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{{Short description|Type of retail or commercial bank organized cooperatively}}
{{redirect|Cooperative bank|banks by this name|Co-operative Bank (disambiguation){{!}}Co-operative Bank}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Cooperative bank|Co-operative bank|banks by this name|Co-operative Bank (disambiguation){{!}}Co-operative Bank}}
{{Banking |banks |image=Co-operative Bank head office 20051019.jpg |caption=A statue of cooperative pioneer [[Robert Owen]] stands in front of the [[Manchester]] head office of the UK's [[Co-operative Bank plc|Co-operative Bank]].}}
{{Banking |banks |image=Co-operative Bank head office 20051019.jpg |caption=A statue of cooperative pioneer [[Robert Owen]] stands in front of the [[Manchester]] head office of the UK's [[Co-operative Bank plc|Co-operative Bank]].}}
'''Cooperative banking''' is retail and commercial banking organized on a cooperative basis. Cooperative [[banking institution]]s take deposits and lend money in most parts of the world.

'''Cooperative banking''' is retail and commercial banking organized on a [[cooperative]] basis. Cooperative [[banking institution]]s take deposits and lend money in most parts of the world.


Cooperative banking, as discussed here, includes retail banking carried out by [[credit union]]s, [[mutual savings bank]]s, [[Building society|building societies]] and [[cooperative]]s, as well as commercial banking services provided by [[mutual organization]]s (such as [[cooperative federation]]s) to cooperative businesses.
Cooperative banking, as discussed here, includes retail banking carried out by [[credit union]]s, [[mutual savings bank]]s, [[Building society|building societies]] and [[cooperative]]s, as well as commercial banking services provided by [[mutual organization]]s (such as [[cooperative federation]]s) to cooperative businesses.


==Institutions==
== Institutions ==


===Credit unions===
=== Cooperative banks ===
Cooperative banks are owned by their customers and follow the [[Rochdale Principles|cooperative principle]] of one person, one vote. Co-operative banks are often regulated under both banking and cooperative legislation. They provide services such as savings and loans to non-members as well as to members, and some participate in the wholesale markets for bonds, money and even equities.<ref>[[The Co-operative Bank]] of the UK strictly limits its borrowing from the markets, according to an October 2008 statement [http://www.co-operativebank.co.uk/servlet/Satellite/1223017182560,CFSweb/Page/Bank-CustomerServices]: “... we do not borrow in the financial markets in order to lend. Our lending capital is generated from customers' investments and savings, leaving us a good deal less exposed to the vagaries of the market than many of the major lenders.”</ref> Many cooperative banks are traded on public [[stock market]]s, with the result that they are partly owned by non-members.
Member control can be diluted by these outside stakes, so they may be regarded as semi-cooperative.

Cooperative banking systems are also usually more integrated than credit union systems. Local branches of co-operative banks select their own boards of directors and manage their own operations, but most strategic decisions require approval from a central office. Credit unions usually retain strategic decision-making at a local level, though they share back-office functions, such as access to the global payments system, by federating.

Some cooperative banks are criticized for diluting their cooperative principles. Principles 2-4 of the "[[Statement on the Co-operative Identity]]" can be interpreted to require that members must control both the governance systems and capital of their cooperatives. A cooperative bank that raises capital on public stock markets creates a second class of shareholders who compete with the members for control. In some circumstances, the members may lose control. This effectively means that the bank ceases to be a cooperative. Accepting deposits from non-members may also lead to a dilution of member control.

=== Credit unions ===
{{Main|Credit union}}
{{Main|Credit union}}
Credit unions have the purpose of promoting thrift, providing credit at reasonable rates, and providing other financial services to its members.<ref>E.g., 12 U.S.C. § 1752(1), available at http://www.ncua.gov/RegulationsOpinionsLaws/fcu_act/fcu_act.pdf; CUNA Model Credit Union Act § 0.20 (2007); see also 12 U.S.C. § 1757, available at http://www.ncua.gov/RegulationsOpinionsLaws/fcu_act/fcu_act.pdf; CUNA Model Credit Union Act § 3.10 (2007).</ref>
Credit unions have the purpose of promoting thrift, providing credit at reasonable rates, and providing other financial services to its members.<ref>E.g., 12 U.S.C. §&nbsp;1752(1), available at {{cite web|url=http://www.ncua.gov/RegulationsOpinionsLaws/fcu_act/fcu_act.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330211213/http://www.ncua.gov/RegulationsOpinionsLaws/fcu_act/fcu_act.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-30 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-05-05 }}; CUNA Model Credit Union Act §&nbsp;0.20 (2007); see also 12 U.S.C. §&nbsp;1757, available at {{cite web|url=http://www.ncua.gov/RegulationsOpinionsLaws/fcu_act/fcu_act.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330211213/http://www.ncua.gov/RegulationsOpinionsLaws/fcu_act/fcu_act.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-30 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-05-05 }}; CUNA Model Credit Union Act §&nbsp;3.10 (2007).</ref>
Its members are usually required to share a [[Bond of association|common bond]], such as locality, employer, religion or profession, and
Its members are usually required to share a [[Bond of association|common bond]], such as locality, employer, religion or profession, and credit unions are usually funded entirely by member deposits, and avoid outside borrowing.
credit unions are usually funded entirely by member deposits, and avoid outside borrowing.
They are typically (though not exclusively) the smaller form of cooperative banking institution.
They are typically (though not exclusively) the smaller form of cooperative banking institution.
In some countries they are restricted to providing only unsecured personal loans, whereas in others, they can provide business loans to farmers, and mortgages.
In some countries they are restricted to providing only unsecured personal loans, whereas in others, they can provide business loans to farmers, and mortgages.


===Cooperative banks===
=== Land development banks ===
The special banks providing Long Term Loans are called [[Land Development Bank]]s (LDBs). The first LDB was started at Jhang in [[Punjab]] in 1920. This bank is also based on [[cooperative]]. The main objective of the LDBs are to promote the development of land, agriculture and increase the agricultural production. The LDBs provide long-term finance to members directly through their branches.<ref name="agritech">{{cite web | url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/banking/crbank_land_dvpt_bank.html | title=LAND DEVELOPMENT BANK | publisher=TNAU Agritech Portal | access-date=8 January 2014 | author=TNAU}}</ref>


=== Building societies ===
Larger institutions are often called ''cooperative banks''.
{{Main|Building society}}
Some are tightly integrated federations of credit unions, though those member credit unions may not subscribe to all nine of the strict principles of the [[World Council of Credit Unions]] (WOCCU).
Building societies exist in Britain, Ireland and several Commonwealth countries. They are similar to credit unions in organisation, though few enforce a [[Bond of association|common bond]]. However, rather than promoting thrift and offering unsecured and business loans, their purpose is to provide home mortgages for members. Borrowers and depositors are society members, setting policy and appointing directors on a one-member, one-vote basis. Building societies often provide other retail banking services, such as current accounts, credit cards and personal loans. In the United Kingdom, regulations permit up to half of their lending to be funded by debt to non-members, allowing societies to access wholesale bond and money markets to fund mortgages. The world's largest building society is Britain's [[Nationwide Building Society]].


=== Others ===
Like credit unions, cooperative banks are owned by their customers and follow the [[Rochdale Principles|cooperative principle]] of one person, one vote. Unlike credit unions, however, cooperative banks are often regulated under both banking and cooperative legislation. They provide services such as savings and loans to non-members as well as to members, and some participate in the wholesale markets for bonds, money and even equities.<ref>[[The Co-operative Bank]] of the UK strictly limits its borrowing from the markets, according to an October 2008 statement [http://www.co-operativebank.co.uk/servlet/Satellite/1223017182560,CFSweb/Page/Bank-CustomerServices]: “... we do not borrow in the financial markets in order to lend. Our lending capital is generated from customers' investments and savings, leaving us a good deal less exposed to the vagaries of the market than many of the major lenders.”</ref> Many cooperative banks are traded on public [[stock markets]], with the result that they are partly owned by non-members.
[[Mutual savings bank]]s and mutual [[savings and loan association]]s were very common in the 19th and 20th centuries, but declined in number and market share in the late 20th century, becoming globally less significant than cooperative banks, building societies and credit unions.
Member control is diluted by these outside stakes, so they may be regarded as semi-cooperative.


[[Trustee savings bank|Trustee savings banks]] are similar to other savings banks, but they are not cooperatives, as they are controlled by trustees, rather than their depositors.
Cooperative banking systems are also usually more integrated than credit union systems. Local branches of cooperative banks select their own boards of directors and manage their own operations, but most strategic decisions require approval from a central office. Credit unions usually retain strategic decision-making at a local level, though they share back-office functions, such as access to the global payments system, by federating.


=== International associations ===
Some cooperative banks are criticized for diluting their cooperative principles. Principles 2-4 of the "[[Statement on the Co-operative Identity]]" can be interpreted to require that members must control both the governance systems and capital of their cooperatives. A cooperative bank that raises capital on public stock markets creates a second class of shareholders who compete with the members for control. In some circumstances, the members may lose control. This effectively means that the bank ceases to be a cooperative. Accepting deposits from non-members may also lead to a dilution of member control.
The most important international associations of cooperative banks are the Brussels-based [[European Association of Co-operative Banks]] which has 28 European and non-European members, and the Paris-based International Cooperative Banking Association (ICBA), which has member institutions from around the world too.


===Land development banks===
== By region ==
The special [[Bank|banks]] providing Long Term Loans are called [[Land Development Bank]]s, in the short, LDB. The history of LDB is quite old. The first LDB was started at Jhang in [[Punjab]] in 1920. This bank is also bassed on [[cooperative|Co-operative]]. The main objective of the LDBs are to promote the development of land, agriculture and increase the agricultural production. The LDBs provide long-term finance to members directly through their branches.<ref name="agritech">{{cite web | url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/banking/crbank_land_dvpt_bank.html | title=LAND DEVELOPMENT BANK | publisher=TNAU Agritech Portal | accessdate=8 January 2014 | author=TNAU}}</ref>


===Building societies===
=== Canada ===
In Canada, cooperative banking is provided by credit unions (''caisses populaires'' in French). As of September 30, 2012, there were 357 credit unions and ''caisses populaires'' affiliated with Credit Union Central of Canada. They operated 1,761 branches across the country with 5.3 million members and $149.7 billion in assets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Credit Union Central of Canada|title=System Results: National System Review, Third Quarter, 2012|url=http://www.cucentral.ca/FactsFigures/3Q12SystemResults_14-Nov-12.pdf|access-date=12 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211734/http://www.cucentral.ca/FactsFigures/3Q12SystemResults_14-Nov-12.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Main|Building society}}
Building societies exist in Britain, Ireland and several Commonwealth countries. They are similar to credit unions in organisation, though few enforce a [[Bond of association|common bond]]. However, rather than promoting thrift and offering unsecured and business loans, their purpose is to provide home mortgages for members. Borrowers and depositors are society members, setting policy and appointing directors on a one-member, one-vote basis. Building societies often provide other retail banking services, such as current accounts, credit cards and personal loans. In the United Kingdom, regulations permit up to half of their lending to be funded by debt to non-members, allowing societies to access wholesale bond and money markets to fund mortgages. The world's largest building society is Britain's [[Nationwide Building Society]].


===Others===
=== Quebec ===
The ''caisse populaire'' movement started by [[Alphonse Desjardins (co-operator)|Alphonse Desjardins]] in [[Quebec]], [[Canada]], pioneered credit unions. Desjardins opened the first credit union in North America in 1900, from his home in [[Lévis, Quebec]], marking the beginning of the [[Mouvement Desjardins]]. He was interested in bringing financial protection to working people.
[[Mutual savings bank]]s and mutual [[savings and loan association]]s were very common in the 19th and 20th centuries, but declined in number and market share in the late 20th century, becoming globally less significant than cooperative banks, building societies and credit unions.


=== United Kingdom ===
[[Trustee savings bank]]s are similar to other savings banks, but they are not cooperatives, as they are controlled by trustees, rather than their depositors.
British [[Building society|building societies]] developed into general-purpose savings and banking institutions with ‘one member, one vote’ ownership and can be seen as a form of financial cooperative (although many [[Demutualization|de-mutualised]] into conventionally owned banks in the 1980s and 1990s). Until 2017, the [[Co-operative Group]] included [[The Co-operative Bank]]; however, despite its name, the Co-operative Bank was not itself a true [[Cooperative|co-operative]] as it was not owned directly by its members. Instead it was part-owned by a holding company which was itself a co-operative – the [[Co-operative Banking Group]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-41344946 Co-op Group sells final stake in Co-op Bank], BBC News, 21 September 2017. (retrieved 6 April 2018)</ref> It still retains an [[insurance]] provider, [[The Co-operative Insurance]], noted for promoting [[Ethical investing|ethical investment]]. For the financial year 2021/2022, the British building society sector had assets of around £483, of which more than half were accounted for by the cooperative [[Nationwide Building Society]].
[[File:Co-operative banking in Europe - facts & figures 2017.png|alt=European Co-operative Banking: Facts and figures 2017|thumb|[http://www.eacb.coop/en/news/eacb-news/key-statistics-2017-for-co-operative-banks-are-out.html European Co-operative Banking: Facts and figures 2017.]


Based on the 2017 Key statistics collected by the [[European Association of Co-operative Banks|EACB]].
===International associations===
The most important international associations of cooperative banks, which is based in [[Paris]], is the International Cooperative Banking Association (ICBA), which has member institutions from around the world, and the [[Brussels]] based [[European Association of Co-operative Banks]].


]]
==By region==
===Canada===
In Canada, cooperative banking is provided by credit unions (''caisses populaires'' in French). As of September 30, 2012, there were 357 credit unions and ''caisses populaires'' affiliated with Credit Union Central of Canada. They operated 1,761 branches across the country with 5.3 million members and $149.7 billion in assets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Credit Union Central of Canada|title=System Results: National System Review, Third Quarter, 2012|url=http://www.cucentral.ca/FactsFigures/3Q12SystemResults_14-Nov-12.pdf|accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref>


====Quebec====
=== Continental Europe ===
{{See also|:Category:Cooperative banks of France}}
{{See also|:Category:Cooperative banks of Italy}}


Important continental cooperative banking systems include the [[Crédit Agricole]], [[Crédit Mutuel]], [[Groupe BPCE]] in France, [[Caja Rural Cooperative Group]] and [[Cajamar Cooperative Group]] in Spain, [[Rabobank]] in the Netherlands, the [[German Cooperative Financial Group]] in Germany, [[ICCREA Banca]] and [[Cassa Centrale Banca - Credito Cooperativo Italiano]] in Italy, [[Migros]] and Coop Bank in Switzerland, and the [[Raiffeisen Banking Group]] in Austria. The cooperative banks that are members of the [[European Association of Co-operative Banks]] have 130 million customers, 4 trillion euros in assets, and 17% of Europe's deposits. The International Confederation of Cooperative Banks (CIBP) is the oldest association of cooperative banks at international level.
The ''caisse populaire'' movement started by [[Alphonse Desjardins (co-operator)|Alphonse Desjardins]] in [[Quebec]], [[Canada]], pioneered credit unions. Desjardins opened the first credit union in North America in 1900, from his home in [[Lévis, Quebec]], marking the beginning of the [[Mouvement Desjardins]]. He was interested in bringing financial protection to working people.


In the [[Nordic countries]], there is a clear distinction between [[mutual savings bank]]s (Sparbank) and true [[credit union]]s (Andelsbank).
===United Kingdom===
British [[Building society|building societies]] developed into general-purpose savings and banking institutions with ‘one member, one vote’ ownership and can be seen as a form of financial cooperative (although many [[Demutualization|de-mutualised]] into conventionally owned banks in the 1980s and 1990s). The UK Co-operative Group includes both an [[insurance]] provider, [[The Co-operative Insurance]], and [[The Co-operative Bank]], both noted for promoting [[Ethical investing|ethical investment]].


In Italy, a 2015 reform required popular banks ({{langx|it|Banca Popolare}}) with assets of greater than €8 billion to [[Demutualization|demutualize]] into joint-stock companies ({{langx|it|società per azioni}}).<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2020 |title=UPDATE 1-EU court adviser says Italy mutual bank reform is lawful |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/italy-banks-popolari-eu-idUSL8N2AB35Q |url-status=live |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724125504/https://www.reuters.com/article/italy-banks-popolari-eu-idUSL8N2AB35Q |archive-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>
===Continental Europe===
Important continental cooperative banking systems include the [[Crédit Agricole]], [[Crédit Mutuel]], [[Banque Populaire]] and [[Caisse d'épargne]] in France, [[Rabobank]] in the Netherlands, [[Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken|BVR]]/[[DZ Bank]] in Germany, [[Banco Popolare]], [[UBI Banca]] and [[Banca Popolare di Milano]] in Italy, [[Migros]] and Coop Bank in Switzerland, and the [[Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen|Raiffeisen]] system in several countries in central and eastern Europe. The cooperative banks that are members of the [[European Association of Co-operative Banks]] have 130 million customers, 4 trillion euros in assets, and 17% of Europe's deposits. The International Confederation of Cooperative Banks (CIBP) is the oldest association of cooperative banks at international level.


=== United States ===
In [[Nordic Countries|Scandinavia]], there is a clear distinction between [[mutual savings bank]]s (Sparbank) and true [[credit unions]] (Andelsbank).
[[Credit unions in the United States]] had 96.3 million members in 2013 and assets of $1.06 trillion.<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Annual Report|url=http://www.ncua.gov/Legal/Documents/Reports/AR2013.pdf|website=www.ncua.gov|publisher=National Credit Union Administration|access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Marte|first1=Jonnelle|title=About 100 million Americans are now using credit unions. Should you join them?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/08/05/about-100-million-americans-are-now-using-credit-unions-should-you-join-them/|access-date=September 5, 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 5, 2014}}</ref> The sector had five times lower failure rate than other banks during the [[2007–2008 financial crisis]]<ref name="fool.com">{{cite web |last=Hagen |first=Kailey |date=26 November 2020 |title=Credit Union vs. Bank: What's the Difference? |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2011/11/22/in-pictures-banks-vs-credit-unions-in-the-financia.aspx |website=Motley Fool}}</ref> and more than doubled lending to small businesses between 2008 and 2016, from $30 billion to $60 billion, while lending to small businesses overall during the same period declined by around $100 billion.<ref name="sba.gov">{{cite report |url=https://www.sba.gov/advocacy/how-did-bank-lending-small-business-united-states-fare-after-financial-crisis |title=How Did Bank Lending To Small Business In The United States Fare After The Financial Crisis? |last=Cole |first=Rebel A. |date=1 January 2018 |publisher=U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828223019/https://www.sba.gov/advocacy/how-did-bank-lending-small-business-united-states-fare-after-financial-crisis |archive-date=28 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


Public trust in credit unions in the United States stands at 60%, compared to 30% for big banks<ref name="nwcua.org">{{cite web|title=Credit Unions Twice as Trusted as Big Banks|url=https://nwcua.org/2014/09/03/credit-unions-twice-as-trusted-as-big-banks/|date=3 September 2014|website=Northwest Credit Union Association|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129100705/https://nwcua.org/2014/09/03/credit-unions-twice-as-trusted-as-big-banks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and small businesses are 80% less likely to be dissatisfied with a credit union than with a big bank.<ref name="newyorkfed.org">{{cite report|url=https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/smallbusiness/2016/SBCS-Report-EmployerFirms-2016.pdf#page=23|title=Small Business Credit Survey|publisher=Federal Bank of New York|date=April 2017|page=23}}</ref>
===United States===
{{expand section|date=July 2011}}
[[Credit unions in the United States]] had 96.3 million members in 2013 and assets of $1.06 trillion.<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Annual Report|url=http://www.ncua.gov/Legal/Documents/Reports/AR2013.pdf|website=www.ncua.gov|publisher=National Credit Union Administration|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Marte|first1=Jonnelle|title=About 100 million Americans are now using credit unions. Should you join them?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/08/05/about-100-million-americans-are-now-using-credit-unions-should-you-join-them/|accessdate=September 5, 2014|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 5, 2014}}</ref>


===India===
=== India ===
Cooperative banks serve an important role in the [[Indian economy]], especially in rural areas. In urban areas, they mainly serve small industry and self-employed workers. They are registered under the Cooperative Societies Act, 1912. They are regulated by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] under the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]] and Banking Laws (Application to Co-operative Societies) Act, 1965.<ref name="Muraleedharan2009">{{cite book|author=D. Muraleedharan|title=Modern Banking: Theory And Practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RX_dLGtIE3AC&pg=PA9|accessdate=3 March 2015|year=2009|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-3655-1|page=9}}</ref> [[Anyonya Co-operative Bank Limited|Anyonya Sahakari Mandali]], established in 1889 in the province of [[Baroda]], is the earliest known cooperative credit union in India.<ref name=RBICoop>{{cite web|title=Brief History of Urban Cooperative Banks in India|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/fun_urban.aspx|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> Dombivli Nagari Sahakari Bank Ltd. is [http://www.npci.org.in/documents/press_release_76.pdf first Scheduled Urban Co -operative Bank] in India to introduce RuPay debit cards to its customers and [https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/40253.wss Mobile banking]
Cooperative banks serve an important role in the [[Indian economy]], especially in rural areas. In urban areas, they mainly serve to small industry and self-employed workers. They are registered under the Cooperative Societies Act, 1912. They are regulated by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] under the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]] and Banking Laws (Application to Cooperative Societies) Act, 1965.<ref name="Muraleedharan2009">{{cite book|author=D. Muraleedharan|title=Modern Banking: Theory And Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RX_dLGtIE3AC&pg=PA9|access-date=3 March 2015|year=2009|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-3655-1|page=9}}</ref> [[Anyonya Co-operative Bank Limited|Anyonya Sahakari Mandali]], established in 1889 in the province of [[Baroda]], is the earliest known cooperative credit union in India.<ref name=RBICoop>{{cite web|title=Brief History of Urban Cooperative Banks in India|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/fun_urban.aspx|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=3 March 2015}}</ref>


The Cooperative Credit System in India consists of Short Term and Long Term credit institutions. The short-term credit structure which takes care of the short term (1 to 5 years) credit needs of the farmers is a three-tier structure in most of the States viz., Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies (PACCS) at the village level, District Central Cooperative Banks at the District level and State Cooperative Bank at the State level and two-tier in some States voz., State Cooperative Banks and PACCS. The long term credit structure caters to the long term credit needs of the farmers (up to 20 years) is a two-tier structure with Primary Agriculture and Rural Development Banks (PARDBs) at the village level and State Agriculture and Rural Development Banks. The State Cooperative Banks and Central Cooperative Banks are licensed by Reserve Bank of India under the Banking Regulation Act. While the StCBs and DCCBs function like a normal Bank they focus mainly on agricultural credit. While Reserve Bank of India is the Regulating Authority, [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD) provides refinance support and takes care of inspection of StCBs and DCCBs. The first Cooperative Credit Society in India was started in 1904 at Thiroor in Tiruvallur District in Tamil Nadu
===Israel===
[[Ofek (cooperative)|Ofek]] (Hebrew: אופק) is a cooperative initiative founded in mid-2012 that intended to establish the first cooperative bank in Israel.<ref>http://www.jpost.com/Business/Business-News/Ofek-aims-to-bring-social-banking-to-Israel-as-first-credit-union-331207</ref>


Primary Cooperative Banks which are otherwise known as Urban Cooperative Banks are registered as Cooperative Societies under the Cooperative Societies Acts of the concerned States or the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act function in urban areas and their business is similar to that of Commercial Banks. They are licensed by RBI to do banking business. Reserve Bank of India is both the controlling and inspecting authority for the Primary Cooperative Banks.
===Cyprus===
The Co-operative Central Bank Ltd (CCB) <ref name=Cyprus>"[http://www.coopbank.com.cy Cyprus Co-operative Central Bank Ltd]", 7 March 2014</ref> was established in 1937 under the Co-operative Societies Laws and Rules having as its main purpose the provision of banking and other ancillary services to member co-operative societies which form the backbone of the agricultural community of Cyprus.
Over the years the Bank has seen the need to expand and diversify its activities and is now in a position to provide the full range of services normally offered by comprehensive rural banks. The establishment of the Bank was a major event and turning point in the development of the Co-operative Movement and has proved instrumental in eradicating the then prevalent usury and exploitation of farmers. Its progress has been rapid and its success beyond the expectation of the pioneers of the Co-operative Movement.
In mid 2013, Cyprus’ Co-operative banking system announced a major restructuring, where a list of 18 companies would be created by merging the existing 93 Cooperative Banks.<ref name=merger>{{cite web|url=http://www.urban-keys.com/urban_keys_news.asp?ID=16|title=Merge of Cooperative Institutions|accessdate=25 August 2013 |date=7 March 2014 |publisher=urban-keys.com |work=Cyprus Real Estate}}</ref>


=== Israel ===
==Microcredit and microfinance==
[[Ofek (cooperative)|Ofek]] (Hebrew: אופק) is a cooperative initiative founded in mid-2012 that intended to establish the first cooperative bank in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Business/Business-News/Ofek-aims-to-bring-social-banking-to-Israel-as-first-credit-union-331207|title=Ofek aims to bring 'social banking' to Israel as first credit union|work=jpost.com}}</ref>
The more recent phenomena of [[microcredit]] and [[microfinance]] are often based on a cooperative model. These focus on [[small business]] lending. In 2006, [[Muhammad Yunus]], founder of the [[Grameen Bank]] in Bangladesh, won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his ideas regarding development and his pursuit of the microcredit concept.


== Microcredit and microfinance ==
==List of cooperative banking institutions==
The recent phenomena of [[microcredit]] and [[microfinance]] are often based on a cooperative model. These focus on [[small business]] lending. In 2006, [[Muhammad Yunus]], founder of the [[Grameen Bank]] in Bangladesh, won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his ideas regarding development and his pursuit of the microcredit concept. In this concept the institution provides micro loans to people who couldn't otherwise secure loans through conventional means.

However, cooperative banking differs from modern microfinance. Particularly, members’ control over financial resources is the distinguishing feature between the cooperative model and modern microfinance. The not-for-profit orientation of modern microfinance has gradually been replaced by full-cost recovery and self-sustainable microfinance approaches. The microfinance model has been gradually absorbed by market-oriented or for-profit institutions in most underdeveloped economies. The current dominant model of microfinance, whether it is provided by not-for-profit or for-profit institutions, places the control over financial resources and their allocation in the hands of a small number of microfinance providers that benefit from the highly profitable sector.

Cooperative banking is different in many aspects from standard microfinance institutions, both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Although group lending may seemingly share some similarities with cooperative concepts, in terms of joint liability, the distinctions are much bigger, especially when it comes to autonomy, mobilization and control over resources, legal and organizational identity, and decision-making. Early financial cooperatives founded in Germany were more able to provide larger loans relative to the borrowers’ income, with longer-term maturity at lower interest rates compared to modern standard microfinance institutions. The main source of funds for cooperatives are local savings, while microfinance institutions in underdeveloped economies rely heavily on donations, foreign funds, external borrowing, or retained earnings, which implies high-interest rates. High-interest rates, short-term maturities, and tight repayment schedules are destructive instruments for low- and middle-income borrowers which may lead to serious debt traps, or in best scenarios will not support any sort of capital accumulation. Without improving the ability of agents to earn, save, and accumulate wealth, there are no real economic gains from financial markets to the lower- and middle-income populations.<ref>Amr Khafagy, [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429342196 ''The Economics of Financial Cooperatives: Income Distribution, Political Economy and Regulation''], Routledge, 2019</ref>

== List of cooperative banking institutions ==
<!-- please try to add new entries to the table in order of balance sheet assets -->
<!-- please try to add new entries to the table in order of balance sheet assets -->
{|class="wikitable sortable"
{|class="wikitable sortable"
Line 84: Line 93:
!Name !! Country !! Members<br />(2010)<ref name="head" /> || Assets<br />(2010 US$ millions)<ref name="head">Figures at close of institution's 2007 financial year, from organization's annual report. If no US$ equivalent given in annual report, exchange rate of December 31, 2007, used.</ref>!! Type !! Alternative name !! Notes
!Name !! Country !! Members<br />(2010)<ref name="head" /> || Assets<br />(2010 US$ millions)<ref name="head">Figures at close of institution's 2007 financial year, from organization's annual report. If no US$ equivalent given in annual report, exchange rate of December 31, 2007, used.</ref>!! Type !! Alternative name !! Notes
|-
|-
|Coop Bank Pertama (formerly known as [[Bank Persatuan]]) || Malaysia ||300,000+||RM3.4 Billion|| Islamic cooperative bank || ''Koperasi Co-opbank Pertama Malaysia Berhad'' ||The first national cooperative bank in Malaysia established in 1950
|[[Crédit Agricole]] || France || ||<ref>EUR 31 billion</ref> || Joint stock bank || ''CASA'' || Majority owned by federation of credit unions
|-
|-
|[[DZ Bank]] || Germany || 17,700,000<ref>http://www.bvr.de/Presse/Zahlen_Daten_Fakten</ref> || || Bank || ''Deutsche Zentralgenossenschaftbank''<br />German Central Cooperative Bank|| Owned by three quarters of all [[Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken|''Volksbank'' and ''Raiffeisenbank'']] (cooperative banks) in Germany and Austria
|-
|-
|[[Bank Rakyat]] || Malaysia ||907,918|| || Islamic cooperative bank || ''Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Berhad'' ||Second national cooperative bank in Malaysia founded in 1954
|[[Groupe Caisse d'Epargne|Caisse d'Epargne]]||France|| || || ||literally “savings bank” ||Credit union federation
|-
|-
|[[Crédit Agricole|Crédit agricole SA]] || France ||52,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ca-cib.com/pressroom/news/5-things-you-may-not-know-about-credit-agricole-cib |title=5 THINGS YOU MAY NOT KNOW ABOUT CRÉDIT AGRICOLE CIB |date=3 November 2021}}</ref>|| || Bank (Public ''S.A.'') || Caisse Nationale de Crédit Agricol || Local banks of the group majority owned by individuals; local banks jointly-owned Crédit Agricole S.A. indirectly, via regional bank of the group
|[[Rabobank]]||Netherlands|| 1,500,000+ || || || ||Credit union federation
|-
|-
|[[Islami Co-operative Bank Ltd. (Instead of Sandwip Central Co-Operative Bank Ltd.) Registration No. 57/c, Dt. 03/08/1922|Islami Co-operative Bank Ltd. (Instead of Sandwip Central Co-Operative Bank Ltd.)]]
|[[Nationwide Building Society]]||UK|| || ||Building society || ||World's largest building society
| Bangladesh || || || Central Co-Operative Bank || ICBL
| First Islami and largest Co-operative Bank in Bangladesh based on Islami Sariyah. Signed: [[Islami Co-operative Bank Ltd. (Instead of Sandwip Central Co-Operative Bank Ltd.) Registration No. 57/c, Dt. 03/08/1922|Registration No. 57/c]], Dated: 3 August 1922.
Head office: Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chittagong-4209, Bangladesh.
|-
|-
|[[Crelan]] || Belgium || 288,000<ref name="crelan.be">{{cite web|url=http://www.crelan.be/nl/algemeen/artikelen/de-geschiedenis-van-crelan|title=De geschiedenis van Crelan|work=crelan.be|access-date=2015-12-07|archive-date=2018-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043134/http://www.crelan.be/nl/algemeen/artikelen/de-geschiedenis-van-crelan|url-status=dead}}</ref> || || Bank || formerly ''Landbouwkrediet'' (agricultural) || Independent from Crédit Agricole since 2015<ref name="crelan.be" />
|[[Groupe Banque Populaire]] || France ||3,400,000 || || || ||
|-
|-
|[[DZ Bank]] || Germany || 17,700,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bvr.de/Presse/Zahlen_Daten_Fakten|title=Presse – Zahlen, Daten, Fakten – BVR – Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken|first=BVR, Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken, National Association of German Cooperative|last=Banks|work=bvr.de}}</ref> || || Bank || ''Deutsche Zentralgenossenschaftbank''<br />German Central Cooperative Bank|| Owned by three quarters of all [[German Cooperative Financial Group|German cooperative banks]]
|[[Desjardins Group]] || Canada || 5,795,277<ref>Desjardins Group figures&nbsp;— Information as at December 31, 2008. Available at http://www.desjardins.com/en/a_propos/qui-nous-sommes/chiffres.jsp</ref> || ||Credit union federation || || Leading bank in Quebec
|-
|-
|[[Groupe Caisse d'épargne|Caisse d'épargne]]||France||30,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/groupe-bpce-banque-populaire-and-caisse-d-epargne-139514| title=Groupe BPCE (Banque Populaire and Caisse d'Epargne) |date=3 November 2021}}</ref>|| || Bank ||literally “savings bank” ||Credit union federation
|[[Raiffeisen Zentralbank]] || Austria || || ||Bank ||''RZB Österreich'' || Credit union federation
|-
|-
|[[Rabobank]]||Netherlands|| 1,500,000+ || || Bank || ||Credit union federation
|Progoti Co-operative Land Development Bank Limited || [[Bangladesh]] || || || Bank || Progoti Bank || The largest [[Land Development Bank]] in [[Bangladesh]]
|-
|-
|[[Nationwide Building Society]]||UK||15,500,000<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.nationwide.co.uk/-/media/MainSite/documents/about/corporate-information/results-and-accounts/review-of-the-year-2018.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065525/https://www.nationwide.co.uk/-/media/MainSite/documents/about/corporate-information/results-and-accounts/review-of-the-year-2018.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2018|title=Review of the year 2018|publisher=Nationwide Building Society}}</ref>|| ||Building society || ||World's largest building society
|[[Nonghyup]] || South Korea || || || Banking division of agricultural cooperative||National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (NACF) ||Approx US$230 billion in loans
|-
|-
|[[Bangladesh Samabaya Bank LTD.]] || Bangladesh || <ref name="crelan.be"/> || || Bank || || The largest Co-Operative Bank in Bangladesh with 478 Registered Member Society.<ref name="crelan.be" />
|[[Iccrea Banca]] || Italy || || || Bank || ''Istituto Centrale del Credito Cooperativo'' ||
|-
|-
|[[Cassa Centrale Banca - Credito Cooperativo del Nord Est]] || Italy || || || Bank || CCB ||
|[[Groupe Banque Populaire]] || France ||3,400,000 || || Bank || ||
|-
|-
|[[Desjardins Group]] || Canada || 5,795,277<ref>Desjardins Group figures&nbsp;— Information as at December 31, 2008. Available at http://www.desjardins.com/en/a_propos/qui-nous-sommes/chiffres.jsp</ref> || ||Credit union federation || || Leading bank in Quebec
|[[Raiffeisen Landesbank Südtirol&nbsp;– Cassa Centrale Raiffeisen dell'Alto Adige|Raiffeisen Landesbank Südtirol]] || Italy || || || Bank || ''Cassa Centrale Raiffeisen dell'Alto Adige'' ||
|-
|[[Raiffeisen Bank International]] || Austria || || || Bank (Public ''aktiengesellschaft'') || RI || Owned by regional Raiffeisen Bank of Austrian states
|-
|[[Nonghyup]] || South Korea || || || Banking division of agricultural cooperative||National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (NACF) ||Approximately US$230 billion in loans
|-
|[[ICCREA Banca]] || Italy || || || Bank (''società per azioni'') || Istituto Centrale delle Casse Rurali ed Artigiane || Owned by credit unions of Italy
|-
|[[Cassa Centrale Banca – Credito Cooperativo del Nord Est]] || Italy || || || Bank (''società per azioni'') || CCB || Owned by credit union of Northern Italy
|-
|[[Raiffeisen Landesbank Südtirol&nbsp;– Cassa Centrale Raiffeisen dell'Alto Adige|Raiffeisen Landesbank Südtirol]] || Italy || || || Bank (''società per azioni'') || Cassa Centrale Raiffeisen dell'Alto Adige || Owned by credit union of South Tyrol region, Italy
|-
|-
|[[Raiffeisen (Switzerland)]] || Switzerland || || || || || Credit union federation
|[[Raiffeisen (Switzerland)]] || Switzerland || || || || || Credit union federation
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|[[Banco Cooperativo Español and Caja Rural]] || Spain || || || ||||
|[[Banco Cooperativo Español and Caja Rural]] || Spain || || || ||||
|-
|-
|[[OP-Pohjola Group|OP-Pohjola Group and Pohjola Bank]]||Finland|| || || || || 31% share of Finnish credit market, and 32% share of savings and deposit market<ref>{{cite web
|[[OP Financial Group]]||Finland|| 1,750,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://op-year2016.fi/op-ryhma/omistaja-asiakkaat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816151100/https://op-year2016.fi/op-ryhma/omistaja-asiakkaat|archive-date=16 August 2017|publisher=OP Financial Group|title=OPn vuosi 2016|lang=fi|trans-title=OP's year 2016}}</ref> || || || || 31% share of Finnish credit market, and 32% share of savings and deposit market<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.unico.nl/group/grp-key-figures.aspx?ttl=key+figures
|url=http://www.unico.nl/group/grp-key-figures.aspx?ttl=key+figures
|title=Key figures
|title=Key figures
|publisher=Unico Banking Institute
|publisher=Unico Banking Institute
|year=2006
|year=2006
|access-date=2008-10-09
|archive-date=2020-12-04
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204134645/http://www.unico.nl/group/grp-key-figures.aspx?ttl=key%20figures
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[POP Pankki]]
|[[bankmecu]]||Australia|| 125,000+ ||$3b ||bank || ||Australia's first customer owned bank
|Finland
|
|
|
|
|Credit union federation
|-
|-
|[[S-Bank]]
|[[Bank Persatuan]] || Malaysia ||46,135 || 86,375,542.97 || Bank || ''Koperasi Bank Persatuan Malaysia Berhad''|| 2nd national cooperative bank in Malaysia
|Finland
|2,900,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.s-pankki.fi/fi/tiedotteet/2017/s-pankki-sai-130-000-uutta-asiakasta/|title=S-Pankki sai 130 000 uutta asiakasta|website=S-Pankki|date=9 February 2017|lang=fi|trans-title=S-Bank has gained 130,000 new customers}}</ref>
|
|Cooperative supermarket bank
|S-Pankki (Finnish), S-Banken (Swedish)
|Belongs to the [[S Group]] retail cooperative
|-
|-
|[[Bank Rakyat]] || Malaysia || || || Islamic cooperative bank || ''Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Berhad'' ||
|[[Bank Australia]]||Australia|| 125,000+ ||$3b ||bank || ||Australia's first customer owned bank
|-
|-
|[[Navy Federal Credit Union]]||US ||3,004,352||33012 || Credit union || ||
|[[Co-operative Bank]] || UK || Not applicable<ref>Co-operative Bank customers are eligible to join its parent [[Co-operative Group]]</ref> ||<ref>13.1 billion GBP</ref> || Bank || || Subsidiary of consumer cooperative
|-
|[[Navy Federal Credit Union]]||US ||3,004,352||33012 || Credit union || ||
|-
|-
|[[Shared Interest]] || UK || ||<ref>GBP 25.1 million</ref> || Cooperative lending society || || Finance for [[fair trade]]
|[[Shared Interest]] || UK || ||<ref>GBP 25.1 million</ref> || Cooperative lending society || || Finance for [[fair trade]]
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|[[GLS Bank]] || Germany || || || || ||
|[[GLS Bank]] || Germany || || || || ||
|-
|-
|[[The Cooperative Bank]] ||New Zealand|| 120,000+ || || Bank || ||Customer owned bank
|[[The Co-operative Bank (New Zealand)|The Cooperative Bank]] ||New Zealand|| 120,000+ || || Bank || ||Customer owned bank
|-
|-
|[[Banco Credicoop]] || Argentina || || || || ||
|[[Banco Credicoop]] || Argentina || || || || ||
|-
|-
|[[Laboral Kutxa]] || Spain || || || Credit union || || Part of [[Mondragon Corporation]]
|[[Alternative Bank Schweiz]]<ref name="abs-zahlen">{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.ch/de/ueber-die-abs/die-abs-aktuell/zahlen/|title=Zahlen|publisher=[[Alternative Bank Schweiz]]|author=|language=German|date=|accessdate=2014-12-14}}</ref> || Switzerland || 4,864 || || [[Alternative bank]] || ABS || sustainable and ethic banking
|}
|}


==See also==
== Impact ==

{{Portal|Cooperatives}}
===2007–2008 financial crisis===
A 2013 report by [[ILO]] concluded that cooperative banks outperformed their competitors during the [[2007–2008 financial crisis]]. The cooperative banking sector had 20% market share of the European banking sector, but accounted for only 7% of all the write-downs and losses between the third quarter of 2007 and first quarter of 2011. Cooperative banks were also over-represented in lending to small and medium-sized businesses in all of the 10 countries included in the report.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---coop/documents/publication/wcms_207768.pdf |title=Resilience in a downturn: The power of financial cooperatives |last=Birchall |first=Johnston |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-2-127031-7 |author-link=Johnston Birchall |website=International Labour Office |year=2013}}</ref>

[[Credit union]]s in the US had five times lower failure rate than other banks during the crisis<ref name="fool.com" /> and more than doubled lending to small businesses between 2008 and 2016, from $30 billion to $60 billion, while lending to small businesses overall during the same period declined by around $100 billion.<ref name="sba.gov" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Building society]]
* [[Building society]]
* [[Credit union]]
* [[Credit union]]
* [[Savings and loan association]]
* [[Mutual savings bank]]
* [[Mutual savings bank]]
* [[Rotating savings and credit association]]
* [[Savings and loan association]]


==References==
== References ==
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==External links==
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Banking cooperatives}}
{{Commons category|Banking cooperatives}}
*[http://www.icba.coop/ International Co-operative Banking Association], a sectoral organization of the [[International Co-operative Alliance]]
* [http://www.icba.coop/ International Co-operative Banking Association], a sectoral organization of the [[International Co-operative Alliance]]
*[http://www.eacb.eu/en/home.html The European Association of Cooperative Banks]
* [http://www.eacb.coop/en/home.html The European Association of Cooperative Banks]
*[http://www.ncb.coop/ NCB]
* [https://www.ncb.coop/ NCB]
*[http://www.banknetindia.com/banking/cintro.htm Co-operative Banks in India]
* [http://www.banknetindia.com/banking/cintro.htm Co-operative Banks in India]
*[http://www.cibp.eu CIBP]
* [https://www.cibp.coop/ CIBP]
*[http://www.thekellyreview.co.uk The Kelly Review]
* [http://www.thekellyreview.co.uk/ The Kelly Review]
*[http://www.cooperative-banking.ca Cooperative Banking in Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131216235838/http://www.cooperative-banking.ca/ Cooperative Banking in Canada]
*[http://www.coopbank.com.cy Co-operative Central Bank Ltd Cyprus]


{{Co-operatives |types}}
{{Co-operatives |types}}
{{Insurance}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Cooperative Banking}}
[[Category:Cooperative banking| ]]
[[Category:Cooperative banking| ]]
[[Category:Cooperatives]]
[[Category:Collaborative finance]]

Latest revision as of 12:21, 8 December 2024

"Cooperative bank" and "Co-operative bank" redirect here. For banks by this name, see Co-operative Bank.
Part of a series on financial services
Banking
A statue of cooperative pioneer Robert Owen stands in front of the Manchester head office of the UK's Co-operative Bank.
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Related topics

Cooperative banking is retail and commercial banking organized on a cooperative basis. Cooperative banking institutions take deposits and lend money in most parts of the world.

Cooperative banking, as discussed here, includes retail banking carried out by credit unions, mutual savings banks, building societies and cooperatives, as well as commercial banking services provided by mutual organizations (such as cooperative federations) to cooperative businesses.

Institutions

[edit]

Cooperative banks

[edit]

Cooperative banks are owned by their customers and follow the cooperative principle of one person, one vote. Co-operative banks are often regulated under both banking and cooperative legislation. They provide services such as savings and loans to non-members as well as to members, and some participate in the wholesale markets for bonds, money and even equities.[1] Many cooperative banks are traded on public stock markets, with the result that they are partly owned by non-members. Member control can be diluted by these outside stakes, so they may be regarded as semi-cooperative.

Cooperative banking systems are also usually more integrated than credit union systems. Local branches of co-operative banks select their own boards of directors and manage their own operations, but most strategic decisions require approval from a central office. Credit unions usually retain strategic decision-making at a local level, though they share back-office functions, such as access to the global payments system, by federating.

Some cooperative banks are criticized for diluting their cooperative principles. Principles 2-4 of the "Statement on the Co-operative Identity" can be interpreted to require that members must control both the governance systems and capital of their cooperatives. A cooperative bank that raises capital on public stock markets creates a second class of shareholders who compete with the members for control. In some circumstances, the members may lose control. This effectively means that the bank ceases to be a cooperative. Accepting deposits from non-members may also lead to a dilution of member control.

Credit unions

[edit]
Main article: Credit union

Credit unions have the purpose of promoting thrift, providing credit at reasonable rates, and providing other financial services to its members.[2] Its members are usually required to share a common bond, such as locality, employer, religion or profession, and credit unions are usually funded entirely by member deposits, and avoid outside borrowing. They are typically (though not exclusively) the smaller form of cooperative banking institution. In some countries they are restricted to providing only unsecured personal loans, whereas in others, they can provide business loans to farmers, and mortgages.

Land development banks

[edit]

The special banks providing Long Term Loans are called Land Development Banks (LDBs). The first LDB was started at Jhang in Punjab in 1920. This bank is also based on cooperative. The main objective of the LDBs are to promote the development of land, agriculture and increase the agricultural production. The LDBs provide long-term finance to members directly through their branches.[3]

Building societies

[edit]
Main article: Building society

Building societies exist in Britain, Ireland and several Commonwealth countries. They are similar to credit unions in organisation, though few enforce a common bond. However, rather than promoting thrift and offering unsecured and business loans, their purpose is to provide home mortgages for members. Borrowers and depositors are society members, setting policy and appointing directors on a one-member, one-vote basis. Building societies often provide other retail banking services, such as current accounts, credit cards and personal loans. In the United Kingdom, regulations permit up to half of their lending to be funded by debt to non-members, allowing societies to access wholesale bond and money markets to fund mortgages. The world's largest building society is Britain's Nationwide Building Society.

Others

[edit]

Mutual savings banks and mutual savings and loan associations were very common in the 19th and 20th centuries, but declined in number and market share in the late 20th century, becoming globally less significant than cooperative banks, building societies and credit unions.

Trustee savings banks are similar to other savings banks, but they are not cooperatives, as they are controlled by trustees, rather than their depositors.

International associations

[edit]

The most important international associations of cooperative banks are the Brussels-based European Association of Co-operative Banks which has 28 European and non-European members, and the Paris-based International Cooperative Banking Association (ICBA), which has member institutions from around the world too.

By region

[edit]

Canada

[edit]

In Canada, cooperative banking is provided by credit unions (caisses populaires in French). As of September 30, 2012, there were 357 credit unions and caisses populaires affiliated with Credit Union Central of Canada. They operated 1,761 branches across the country with 5.3 million members and $149.7 billion in assets.[4]

Quebec

[edit]

The caisse populaire movement started by Alphonse Desjardins in Quebec, Canada, pioneered credit unions. Desjardins opened the first credit union in North America in 1900, from his home in Lévis, Quebec, marking the beginning of the Mouvement Desjardins. He was interested in bringing financial protection to working people.

United Kingdom

[edit]

British building societies developed into general-purpose savings and banking institutions with ‘one member, one vote’ ownership and can be seen as a form of financial cooperative (although many de-mutualised into conventionally owned banks in the 1980s and 1990s). Until 2017, the Co-operative Group included The Co-operative Bank; however, despite its name, the Co-operative Bank was not itself a true co-operative as it was not owned directly by its members. Instead it was part-owned by a holding company which was itself a co-operative – the Co-operative Banking Group.[5] It still retains an insurance provider, The Co-operative Insurance, noted for promoting ethical investment. For the financial year 2021/2022, the British building society sector had assets of around £483, of which more than half were accounted for by the cooperative Nationwide Building Society.

European Co-operative Banking: Facts and figures 2017
European Co-operative Banking: Facts and figures 2017. Based on the 2017 Key statistics collected by the EACB.

Continental Europe

[edit]
See also: Category:Cooperative banks of France
See also: Category:Cooperative banks of Italy

Important continental cooperative banking systems include the Crédit Agricole, Crédit Mutuel, Groupe BPCE in France, Caja Rural Cooperative Group and Cajamar Cooperative Group in Spain, Rabobank in the Netherlands, the German Cooperative Financial Group in Germany, ICCREA Banca and Cassa Centrale Banca - Credito Cooperativo Italiano in Italy, Migros and Coop Bank in Switzerland, and the Raiffeisen Banking Group in Austria. The cooperative banks that are members of the European Association of Co-operative Banks have 130 million customers, 4 trillion euros in assets, and 17% of Europe's deposits. The International Confederation of Cooperative Banks (CIBP) is the oldest association of cooperative banks at international level.

In the Nordic countries, there is a clear distinction between mutual savings banks (Sparbank) and true credit unions (Andelsbank).

In Italy, a 2015 reform required popular banks (Italian: Banca Popolare) with assets of greater than €8 billion to demutualize into joint-stock companies (Italian: società per azioni).[6]

United States

[edit]

Credit unions in the United States had 96.3 million members in 2013 and assets of $1.06 trillion.[7][8] The sector had five times lower failure rate than other banks during the 2007–2008 financial crisis[9] and more than doubled lending to small businesses between 2008 and 2016, from $30 billion to $60 billion, while lending to small businesses overall during the same period declined by around $100 billion.[10]

Public trust in credit unions in the United States stands at 60%, compared to 30% for big banks[11] and small businesses are 80% less likely to be dissatisfied with a credit union than with a big bank.[12]

India

[edit]

Cooperative banks serve an important role in the Indian economy, especially in rural areas. In urban areas, they mainly serve to small industry and self-employed workers. They are registered under the Cooperative Societies Act, 1912. They are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and Banking Laws (Application to Cooperative Societies) Act, 1965.[13] Anyonya Sahakari Mandali, established in 1889 in the province of Baroda, is the earliest known cooperative credit union in India.[14]

The Cooperative Credit System in India consists of Short Term and Long Term credit institutions. The short-term credit structure which takes care of the short term (1 to 5 years) credit needs of the farmers is a three-tier structure in most of the States viz., Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies (PACCS) at the village level, District Central Cooperative Banks at the District level and State Cooperative Bank at the State level and two-tier in some States voz., State Cooperative Banks and PACCS. The long term credit structure caters to the long term credit needs of the farmers (up to 20 years) is a two-tier structure with Primary Agriculture and Rural Development Banks (PARDBs) at the village level and State Agriculture and Rural Development Banks. The State Cooperative Banks and Central Cooperative Banks are licensed by Reserve Bank of India under the Banking Regulation Act. While the StCBs and DCCBs function like a normal Bank they focus mainly on agricultural credit. While Reserve Bank of India is the Regulating Authority, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) provides refinance support and takes care of inspection of StCBs and DCCBs. The first Cooperative Credit Society in India was started in 1904 at Thiroor in Tiruvallur District in Tamil Nadu

Primary Cooperative Banks which are otherwise known as Urban Cooperative Banks are registered as Cooperative Societies under the Cooperative Societies Acts of the concerned States or the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act function in urban areas and their business is similar to that of Commercial Banks. They are licensed by RBI to do banking business. Reserve Bank of India is both the controlling and inspecting authority for the Primary Cooperative Banks.

Israel

[edit]

Ofek (Hebrew: אופק) is a cooperative initiative founded in mid-2012 that intended to establish the first cooperative bank in Israel.[15]

Microcredit and microfinance

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The recent phenomena of microcredit and microfinance are often based on a cooperative model. These focus on small business lending. In 2006, Muhammad Yunus, founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, won the Nobel Peace Prize for his ideas regarding development and his pursuit of the microcredit concept. In this concept the institution provides micro loans to people who couldn't otherwise secure loans through conventional means.

However, cooperative banking differs from modern microfinance. Particularly, members’ control over financial resources is the distinguishing feature between the cooperative model and modern microfinance. The not-for-profit orientation of modern microfinance has gradually been replaced by full-cost recovery and self-sustainable microfinance approaches. The microfinance model has been gradually absorbed by market-oriented or for-profit institutions in most underdeveloped economies. The current dominant model of microfinance, whether it is provided by not-for-profit or for-profit institutions, places the control over financial resources and their allocation in the hands of a small number of microfinance providers that benefit from the highly profitable sector.

Cooperative banking is different in many aspects from standard microfinance institutions, both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Although group lending may seemingly share some similarities with cooperative concepts, in terms of joint liability, the distinctions are much bigger, especially when it comes to autonomy, mobilization and control over resources, legal and organizational identity, and decision-making. Early financial cooperatives founded in Germany were more able to provide larger loans relative to the borrowers’ income, with longer-term maturity at lower interest rates compared to modern standard microfinance institutions. The main source of funds for cooperatives are local savings, while microfinance institutions in underdeveloped economies rely heavily on donations, foreign funds, external borrowing, or retained earnings, which implies high-interest rates. High-interest rates, short-term maturities, and tight repayment schedules are destructive instruments for low- and middle-income borrowers which may lead to serious debt traps, or in best scenarios will not support any sort of capital accumulation. Without improving the ability of agents to earn, save, and accumulate wealth, there are no real economic gains from financial markets to the lower- and middle-income populations.[16]

List of cooperative banking institutions

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Cooperative banking institutions
Name Country Members
(2010)[17]		 Assets
(2010 US$ millions)[17]		 Type Alternative name Notes
Coop Bank Pertama (formerly known as Bank Persatuan) Malaysia 300,000+ RM3.4 Billion Islamic cooperative bank Koperasi Co-opbank Pertama Malaysia Berhad The first national cooperative bank in Malaysia established in 1950
Bank Rakyat Malaysia 907,918 Islamic cooperative bank Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Berhad Second national cooperative bank in Malaysia founded in 1954
Crédit agricole SA France 52,000,000[18] Bank (Public S.A.) Caisse Nationale de Crédit Agricol Local banks of the group majority owned by individuals; local banks jointly-owned Crédit Agricole S.A. indirectly, via regional bank of the group
Islami Co-operative Bank Ltd. (Instead of Sandwip Central Co-Operative Bank Ltd.) Bangladesh Central Co-Operative Bank ICBL First Islami and largest Co-operative Bank in Bangladesh based on Islami Sariyah. Signed: Registration No. 57/c, Dated: 3 August 1922.

Head office: Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chittagong-4209, Bangladesh.

Crelan Belgium 288,000[19] Bank formerly Landbouwkrediet (agricultural) Independent from Crédit Agricole since 2015[19]
DZ Bank Germany 17,700,000[20] Bank Deutsche Zentralgenossenschaftbank
German Central Cooperative Bank		 Owned by three quarters of all German cooperative banks
Caisse d'épargne France 30,000,000[21] Bank literally “savings bank” Credit union federation
Rabobank Netherlands 1,500,000+ Bank Credit union federation
Nationwide Building Society UK 15,500,000[22] Building society World's largest building society
Bangladesh Samabaya Bank LTD. Bangladesh [19] Bank The largest Co-Operative Bank in Bangladesh with 478 Registered Member Society.[19]
Groupe Banque Populaire France 3,400,000 Bank
Desjardins Group Canada 5,795,277[23] Credit union federation Leading bank in Quebec
Raiffeisen Bank International Austria Bank (Public aktiengesellschaft) RI Owned by regional Raiffeisen Bank of Austrian states
Nonghyup South Korea Banking division of agricultural cooperative National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (NACF) Approximately US$230 billion in loans
ICCREA Banca Italy Bank (società per azioni) Istituto Centrale delle Casse Rurali ed Artigiane Owned by credit unions of Italy
Cassa Centrale Banca – Credito Cooperativo del Nord Est Italy Bank (società per azioni) CCB Owned by credit union of Northern Italy
Raiffeisen Landesbank Südtirol Italy Bank (società per azioni) Cassa Centrale Raiffeisen dell'Alto Adige Owned by credit union of South Tyrol region, Italy
Raiffeisen (Switzerland) Switzerland Credit union federation
Banco Cooperativo Español and Caja Rural Spain
OP Financial Group Finland 1,750,000[24] 31% share of Finnish credit market, and 32% share of savings and deposit market[25]
POP Pankki Finland Credit union federation
S-Bank Finland 2,900,000[26] Cooperative supermarket bank S-Pankki (Finnish), S-Banken (Swedish) Belongs to the S Group retail cooperative
Bank Australia Australia 125,000+ $3b bank Australia's first customer owned bank
Navy Federal Credit Union US 3,004,352 33012 Credit union
Shared Interest UK [27] Cooperative lending society Finance for fair trade
GLS Bank Germany
The Cooperative Bank New Zealand 120,000+ Bank Customer owned bank
Banco Credicoop Argentina
Laboral Kutxa Spain Credit union Part of Mondragon Corporation

Impact

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2007–2008 financial crisis

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A 2013 report by ILO concluded that cooperative banks outperformed their competitors during the 2007–2008 financial crisis. The cooperative banking sector had 20% market share of the European banking sector, but accounted for only 7% of all the write-downs and losses between the third quarter of 2007 and first quarter of 2011. Cooperative banks were also over-represented in lending to small and medium-sized businesses in all of the 10 countries included in the report.[28]

Credit unions in the US had five times lower failure rate than other banks during the crisis[9] and more than doubled lending to small businesses between 2008 and 2016, from $30 billion to $60 billion, while lending to small businesses overall during the same period declined by around $100 billion.[10]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ The Co-operative Bank of the UK strictly limits its borrowing from the markets, according to an October 2008 statement [1]: “... we do not borrow in the financial markets in order to lend. Our lending capital is generated from customers' investments and savings, leaving us a good deal less exposed to the vagaries of the market than many of the major lenders.”
  2. ^ E.g., 12 U.S.C. § 1752(1), available at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2009-05-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link); CUNA Model Credit Union Act § 0.20 (2007); see also 12 U.S.C. § 1757, available at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2009-05-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link); CUNA Model Credit Union Act § 3.10 (2007).
  3. ^ TNAU. "LAND DEVELOPMENT BANK". TNAU Agritech Portal. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  4. ^ Credit Union Central of Canada. "System Results: National System Review, Third Quarter, 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  5. ^ Co-op Group sells final stake in Co-op Bank, BBC News, 21 September 2017. (retrieved 6 April 2018)
  6. ^ "UPDATE 1-EU court adviser says Italy mutual bank reform is lawful". Reuters. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  7. ^ "2013 Annual Report" (PDF). www.ncua.gov. National Credit Union Administration. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  8. ^ Marte, Jonnelle (August 5, 2014). "About 100 million Americans are now using credit unions. Should you join them?". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
  9. ^ a b Hagen, Kailey (26 November 2020). "Credit Union vs. Bank: What's the Difference?". Motley Fool.
  10. ^ a b Cole, Rebel A. (1 January 2018). How Did Bank Lending To Small Business In The United States Fare After The Financial Crisis? (Report). U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  11. ^ "Credit Unions Twice as Trusted as Big Banks". Northwest Credit Union Association. 3 September 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  12. ^ Small Business Credit Survey (PDF) (Report). Federal Bank of New York. April 2017. p. 23.
  13. ^ D. Muraleedharan (2009). Modern Banking: Theory And Practice. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 9. ISBN 978-81-203-3655-1. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  14. ^ "Brief History of Urban Cooperative Banks in India". Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  15. ^ "Ofek aims to bring 'social banking' to Israel as first credit union". jpost.com.
  16. ^ Amr Khafagy, The Economics of Financial Cooperatives: Income Distribution, Political Economy and Regulation, Routledge, 2019
  17. ^ a b Figures at close of institution's 2007 financial year, from organization's annual report. If no US$ equivalent given in annual report, exchange rate of December 31, 2007, used.
  18. ^ "5 THINGS YOU MAY NOT KNOW ABOUT CRÉDIT AGRICOLE CIB". 3 November 2021.
  19. ^ a b c d "De geschiedenis van Crelan". crelan.be. Archived from the original on 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  20. ^ Banks, BVR, Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken, National Association of German Cooperative. "Presse – Zahlen, Daten, Fakten – BVR – Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken". bvr.de.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ "Groupe BPCE (Banque Populaire and Caisse d'Epargne)". 3 November 2021.
  22. ^ Review of the year 2018 (PDF) (Report). Nationwide Building Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018.
  23. ^ Desjardins Group figures — Information as at December 31, 2008. Available at http://www.desjardins.com/en/a_propos/qui-nous-sommes/chiffres.jsp
  24. ^ "OPn vuosi 2016" [OP's year 2016] (in Finnish). OP Financial Group. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017.
  25. ^ "Key figures". Unico Banking Institute. 2006. Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  26. ^ "S-Pankki sai 130 000 uutta asiakasta" [S-Bank has gained 130,000 new customers]. S-Pankki (in Finnish). 9 February 2017.
  27. ^ GBP 25.1 million
  28. ^ Birchall, Johnston (2013). Resilience in a downturn: The power of financial cooperatives (PDF). International Labour Office (Report). Geneva. ISBN 978-92-2-127031-7.
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