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Manali, Himachal Pradesh: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 32°14′35″N 77°11′21″E / 32.243177°N 77.189246°E / 32.243177; 77.189246
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{{Short description|Town in India}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manali
| name = Manali
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| native_name_lang =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| other_name =
| border = infobox
| settlement_type = Hill station
| total_width = 290
| image_skyline = Manalitown.jpg
| image_style =
| image_alt =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image_caption = Manali
|image1= Manali City.jpg
|image2=Mall Road, Manali.jpg
| nickname =
|image3= Dhauladhar view on the way to solang valley.jpg
| image_map =
|image4=Beautiful River valley.jpg
| map_alt =
|image5=Mountains, Manali, Himachal Pradesh.jpg
| map_caption =
|image6= Manali in winters.png
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| latd = 32.27
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS = N
| longd = 77.17
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW = E
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kullu district|Kullu]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2050
| population_total = 8096<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-himachalpradesh.php?cityid=0240401000|title= Manali (Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India) - population statistics, map, and location|accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 175131
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +911902
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
| image_caption = '''''Clockwise from top:''''' Manali aerial view, Dhauladhar view, Mountains in Manali, Manali after snowfall, River in Manali, [[Mall Road, Manali|Mall road]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kullu district|Kullu]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = ''[[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]''
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2050
| population_total = 8096<ref name="pop">{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-himachalpradesh.php?cityid=0240401000|title= Manali (Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India) - population statistics, map, and location|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref>
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Himachal Pradesh by population|22 (state)]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Pahari language|Pahadi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 175131
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +911902
| registration_plate = HP-58
| website =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| native_name = <!-- DO NOT FILL FIELD AS PER WP:INDICSCRIPTS POLICY -->
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Himachal Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| pushpin_label = Manali
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| pushpin_map_alt = Map showing the location of Manali within Himachal Pradesh and India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|32.243177|N|77.189246|E|display=inline, title}}
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| native_name_lang = <!-- DO NOT FILL FIELD AS PER WP:INDICSCRIPTS POLICY -->
}}

'''Manali''' is a [[resort town]], near [[Kullu|Kullu town]] in [[Kullu district]] in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/express-wanderlust-the-mountains-are-calling-head-over-to-manali-6141029/|title=Wanderlust the mountains are calling head over to Manali, Himachal Pradesh|website=theindianexpress.com}}</ref> It is situated in the northern end of the [[Kullu Valley]], formed by the [[Beas River]]. The town is located in the [[Kullu district]], approximately {{convert|270|km|mi|abbr=}} north of the state capital of [[Shimla]] and {{Convert|544|km|mi}} northeast of the national capital of [[New Delhi]]. With a population of 8,096 people recorded in the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Indian census]] Manali is the beginning of an ancient trade route through [[Lahaul|Lahaul (H.P.)]] and [[Ladakh]], over the [[Karakoram Pass]] and onto [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]] and [[Hotan]] in the [[Tarim Basin]] of [[China]]. Manali is a popular [[Tourism in India|tourist destination in India]] and serves as the gateway to the [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] as well as the city of [[Leh]] in [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Gardner1995">''Paper also Presented at the International Seminar on Disasters, Environment and Development, 9–12 December 1994, New Delhi, India'' –by {{cite book|author=James S. Gardner|title=Tourism and Risk from Natural Hazards: Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtgsAQAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba}}</ref>


== Mythology ==
'''Manali''' ({{lang-hi|मनाली}}) is a hill station nestled in the mountains of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] near the northern end of the [[Kullu]] Valley, at an altitude of {{convert|2050|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} in the [[Beas River]] [[Valley]]. It is located in the [[Kullu]] district, about {{convert|270|km|abbr=on|0}} north of the state capital, [[Shimla]]. The small town, with a population of 8,096,<ref name="pop"/> is the beginning of an ancient [[trade route]] to [[Ladakh]] and from there over the [[Karakoram Pass]] on to [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]] and [[Khotan]] in the [[Tarim Basin]]. It has become a tourist attraction in recent years.
Manali is named after [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], the [[Protoplast (religion)|progenitor of humanity]] in [[Hinduism]]. The name ''Manali'' is regarded as the derivative of ''Manu-Alaya'' ({{Translation|'the abode of Manu'}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kullu {{!}} India |url=https://hpkullu.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Hindu cosmology]], Manu is believed to have stepped off his ark in Manali to recreate human life after a great flood had deluged the world at the [[Manvantara|end of an cyclic age]]. The [[Kullu Valley]] in which Manali is situated is often referred to as the "Valley of the Gods". An old village in the town has an ancient temple dedicated to the sage Manu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manali Tourism, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://indiathrills.com/manali/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=India Thrills |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
[[File:Manali jan.jpg|thumb|320x320px|center|Himalayan mountains in Manali, [[Himachal Pradesh]].]]
Manali is located at 32.2396 N, 77.1887 E, about {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} north of Kullu town. The town ranges in elevation from {{convert|1800|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}} in the uppermost "Old Manali" section.
Manali is located at 32.2396 N, 77.1887 E, about {{convert|547|km|abbr=on}} north of New Delhi.


==Demographics==
===Climate===
Manali features a [[subtropical highland climate]] (''[[Köppen climate classification|Cfb]]'') with warm summers, relatively cold winters, and a high [[diurnal temperature variation]]. The temperatures range from {{convert|-7|C||abbr=on}} to {{convert|30|C|abbr=on}} over the year with the hottest day crossing {{convert|30|C|abbr=on}} and the coldest day going below {{convert|-7|C||abbr=on}}. The average temperature during summer is between {{convert|10|C|abbr=on}} to {{convert|30|C||abbr=on}}, and between {{convert|-7|C|abbr=on}} to {{convert|15|C|abbr=on}} in the winter.
Manali is a small town; as of the 2011 census of India, its population was 8,096.<ref name="pop"/> In 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Manali had an official population of 6,265. Males constituted 64% of the population and females 36%. Manali had an average literacy rate of 74%; male literacy was 80%, and female literacy was 63%. 9% of the population was under six years of age.


Monthly precipitation varies between {{convert|31|mm|abbr=on}} in November and {{convert|217|mm|abbr=on}} in July. On average, some {{convert|45|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation is received during winter and spring months, increasing to some {{convert|115|mm|abbr=on}} in summer as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is {{convert|1363|mm|abbr=on}}. Manali experiences snowfall predominantly between December and the beginning of March.
== Climate ==
[[File:Manali 2022.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Manali in May 2022]]
The climate in Manali is predominantly cold during winters, and moderately cool during summers. The temperatures range from {{convert|4|C|abbr=on}} to {{convert|20|C|abbr=on}} over the year. The average temperature during summer is between {{convert|04|C|abbr=on}} and {{convert|15|C|abbr=on}}, and between {{convert|-15|C|abbr=on}} and {{convert|05|C|abbr=on}} in the winter.
[[File:Mountains, Manali, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Snowfall in Manali|260x260px]]
[[File:1 Mountain Vista scenic view from Drifter's Inn Manali Himachal Pradesh India 2016.jpg|thumb|View of Himalayas from Manali|260x260px]]
{{Weather box
| location = Manali, Himachal Pradesh (1991–2020, extremes 1968–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 19.5
| Feb record high C = 23.5
| Mar record high C = 27.0
| Apr record high C = 30.0
| May record high C = 35.0
| Jun record high C = 33.2
| Jul record high C = 32.6
| Aug record high C = 30.6
| Sep record high C = 29.2
| Oct record high C = 30.0
| Nov record high C = 25.6
| Dec record high C = 21.5
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 10.5
| Feb high C = 12.0
| Mar high C = 17.1
| Apr high C = 21.4
| May high C = 24.9
| Jun high C = 26.4
| Jul high C = 25.7
| Aug high C = 25.3
| Sep high C = 24.2
| Oct high C = 21.6
| Nov high C = 17.3
| Dec high C = 13.5
| year high C = 20.2
| Jan low C = -1.1
| Feb low C = 0.3
| Mar low C = 3.3
| Apr low C = 6.4
| May low C = 9.3
| Jun low C = 13.0
| Jul low C = 16.0
| Aug low C = 16.1
| Sep low C = 12.2
| Oct low C = 6.3
| Nov low C = 2.6
| Dec low C = 0.3
| year low C = 7.2
| Jan record low C = -11.6
| Feb record low C = -11.0
| Mar record low C = -6.0
| Apr record low C = -1.0
| May record low C = 1.0
| Jun record low C = 4.4
| Jul record low C = 7.4
| Aug record low C = 7.0
| Sep record low C = 3.0
| Oct record low C = -1.5
| Nov record low C = -5.0
| Dec record low C = -10.0
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 90.0
| Feb rain mm = 113.7
| Mar rain mm = 154.9
| Apr rain mm = 87.7
| May rain mm = 66.4
| Jun rain mm = 89.9
| Jul rain mm = 201.5
| Aug rain mm = 217.0
| Sep rain mm = 123.4
| Oct rain mm = 24.8
| Nov rain mm = 31.3
| Dec rain mm = 38.7
| year rain mm = 1239.3
| Jan rain days = 5.6
| Feb rain days = 6.7
| Mar rain days = 8.4
| Apr rain days = 6.0
| May rain days = 6.2
| Jun rain days = 7.9
| Jul rain days = 12.9
| Aug rain days = 14.9
| Sep rain days = 8.1
| Oct rain days = 1.9
| Nov rain days = 1.8
| Dec rain days = 2.2
| year rain days = 82.6
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 62
| Feb humidity = 60
| Mar humidity = 52
| Apr humidity = 58
| May humidity = 63
| Jun humidity = 66
| Jul humidity = 75
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 69
| Nov humidity = 63
| Dec humidity = 62
|year humidity = 65
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Manali Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 469–470
| access-date = 15 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M69
| access-date = 15 February 2020}}</ref>
}}


==Demographics==
{{Manali weatherbox}}
Manali has grown from a trading village to a small town. As of the 2011 census of India, its population was 8,096. In 2001, Manali had an official population of 6,265. Males constituted 64% of the population and females 36%. Manali had an average literacy rate of 74%, male literacy was 80%, and female literacy was 63.9%. 9.5% of the population was under six years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages, and towns (Provisional)|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref>


==Transport==
Monthly precipitation varies between {{convert|31|mm|abbr=on}} in November to {{convert|217|mm|abbr=on}} in July. In average, some {{convert|45|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation is received during winter and spring months, increasing to some {{convert|115|mm|abbr=on}} in summer as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is {{convert|1363|mm|abbr=on}}. Snowfall often takes place between November end to early February. The weather in manali is not stable.


==Etymology==
=== Air ===
The nearest airport [[Kullu–Manali Airport]] (IATA code KUU) is at [[Bhuntar|Bhuntar town]] in [[Kullu]]. The airport is also known as Kullu-Manali airport and has more than a kilometer-long runway. [[Air India]] has regular flights to the airport from,, [[New Delhi]].
[[Image:Vashisht temple.jpg|thumb|Vashishta Temple, Manali.]]
[[Image:Manali India.jpg|thumb|250px|Manali is among top Indian skiing destinations.]]
Manali is named after the [[Hindu]] lawgiver [[Manu Smriti|Manu]]. The word Manali is regarded as the changed name of "Manu-Alaya" which literally means "the abode of Manu". Legend has it that sage Manu stepped off his ark in Manali to recreate human life after a great flood had deluged the world. Manali is also often referred to as the "Valley of the Gods". The Old Manali village has an ancient temple dedicated to sage Manu.


==== Helicopter taxi service ====
==History==
[[Pawan Hans]], the Government charter agency, provides helicopter-taxi service connecting [[Shimla]] to [[Chandigarh]], [[Kullu district|Kullu]], [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] and [[Dharamshala]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 March 2019|title=Shimla-Chandigarh helicopter service now operating six days a week|url=https://himachaltourism.gov.in/shimla-chandigarh-helicopter-service-now-operating-six-days-a-week/|access-date=21 November 2019|website=Himachal Tourism Official Website}}</ref>
In ancient times, the valley was sparsely populated by nomadic hunters known as 'rakshas'. The next arrivals were the shepherds who arrived from the [[Kangra Valley]] and settled to take up agriculture. Some of the earliest inhabitants of the region are the 'naur' or 'nar', which is a caste unique to the Kullu valley. Only a few naur families are known to exist now. A naur family in the village Soyal near Haripur on the west bank of Manali was famous for the vast land they owned and their practice of having 'rakshas' as their labourers.


=== Road ===
The British introduced apple trees and trout. The first apple orchard was set up by the British near Patlikuhl, which were earlier not native to Manali. It is said that when apple trees were first planted, the fruits were so plentiful that often branches, unable to bear the weight, would collapse. To this day, apple&mdash;along with plum and pear&mdash;remain the best source of income for the majority of inhabitants.
[[File:Solang Valley, Road, India.jpg|thumb|Road near Manali in Himachal Pradesh|260x260px]]
Manali can be reached from Delhi by [[National Highway 1 (India)|national highway NH 1]] up to [[Ambala]] and from there [[NH 22]] to [[Chandigarh]] and from there by [[National Highway 21 (India)|national highway NH21]] that passes through [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Sundernagar]], [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India|Mandi]] and [[Kullu]] towns. The road distance from Chandigarh to Manali is {{convert|310|km|abbr=on}}, and the total distance from Delhi to Manali is {{convert|570|km|abbr=on}}. Bus services are available from HRTC ([[Himachal Road Transport Corporation]]), HPTDC (Himachal Tourism Development Corporation), and private operators.


=== Railway ===
Tourism in Manali received a boost after the rise of militancy in [[Kashmir]] in the late 1980s. This once quiet village was transformed into a bustling town with many hotels and restaurants.<ref>{{cite web | title = High in a Himalayan hippy haven| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/737521/High-in-a-Himalayan-hippy-haven.html|date=2 Feb 2008| accessdate = 2013-08-30 |author=Rhymer Rigby| publisher = The Telegraph}}</ref>
There is no close railhead available close to Manali. The nearest [[broad gauge]] railheads are at [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] {{convert|250|km|0|abbr=on}} away, [[Kiratpur Sahib]] {{convert|268|km|0|abbr=on}}, [[Kalka]] ({{convert|275|km|0|abbr=on}}), [[Chandigarh]] ({{convert|310|km|0|abbr=on}}), and [[Pathankot]] ({{convert|325|km|0|abbr=on}}). The nearest [[Narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge]] railhead is at [[Joginder Nagar]] ({{convert|147|km}}). The [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]] is a nostalgic narrow-gauge route culminating at the state capital of [[Shimla]] wherefrom one has to travel by road to Manali.


=== Environmental concerns ===
==Transport==
Manali has witnessed a flurry of activity related to hydroelectric power and tourism. Unplanned and rampant construction has led to severe depletion of forests and pollution of river bodies, along with garbage being disposed of on the side of the mountains. There has been a loss of habitat to various species of fauna, not limited to the [[Himalayan monal]], incidentally the state bird of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Azad |first1=Shivani |title=Uttarakhand’s state bird monal to be conserved with help from Himachal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhands-state-bird-monal-to-be-conserved-with-help-from-himachal/articleshow/72099088.cms |access-date=1 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=18 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Air===
The nearest airport [[Bhuntar Airport]] (IATA code KUU) is at Bhuntar town, situated on NH21 about {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} south of Manali and {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} south of Kullu town. The airport is also known as Kullu-Manali airport and has more than a kilometre long runway. [[Air India]] and some private airlines have regular flights to the airport. Recently Himalayan Bulls in collaboration with Deccan Charters have started flights on Kullu-Chandigarh-Kullu sector thrice a day http://himalayanbulls.com/
Daily flight service( except Tuesday)has been started by 15May 2013 at Bhunter airport by Air India from Delhi to Bhunter and vice-versa.
[[Chandigarh Airport]] is the nearest international airport.

===Road===
Manali can be reached from Delhi by [[National Highway 1 (India)|national highway NH 1]] up to [[Chandigarh]] and from there by [[National Highway 21 (India)|national highway NH21]] that passes through [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Sundernagar]], [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India|Mandi]] and [[Kullu]] towns. The road distance from Delhi to Chandigarh is 260&nbsp;km and from Chandigarh to Manali is 273&nbsp;km. The total distance from Delhi to Manali thus is {{convert|533|km|abbr=on|0}}. Buses ply heavily on this route and are available from all major [[Bus Terminal|bus terminals.]]

===Rail===
Manali is not easily approachable by rail. The nearest [[broad gauge]] railheads are at [[Chandigarh]] ({{convert|275|km|abbr=on|0}}), [[Pathankot]] ({{convert|325|km|abbr=on|0}}) and [[Kalka]] ({{convert|310|km|abbr=on|0}}). The nearest [[narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge]] railhead is at [[Joginder Nagar]] ({{convert|135|km}}).

See [[Bilaspur-Mandi-Leh Railway]] for the proposed railway line through this area.


==Gallery==
==See also==
* [[Tourism in Himachal Pradesh]]
<gallery>
* [[List of hill stations in India]]
File:Rohtang pass snowy valley01.jpg|
* [[Mall Road, Manali]]
File:Skiing manali.jpg|
* [[Rohtang Pass]], Manali
File:Beas river and mountains as seen from Van Vihar, Manali.jpg|
File:Cedrus deodara Manali 3.jpg|
File:Manali Himachal India (16).JPG|
File:Manali Himachal India (17).JPG|
File:Roads in Manali Himachal India (2).JPG|
File:River Beas, Manali.jpg|
</gallery>


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*Verma, V. 1996. ''Gadd of Dhauladhar: A Transhumant Tribe of the Himalayas''. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi.
*Verma, V. 1996. ''Gadd of Dhauladhar: A Transhumant Tribe of the Himalayas''. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi.
*Handa, O. C. 1987. ''Buddhist Monasteries in Himachel Pradesh''. -03-5.
*Handa, O. C. 1996. ''Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh''. {{ISBN|978-8185182032}}.
*Penelope Chetwode 1972, 1989 "Kulu: The End of the Habitable World" ({{ISBN|9788185113203}}) Time Books International


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
* {{Cite web |title=Holiday Packages, Online Visa, Honeymoon & Tour Packages {{!}} Dreams Travel And Tour |url=https://www.dtt.tours/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=www.dtt.tours}}


== External links ==
{{commons category|Manali}}
{{commons category|Manali}}
* [https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/manali/ Himachal Tourism Official Govt Website]
* https://hpkullu.nic.in/
{{Wikivoyage|Manali}}
{{Wikivoyage|Manali}}

{{Leh-Manali Highway}}
{{Leh-Manali Highway}}
{{Kullu Manali Circuit}}
{{Kullu Manali Circuit}}


{{Authority control}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.naturelovers.co.in/himachal-pradesh/manali/ Manali] Information
* [http://www.kullumanalitourismindia.com/ Kullu Manali] Hot Spot hub


[[Category:Tourism in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourism in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hill stations in India]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ski areas and resorts in India]]
[[Category:Ski areas and resorts in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kullu district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kullu district]]
[[Category:Manali, Himachal Pradesh| ]]

Latest revision as of 07:39, 16 December 2024

Manali
Town
Clockwise from top: Manali aerial view, Dhauladhar view, Mountains in Manali, Manali after snowfall, River in Manali, Mall road
Map showing the location of Manali within Himachal Pradesh and India
Map showing the location of Manali within Himachal Pradesh and India
Manali
Map showing the location of Manali within Himachal Pradesh and India
Map showing the location of Manali within Himachal Pradesh and India
Manali
Coordinates: 32°14′35″N 77°11′21″E / 32.243177°N 77.189246°E / 32.243177; 77.189246
Country India
StateHimachal Pradesh
DistrictKullu
Named forManu
Elevation
2,050 m (6,730 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total
8,096[1]
 • Rank22 (state)
Languages
 • OfficialHindi, Pahadi
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
175131
Telephone code+911902
Vehicle registrationHP-58

Manali is a resort town, near Kullu town in Kullu district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.[2] It is situated in the northern end of the Kullu Valley, formed by the Beas River. The town is located in the Kullu district, approximately 270 kilometres (170 mi) north of the state capital of Shimla and 544 kilometres (338 mi) northeast of the national capital of New Delhi. With a population of 8,096 people recorded in the 2011 Indian census Manali is the beginning of an ancient trade route through Lahaul (H.P.) and Ladakh, over the Karakoram Pass and onto Yarkand and Hotan in the Tarim Basin of China. Manali is a popular tourist destination in India and serves as the gateway to the Lahaul and Spiti district as well as the city of Leh in Ladakh.[3]

Mythology

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Manali is named after Manu, the progenitor of humanity in Hinduism. The name Manali is regarded as the derivative of Manu-Alaya (transl. 'the abode of Manu').[4] In Hindu cosmology, Manu is believed to have stepped off his ark in Manali to recreate human life after a great flood had deluged the world at the end of an cyclic age. The Kullu Valley in which Manali is situated is often referred to as the "Valley of the Gods". An old village in the town has an ancient temple dedicated to the sage Manu.[5]

Geography

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Himalayan mountains in Manali, Himachal Pradesh.

Manali is located at 32.2396 N, 77.1887 E, about 547 km (340 mi) north of New Delhi.

Climate

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Manali features a subtropical highland climate (Cfb) with warm summers, relatively cold winters, and a high diurnal temperature variation. The temperatures range from −7 °C (19 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F) over the year with the hottest day crossing 30 °C (86 °F) and the coldest day going below −7 °C (19 °F). The average temperature during summer is between 10 °C (50 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F), and between −7 °C (19 °F) to 15 °C (59 °F) in the winter.

Monthly precipitation varies between 31 mm (1.2 in) in November and 217 mm (8.5 in) in July. On average, some 45 mm (1.8 in) of precipitation is received during winter and spring months, increasing to some 115 mm (4.5 in) in summer as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is 1,363 mm (53.7 in). Manali experiences snowfall predominantly between December and the beginning of March.

Manali in May 2022
Snowfall in Manali
View of Himalayas from Manali
Climate data for Manali, Himachal Pradesh (1991–2020, extremes 1968–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.5
(67.1) 		23.5
(74.3) 		27.0
(80.6) 		30.0
(86.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.6
(90.7) 		30.6
(87.1) 		29.2
(84.6) 		30.0
(86.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		35.0
(95.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.5
(50.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.9
(76.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.2
(75.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		20.2
(68.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		0.3
(32.5) 		3.3
(37.9) 		6.4
(43.5) 		9.3
(48.7) 		13.0
(55.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		16.1
(61.0) 		12.2
(54.0) 		6.3
(43.3) 		2.6
(36.7) 		0.3
(32.5) 		7.2
(45.0)
Record low °C (°F) −11.6
(11.1) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		1.0
(33.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		7.4
(45.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−11.6
(11.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 90.0
(3.54) 		113.7
(4.48) 		154.9
(6.10) 		87.7
(3.45) 		66.4
(2.61) 		89.9
(3.54) 		201.5
(7.93) 		217.0
(8.54) 		123.4
(4.86) 		24.8
(0.98) 		31.3
(1.23) 		38.7
(1.52) 		1,239.3
(48.79)
Average rainy days 5.6 6.7 8.4 6.0 6.2 7.9 12.9 14.9 8.1 1.9 1.8 2.2 82.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 62 60 52 58 63 66 75 76 76 69 63 62 65
Source: India Meteorological Department[6][7][8]

Demographics

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Manali has grown from a trading village to a small town. As of the 2011 census of India, its population was 8,096. In 2001, Manali had an official population of 6,265. Males constituted 64% of the population and females 36%. Manali had an average literacy rate of 74%, male literacy was 80%, and female literacy was 63.9%. 9.5% of the population was under six years of age.[9]

Transport

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Air

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The nearest airport Kullu–Manali Airport (IATA code KUU) is at Bhuntar town in Kullu. The airport is also known as Kullu-Manali airport and has more than a kilometer-long runway. Air India has regular flights to the airport from,, New Delhi.

Helicopter taxi service

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Pawan Hans, the Government charter agency, provides helicopter-taxi service connecting Shimla to Chandigarh, Kullu, Kangra and Dharamshala.[10]

Road

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Road near Manali in Himachal Pradesh

Manali can be reached from Delhi by national highway NH 1 up to Ambala and from there NH 22 to Chandigarh and from there by national highway NH21 that passes through Bilaspur, Sundernagar, Mandi and Kullu towns. The road distance from Chandigarh to Manali is 310 km (190 mi), and the total distance from Delhi to Manali is 570 km (350 mi). Bus services are available from HRTC (Himachal Road Transport Corporation), HPTDC (Himachal Tourism Development Corporation), and private operators.

Railway

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There is no close railhead available close to Manali. The nearest broad gauge railheads are at Una 250 km (155 mi) away, Kiratpur Sahib 268 km (167 mi), Kalka (275 km (171 mi)), Chandigarh (310 km (193 mi)), and Pathankot (325 km (202 mi)). The nearest narrow gauge railhead is at Joginder Nagar (147 kilometres (91 mi)). The Kalka–Shimla Railway is a nostalgic narrow-gauge route culminating at the state capital of Shimla wherefrom one has to travel by road to Manali.

Environmental concerns

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Manali has witnessed a flurry of activity related to hydroelectric power and tourism. Unplanned and rampant construction has led to severe depletion of forests and pollution of river bodies, along with garbage being disposed of on the side of the mountains. There has been a loss of habitat to various species of fauna, not limited to the Himalayan monal, incidentally the state bird of Uttarakhand.[11]

See also

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Further reading

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  • Verma, V. 1996. Gadd of Dhauladhar: A Transhumant Tribe of the Himalayas. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi.
  • Handa, O. C. 1996. Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. ISBN 978-8185182032.
  • Penelope Chetwode 1972, 1989 "Kulu: The End of the Habitable World" (ISBN 9788185113203) Time Books International

References

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  1. ^ "Manali (Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India) - population statistics, map, and location". Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  2. ^ "Wanderlust the mountains are calling head over to Manali, Himachal Pradesh". theindianexpress.com.
  3. ^ Paper also Presented at the International Seminar on Disasters, Environment and Development, 9–12 December 1994, New Delhi, India –by James S. Gardner (1995). Tourism and Risk from Natural Hazards: Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India. Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba.
  4. ^ "History | District Kullu | India". Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  5. ^ "Manali Tourism, Himachal Pradesh". India Thrills. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  6. ^ "Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  7. ^ "Station: Manali Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 469–470. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  8. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M69. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  9. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages, and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  10. ^ "Shimla-Chandigarh helicopter service now operating six days a week". Himachal Tourism Official Website. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  11. ^ Azad, Shivani (18 November 2019). "Uttarakhand's state bird monal to be conserved with help from Himachal". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
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