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{{Short description|Allusional device that uses pictures to represent words or parts of words}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Rebus escort card.jpg|thumb|A rebus-style "escort card" from around 1865, to be read as "May I see you home my dear?"]]
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[[File:Arolsen Klebeband 18 041 3.JPG|thumb|A German rebus, circa 1620]]


A '''rebus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|b|ə|s}} {{respell|REE|bəss}}) is a [[puzzle]] device that combines the use of illustrated pictures with individual letters to depict words or phrases. For example: the word "been" might be depicted by a rebus showing an illustrated bumblebee next to a plus sign (+) and the letter "n".
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[[File:Arolsen Klebeband 18 041 3.JPG|thumb|350px|A German rebus, circa 1620.]]


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It was a favourite form of [[Heraldry|heraldic]] expression used in the [[Middle Ages]] to denote surnames. For example, in its basic form, three [[salmon]] (fish) are used to denote the surname "[[Salmon (surname)|Salmon]]". A more sophisticated example was the rebus of Bishop [[Walter Hart|Walter Lyhart]] (d. 1472) of Norwich, consisting of a [[stag]] (or [[Deer|hart]]) lying down in a conventional representation of water. The composition alludes to the name, profession or personal characteristics of the bearer, and speaks to the beholder ''Non verbis, sed rebus'', which [[Latin]] expression signifies "not by words but by things"<ref>Boutell, Charles, ''Heraldry Historical & Popular'', London, 1863, pp. 117–120</ref> (''res, rei'' (f), a thing, object, matter; ''rebus'' being [[ablative]] plural).<ref>''Cassell's Latin Dictionary'', ed. Marchant & Charles</ref>
A '''rebus''' is an allusional device that uses pictures to represent words or parts of words. It was a favourite form of [[Heraldry|heraldic]] expression used in the [[Middle Ages]] to denote surnames.


==Rebuses within heraldry==
For example, in its basic form, three [[salmon]] (fish) are used to denote the name "[[Salmon (surname)|Salmon]]". A more sophisticated example was the rebus of Bishop [[Walter Hart|Walter Lyhart]] (d.1472) of Norwich, consisting of a [[stag]] (or [[Deer|hart]]) lying down in a conventional representation of water.
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{{Further|Canting arms}}
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Rebuses are used extensively as a form of heraldic expression as a hint to the name of the bearer; they are not synonymous with [[canting arms]]. A man might have a rebus as a personal identification device entirely separate from his armorials, canting or otherwise. For example, [[Richard Weston (treasurer)|Sir Richard Weston]] (d. 1541) bore as arms: ''Ermine, on a chief azure five [[bezant]]s'', whilst his rebus, displayed many times in terracotta plaques on the walls of his mansion [[Sutton Place, Surrey]], was a "tun" or barrel, used to designate the last syllable of his surname.


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An example of canting arms proper are those of the [[Congleton|Borough of Congleton]] in Cheshire consisting of a [[conger]] eel, a lion (in Latin, ''leo'') and a tun (barrel). This word sequence "conger-leo-tun" enunciates the town's name. Similarly, the coat of arms of [[St. Ignatius Loyola]] contains wolves (in Spanish, ''lobo'') and a kettle (''olla''), said by some (probably incorrectly) to be a rebus for "Loyola". The arms of [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]] feature [[bow (weapon)|bows]] and lions.
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The composition alludes to the name, profession or personal characteristics of the bearer, and speaks to the beholder ''Non verbis, sed rebus'', which Latin expression signifies "not by words but by things"<ref>Boutell, Charles, Heraldry Historical & Popular, London, 1863, pp.117–120</ref> (''res, rei'' (f), a thing, object, matter; ''rebus'' being ablative plural).<ref>Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles</ref>

=i love you julie=
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{{See|Canting arms}}

[[File:Arms of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon.svg|thumb|250px|The arms of [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]: [[bow (weapon)|bows]] and [[lion]]s.]]

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Rebuses are used extensively as a form of heraldic expression as a hint to the name of the bearer; they are not synonymous with [[canting arms]]. A man might have a rebus as a personal identification device entirely separate from his armorials, canting or otherwise. For example, [[Richard Weston (treasurer)|Sir Richard Weston]] (d.1541) bore as arms: ''Ermine, on a chief azure five [[bezant]]s'', whilst his rebus, displayed many times in terracotta plaques on the walls of his mansion [[Sutton Place, Surrey]], was a "tun" or barrel, used to designate the last syllable of his surname.

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An example of [[canting arms]] proper are those of the [[Congleton|Borough of Congleton]] in Cheshire consisting of a [[conger]] eel, a lion (in Latin, ''leo'') and a tun (another word for a [[Barrel (storage)|barrel]]). This word sequence "conger-leo-tun" enunciates the town's name.
Similarly, the coat of arms of [[St. Ignatius Loyola]] contains wolves (in Spanish, ''lobo'') and a kettle (''olla''), said by some (probably incorrectly) to be a rebus for "Loyola".


==Modern rebuses, word plays==
==Modern rebuses, word plays==
[[File:Top Secret Rebus Puzzle.png|thumb|A rebus puzzle representing [[Top Secret|top secret]]]]
A modern example of the rebus used as a form of [[word play]] is:
A modern example of the rebus used as a form of [[word play]] is:
:H + [[File:Earcov.JPG|30px|picture of an ear]] = ''Hear'', or ''Here''.
:H + [[File:Earcov.JPG|30px|alt=Ear]] = ''Hear'', or ''Here''.
By extension, it also uses the positioning of words or parts of words in relation to each other to convey a hidden meaning, for example:
By extension, it also uses the positioning of words or parts of words in relation to each other to convey a hidden meaning, for example:
:p walk ark'': walk in the park
:p walk ark'': walk in the park.

A rebus made up solely of letters (such as "CU" for "See you") is known as a [[gramogram]], grammagram, or letteral word. This concept is sometimes extended to include numbers (as in "Q8" for "[[Kuwait]]", or "8" for "ate").<ref name="high">{{cite web|title=Cryptic crossword reference lists > Gramograms|url=http://www.highlightpress.com.au/gramograms.html|publisher=Highlight Press|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> Rebuses are sometimes used in [[crossword]] puzzles, with multiple letters or a symbol fitting into a single square.<ref name="nyt-solve">{{cite news|title=How to Solve The New York Times Crossword|work=The New York Times|author=Deb Amlen|author-link=Deb Amlen|access-date=12 December 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/guides/crosswords/how-to-solve-a-crossword-puzzle}}</ref>


==Pictograms==
==Pictograms==
[[File:RebusEscortCardsCirca1865.jpg|thumb|250px|Three rebus-style "escort cards" from the 1860s or 1870s.]]


The term ''rebus'' also refers to the use of a [[pictogram]] to represent a syllabic sound. This adapts pictograms into phonograms. A precursor to the development of the alphabet, this process represents one of the most important developments of writing. Fully developed hieroglyphs read in rebus fashion were in use at Abydos in Egypt as early as 3400 BCE.<ref>Fischer, Steven Roger, "A History of Writing", 2004, Reaktion Books, ISBN 1-86189-167-9, ISBN 978-1-86189-167-9, at page 36</ref>
The term ''rebus'' also refers to the use of a [[pictogram]] to represent a syllabic sound. This adapts pictograms into [[Phonogram (linguistics)|phonograms]]. A precursor to the development of the alphabet, this process represents one of the most important developments of writing. Fully developed hieroglyphs read in rebus fashion were in use at [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] in Egypt as early as 3400 BCE.<ref>Fischer, Steven Roger, "A History of Writing", 2004, Reaktion Books, {{ISBN|1-86189-167-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-86189-167-9}}, at page 36</ref> In Mesopotamia, the principle was first employed on [[Proto-Cuneiform]] tablets, beginning in the [[Jemdet Nasr period]] (c. 3100–2900 BC).<ref>{{cite book |last1=DeFrancis |first1=John |title=Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems |date=1989 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-1207-2 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hypplIDMd0IC&q=sumerian+%22rebus%22+3000+bc&pg=PA75 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Woods |first1=Christopher |editor1-first=Christopher |editor1-last=Woods |title=Visible language. Inventions of writing in the ancient Middle East and beyond |url=http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oimp32.pdf |series=Oriental Institute Museum Publications |volume=32 |year=2010 |publisher=University of Chicago |location=Chicago |isbn=978-1-885923-76-9 |chapter=The earliest Mesopotamian writing |pages=33–50 }}</ref>


The writing of correspondence in rebus form became popular in the 18th century and continued into the 19th century. [[Lewis Carroll]] wrote the children he befriended picture-puzzle rebus letters, nonsense letters, and [[Mirror|looking-glass]] letters, which had to be held in front of a mirror to be read.<ref>[http://www.lewiscarroll.org/centenary/niles.html ]{{dead link|date=March 2013}}</ref> Rebus letters served either as a sort of [[code]] or simply as a [[pastime]].
The writing of correspondence in rebus form became popular in the eighteenth century and continued into the nineteenth century. [[Lewis Carroll]] wrote the children he befriended picture-puzzle rebus letters, nonsense letters, and [[Mirror|looking-glass]] letters, which had to be held in front of a mirror to be read.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lewis Carroll Centenary Article |work=Niles Daily Star |date=3 January 1998 |author=Dawn Comer |url=http://www.lewiscarroll.org/centenary/niles.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513102004/http://www.lewiscarroll.org/centenary/niles.html |archive-date=13 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rebus letters served either as a sort of [[code]] or simply as a [[pastime]].


==Rebus principle==
==Rebus principle==
<!-- linked from redirect [[Rebus principle]] -->
[[File:Ramesses II as child.jpg|thumb|[[Ramesses II]] as child: Hieroglyphs: ''Ra-mes-su''. ]]
[[File:Ramesses II as child.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ramesses II]] as child: Hieroglyphs: ''Ra-mes-su'']]


In [[linguistics]], the '''rebus principle''' means using existing symbols, such as pictograms, purely for their sounds regardless of their meaning, to represent new words. Many ancient writing systems used the rebus principle to represent abstract words, which otherwise would be hard to be represented by pictograms. An example that illustrates the Rebus principle is the representation of the sentence "I can see you" by using the pictographs of "eye—can—sea—ewe."
In [[linguistics]], the '''rebus principle''' is the use of existing symbols, such as pictograms, purely for their sounds regardless of their meaning, to represent new words. Many ancient writing systems used what we now term 'the rebus principle' to represent abstract words, which otherwise would be hard to represent with pictograms. An example that illustrates the Rebus principle is the representation of the sentence "I can see you" by using the pictographs of "eye—can—sea—ewe".


Some linguists believe that the Chinese developed their writing system according to the rebus principle,<ref>''The Languages of China''. S. Robert Ramsey. Princeton University Press, 1987, p. 137.</ref> and Egyptian hieroglyphs sometimes used a similar system. A famous rebus statue of [[Ramses II]] uses three hieroglyphs to compose his name: [[Horus]] (as [[Ra]]), for ''Ra''; the child, ''mes''; and the sedge plant (stalk held in left hand), ''su''; the name Ra-mes-su is then formed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
Some linguists believe that the Chinese developed their writing system according to the rebus principle,<ref>''The Languages of China''. S. Robert Ramsey. Princeton University Press, 1987, p. 137.</ref> and Egyptian hieroglyphs sometimes used a similar system. A famous rebus statue of [[Ramses II]] uses three hieroglyphs to compose his name: [[Horus]] (as [[Ra]]), for ''Ra''; the child, ''mes''; and the sedge plant (stalk held in left hand), ''su''; the name Ra-mes-su is then formed.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The pharaohs|date=2002|publisher=Thames & Hudson|others=Ziegler, Christiane.|isbn=9780500051191|location=London|oclc=50215544}}</ref>

[[Sigmund Freud]]<ref>Freud, S. (1900) ''[[The Interpretation of Dreams]]'' London: Hogarth Press</ref> posited that the rebus was the basis for uncovering the latent content of the [[dream]]. He wrote, "A dream is a picture puzzle of this sort and our predecessors in the
field of dream interpretation have made the mistake of treating the rebus as a pictorial composition: and as such it has seemed to them
nonsensical and worthless."


==Use in game shows==
==Use in game shows==
'''Canada'''
'''Canada'''
*1980s children's game show ''[[Kidstreet]]'' featured a rebus [[Kidstreet#Kidstreet Rebus|during the bonus round (or "final lap")]].
* 1980s children's game show ''[[Kidstreet]]'' featured a rebus [[Kidstreet#Kidstreet Rebus|during the bonus round (or "final lap")]].


'''United Kingdom'''
'''United Kingdom'''
*''[[Catchphrase (game show)|Catchphrase]]'' was a long-running TV show which required contestants to decipher a rebus. There is an Australian version of the show hosted by [[John Burgess (host)|John Burgess]].
* ''[[Catchphrase (UK game show)|Catchphrase]]'' is a long-running game show which requires contestants to decipher a rebus. The show began as a short-lived [[Catchphrase (U.S. game show)|American game show]] hosted by [[Art James]] before being seen in the United Kingdom from 1986 to 2004 and returning in 2013. There was also an [[Burgo's Catch Phrase|Australian version]] of the show hosted by [[John Burgess (host)|John Burgess]].
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* In 1998, Granada TV produced ''[[Waffle (game show)|Waffle]]'', a single word rebus puzzle show that was hosted by Nick Weir, and included premium telephone line viewer participation.

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*In 1998, Granada TV produced 'Waffle,' a single word rebus puzzle show that was hosted by Nick Weir, and included premium telephone line viewer participation.


'''United States'''
'''United States'''
*Rebuses were central to the television game show ''[[Concentration (game show)|Concentration]].'' Contestants had to solve a rebus, usually partially concealed, to win a game. The [[HBO]] children's game series ''[[Crashbox]]'' features three rebus puzzles in the game segment "Ten Seconds."
* Rebuses were central to the television game show ''[[Concentration (game show)|Concentration]].'' Contestants had to solve a rebus, usually partially concealed behind any of thirty numbered "squares", to win a game. An updated version, known as ''Classic Concentration,'' shrank the board to twenty-five squares. There were also British and Australian versions of the game.
* The [[HBO]] children's game series ''[[Crashbox]]'' features three rebus puzzles in the game segment "Ten Seconds."
* A short-lived ABC game show from 1965 known as ''The Rebus Game'' also involved contestants creating rebuses to communicate an answer.
* The [[Nickelodeon]] game show ''[[Get the Picture (game show)|Get the Picture]]'' features a Power Surge called "Rebus Mania", in which the teams had 30 seconds to guess the rebus that was shown.


'''India'''
'''India'''
*[[Dadagiri Unlimited]] is a game show, in which some [[rebus]] puzzles are used in the [[Dadagiri Unlimited#Overview|googly round]]. The show is broadcast by [[Zee Bangla]] and hosted by the famous indian cricketer [[Sourav Ganguly# 2008–present: International retirement and the Indian Premier League|Sourav Ganguly]].
* ''[[Dadagiri Unlimited]]'' is a game show in which some rebus puzzles are used in the [[Dadagiri Unlimited#Googly|googly round]]. The show is broadcast by [[Zee Bangla]] and hosted by the former Indian cricketer [[Sourav Ganguly#2008–12: International retirement and IPL|Sourav Ganguly]].


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==Historical examples==
{{-}}
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[[File:Frederick-rebus.png|thumb|250px|A rebus sent to [[Voltaire]] by [[Frederick the Great]] – ''Supper tomorrow at [[Sanssouci Palace|Sanssouci]]?'']]
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[[File:Owl-dom rebus.png|thumb|Bishop [[Hugh Oldham|Oldham's]] owl-dom rebus as carved in the wall of his chantry in [[Exeter Cathedral]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Boutell |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Boutell |title=Heraldry, Historical and Popular |url=https://archive.org/details/heraldryhistori00boutgoog |edition=2nd |year=1863 |publisher=Winsor and Newton |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/heraldryhistori00boutgoog/page/n166 118]}}</ref>]]


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* It is reported<ref>{{cite book |last=Danesi |first=Marcel |author-link=Marcel Danesi |title=The Puzzle Instinct: The Meaning of Puzzles in Human Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47PHOZBdCLYC |edition=1st |year=2002 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Indiana, USA |page=61|isbn=0253217083 }}</ref> that when [[Voltaire]] was the guest of [[Frederick the Great]] at [[Sanssouci Palace]], they exchanged puzzle notes. Frederick sent over a page with two picture blocks on it: two hands below the letter P, and then the number 100 below a picture of a handsaw, all followed by a question mark. Voltaire replied with: '''Ga!'''
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==Historic examples==
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[[File:Frederick-rebus.png|thumb|250px|A rebus sent to [[Voltaire]] by [[Frederick the Great]].]]
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[[File:Owl-dom rebus.png|thumb|250px|Bishop [[Hugh Oldham|Oldham's]] owl-dom rebus as carved in the wall of his chantry in [[Exeter Cathedral]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Boutell |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Boutell |title=Heraldry, Historical and Popular |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VcEYAAAAMAAJ |edition=2nd |year=1863 |publisher=Winsor and Newton |location=London |page=118}}</ref>]]

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* It is reported<ref>{{cite book |last=Danesi |first=Marcel |authorlink=Marcel Danesi |title=The Puzzle Instinct: The Meaning of Puzzles in Human Life|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=47PHOZBdCLYC |edition=1st |year=2002 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Indiana, USA |page=61}}</ref> that when [[Voltaire]] was the guest of [[Frederick the Great]] at [[Sanssouci Palace]], they exchanged puzzle notes. Frederick sent over a page with two picture blocks on it: two hands below the letter P, and then the number 100 below a picture of a handsaw, all followed by a question mark. Voltaire replied with: '''Ga!'''


:Both messages were rebuses in the French language: ''deux mains sous Pé à cent sous scie?'' "two hands under 'p' at [one] hundred under saw" = ''demain souper à Sanssouci?'' "supper tomorrow at Sanssouci?"); reply: ''Gé grand, A petit!'' "big 'G', small 'a'!" (= ''j'ai grand appétit!'' "I am very hungry!").
:Both messages were rebuses in the French language: ''deux mains sous Pé à cent sous scie?'' "two hands under 'p' at [one] hundred under saw" = ''demain souper à Sanssouci?'' "supper tomorrow at Sanssouci?"); reply: ''Gé grand, A petit!'' "big 'G', small 'a'!" (= ''j'ai grand appétit!'' "I am very hungry!").
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* The early sixteenth-century [[Bishop of Exeter]], [[Hugh Oldham]], adopted the owl as his personal device. It bore a scroll in its beak bearing the letters D.O.M., forming a rebus based on his surname, which would probably have been pronounced at the time as ''owl-dom''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/philanthropy1.html |title=Manchester Celebrities – Philanthropy, Philosophy & Religion – Bishop Hugh Oldham |publisher=ManchesterUK |access-date=2011-01-03 |last=Moss |first=John |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116153116/http://manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/philanthropy1.html |archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref>

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* The nineteenth-century French sculptor [[Jean-Pierre Dantan]] would place rebuses on the [[Socle (architecture)|socles]] of his caricature busts to identify the subject. For example, [[Victor Hugo]] was an axe (''hache'' in French, which sounds like the French pronunciation of "H") + UG + crossed bones (''os'', sounding like "O"). [[Hector Berlioz]] was represented by the letters BER low on the socle, with a bed (''lit'', for "li") comparatively high on the socle (to mean "''haut''", the French for high, pronounced with a silent "h" and "t" and the digraph "au" sounding like "O").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearttribune.com/spip.php?page=docbig&id_document=2120 |title=The Art Tribune – ''Jean-Pierre Dantan (1800–1869), Louis-Hector Berlioz, 1833'' |publisher=Thearttribune.com |access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref>
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* The early 16th century [[Bishop of Exeter]], [[Hugh Oldham]] adopted the owl as his personal device. It bore a scroll in its beak bearing the letters D.O.M., forming a rebus based on his surname, which would probably have been pronounced at the time as ''owl-dom''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/philanthropy1.html |title=Manchester Celebrities – Philanthropy, Philosophy & Religion – Bishop Hugh Oldham |publisher=ManchesterUK |accessdate=2011-01-03 |last=Moss |first=John}}</ref>
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* Rebus Bibles such as ''[[A Curious Hieroglyphic Bible]]'' were popular in the late eighteenth century for teaching children to read the Bible.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri014.html |title=A Curious Hieroglyphick Bible |work=American Treasures of the Library of Congress |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009020545/http://loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri014.html |archive-date=9 October 2015 }}</ref>

* [[Franciscans]] interacting with [[Nahuatl]]-speaking groups found that the Cholultecans used rebus principles to record information in Latin. The Cholultecans learned the Pater Noster or Lord's Prayer with the aid of drawing pictures of a ''pantli'' (flag or banner) to represent ''pater'' and a picture of a prickly pear, ''nochtli,'' for ''noster''. This practice was seen as a strength of the people's pictographic literacy.<ref>Mendieta, G. de (1971). ''Historia Eclesiastica Indiana''[A religios History of the Indians]. Mexico, DF: Editorial Porrua (Original work published 1945)</ref>
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* The 19th century French sculptor [[Jean-Pierre Dantan]] would place rebuses on the [[Socle (architecture)|socle]]s of his caricature busts to identify the subject. For example, [[Victor Hugo]] was an axe (''hache'' in French, which sounds like the French pronunciation of "H") + UG + crossed bones (''os'', sounding like "O"). [[Hector Berlioz]] was represented by the letters BER low on the socle, with a bed (''lit'', for "li") comparatively high on the socle (to mean "''haut''", the French for high, pronounced with a silent "h" and "t" and so sounding like "O").{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

* In the U.S., a rebus was used on the [[Continental Congress]] patterns minted in 1776 and later on the [[Fugio Cent]], the first federal coin, minted in 1787. According to Walter Breen, Elisha Gaullaudet engraved the dies, using sketches of Benjamin Franklin. The obverse depicts a sundial with the terms "Fugio" and "Mind Your Business". Fugio means "I flee", the sundial means time, and "mind your business" means "do your work". Therefore this rebus read, "Time flees, so do your work."{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

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*Rebus bibles such as ''[[A Curious Hieroglyphic Bible]]'' were popular in the late 18th century for teaching bible reading to children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri014.html |title=A Curious Hieroglyphick Bible |work=American Treasures of the Library of Congress |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=January 31, 2015}}</ref>


==Japan==
==Japan==
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{{See also|Japanese rebus monogram}}
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[[File:Kuni rebus 2.jpg|thumb|250px|A rebus for the names of Japanese provinces, from around 1800.]]
[[Image:やまとしずく生酛純米.jpeg|thumb|upright|A bottle of {{Nihongo||やまと　しずく|Yamato Shizuku|Japan droplet}} sake (name spelt out at top right), with a rebus ∧ト💧 which is read as {{Nihongo||山|yama|mountain}} (symbolized by the ∧) + {{Nihongo||ト|to|katakana character for ''to''}} + {{Nihongo||雫|shizuku|droplet}} (symbolized by the 💧)]]
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{{also|Japanese rebus monogram}}


In Japan, the rebus known as {{Nihongo||判じ物|hanjimono}}<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hepburn|first=James Curtis|publisher=A.D.F. Randolph|year=1873|title=A Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary |url=http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=v8M9AAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA144}}</ref> was immensely popular during the [[Edo period]].<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Morris|editor-first=Ivan|editor-link=Ivan Morris|last=Ihara|first=Saikaku|author-link=Ihara Saikaku|title=The Life of an Amorous Woman: And Other Writings|publisher=A.D.F. Randolph|year=1963|url=http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=LwYfVijt4twC&pg=PA348|isbn=978-0-8112-0187-2}}, p.348, note 456,</ref> A piece by [[ukiyo-e]] artist [[Kunisada]] was "Actor Puzzles" (''Yakusha hanjimono'') that featured rebuses.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Izzard|first=Sebastian|coauthors=J. Thomas Rimer, John T. Carpenter|title=Kunisada's world|publisher=Japan Society, in collaboration with Ukiyo-e Society of America|year=1993|url=http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=PyM4AQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-0-913304-37-2}}, p.23</ref>
In Japan, the rebus known as {{Nihongo||判じ物|hanjimono}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Hepburn|first=James Curtis|publisher=A.D.F. Randolph|year=1873|title=A Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8M9AAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA144}}</ref> was immensely popular during the [[Edo period]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Morris|editor-first=Ivan|editor-link=Ivan Morris|last=Ihara|first=Saikaku|author-link=Ihara Saikaku|title=The Life of an Amorous Woman: And Other Writings|publisher=A.D.F. Randolph|year=1963|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwYfVijt4twC&pg=PA348|isbn=978-0-8112-0187-2}}, p.348, note 456,</ref> A piece by [[ukiyo-e]] artist [[Kunisada]] was "Actor Puzzles" (''Yakusha hanjimono'') that featured rebuses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Izzard |first1=Sebastian |last2=Rimer |first2=J. Thomas |last3=Carpenter |first3=John T. |title=Kunisada's world |publisher=Japan Society, in collaboration with Ukiyo-e Society of America |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyM4AQAAIAAJ |isbn=978-0-913304-37-2}}, p. 23</ref>


Today the most often seen of these symbols is a picture of a sickle, a circle, and the letter {{Nihongo||ぬ|nu}}, read as {{Nihongo||鎌輪ぬ|kama-wa-nu|sickle circle ''nu''}}, interpreted as {{Nihongo||構わぬ|kamawanu}}, the old-fashioned form of {{Nihongo||構わない|kamawanai|don't worry, doesn't matter}}. This is known as the {{Nihongo||鎌輪奴文|kamawanu-mon|kamawanu sign}}, and dates to circa 1700,<ref>[http://www.weblio.jp/content/鎌輪奴 かま わ ぬ ［3］ 【鎌輪奴▽】], 大辞林</ref> being used in kabuki since circa 1815.<ref>[https://kotobank.jp/word/鎌輪奴文-1292426 鎌輪奴文　かまわぬもん]</ref><ref>[http://tabikaratabi.pro.tok2.com/cgi-bin/c-board.cgi?cmd=one;no=147;id=monnyoujitenn 鎌輪奴文（かまわぬもん）　歌舞伎文様]</ref>
Today the most often seen of these symbols is a picture of a sickle, a circle, and the letter {{Nihongo||ぬ|nu}}, read as {{Nihongo||鎌輪ぬ|kama-wa-nu|sickle circle ''nu''}}, interpreted as {{Nihongo||構わぬ|kamawanu}}, the old-fashioned form of {{Nihongo||構わない|kamawanai|don't worry, doesn't matter}}. This is known as the {{Nihongo||鎌輪奴文|kamawanu-mon|kamawanu sign}}, and dates to circa 1700,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weblio.jp/content |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160525003448/http://www.weblio.jp/content |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-05-25 |title=辞典・百科事典の検索サービス – Weblio辞書 |publisher=Arquivo.pt |access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref> being used in kabuki since circa 1815.<ref>[https://kotobank.jp/word/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817053914/https://kotobank.jp/word/|date=17 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tabikaratabi.pro.tok2.com/cgi-bin/c-board.cgi?cmd=one;no=147;id=monnyoujitenn |title=旅から旅 文様事典 ＢＢＳ |publisher=Tabikaratabi.pro.tok2.com |access-date=2015-06-20}}</ref>


[[Kabuki]] actors would wear ''yukata'' and other clothing whose pictorial design, in rebus, represented their [[Yagō]] "guild names", and would distribute [[tenugui]] cloth with their rebused names as well. The practice was not restricted to the acting profession and was undertaken by townsfolk of various walks of life. There were also pictorial calendars called {{link-interwiki|en=egoyomi|lang=ja|title_lang=盲暦}} that represented the [[Japanese calendar]] in rebus so it could be "read" by the illiterate.
[[Kabuki]] actors would wear ''yukata'' and other clothing whose pictorial design, in rebus, represented their [[Yagō]] "guild names", and would distribute [[tenugui]] cloth with their rebused names as well. The practice was not restricted to the acting profession and was undertaken by townsfolk of various walks of life. There were also pictorial calendars called [[egoyomi]] that represented the [[Japanese calendar]] in rebus so it could be "read" by the illiterate.


Today a number of abstract examples following certain conventions are occasionally used for names, primarily for corporate [[logo]]s or product logos and incorporating some characters of the name, as in a [[monogram]]; see [[Japanese rebus monogram]]. The most familiar example globally is the logo for [[Yamasa]] soy sauce, which is a ∧ with a サ under it. This is read as ''Yama,'' for {{Nihongo||山|yama|mountain}} (symbolized by the ∧) + {{Nihongo||サ|sa|katakana character for ''sa''}}.
Today a number of abstract examples following certain conventions are occasionally used for names, primarily for corporate [[logo]]s or product logos and incorporating some characters of the name, as in a [[monogram]]; see [[Japanese rebus monogram]]. The most familiar example globally is the logo for [[Yamasa]] soy sauce, which is a ∧ with a サ under it. This is read as ''Yama'', for {{Nihongo||山|yama|mountain}} (symbolized by the ∧) + {{Nihongo||サ|sa|katakana character for ''sa''}}.


⚫
[[File:Kuni rebus 2.jpg|thumb|center|250px|A rebus for the names of Japanese provinces, from around 1800]]
==ANNIE IS MY BEST FRIEND==


==Rebus puzzles on US beers==
* In the 1958 children's book ''[[Tom's Midnight Garden]]'', Tom uses an elongated image of a cat as his signature to represent his name, Tom Long.
⚫
* [[Lone Star Beer|Lone Star]] has rebus puzzles under the [[crown cork|crown caps]] of its bottled beer, as do [[National Bohemian]], [[Lucky Lager]], [[Falstaff Beer|Falstaff]], [[Olympia Beer|Olympia]], [[Rainier Beer|Rainier]], [[Haffenreffer Brewery|Haffenreffer]], [[Kassel]], [[Pearl Brewing Company|Pearl]], Regal, [[Ballantine Brewery|Ballantine]], [[Mickey's]], [[Lionshead]], and Texas Pride during the 1970s and the 1980s. These puzzle caps are also called "crown ticklers".<ref>{{cite web|author=Alan J. Switzer|title=Puzzle Beer Caps|url=http://www.jokelibrary.net/yyDrawings/bottle_caps.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922132249/http://www.jokelibrary.net/yyDrawings/bottle_caps.html|archive-date=2012-09-22|access-date=2013-03-14|publisher=Jokelibrary.net}}</ref> [[Narragansett Beer]] uses rebus puzzles on their bottle caps, and bar coasters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.narragansettbeer.com/category/rebus-puzzles |title=Rebus Puzzles |website=Narragansett Beer}}</ref>
* In the TV show ''[[The Electric Company (2009 TV series)|The Electric Company]]'', Danny can throw a word ball with his secret code named after the article.
* In the underground comic [[Zap Comix|Zap]] No. 8 from 1975, [[Robert Williams (artist)|Robert William]]s' story 'Innocence Squandered' features a character called Counselor Rebus. He is the defense attorney in a courtroom scene for the protagonist of the story, F. Leonoid Baldpubis. Mr. Willams' fanciful artwork style comes into play here as well as his sense of humour: Counselor Rebus has a body made of Rebuses (glass of beer for the 'head', ruler for a foot) and speaks entirely in rebuses throughout the story.
⚫
*[[Lone Star Beer]] has rebus puzzles under the [[crown cork|crown caps]] of its bottled beer, as do [[National Bohemian]], [[Lucky Lager]], [[Falstaff Beer|Falstaff]], [[Olympia Beer|Olympia]], [[Rainier Beer|Rainier]], [[Haffenreffer Brewery|Haffenreffer]], [[Kassel]], [[Pearl Brewing Company|Pearl]], Regal, [[Ballantine Brewery|Ballantine]], [[Mickey's]], [[Lionshead]], and Texas Pride during the 1970s and the 1980s. These puzzle caps are also called "crown ticklers".<ref>{{cite web|author=Alan J. Switzer |url=http://www.jokelibrary.net/yyDrawings/bottle_caps.html |title=Puzzle Beer Caps |publisher=Jokelibrary.net |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> [[Narragansett Beer]] uses rebus puzzles on their bottle caps, and bar [http://www.narragansettbeer.com/category/rebus-puzzles coasters].


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Dingbat]], another word for rebus, derived from the [[Dingbats (board game)|game of the same name]]
*[[Emoji]]
* [[Verbal arithmetic]]
* [[Visual pun]]
* [[Visual pun]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.rebuses.co/how-to-solve-a-rebus-puzzle/ How to solve Rebus puzzles].
* [http://www.rebuses.co/how-to-solve-a-rebus-puzzle/ How to solve Rebus puzzles].
* An example of using [http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/yingzi.htm chinese-like] characters to write English.
* An example of using [http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/yingzi.htm chinese-like] characters to write English.
* The online music review [http://www.lafolia.com/ La Folia] offers [http://www.lafolia.com/archive/nevin/nevin200703rebus.html rebuses derived from composers' names]
* The online music review [http://www.lafolia.com/ La Folia] offers [http://www.lafolia.com/archive/nevin/nevin200703rebus.html rebuses derived from composers' names]
* Automatically convert any text into a rebus at [http://www.myrebus.com myrebus.com].
* Online rebus generators, automatically convert any text into a rebus:
** [https://www.festisite.com/rebus/ festisite.com]
⚫
* Rebus [http://rebus1.com/en/index.php?item=rebus_generator generator].
** [https://rebus.club rebus.club] High quality generator due to the use of a special purpose [[Edit distance]] algorithm.
⚫
** [http://rebus1.com/en/index.php?item=rebus_generator rebus1.com].
* Collection of interesting [https://www.puzzles-world.com/search/label/Rebus Rebus Puzzles]
* [https://readingrebus.com/ Reading Rebus Project]

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:4th-millennium BC establishments]]
[[Category:Word puzzles]]
[[Category:Word puzzles]]
[[Category:Symbols]]
[[Category:Symbols]]
[[Category:Heraldry]]
[[Category:Heraldry]]
[[Category:Jemdet Nasr period]]
[[Category:Language and mysticism]]

Latest revision as of 02:10, 11 December 2024

For other uses, see Rebus (disambiguation).

A rebus-style "escort card" from around 1865, to be read as "May I see you home my dear?"
A German rebus, circa 1620

A rebus (/ˈriːbəs/ REE-bəss) is a puzzle device that combines the use of illustrated pictures with individual letters to depict words or phrases. For example: the word "been" might be depicted by a rebus showing an illustrated bumblebee next to a plus sign (+) and the letter "n".

It was a favourite form of heraldic expression used in the Middle Ages to denote surnames. For example, in its basic form, three salmon (fish) are used to denote the surname "Salmon". A more sophisticated example was the rebus of Bishop Walter Lyhart (d. 1472) of Norwich, consisting of a stag (or hart) lying down in a conventional representation of water. The composition alludes to the name, profession or personal characteristics of the bearer, and speaks to the beholder Non verbis, sed rebus, which Latin expression signifies "not by words but by things"[1] (res, rei (f), a thing, object, matter; rebus being ablative plural).[2]

Rebuses within heraldry

[edit]
Further information: Canting arms

Rebuses are used extensively as a form of heraldic expression as a hint to the name of the bearer; they are not synonymous with canting arms. A man might have a rebus as a personal identification device entirely separate from his armorials, canting or otherwise. For example, Sir Richard Weston (d. 1541) bore as arms: Ermine, on a chief azure five bezants, whilst his rebus, displayed many times in terracotta plaques on the walls of his mansion Sutton Place, Surrey, was a "tun" or barrel, used to designate the last syllable of his surname.

An example of canting arms proper are those of the Borough of Congleton in Cheshire consisting of a conger eel, a lion (in Latin, leo) and a tun (barrel). This word sequence "conger-leo-tun" enunciates the town's name. Similarly, the coat of arms of St. Ignatius Loyola contains wolves (in Spanish, lobo) and a kettle (olla), said by some (probably incorrectly) to be a rebus for "Loyola". The arms of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon feature bows and lions.

Modern rebuses, word plays

[edit]
A rebus puzzle representing top secret

A modern example of the rebus used as a form of word play is:

H + Ear = Hear, or Here.

By extension, it also uses the positioning of words or parts of words in relation to each other to convey a hidden meaning, for example:

p walk ark: walk in the park.

A rebus made up solely of letters (such as "CU" for "See you") is known as a gramogram, grammagram, or letteral word. This concept is sometimes extended to include numbers (as in "Q8" for "Kuwait", or "8" for "ate").[3] Rebuses are sometimes used in crossword puzzles, with multiple letters or a symbol fitting into a single square.[4]

Pictograms

[edit]

The term rebus also refers to the use of a pictogram to represent a syllabic sound. This adapts pictograms into phonograms. A precursor to the development of the alphabet, this process represents one of the most important developments of writing. Fully developed hieroglyphs read in rebus fashion were in use at Abydos in Egypt as early as 3400 BCE.[5] In Mesopotamia, the principle was first employed on Proto-Cuneiform tablets, beginning in the Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3100–2900 BC).[6][7]

The writing of correspondence in rebus form became popular in the eighteenth century and continued into the nineteenth century. Lewis Carroll wrote the children he befriended picture-puzzle rebus letters, nonsense letters, and looking-glass letters, which had to be held in front of a mirror to be read.[8] Rebus letters served either as a sort of code or simply as a pastime.

Rebus principle

[edit]
Ramesses II as child: Hieroglyphs: Ra-mes-su

In linguistics, the rebus principle is the use of existing symbols, such as pictograms, purely for their sounds regardless of their meaning, to represent new words. Many ancient writing systems used what we now term 'the rebus principle' to represent abstract words, which otherwise would be hard to represent with pictograms. An example that illustrates the Rebus principle is the representation of the sentence "I can see you" by using the pictographs of "eye—can—sea—ewe".

Some linguists believe that the Chinese developed their writing system according to the rebus principle,[9] and Egyptian hieroglyphs sometimes used a similar system. A famous rebus statue of Ramses II uses three hieroglyphs to compose his name: Horus (as Ra), for Ra; the child, mes; and the sedge plant (stalk held in left hand), su; the name Ra-mes-su is then formed.[10]

Sigmund Freud[11] posited that the rebus was the basis for uncovering the latent content of the dream. He wrote, "A dream is a picture puzzle of this sort and our predecessors in the field of dream interpretation have made the mistake of treating the rebus as a pictorial composition: and as such it has seemed to them nonsensical and worthless."

Use in game shows

[edit]

Canada

United Kingdom

  • Catchphrase is a long-running game show which requires contestants to decipher a rebus. The show began as a short-lived American game show hosted by Art James before being seen in the United Kingdom from 1986 to 2004 and returning in 2013. There was also an Australian version of the show hosted by John Burgess.
  • In 1998, Granada TV produced Waffle, a single word rebus puzzle show that was hosted by Nick Weir, and included premium telephone line viewer participation.

United States

  • Rebuses were central to the television game show Concentration. Contestants had to solve a rebus, usually partially concealed behind any of thirty numbered "squares", to win a game. An updated version, known as Classic Concentration, shrank the board to twenty-five squares. There were also British and Australian versions of the game.
  • The HBO children's game series Crashbox features three rebus puzzles in the game segment "Ten Seconds."
  • A short-lived ABC game show from 1965 known as The Rebus Game also involved contestants creating rebuses to communicate an answer.
  • The Nickelodeon game show Get the Picture features a Power Surge called "Rebus Mania", in which the teams had 30 seconds to guess the rebus that was shown.

India

Historical examples

[edit]
A rebus sent to Voltaire by Frederick the Great – Supper tomorrow at Sanssouci?
Bishop Oldham's owl-dom rebus as carved in the wall of his chantry in Exeter Cathedral[12]
  • It is reported[13] that when Voltaire was the guest of Frederick the Great at Sanssouci Palace, they exchanged puzzle notes. Frederick sent over a page with two picture blocks on it: two hands below the letter P, and then the number 100 below a picture of a handsaw, all followed by a question mark. Voltaire replied with: Ga!
Both messages were rebuses in the French language: deux mains sous Pé à cent sous scie? "two hands under 'p' at [one] hundred under saw" = demain souper à Sanssouci? "supper tomorrow at Sanssouci?"); reply: Gé grand, A petit! "big 'G', small 'a'!" (= j'ai grand appétit! "I am very hungry!").
  • The early sixteenth-century Bishop of Exeter, Hugh Oldham, adopted the owl as his personal device. It bore a scroll in its beak bearing the letters D.O.M., forming a rebus based on his surname, which would probably have been pronounced at the time as owl-dom.[14]
  • The nineteenth-century French sculptor Jean-Pierre Dantan would place rebuses on the socles of his caricature busts to identify the subject. For example, Victor Hugo was an axe (hache in French, which sounds like the French pronunciation of "H") + UG + crossed bones (os, sounding like "O"). Hector Berlioz was represented by the letters BER low on the socle, with a bed (lit, for "li") comparatively high on the socle (to mean "haut", the French for high, pronounced with a silent "h" and "t" and the digraph "au" sounding like "O").[15]
  • Rebus Bibles such as A Curious Hieroglyphic Bible were popular in the late eighteenth century for teaching children to read the Bible.[16]
  • Franciscans interacting with Nahuatl-speaking groups found that the Cholultecans used rebus principles to record information in Latin. The Cholultecans learned the Pater Noster or Lord's Prayer with the aid of drawing pictures of a pantli (flag or banner) to represent pater and a picture of a prickly pear, nochtli, for noster. This practice was seen as a strength of the people's pictographic literacy.[17]

Japan

[edit]
See also: Japanese rebus monogram
A bottle of Yamato Shizuku (やまと　しずく, Japan droplet) sake (name spelt out at top right), with a rebus ∧ト💧 which is read as yama (山, mountain) (symbolized by the ∧) + to (ト, katakana character for to) + shizuku (雫, droplet) (symbolized by the 💧)

In Japan, the rebus known as hanjimono (判じ物)[18] was immensely popular during the Edo period.[19] A piece by ukiyo-e artist Kunisada was "Actor Puzzles" (Yakusha hanjimono) that featured rebuses.[20]

Today the most often seen of these symbols is a picture of a sickle, a circle, and the letter nu (ぬ), read as kama-wa-nu (鎌輪ぬ, sickle circle nu), interpreted as kamawanu (構わぬ), the old-fashioned form of kamawanai (構わない, don't worry, doesn't matter). This is known as the kamawanu-mon (鎌輪奴文, kamawanu sign), and dates to circa 1700,[21] being used in kabuki since circa 1815.[22][23]

Kabuki actors would wear yukata and other clothing whose pictorial design, in rebus, represented their Yagō "guild names", and would distribute tenugui cloth with their rebused names as well. The practice was not restricted to the acting profession and was undertaken by townsfolk of various walks of life. There were also pictorial calendars called egoyomi that represented the Japanese calendar in rebus so it could be "read" by the illiterate.

Today a number of abstract examples following certain conventions are occasionally used for names, primarily for corporate logos or product logos and incorporating some characters of the name, as in a monogram; see Japanese rebus monogram. The most familiar example globally is the logo for Yamasa soy sauce, which is a ∧ with a サ under it. This is read as Yama, for yama (山, mountain) (symbolized by the ∧) + sa (サ, katakana character for sa).

A rebus for the names of Japanese provinces, from around 1800

Rebus puzzles on US beers

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Boutell, Charles, Heraldry Historical & Popular, London, 1863, pp. 117–120
  2. ^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles
  3. ^ "Cryptic crossword reference lists > Gramograms". Highlight Press. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  4. ^ Deb Amlen. "How to Solve The New York Times Crossword". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  5. ^ Fischer, Steven Roger, "A History of Writing", 2004, Reaktion Books, ISBN 1-86189-167-9, ISBN 978-1-86189-167-9, at page 36
  6. ^ DeFrancis, John (1989). Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8248-1207-2.
  7. ^ Woods, Christopher (2010). "The earliest Mesopotamian writing". In Woods, Christopher (ed.). Visible language. Inventions of writing in the ancient Middle East and beyond (PDF). Oriental Institute Museum Publications. Vol. 32. Chicago: University of Chicago. pp. 33–50. ISBN 978-1-885923-76-9.
  8. ^ Dawn Comer (3 January 1998). "Lewis Carroll Centenary Article". Niles Daily Star. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007.
  9. ^ The Languages of China. S. Robert Ramsey. Princeton University Press, 1987, p. 137.
  10. ^ The pharaohs. Ziegler, Christiane. London: Thames & Hudson. 2002. ISBN 9780500051191. OCLC 50215544.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ Freud, S. (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams London: Hogarth Press
  12. ^ Boutell, Charles (1863). Heraldry, Historical and Popular (2nd ed.). London: Winsor and Newton. p. 118.
  13. ^ Danesi, Marcel (2002). The Puzzle Instinct: The Meaning of Puzzles in Human Life (1st ed.). Indiana, USA: Indiana University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0253217083.
  14. ^ Moss, John. "Manchester Celebrities – Philanthropy, Philosophy & Religion – Bishop Hugh Oldham". ManchesterUK. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
  15. ^ "The Art Tribune – Jean-Pierre Dantan (1800–1869), Louis-Hector Berlioz, 1833". Thearttribune.com. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  16. ^ "A Curious Hieroglyphick Bible". American Treasures of the Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  17. ^ Mendieta, G. de (1971). Historia Eclesiastica Indiana[A religios History of the Indians]. Mexico, DF: Editorial Porrua (Original work published 1945)
  18. ^ Hepburn, James Curtis (1873). A Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary. A.D.F. Randolph.
  19. ^ Ihara, Saikaku (1963). Morris, Ivan (ed.). The Life of an Amorous Woman: And Other Writings. A.D.F. Randolph. ISBN 978-0-8112-0187-2., p.348, note 456,
  20. ^ Izzard, Sebastian; Rimer, J. Thomas; Carpenter, John T. (1993). Kunisada's world. Japan Society, in collaboration with Ukiyo-e Society of America. ISBN 978-0-913304-37-2., p. 23
  21. ^ "辞典・百科事典の検索サービス – Weblio辞書". Arquivo.pt. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  22. ^ [1] Archived 17 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "旅から旅 文様事典 ＢＢＳ". Tabikaratabi.pro.tok2.com. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  24. ^ Alan J. Switzer. "Puzzle Beer Caps". Jokelibrary.net. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  25. ^ "Rebus Puzzles". Narragansett Beer.
[edit]
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