. ^ Inside Apple's Leopard Server OS on InformationWeek, March 27, 2007.
  25. ^ Schellworth, Ph. "osx:ipfailover". Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
[edit]
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