Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer: Difference between revisions
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LucasBrown (talk | contribs) Adding local short description: "Type of mass spectrometer", overriding Wikidata description "mass spectrometer comprising three consecutive quadrupoles" |
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{{Short description|Type of mass spectrometer}} |
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[[File:Quattro II triple quadropole mass spectrometer.jpg|right|thumb| |
[[File:Quattro II triple quadropole mass spectrometer.jpg|right|thumb|235x235px|Waters Quattro II triple quadropole mass spectrometer (center). This photo was taken in the old mass spec facility in Whitmore Lab of Pennsylvania State University.]] |
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| ⚫ | A '''triple quadrupole mass spectrometer''' ('''TQMS'''), is a [[tandem mass spectrometry|tandem mass spectrometer]] consisting of two [[quadrupole mass |
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[[File:Quadrupole.jpg|thumb|Quadrupole from a Waters TQ-S triple quadrupole mass spectrometer|235x235px]] |
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| ⚫ | A '''triple quadrupole mass spectrometer''' ('''TQMS'''), is a [[tandem mass spectrometry|tandem mass spectrometer]] consisting of two [[quadrupole mass analyzers]] in series, with a (non-mass-resolving) [[Radio-frequency quadrupole|radio frequency (RF)–only quadrupole]] between them to act as a cell for [[collision-induced dissociation]]. This configuration is often abbreviated QqQ, here Q<sub>1</sub>q<sub>2</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The arrangement of three quadrupoles was first developed by J.D. Morrison of [[ |
The arrangement of three quadrupoles was first developed by J.D. Morrison of [[La Trobe University]], Australia for the purpose of studying the photodissociation of gas-phase ions.<ref name=Morrison1991>{{citation | last = Morrison | first = J. D. | year = 1991 | title = Personal reminiscences of forty years of mass spectrometry in Australia | journal = Organic Mass Spectrometry | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | page = 183 | doi = 10.1002/oms.1210260404 }}</ref> After coming into contact with Prof. [[Christie G. Enke]] and his then graduate student [[Richard Yost]], Morrison's linear arrangement of the three quadrupoles probed the construction of the first triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer.<ref name="Morrison1991"/> In the years following, the first commercial triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer was developed at [[Michigan State University]] by [[Christie G. Enke|Enke]] and Yost in the late 1970s.<ref name=Yost1978>{{citation | last1 = Yost | first1 = R. A. | year = 1978 | title = Selected ion fragmentation with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 100 | issue = 7 | page = 2274 | doi = 10.1021/ja00475a072 |url=http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/timeline/time_pdf/1978_YostRA.pdf | last2 = Enke | first2 = C. G. }}</ref> It was later found that the triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer could be utilized to study organic ions and molecules, thus expanding its capabilities as a tandem MS/MS technique.<ref name="Morrison1991"/> |
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== |
==Principle of operation== |
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[[File:Paul Patent 2939952 Fig5.gif|thumb|300 px|Paul Patent 2939952 Fig5]] |
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Essentially the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operates under the same principle as the single [[quadrupole mass analyzer]]. Each of the two mass filters (Q1 and Q3) contains four parallel, cylindrical metal rods. Both Q1 and Q3 are controlled by direct current (dc) and [[radio-frequency]] (rf) potentials, while the collision cell, q, is only subjected to RF potential.<ref name=Dass>{{cite book|last1=Dass|first1=C.|title=Tandem Mass Spectrometry, in Fundamentals of Contemporary Mass Spectrometry|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=Hoboken, NJ, USA|isbn=9780470118498|pages=132–133|doi=10.1002/9780470118498.ch4|chapter=Tandem Mass Spectrometry}}</ref> The RF potential associated with the collision cell (q) allows all ions that were selected for to pass through it.<ref name="Dass"/> In some instruments, the normal quadrupole collision cell has been replaced by hexapole or octopole collision cells which improve efficiency.<ref name="Dass"/> |
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Unlike traditional MS techniques, MS/MS techniques allow for mass analysis to occur in a sequential manner in different regions of the instruments.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref">{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=J. V.|last2=Yost|first2=R. A.|last3=Kelley|first3=P. E.|last4=Bradford|first4=D. C.|title=Tandem-in-space and tandem-in-time mass spectrometry: Triple quadrupoles and quadrupole ion traps|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=1990|volume=62|issue=20|pages=2162-2172|doi=10.1021/ac00219a003|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> The TQMS follows the tandem-in-space arrangement, due to ionization, primary mass selection, collision induced dissociation (CID), mass analysis of fragments produced during CID, and detection occurring in separate segments of the instrument.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> TQMS is most useful for quantitative analysis of small molecules. In the TQMS, a several ionization methods can be employed. Some of these include [[electrospray ionization]], [[chemical ionization]], [[electron ionization]], [[atmospheric pressure chemical ionization]], and [[matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization]], all of which produce a continuous supply of ions. The linear arrangement of the spectrometer is such that two mass analyzers to be each selecting for a specific ion are separated by a collision cell. Both the first mass analyzer and the collision are continuously exposed to ions from the source, in a time independent manner.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> It is once the ions move into the third mass analyzer that time dependence becomes a factor.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> The first quadrupole mass filter, Q1, is the primary m/z selector once the sample leaves the ionization source. Any ions with different mass-to-charge ratios other than the one selected for will not be allowed to infiltrate Q1. The collision cell, denoted as "q", is located between Q1 and Q2, is where fragmentation of the sample occurs in the presence of an inert gas such as Ar, He, or N2. A characteristic ion is produced as a result of the collisions of the inert gas with the analyte. Upon exiting the collision cell, the fragmented ions then travel onto the second quadrupole mass filter, Q2, where m/z selection can occur again. The TQMS enables enhanced selectivity, accuracy, and reproducibility, which are all limited in ordinary single quadrupole mass analyzers.<ref name=Hail1989>{{cite journal|last1=Hail|first1=M. E.|last2=Berberich|first2=D. W.|last3=Yost|first3=R.A.|title=Gas chromatographic sample introduction into the collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for mass-selection of reactant ions for charge exchange and chemical ionization|journal=Analytical Chemistry |date=1989 |volume=61 |issue=17 |pages=1874–1879 |doi=10.1021/ac00192a019|accessdate=13 March 2015}}</ref> |
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Unlike traditional MS techniques, MS/MS techniques allow for mass analysis to occur in a sequential manner in different regions of the instruments.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref">{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=J. V.|last2=Yost|first2=R. A.|last3=Kelley|first3=P.E.|last4=Bradford|first4=D. C.|title=Tandem-in-space and tandem-in-time mass spectrometry: Triple quadrupoles and quadrupole ion traps|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=1990|volume=62|issue=20|pages=2162–2172|doi=10.1021/ac00219a003}}</ref> The TQMS follows the tandem-in-space arrangement, due to ionization, primary mass selection, collision induced dissociation (CID), mass analysis of fragments produced during CID, and detection occurring in separate segments of the instrument.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> [[Sector instruments]] tend to surpass the TQMS in mass resolution and mass range.<ref name="Dass"/> However, the triple quadrupole has the advantage of being cheaper, easy to operate and highly efficient.<ref name="Dass"/> |
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Also, when operated in the [[selected reaction monitoring]] mode, the TQMS has superior detection sensitivity as well as quantification.<ref name="Dass"/> The triple quadrupole allows the study of low-energy low-molecule reactions, which is useful when small molecules are being analyzed.<ref name="Dass"/> |
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The arrangement of the instrument allows for four different scan types to be performed: a precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan, product ion scan, and selected reaction monitoring.<ref name=deHoffmann1996>{{citation | last = de Hoffmann | first = E. | year = 1996 | title = Tandem mass spectrometry: a Primer | journal = Journal of Mass Spectrometry | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | page = 129 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199602)31:2<129::AID-JMS305>3.0.CO;2-T }}</ref> In the product scan, the first quadrupole Q<sub>1</sub> is set to select an ion of a known mass, which is fragmented in q<sub>2</sub>. The third quadrupole Q<sub>3</sub> is then set to scan the entire ''[[m/z]]'' range, giving information on the sizes of the fragments made. The structure of the original ion can be deduced from the ion fragmentation information. This method is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification by tandem MS. When utilizing a precursor scan, a certain product ion is selected in Q<sub>3</sub>, and the precursor masses are scanned in Q<sub>1</sub>. This method is selective for ions having a particular functional group (e.g., a phenyl group) released by the fragmentation in q<sub>2</sub>. |
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| ⚫ | In the neutral loss method both Q<sub>1</sub> and Q<sub>3</sub> are scanned together, but with a constant mass offset. This allows the selective recognition of all ions which, by fragmentation in q<sub>2</sub>, lead to the loss of a given neutral fragment (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>O, NH<sub>3</sub>). Similar to the precursor ion scan, this method is useful in the selective identification of closely related compounds in a mixture. |
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| ⚫ | When employing selected reaction monitoring (SRM) or multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes, both Q<sub>1</sub> and Q<sub>3</sub> are set |
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[[Image:Scan Modes.jpeg|thumb|300px|Settings associated with selecting m/z values in both mass filters of a triple quadrupole mass analyzer]] |
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The arrangement of the TQMS allows for four different scan types to be performed: a precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan, product ion scan, and selected reaction monitoring.<ref name=deHoffmann1996>{{citation | last = de Hoffmann | first = E. | year = 1996 | title = Tandem mass spectrometry: a Primer | journal = Journal of Mass Spectrometry | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | page = 129 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199602)31:2<129::AID-JMS305>3.0.CO;2-T | bibcode = 1996JMSp...31..129D }}</ref> |
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====Product scan==== |
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In the product scan, the first quadrupole Q<sub>1</sub> is set to select an ion of a known mass, which is fragmented in q<sub>2</sub>. The third quadrupole Q<sub>3</sub> is then set to scan the entire ''[[m/z]]'' range, giving information on the sizes of the fragments made. The structure of the original ion can be deduced from the ion fragmentation information. This method is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification by tandem MS. |
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====Precursor scan==== |
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When utilizing a precursor scan, a certain product ion is selected in Q<sub>3</sub>, and the precursor masses are scanned in Q<sub>1</sub>. This method is selective for ions having a particular functional group (e.g., a phenyl group) released by the fragmentation in q<sub>2</sub>. |
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====Neutral loss scan==== |
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| ⚫ | In the neutral loss scan method both Q<sub>1</sub> and Q<sub>3</sub> are scanned together, but with a constant mass offset. This allows the selective recognition of all ions which, by fragmentation in q<sub>2</sub>, lead to the loss of a given neutral fragment (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>O, NH<sub>3</sub>). Similar to the precursor ion scan, this method is useful in the selective identification of closely related compounds in a mixture. |
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====Selected reaction monitoring==== |
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| ⚫ | When employing ''[[selected reaction monitoring]]'' (SRM) or multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes, both Q<sub>1</sub> and Q<sub>3</sub> are set at a specific mass, allowing only a distinct fragment ion from a certain precursor ion to be detected. This method results in increased sensitivity. If Q<sub>1</sub> and/or Q<sub>3</sub> is set to more than a single mass, this configuration is called multiple reaction monitoring.<ref name=Anderson2006>{{citation | last1 = Anderson | first1 = L. | year = 2006 | title = Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Multiple Reaction Monitoring Assays for Major Plasma Proteins | journal = Molecular & Cellular Proteomics | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 573–88| doi = 10.1074/mcp.M500331-MCP200 | last2 = Hunter | first2 = C. L. | pmid=16332733| doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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==Instrumentation== |
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| ⚫ | |||
In the TQMS, several ionization methods can be employed. Some of these include [[electrospray ionization]], [[chemical ionization]], [[electron ionization]], [[atmospheric pressure chemical ionization]], and [[matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization]], all of which produce a continuous supply of ions. |
|||
Both, the first mass analyzer and the collision cell are continuously exposed to ions from the source, in a time independent manner.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> It is once the ions move into the third mass analyzer that time dependence becomes a factor.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> The first quadrupole mass filter, Q1, is the primary m/z selector after the sample leaves the ionization source. Any ions with mass-to-charge ratios other than the one selected for will not be allowed to infiltrate Q1. The collision cell, denoted as "q", is located between Q1 and Q3, is where fragmentation of the sample occurs in the presence of an inert gas like Ar, He, or N2. A characteristic daughter ion is produced as a result of the collisions of the inert gas with the analyte. Upon exiting the collision cell, the fragmented ions then travel onto the second quadrupole mass filter, Q3, where m/z selection can occur again. |
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Because the triple quadrupole is a scanning instrument, the type of detection system it employs must be capable of detecting ions one m/z at a time. One of the most common detectors, the [[electron multiplier]], is often paired with the triple quadrupole. The electron multiplier allows for faster response time, increased sensitivity and higher gain. However, they have a limited lifetime due to overloading.<ref name="Dass"/> Employing the TQMS provides enhanced selectivity, better accuracy, and greater reproducibility; all of which are limited in single quadrupole mass analyzers.<ref name=Hail1989>{{cite journal|last1=Hail|first1=M. E.|last2=Berberich|first2=D. W.|last3=Yost|first3=R.A.|title=Gas chromatographic sample introduction into the collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for mass-selection of reactant ions for charge exchange and chemical ionization|journal=Analytical Chemistry |date=1989 |volume=61 |issue=17 |pages=1874–1879 |doi=10.1021/ac00192a019}}</ref> |
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==Applications== |
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The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer allows for increased sensitivity and specificity yielding lower detection and quantitation limits.<ref name= Peng2014>{{cite journal|last1=Peng|first1=Youmei|last2=Cheng|first2=Tiefeng|last3=Dong|first3=Lihong|last4=Chen|first4=Xiaojing|last5=Jihag|first5=Jinhua|last6=Zhang|first6=Jingmin|last7=Guo|first7=Xiaohe|last8=Guo|first8=Mintong|last9=Chang|first9=Junbiao|last10=Qingduan|first10=Wang|title=Quantification of 2′-deoxy-2′-β-fluoro-4′-azidocytidine in rat and dog plasma using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry: Application to bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis|date=September 2014|volume=98|pages=379–386|doi=10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.019|pmid=24999865}}</ref> For these reasons, employment of the TQMS is a vital asset in the fields of drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, environmental studies, and biological analyses. In most drug and pharmacokinetic studies, animals like rats, are subjected to a new drug in order to probe how the substance metabolizes in the body. By analyzing the rat’s urine or plasma with a triple quadrupole coupled to liquid chromatography, the concentration and fragmentation pattern of the new drug can be determined.<ref name="Peng2014"/> In environmental and biological studies, the triple quadrupole is useful for quantitative studies that involved identifying whether or not specific substances are present in a sample.<ref name=Matysik2013>{{cite journal|last1=Matysik|first1=Silke|last2=Schmitz|first2=Gerd|title=Application of gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to the determination of sterol components in biological samples in consideration of the ionization mode|journal=Biochimie|date=March 2013|volume=95|issue=3|pages=489–495|doi=10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.015|pmid=23041445|url=https://zenodo.org/record/3415245}}</ref> One of the more common uses of a triple quadrupole mass analyzer is for structural elucidation, which provides information about fragmentation patterns. |
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<ref name="Robert 1982">{{cite journal|last1=Perchalski|first1=Robert J.|last2=Yost|first2=Richard A.|last3=Wilder|first3=B.J.|title=Structural elucidation of drug metabolites by triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=August 1982|volume=54|issue=9|pages=1466–1471|doi=10.1021/ac00246a006}}</ref> However, a mass spectrum only provides information about fragmentation, which isn't enough information to fully deduce the structure of a molecule or compound. So for the purpose of structural elucidation, it is paired with data obtained from other analytical methods, like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy (IR), for a more accurate analysis. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Mass spectrometry}} |
{{Mass spectrometry}} |
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[[Category:Tandem mass spectrometry]] |
[[Category:Tandem mass spectrometry]] |
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[[Category:Mass spectrometry]] |
[[Category:Mass spectrometry]] |
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Latest revision as of 09:05, 15 May 2024
A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (TQMS), is a tandem mass spectrometer consisting of two quadrupole mass analyzers in series, with a (non-mass-resolving) radio frequency (RF)–only quadrupole between them to act as a cell for collision-induced dissociation. This configuration is often abbreviated QqQ, here Q1q2Q3.
History
[edit]The arrangement of three quadrupoles was first developed by J.D. Morrison of La Trobe University, Australia for the purpose of studying the photodissociation of gas-phase ions.[1] After coming into contact with Prof. Christie G. Enke and his then graduate student Richard Yost, Morrison's linear arrangement of the three quadrupoles probed the construction of the first triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer.[1] In the years following, the first commercial triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer was developed at Michigan State University by Enke and Yost in the late 1970s.[2] It was later found that the triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer could be utilized to study organic ions and molecules, thus expanding its capabilities as a tandem MS/MS technique.[1]
Principle of operation
[edit]
Essentially the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operates under the same principle as the single quadrupole mass analyzer. Each of the two mass filters (Q1 and Q3) contains four parallel, cylindrical metal rods. Both Q1 and Q3 are controlled by direct current (dc) and radio-frequency (rf) potentials, while the collision cell, q, is only subjected to RF potential.[3] The RF potential associated with the collision cell (q) allows all ions that were selected for to pass through it.[3] In some instruments, the normal quadrupole collision cell has been replaced by hexapole or octopole collision cells which improve efficiency.[3]
Unlike traditional MS techniques, MS/MS techniques allow for mass analysis to occur in a sequential manner in different regions of the instruments.[4] The TQMS follows the tandem-in-space arrangement, due to ionization, primary mass selection, collision induced dissociation (CID), mass analysis of fragments produced during CID, and detection occurring in separate segments of the instrument.[4] Sector instruments tend to surpass the TQMS in mass resolution and mass range.[3] However, the triple quadrupole has the advantage of being cheaper, easy to operate and highly efficient.[3] Also, when operated in the selected reaction monitoring mode, the TQMS has superior detection sensitivity as well as quantification.[3] The triple quadrupole allows the study of low-energy low-molecule reactions, which is useful when small molecules are being analyzed.[3]
Scan modes
[edit]
The arrangement of the TQMS allows for four different scan types to be performed: a precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan, product ion scan, and selected reaction monitoring.[5]
Product scan
[edit]In the product scan, the first quadrupole Q1 is set to select an ion of a known mass, which is fragmented in q2. The third quadrupole Q3 is then set to scan the entire m/z range, giving information on the sizes of the fragments made. The structure of the original ion can be deduced from the ion fragmentation information. This method is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification by tandem MS.
Precursor scan
[edit]When utilizing a precursor scan, a certain product ion is selected in Q3, and the precursor masses are scanned in Q1. This method is selective for ions having a particular functional group (e.g., a phenyl group) released by the fragmentation in q2.
Neutral loss scan
[edit]In the neutral loss scan method both Q1 and Q3 are scanned together, but with a constant mass offset. This allows the selective recognition of all ions which, by fragmentation in q2, lead to the loss of a given neutral fragment (e.g., H2O, NH3). Similar to the precursor ion scan, this method is useful in the selective identification of closely related compounds in a mixture.
Selected reaction monitoring
[edit]When employing selected reaction monitoring (SRM) or multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes, both Q1 and Q3 are set at a specific mass, allowing only a distinct fragment ion from a certain precursor ion to be detected. This method results in increased sensitivity. If Q1 and/or Q3 is set to more than a single mass, this configuration is called multiple reaction monitoring.[6]
Instrumentation
[edit]
In the TQMS, several ionization methods can be employed. Some of these include electrospray ionization, chemical ionization, electron ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, all of which produce a continuous supply of ions.
Both, the first mass analyzer and the collision cell are continuously exposed to ions from the source, in a time independent manner.[4] It is once the ions move into the third mass analyzer that time dependence becomes a factor.[4] The first quadrupole mass filter, Q1, is the primary m/z selector after the sample leaves the ionization source. Any ions with mass-to-charge ratios other than the one selected for will not be allowed to infiltrate Q1. The collision cell, denoted as "q", is located between Q1 and Q3, is where fragmentation of the sample occurs in the presence of an inert gas like Ar, He, or N2. A characteristic daughter ion is produced as a result of the collisions of the inert gas with the analyte. Upon exiting the collision cell, the fragmented ions then travel onto the second quadrupole mass filter, Q3, where m/z selection can occur again.
Because the triple quadrupole is a scanning instrument, the type of detection system it employs must be capable of detecting ions one m/z at a time. One of the most common detectors, the electron multiplier, is often paired with the triple quadrupole. The electron multiplier allows for faster response time, increased sensitivity and higher gain. However, they have a limited lifetime due to overloading.[3] Employing the TQMS provides enhanced selectivity, better accuracy, and greater reproducibility; all of which are limited in single quadrupole mass analyzers.[7]
Applications
[edit]The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer allows for increased sensitivity and specificity yielding lower detection and quantitation limits.[8] For these reasons, employment of the TQMS is a vital asset in the fields of drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, environmental studies, and biological analyses. In most drug and pharmacokinetic studies, animals like rats, are subjected to a new drug in order to probe how the substance metabolizes in the body. By analyzing the rat’s urine or plasma with a triple quadrupole coupled to liquid chromatography, the concentration and fragmentation pattern of the new drug can be determined.[8] In environmental and biological studies, the triple quadrupole is useful for quantitative studies that involved identifying whether or not specific substances are present in a sample.[9] One of the more common uses of a triple quadrupole mass analyzer is for structural elucidation, which provides information about fragmentation patterns. [10] However, a mass spectrum only provides information about fragmentation, which isn't enough information to fully deduce the structure of a molecule or compound. So for the purpose of structural elucidation, it is paired with data obtained from other analytical methods, like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy (IR), for a more accurate analysis.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Morrison, J. D. (1991), "Personal reminiscences of forty years of mass spectrometry in Australia", Organic Mass Spectrometry, 26 (4): 183, doi:10.1002/oms.1210260404
- ^ Yost, R. A.; Enke, C. G. (1978), "Selected ion fragmentation with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer" (PDF), Journal of the American Chemical Society, 100 (7): 2274, doi:10.1021/ja00475a072
- ^ a b c d e f g h Dass, C. (2007). "Tandem Mass Spectrometry". Tandem Mass Spectrometry, in Fundamentals of Contemporary Mass Spectrometry. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 132–133. doi:10.1002/9780470118498.ch4. ISBN 9780470118498.
- ^ a b c d Johnson, J. V.; Yost, R. A.; Kelley, P.E.; Bradford, D. C. (1990). "Tandem-in-space and tandem-in-time mass spectrometry: Triple quadrupoles and quadrupole ion traps". Analytical Chemistry. 62 (20): 2162–2172. doi:10.1021/ac00219a003.
- ^ de Hoffmann, E. (1996), "Tandem mass spectrometry: a Primer", Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 31 (2): 129, Bibcode:1996JMSp...31..129D, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199602)31:2<129::AID-JMS305>3.0.CO;2-T
- ^ Anderson, L.; Hunter, C. L. (2006), "Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Multiple Reaction Monitoring Assays for Major Plasma Proteins", Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, 5 (4): 573–88, doi:10.1074/mcp.M500331-MCP200, PMID 16332733
- ^ Hail, M. E.; Berberich, D. W.; Yost, R.A. (1989). "Gas chromatographic sample introduction into the collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for mass-selection of reactant ions for charge exchange and chemical ionization". Analytical Chemistry. 61 (17): 1874–1879. doi:10.1021/ac00192a019.
- ^ a b Peng, Youmei; Cheng, Tiefeng; Dong, Lihong; Chen, Xiaojing; Jihag, Jinhua; Zhang, Jingmin; Guo, Xiaohe; Guo, Mintong; Chang, Junbiao; Qingduan, Wang (September 2014). "Quantification of 2′-deoxy-2′-β-fluoro-4′-azidocytidine in rat and dog plasma using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry: Application to bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 98: 379–386. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.019. PMID 24999865.
- ^ Matysik, Silke; Schmitz, Gerd (March 2013). "Application of gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to the determination of sterol components in biological samples in consideration of the ionization mode". Biochimie. 95 (3): 489–495. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.015. PMID 23041445.
- ^ Perchalski, Robert J.; Yost, Richard A.; Wilder, B.J. (August 1982). "Structural elucidation of drug metabolites by triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry. 54 (9): 1466–1471. doi:10.1021/ac00246a006.
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| Detector | |
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| Fragmentation | |
