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{{short description|Traditional region of Slovenia}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: auto;"
{{Infobox settlement
|+ Traditional regions of Slovenia
| name = Slovene Littoral
|-
| native_name =''Primorska''
| colspan="1" | [[File:Borders of the Historical Habsburgian Lands in the Republic of Slovenia.png|center|300px]]
| native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
|-
| settlement_type = [[Traditional region]]
| <center> <span style=black>'''1 Littoral'''</span>; <span style="color:#3f3f3f"> <br> [[Carniola]]: '''2a'''</span> [[Upper Carniola|Upper]] <span style="color:#3f3f3f">'''2b'''</span> [[Inner Carniola|Inner]], <span style="color:#3f3f3f">'''2c'''</span> [[Lower Carniola|Lower]] <br> <center> <span style="color:#3f3f3f">'''3'''</span> [[Carinthia (Slovenia)|Carinthia]]; <span style="color:#3f3f3f">'''4'''</span> [[Styria (Slovenia)|Styria]]; <span style="color:#3f3f3f">'''5'''</span> [[Prekmurje]]</center>
| image_skyline = Šmartno Brda.jpg
|-----
| image_alt =
|}
| image_caption = <small>Typical Littoral rural landscape in [[Šmartno, Brda|Šmartno]]</small>
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
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| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
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| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Slovenia}} Slovenia
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| area_footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| area_magnitude = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank2_title =
<!-- square kilometers -->
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank2_km2 =
<!-- hectares -->
| area_total_ha =
| area_land_ha =
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| area_urban_ha =
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| length_km =
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| dimensions_footnotes =
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| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
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| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
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| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
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}}
[[File:Borders of the Historical Habsburgian Lands in the Republic of Slovenia.png|thumb|right|300px|Traditional regions of Slovenia. {{ordered list|Littoral|[[Carniola]]: 2a [[Upper Carniola|Upper]], 2b [[Inner Carniola|Inner]], 2c [[Lower Carniola|Lower]]|[[Carinthia (Slovenia)|Carinthia]]|[[Styria (Slovenia)|Styria]]|[[Prekmurje]]}}]]


The '''Slovene Littoral''' ({{lang-sl|Primorska}}, {{IPA-sl|priˈmóːrska|pron|Sl-Primorska.oga}};<ref>{{cite web|title=Slovenski pravopis 2001: Primorska|url=http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=primorska&hs=1}}</ref> {{lang-it|Litorale}}; {{lang-de|Küstenland}}) is one of the five [[historical region|traditional regions]] of [[Slovenia]]. Its name recalls the former [[Austrian Littoral]] (''Avstrijsko Primorje''), the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg]] possessions on the upper [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] coast, which the Slovene Littoral was part of.
The '''Slovene Littoral''', or simply '''Littoral''' ({{langx|sl|Primorska}}, {{IPA|sl|pɾiˈmóːɾska|pron|Sl-Primorska.oga}};<ref>{{cite web|title=Slovenski pravopis 2001: Primorska|url=http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=primorska&hs=1}}</ref> {{langx|it|Litorale}}; {{langx|de|Küstenland}}), is one of the [[historical region|traditional regions]] of [[Slovenia]]. The [[Littoral zone|littoral]] in its name – for a coastal-adjacent area – recalls the former [[Austrian Littoral]] (''Avstrijsko Primorje''), the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] possessions on the upper [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] coast, of which the Slovene Littoral was part. Today, the Littoral is often associated with the Slovenian ethnic territory that, in the first half of the 20th century, found itself in Italy to the west of the [[Rapallo Border]], which separated a quarter of [[Slovenes]] from the rest of the nation,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.muzej-nz.si/si/izobrazevanje/1357 |title=Določitev slovenske zahodne meje v 20. stoletju |language=sl |trans-title=The Determination of Slovenia's Western Border in the 20th Century |access-date=26 January 2024 |publisher=[[Museum of Contemporary History of Slovenia]]}}</ref> and was strongly influenced by [[Italian fascism]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://razpotja.si/razpotja_article/nova-primorska/ |last=Humar |first=Vesna |title=Nova Primorska ali kaj imajo skupnega pastirji in mornarji |language=sl |trans-title=Tne New Littoral or what Shepherds and Sailors Have in Common |journal=Razpotja |issue=29 |date=Winter 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= |title=Changing Denotations of Selected Slovenian Choronyms |trans-title=Spreminjanje denotata izbranih slovenskih pokrajinskih imen |language=en, sl |last=Geršič |first=Matjaž |year=2017 |journal=Acta geographica Sovenica |volume=57 |issue=1 |publisher=ZRC SAZU |id={{COBISS|ID=40099117}}}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
{{See also|Slovene Riviera}}
The region forms the westernmost part of Slovenia, bordering with the [[Italy|Italian]] region of [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]. It stretches from the Adriatic Sea in the south up to the [[Julian Alps]] in the north.
The region forms the westernmost part of Slovenia, bordering the inter-municipal union of Giuliana in the region of [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] of [[Italy]]. It stretches from the Adriatic Sea in the south up to the [[Julian Alps]] in the north.


The Slovene Littoral comprises two traditional provinces: ''[[Goriška]]'' and [[Slovenian Istria]]. The ''Goriška'' region takes its name from the town of [[Gorizia]] (Slovene: Gorica) now in [[Italy]]; the neighbouring [[conurbation]] of [[Nova Gorica]] and [[Municipality of Šempeter–Vrtojba|Šempeter-Vrtojba]] today is the urban centre of the Slovene Littoral. Slovenian Istria comprises the northern part of the [[Istria]] peninsula and provides, on the [[Slovenian Riviera]] coastline with the ports of [[Koper]], [[Izola]], and [[Piran]], the country's only access to the sea.
The Slovene Littoral comprises two traditional provinces: [[Goriška]] and [[Slovene Istria]]. The Goriška region takes its name from the town of [[Gorizia]] ({{Langx|sl|Gorica}}) now in [[Italy]]; the adjacent [[conurbation]] of [[Nova Gorica]] and [[Municipality of Šempeter-Vrtojba|Šempeter-Vrtojba]] today is the urban centre of the Slovene Littoral. Slovene Istria comprises the northern part of the [[Istria]]n peninsula, and it provides the country's only access to the sea on the [[Slovene Riviera]] coastline with the ports of [[Koper]], [[Izola]], and [[Piran]].


After [[Ljubljana]], the Slovene Littoral is the most developed and economically most prosperous part of Slovenia. The western part of Slovenian Istria is a bilingual region where both Slovene and Italian may be used in education, legal and administrative environments.
After [[Ljubljana]], the Slovene Littoral is the most developed and economically prosperous part of Slovenia. The western part of Slovene Istria is a bilingual region where both Slovene and [[Italian language in Slovenia|Italian]] may be used in education, legal and administrative environments.


The northern part of the Slovene Littoral is part of the larger [[Gorizia Statistical Region]], the south belongs to the [[Coastal–Karst Statistical Region]].
The northern part of the Slovene Littoral is part of the larger [[Gorizia Statistical Region]], and the south belongs to the [[Coastal–Karst Statistical Region]].


==History==
==History==
[[File:Treaty of Rapallo.png|thumb|320px|right|The annexed western [[Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)|quarter of Slovene ethnic territory]], and approximately 327,000 out of the total population of 1.3<ref name="SacroEgoismo2012">Lipušček, U. (2012) ''Sacro egoismo: Slovenci v krempljih tajnega londonskega pakta 1915'', Cankarjeva založba, Ljubljana. ISBN 978-961-231-871-0</ref> million Slovenes,<ref name=Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations>Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004) [https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1aAzmXBjZO5eFQySUlrdTBYRkk Clash of civilisations], Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol.12, No.2, p.4</ref> were subjected to forced [[Fascist Italianization]]. On the map of present-day Slovenia with its traditional regions' boundaries.]]
[[File:Treaty of Rapallo.png|thumb|320px|right|The annexed western [[Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)|quarter of Slovene ethnic territory]], and approximately 327,000 out of the total population of 1.3<ref name="SacroEgoismo2012">Lipušček, U. (2012) ''Sacro egoismo: Slovenci v krempljih tajnega londonskega pakta 1915'', Cankarjeva založba, Ljubljana. {{ISBN|978-961-231-871-0}}</ref> million Slovenes,<ref name=Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations>Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004) [https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1aAzmXBjZO5eFQySUlrdTBYRkk Clash of civilisations], Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol.12, No.2, p.4</ref> were subjected to forced [[Fascist Italianization]]. On the map of present-day Slovenia with its traditional regions' boundaries.]]
After they had acquired the [[March of Carniola|Carniola]] hinterland in 1335, the Habsburgs gradually took possession of the coastal areas. In 1500 they inherited the comital lands of [[County of Gorizia|Gorizia]] (Görz), when the last Count [[Leonhard of Gorizia]] died childless. The Habsburg [[Gorizia and Gradisca|Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca]] was established in 1754, it became part of the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] Kingdom of [[Kingdom of Illyria|Illyria]] in 1816. With the Istrian march and the [[Imperial Free City of Trieste]] it was re-arranged as the Austrian Littoral [[crown land]] in 1849.
After they had acquired the [[March of Carniola|Carniola]] hinterland in 1335, the Habsburgs gradually took possession of the coastal areas. In the second half of the 14th century, they acquired Postojna and the Upper [[Vipava Valley]] from the [[Patriarchate of Aquileia]], followed by [[Duino]] and parts of the Karst Plateau. These areas were annexed to Carniola, though they maintained a separate identity well into the Early Modern Age.<ref>Miha Kosi, Spopad za prehode proti Jadranu in nastanek dežele Kras (Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, 2018)</ref> In 1500 the Habsburgs inherited the comital lands of [[County of Gorizia|Gorizia]] (Görz), when the last Count [[Leonhard of Gorizia]] died childless. The Habsburg [[Gorizia and Gradisca|Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca]] was established in 1754, it became part of the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] Kingdom of [[Kingdom of Illyria (1816–1849)|Illyria]] in 1816. With the Istrian march and the [[Imperial Free City of Trieste]], it was re-arranged as the Austrian Littoral [[crown land]] in 1849.


At the end of [[World War I]] and the dissolution of [[Austria–Hungary]] in 1918, the area, together with the western part of [[Inner Carniola]] and the [[Upper Carniola]]n municipality of Bela Peč/Weissenfels (later Italianized to Fusine in Valromana, now a [[frazione]] of [[Tarvisio]]), was occupied by the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Italian]] army. As stipulated in the 1915 [[Treaty of London (1915)|London Pact]], a quarter of predominantly Slovene ethnic territory and approximately 327.000<ref name=Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations>Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004) [https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1aAzmXBjZO5eFQySUlrdTBYRkk Clash of civilisations], Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol.12, No.2, p.4</ref> out of total population of 1.3<ref name="SacroEgoismo2012">Lipušček, U. (2012) ''Sacro egoismo: Slovenci v krempljih tajnega londonskega pakta 1915'', Cankarjeva založba, Ljubljana. ISBN 978-961-231-871-0</ref> million Slovenes was adjudicated to Italy by the 1919 [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of Saint-Germain]] and finally annexed according to the 1920 border [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]].
At the end of [[World War I]] and the dissolution of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1918, the area, together with the western part of [[Inner Carniola]] and the [[Upper Carniola]]n municipality of Bela Peč / Weissenfels (later Italianized to Fusine in Valromana, now a [[frazione]] of [[Tarvisio]]), was occupied by the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Italian]] army. As stipulated in the 1915 [[Treaty of London (1915)|London Pact]], a quarter of predominantly Slovene ethnic territory and approximately 327,000<ref name=Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations/> out of the total population of 1.3<ref name="SacroEgoismo2012"/> million Slovenes were adjudicated to Italy by the 1919 [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of Saint-Germain]] and finally annexed according to the 1920 border [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]].


Incorporated into the [[Julian March]] (''Venezia Giulia'') a forced [[Italianization]] of the [[Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)|Slovene minority]] began, intensified after the Fascists under [[Benito Mussolini]] came to power in 1922, and lasted until 1943. The Slovenes in Italy lacked any minority protection under international or domestic law.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&pg=PA45&dq=%22signed+a+treaty+on+November+12,+1920,+at+Rapallo&q=%22signed%20a%20treaty%20on%20November%2012%2C%201920%2C%20at%20Rapallo |last=Hehn |first=Paul N. |title=A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941 |year=2005 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |pages=44–45 |isbn=0-8264-1761-2}}</ref> Numerous Slovenes emigrated to the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], others fought against Italian occupation in the anti-fascist [[TIGR]] organization.
Incorporated into the [[Julian March]] (''Venezia Giulia'') a forced [[Italianization]] of the [[Slovene minority in Italy (1920–47)|Slovene minority]] began, intensified after the Fascists under [[Benito Mussolini]] came to power in 1922, and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|lasted until 1943]]. The Slovenes in Italy lacked any minority protection under international or domestic law.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&q=%22signed%20a%20treaty%20on%20November%2012%2C%201920%2C%20at%20Rapallo&pg=PA45 |last=Hehn |first=Paul N. |title=A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941 |year=2005 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |pages=44–45 |isbn=0-8264-1761-2}}</ref> Numerous Slovenes emigrated to the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], others fought against Italian rule in the anti-fascist [[TIGR]] organization.


After [[World War II]], according to the 1947 [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaties]], the bulk of the region with the upper [[Soča]] (Isonzo) Valley fell to [[Yugoslavia]]. Parts of the area were re-arranged as the [[Free Territory of Trieste]], while [[Italy]] retained the urban centres of Gorizia and [[Gradisca d'Isonzo|Gradisca]]. In 1954 also recovered the main port of [[Trieste]]. As a result, the new urban centres on the Slovenian side of the border developed.
After [[World War II]], according to the 1947 [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaties]], the bulk of the region with the upper [[Soča]] (Isonzo) Valley fell to [[Yugoslavia]]. Parts of the area were re-arranged as the [[Free Territory of Trieste]], while [[Italy]] retained the urban centres of Gorizia and [[Gradisca d'Isonzo|Gradisca]]. In 1954 Italy also recovered the main port of [[Trieste]]. As a result, the new urban centres on the Slovenian side of the border developed.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
{{cleanup-gallery}}
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Drežnica village - Slovenia.jpg|Mount Krn in the [[Julian Alps]]
File:Drežnica village - Slovenia.jpg|Mount Krn in the [[Julian Alps]]
Image:The Kozjak Stream Waterfalls, Kobarid, Slovenia.jpg|Kozjak Falls in the [[Soča]] (or [[Isonzo]]) Valley
File:The Kozjak Stream Waterfalls, Kobarid, Slovenia.jpg|Kozjak Falls in the [[Soča]] Valley
Image:Hum-GoriskaBrda.jpg |The [[Brda, Slovenia|Brda]] wine region
File:Hum-GoriskaBrda.jpg |The [[Gorizia Hills]] wine region
Image:Nova Gorica 0720069 71.jpg|The town of [[Nova Gorica]]
File:Nova Gorica 0720069 71 retouched.jpg|The town of [[Nova Gorica]]
Image:Nanos.JPG|The [[Nanos (plateau)|Nanos plateau]] rising above the [[Vipava Valley]]
File:Nanos.JPG|The [[Nanos (plateau)|Nanos Plateau]] above the [[Vipava Valley]]
Image:Branik, Grad Rihemberk.jpg |[[Branik Castle|Rihemberk Castle]] near [[Branik]]
File:Rihemberk Castle 2.jpg|[[Branik Castle|Rihemberk Castle]] near [[Branik]]
Image:Štanjel street.JPG|Rural architecture on the [[Karst Plateau]]
File:Štanjel street.JPG|Rural architecture in [[Štanjel]], in the municipality of Komen
Image:Creda-Ovcar-DolenjaVasSenadole.JPG|A sheep herd on the Karst Plateau
File:Creda-Ovcar-DolenjaVasSenadole.JPG|A herd of sheep on the [[Karst Plateau ]]
Image:Skocjan Caves (3802558032).jpg|[[Škocjan Caves]]
File:SkocjanskeJame 2013jpg.jpg|[[Škocjan Caves]], a UNESCO site
Image:St Kirik in Slovenian Istria.jpg|Landscape in [[Slovenian Istria]]
File:St Quiricus church in Slovenian Istria.jpg|Landscape in [[Slovene Istria]]
Image:Piran vue depuis les remparts.jpg|The Adriatic town of [[Piran]]
File:Piran Marina.JPG|The Adriatic town of [[Piran]]
Image:Koper Praetorian Palace.jpg|The [[Praetorian Palace]] in [[Koper]]
File:Koper Praetorian Palace.jpg|The [[Praetorian Palace]] in [[Koper]]
File:Burger PostojnskaJama.jpg |[[Postojna Cave]]

File:Proteus anguinus Postojnska Jama Slovenija.jpg | [[Olm]]s in Postojna Cave
File:Predjama Castle IMG 9377.jpg |[[Predjama Castle]] in [[Inner Carniola]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Battles of the Isonzo]]
*[[Battles of the Isonzo]]
*[[Goriška]]
*[[Morgan Line]]
*[[Morgan Line]]
*[[Treaty of Osimo]]
*[[Treaty of Osimo]]
*[[Kras]]
*[[Karst Plateau]]
*[[Vipava Valley]]
*[[Vipava Valley]]
*[[Soča]]
*[[Soča]]
Line 59: Line 138:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Slovene Littoral}}


{{coord|45|59|21.58|N|13|48|35.33|E|region:SI_dim:120km|display=title}}
{{coord|45|59|21.58|N|13|48|35.33|E|region:SI_dim:120km|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Slovene Littoral| ]]
[[Category:Slovene Littoral| ]]
[[Category:Traditional regions of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Slovenia|Littoral]]

Latest revision as of 15:04, 21 October 2024

Slovene Littoral
Primorska
Traditional region
Typical Littoral rural landscape in Šmartno
Typical Littoral rural landscape in Šmartno
Map
CountrySlovenia Slovenia
Traditional regions of Slovenia.

The Slovene Littoral, or simply Littoral (Slovene: Primorska, pronounced [pɾiˈmóːɾska] ⓘ;[1] Italian: Litorale; German: Küstenland), is one of the traditional regions of Slovenia. The littoral in its name – for a coastal-adjacent area – recalls the former Austrian Littoral (Avstrijsko Primorje), the Habsburg possessions on the upper Adriatic coast, of which the Slovene Littoral was part. Today, the Littoral is often associated with the Slovenian ethnic territory that, in the first half of the 20th century, found itself in Italy to the west of the Rapallo Border, which separated a quarter of Slovenes from the rest of the nation,[2] and was strongly influenced by Italian fascism.[3][4]

Geography

[edit]
See also: Slovene Riviera

The region forms the westernmost part of Slovenia, bordering the inter-municipal union of Giuliana in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia of Italy. It stretches from the Adriatic Sea in the south up to the Julian Alps in the north.

The Slovene Littoral comprises two traditional provinces: Goriška and Slovene Istria. The Goriška region takes its name from the town of Gorizia (Slovene: Gorica) now in Italy; the adjacent conurbation of Nova Gorica and Šempeter-Vrtojba today is the urban centre of the Slovene Littoral. Slovene Istria comprises the northern part of the Istrian peninsula, and it provides the country's only access to the sea on the Slovene Riviera coastline with the ports of Koper, Izola, and Piran.

After Ljubljana, the Slovene Littoral is the most developed and economically prosperous part of Slovenia. The western part of Slovene Istria is a bilingual region where both Slovene and Italian may be used in education, legal and administrative environments.

The northern part of the Slovene Littoral is part of the larger Gorizia Statistical Region, and the south belongs to the Coastal–Karst Statistical Region.

History

[edit]
The annexed western quarter of Slovene ethnic territory, and approximately 327,000 out of the total population of 1.3[5] million Slovenes,[6] were subjected to forced Fascist Italianization. On the map of present-day Slovenia with its traditional regions' boundaries.

After they had acquired the Carniola hinterland in 1335, the Habsburgs gradually took possession of the coastal areas. In the second half of the 14th century, they acquired Postojna and the Upper Vipava Valley from the Patriarchate of Aquileia, followed by Duino and parts of the Karst Plateau. These areas were annexed to Carniola, though they maintained a separate identity well into the Early Modern Age.[7] In 1500 the Habsburgs inherited the comital lands of Gorizia (Görz), when the last Count Leonhard of Gorizia died childless. The Habsburg Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca was established in 1754, it became part of the Austrian Kingdom of Illyria in 1816. With the Istrian march and the Imperial Free City of Trieste, it was re-arranged as the Austrian Littoral crown land in 1849.

At the end of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the area, together with the western part of Inner Carniola and the Upper Carniolan municipality of Bela Peč / Weissenfels (later Italianized to Fusine in Valromana, now a frazione of Tarvisio), was occupied by the Italian army. As stipulated in the 1915 London Pact, a quarter of predominantly Slovene ethnic territory and approximately 327,000[6] out of the total population of 1.3[5] million Slovenes were adjudicated to Italy by the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain and finally annexed according to the 1920 border Treaty of Rapallo.

Incorporated into the Julian March (Venezia Giulia) a forced Italianization of the Slovene minority began, intensified after the Fascists under Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922, and lasted until 1943. The Slovenes in Italy lacked any minority protection under international or domestic law.[8] Numerous Slovenes emigrated to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, others fought against Italian rule in the anti-fascist TIGR organization.

After World War II, according to the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties, the bulk of the region with the upper Soča (Isonzo) Valley fell to Yugoslavia. Parts of the area were re-arranged as the Free Territory of Trieste, while Italy retained the urban centres of Gorizia and Gradisca. In 1954 Italy also recovered the main port of Trieste. As a result, the new urban centres on the Slovenian side of the border developed.

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Slovenski pravopis 2001: Primorska".
  2. ^ "Določitev slovenske zahodne meje v 20. stoletju" [The Determination of Slovenia's Western Border in the 20th Century] (in Slovenian). Museum of Contemporary History of Slovenia. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  3. ^ Humar, Vesna (Winter 2017). "Nova Primorska ali kaj imajo skupnega pastirji in mornarji" [Tne New Littoral or what Shepherds and Sailors Have in Common]. Razpotja (in Slovenian) (29).
  4. ^ Geršič, Matjaž (2017). "Changing Denotations of Selected Slovenian Choronyms" [Spreminjanje denotata izbranih slovenskih pokrajinskih imen]. Acta geographica Sovenica (in English and Slovenian). 57 (1). ZRC SAZU. COBISS 40099117.
  5. ^ a b Lipušček, U. (2012) Sacro egoismo: Slovenci v krempljih tajnega londonskega pakta 1915, Cankarjeva založba, Ljubljana. ISBN 978-961-231-871-0
  6. ^ a b Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004) Clash of civilisations, Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol.12, No.2, p.4
  7. ^ Miha Kosi, Spopad za prehode proti Jadranu in nastanek dežele Kras (Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, 2018)
  8. ^ Hehn, Paul N. (2005). A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0-8264-1761-2.
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45°59′21.58″N 13°48′35.33″E / 45.9893278°N 13.8098139°E / 45.9893278; 13.8098139

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