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{{short description|Etruscan artifact}}
The '''Pyrgi Tablets''', found in an excavation of a sanctuary of that town in [[Italy]], a port of the southern [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] town of [[Caere]], are three golden leaves that record a dedication made around [[500 BC]] by Thefarie Velianas, king of Caere, to the [[Phoenicia|Phoenician]] goddess [[`Ashtart|‘Ashtart]].
{{Infobox artefact
|image=Lamine d'oro in lingua etrusca e fenicia con dedica di un luogo sacro a pyrgi.jpg
|created={{circa}} 500 BC
|material=[[Gold]]
|discovered_date=1964
|discovered_place=[[Lazio]], [[Italy]]
|location=[[Rome]], [[Lazio]], [[Italy]]
|caption=The Pyrgi Tablets, sheets of gold with a bilingual treatise in Etruscan and Phoenician
|language=[[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] and [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]}}
The '''Pyrgi Tablets''' (dated {{circa|500 BC}}) are three golden plates inscribed with a bilingual [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]–[[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] dedicatory text. They are the oldest historical source documents from Italy, predating Roman hegemony, and are rare examples of texts in these languages. They were discovered in 1964 during a series of excavations at the site of ancient [[Pyrgi]], on the [[Tyrrhenian Sea|Tyrrhenian coast]] of [[Italy]] in [[Latium]] (Lazio). The text records the foundation of a temple and its [[Dedication (ritual)|dedication]] to the [[Phoenicia]]n goddess [[Astarte]], who is identified with the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] supreme goddess [[Uni (mythology)|Uni]] in the [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] text. The temple's construction is attributed to Thefarie Velianas, ruler of the nearby city of [[Caere]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doak |first=Brian R. |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-049934-1 |location=New York, NY |pages=230}}</ref>


These writings are important not only for providing a bilingual text that allows us to use our knowledge of the [[Phoenician language]] to read [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]], but provides evidence of Phoenician/Punic influence in the Western [[Mediterranean]]. This document helps to provide a context for [[Polybius]]'s report (''Hist.'' 3,22) of an ancient and almost unintelligible treaty between the [[Rome|Romans]] and the [[Carthage|Carthaginians]], which he dated to the [[consul]]ships of [[Lucius Junius Brutus|L. Iunius Brutus]] and L. Tarquinius Collatinus ([[505 BC]]).
Two of the tablets are inscribed in the [[Etruscan language]], the third in Phoenician.<ref>The specific dialect has been called "Mediterranean Phoenician" by {{cite journal | last=Schmitz | first=Philip C. | title=The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=JSTOR | volume=115 | issue=4 | year=1995 | issn=0003-0279 | doi=10.2307/604727 | pages=559–575|jstor=604727}} Full bibliography of Pyrgi and the tablets</ref> The writings are important in providing both a bilingual text that allows researchers to use knowledge of Phoenician to interpret Etruscan, and evidence of [[Phoenicia]]n or [[Punic]] influence in the Western [[Mediterranean]]. They may relate to [[Polybius]]'s report (''Hist.'' 3,22) of an ancient and almost unintelligible treaty between the [[Rome|Romans]] and the [[Carthage|Carthaginians]], which he dated to the [[consul]]ships of [[Lucius Junius Brutus]] and [[Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus]] (509 BC).<ref>Smith, C. J., "Recent approaches to early writing" in ''The Archaeology of Death: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of Italian Archaeology held at the National University of Ireland, Galway, April 16–18, 2016''
edited by Edward Herring and Eóin O’Donoghue. Archaeopress, 2018, p. 31 https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/15876/Smith_2018_ArchofDeath_EarlyWriting_VoR.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y</ref>


It is now held at the National Etruscan Museum of [[Villa Giulia]], Rome.
The [[Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions|Phoenician inscriptions]] are known as [[Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften|KAI]] 277. The tablets are now held at the [[National Etruscan Museum]], [[Villa Giulia]], Rome.


Pallottino has claimed that the existence of this bilingual suggests an attempt by Carthage to support or impose a ruler (Tiberius Velianas) over Caere at a time when Etruscan sea power was waning and to be sure that this region, with strong cultural ties to Greek settlements to the south, stayed in the Etrusco-Carthaginian confederacy.<ref>Pallottino, M. The Etruscans. Trans. J. Cremona. Indiana UP, Bloomington and London. 1975. p. 90</ref> The exact nature of the rule of Tiberius Velianas has been the subject of much discussion. The Phoenician root MLK refers to sole power, often associated with a king. But the Etruscan text does not use the Etruscan word for 'king', {{Transliteration|ett|lauχum}}, instead presenting the term for 'magistrate', {{Transliteration|ett|zilac}} (perhaps modified by a word that may mean 'great'). This suggests that Tiberius Velianas may have been a tyrant of the kind found in some Greek cities of the time. Building a temple, claiming to have been addressed by a god, and creating or strengthening his connections with foreign powers may all have been ways that he sought to solidify and legitimate his own power.<ref>Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View From Rome" in ''Le Lamine di Pyrgi'' eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. pp. 203–221</ref>
==The Phoenician Text==


Another area that the Pyrgi Tablets seem to throw light on is that Carthage was indeed involved in central Italy at this point in history. Such involvement was suggested by mentions by [[Polybius]] of a treaty between Rome and Carthage at about the same time period (circa 500 BC), and by [[Herodotus]]'s accounts of Carthaginian involvement in the [[Battle of Alalia]]. But these isolated accounts did not have any contemporaneous texts from the area to support them until these tablets were unearthed and interpreted.<ref>Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View from Rome" in ''Le Lamine di Pyrgi'', eds. V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. pp. 203–221</ref> Schmidtz originally claimed that the language pointed more toward an eastern Mediterranean form of Phoenician rather than to Punic/Carthaginian. But he has more recently reversed this view, and he even sees the possibility that the Carthaginians are directly referred to in the text.<ref>Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " ''Sempre Pyrgi'': A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in ''Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta'' eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43</ref>
::'''L-rbt l-‘štrt.'''
::To the lady Ashtaret.


The text is also important for our understanding of religion in central Italy around the year 500 BC. Specifically, it suggests that the commemoration of the death of [[Adonis]] was an important rite in Central Italy at least at this time (around 500 BC), that is if, as is generally assumed, the Phoenician phrase {{transl|sem|bym qbr ʼlm}} "on the day of the burial of the divinity" refers to this rite. This claim would be further strengthened if Schmidtz's recent claim can be accepted that the Phoenician phrase {{transl|sem|bmt n' bbt}} means "at the death of (the) Handsome (one) [=Adonis]."<ref>Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " ''Sempre Pyrgi'': A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in ''Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta'' eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43</ref> Together with evidence of the rite of [[Adonai]] in the [[Liber Linteus]] in the 7th column, there is a strong likelihood that the ritual was practiced in (at least) the southern part of Etruria from at least circa 500 BC through the second century BC (depending on one's dating of the Liber Linteus). Adonis himself does not seem to be directly mentioned in any of the extant language of either text.<ref>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007</ref>
::'''’ŝr qdš ‘z, ‘š p‘l, w-’š ytn Tbry’ Wlnš mlk ‘l Kyšry’.'''
::This is the holy place, which was made, and which was donated by Tiberius Velianas who reigns over the Caerites.


==Phoenician text==
::'''B-yrħ zbħ Šmš, b-mtn’ b-bt, wbn tw.'''
The [[Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions|Phoenician inscriptions]] are known as [[Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften|KAI]] 277. Following is a transcription with English translations.
::During the month of the sacrifice to the Sun, as a gift in the temple, he built an aedicula.
{{multiple image
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| width1 = 220
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| image2 = Pyrgi tablets A.jpg
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|footer=The Phoenician leaf with a transcription, based on Bonfante
}}
'''{{transl|sem|lrbt lʻštrt}},'''


For the Lady, for [[Astarte]],
::'''K-‘štrt ’rš b-dy l-mlky šnt šlš, b-yrħ Krr, b-ym qbr ’lm'''
::For Ishtar raised him with her hand to reign for three years in the month of Churvar, in the day of the burying of the divinity.


'''{{transl|sem|ʼšr qdš ʼz, ʼš pʻl, wʼš ytn tbryʼ wlnš, mlk ʻl kyšryʼ}}'''
::'''W-šnt lm’š ’lm b-bty šnt km ħkkbm ‘l.'''
::And the years of the statue of the divinity in the temple [shall be] as many years as the stars above.


this is the holy place, which was made, and which was placed (by) Tiberius Velianas, king over Kasriye (= [[Caere|Caerites]]?),
Since the [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] text has long been known to be a [[Semitic language]] (related to such languages as [[Hebrew Language|Hebrew]], [[Canaanite language|Canaanite]], [[Ugaritic language|Ugaritic]], [[Arabic]] and [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]), its decipherment was achieved very early. There is hardly any doubt concerning the values of the above words.


'''{{transl|sem|yrḥ zbḥ šmš, bmtnʼ bbt}}.'''
==Phoenician Vocabulary==


during the month of the sacrifice to the Sun, as an offering in the temple.<ref>Zamora, José Á. "Pyrgi Revisited: An Analysis of the Structure and Formulae of the Phoenician Text of Pyrgi" in
::'''’lm''', divinity [Semitic '''*’il-''' "god"]
Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. Editors: Vincenzo Bellelli e Paolo Xella. 2015–2016. pp. 69–79 Sel Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico Nuova Serie: Ricerche storiche e filologiche sulle culture del Vicino Oriente e del Mediterraneo antico</ref>
::'''’rš''', to raise
::'''’š''', which, who, that [rel.pron]
::'''‘l''', over, above [Semitic '''*‘al-''']
::'''‘štrt''', Ashtaret [Semitic '''*‘Aθtar-''']
::'''‘ŝr''', place
::'''‘z''', this
::'''b-''', in, at, with, on [Semitic '''*bi-''']
::'''bt''', house, temple [Semitic '''*bayt-''']
::'''dy''', hand
::'''ħkkbm''', stars [Semitic '''*kabkab-''']
::'''k-''', for, since [Semitic '''*ka-''']
::'''km''', like, as
::'''Krr''', Churvar [calendar month] [cf. Etruscan <Χurvar>]
::'''Kyšry’''', Caerites [a people]
::'''l-''', to, for [Semitic '''*la-''']
::'''lm’š''', statue
::'''mlk''', to rule, to reign [Semitic '''*mlk''']
::'''mtn’''', gift [< '''*ytn''' 'to give']
::'''p‘l''', to make, to do [Semitic '''*p‘l''']
::'''qbr''', burial
::'''qdš''', holy
::'''rbt''', lady [cf. Akkadian ''rābu'' "grand, large"]
::'''šlš''', three [Semitic '''*θalāθ-''']
::'''šmš''', sun [Semitic '''*šamš-''']
::'''šnt''', years
::'''tw''', aedicula
::'''w-''', and [Semitic '''*wa-''']
::'''wbn''', to build
::'''ym''', day [Semitic '''*yawm-''']
::'''yrħ''', month [Semitic '''*yarħ-''']
::'''ytn''', to give [Semitic '''*ytn''']
::'''zbħ''', sacrifice


''' {{transl|sem|wbn tw, kʻštrt ʼrš bdy, lmlky šnt šlš ///, byrḥ krr, bym qbr ʼlm}}'''
==The Etruscan Text==


And he built a chamber (or ''-bn TW'' = "Tiberius Velianas built (it)"),<ref>Zamora, José Á. "Pyrgi Revisited: An Analysis of the Structure and Formulae of the Phoenician Text of Pyrgi" in
:First Plate:
Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. Editors: Vincenzo Bellelli e Paolo Xella. 2015–2016. p. 77. Sel Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico Nuova Serie: Ricerche storiche e filologiche sulle culture del Vicino Oriente e del Mediterraneo antico</ref> because Astarte requested (this) from him, year three "3" of his reign, in the month of Krr, on the day of the burial of the divinity.
::'''Ita tmia ica-c heramašva vat-ieχ-e Uni-al Astre-s, θem-iasa meχ θuta.'''
::That temple and these Hermes idols are dedicated to Uni-Astre, built by the clanspeople.


'''{{transl|sem|wšnt lmʼš ʼlm bbty šnt km h kkb m ʼl}}.'''
::'''Θefariei Velianas sal cluvenia-s tur-uc-e.'''
::Tiberius Velianas the pleasing aedicula has given.


And (may) the years of the statue of the deity in her temple (be) years like (or "as numerous as") the stars.<ref>Transcription from Hildegard Temporini, Joseph Vogt, Wolfgang Haase. 1972. Aufsteig und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, vol. 2, part 25. P.201. Also, along with the original Phoenician letters, in Haarmann, Harald. 1996. Early Civilization and Literacy in Europe: An Inquiry into Cultural Continuity in the Mediterranean World. P.355</ref><ref>Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 15:562.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=(PDF) Pyrgi Revisited. An Analysis into the Structure and Formulae of Pyrgi’s Phoenician Text |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292989034_Pyrgi_Revisited_An_Analysis_into_the_Structure_and_Formulae_of_Pyrgi's_Phoenician_Text |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230905133302/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292989034_Pyrgi_Revisited_An_Analysis_into_the_Structure_and_Formulae_of_Pyrgi's_Phoenician_Text |archive-date=2023-09-05 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>
::'''Muni-s ta-s θuva-s tamer-es ca ilacv-e tuler-as-e.'''
::That burial of his own by these priests with idols was encircled.


=== Translation variants ===
::'''Nac ci avil χurvar, tešiam-ei tal-e, ilacv-e alš-as-e.'''
The [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] text has long been known to be in a [[Semitic languages|Semitic]], more specifically a [[Canaanite languages|Canaanite language]] (specifically North Canaanite; South Canaanite dialects include [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], Moabite, and Edomite); hence there was no need for it to be "deciphered". And while most of the inscription can certainly reliably be read, certain passages are philologically uncertain on account of perceived complications of syntax and the vocabulary employed in the inscription, and as such they have become the source of debate among both Semiticists and classicists.<ref>For a relatively recent analysis of the inscription and summary of the various scholarly interpretations, see [https://www.jstor.org/stable/604727 Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 15:559–575].</ref>
::For three years [in the month of] Churvar, with Her burnt offerings, with idols [it was] buried.


For example, other translations of the final line, besides that cited above, include: "And I made a duplicate of the statue of the goddess <Astarte> in her temple as do the Kakkabites [?Carthaginians]"; and "As for the red robe of the statues of the goddess <Astarte> in her temple, her/its red robe is like a those of the gods of the Kakkabites [Carthaginians]" (both of these from Krahmalkov's Phoenician-Punic Dictionary).<ref>Krahmalkov, C. R. ''Phoenician-Punic Dictionary'' Leuven, 2000. pp. 230, 475</ref> Further, In Schmidtz's 2016 treatment of the text, he reinterprets the string ''bmtnʼ bbt'' (translated above and commonly as "as an offering in the temple") as ''bmt n' bbt'' to mean "at the death of (the) Handsome (one) [=Adonis]."<ref>Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " ''Sempre Pyrgi'': A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in ''Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta'' eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43</ref>
::'''Nac atran-es zilac-al, sel-ei tala acnaš-ver-s.'''
::During the reign of the chief, in Her hand [he] would be brought forth (ie: Uni-Astre gave him authority to rule).


==Phoenician vocabulary==
::'''Itan-i-m heramv-e, avil en-iac-a pulumχva.'''
::And with these Hermes idols, the year(s) shall endure as the stars.


Much of the well known vocabulary (from the glossary by A. Bloch, 1890, unless otherwise indicated) of the text is, of course, religious, including ''rb-t'' "Lady," ''ʻštrt'' the goddess "Astarte," ''qdš'' "holy," ''ʼlm'' "divinity," ''bt'' "temple, house," ''zbḥ'' "sacrifice," ''qbr'' "burial"; or they involve the calendar or elements of the natural world: ''ym'' "day," ''yrḥ'' "month," ''šnt'' "year(s)," ''šmš'' "sun" (in this context, also a deity), ''kbb'' "stars." Common verbs include ''šmš'' "made," ''ytn'' "placed," ''bn'' "built," ''mlk'' "rule, reign."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloch |first=Armand |url=https://archive.org/details/phoenizischesglo00blocuoft/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Phoenizisches Glossar |date=1890 |publisher=Berlin, Mayer |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> Most of the items below not covered in this list are grammatical elements, uncited claims, or reflect earlier scholarship that has now been superseded by newer studies.
:Second Plate:
::'''Nac Θefarie Veliiunas θam-uc-e cleva etan-al Masan tiur, Uni-as šel-ac-e.'''
::When Tiberius Velianas had built the statue of the sanctuary [in] the month of Masan, Uni was pleased.


Nouns in the text include: '''bt' ''', "house, temple" [Semitic '''*bayt- '''], '''kkb ''', star [Semitic '''*kabkab- '''] [hakkawkabīm/hakkawkabūm = the-stars], '''ʼlm ''', divinity [Semitic '''*ʼil- ''' "god"], '''ʼšr ''', place, '''ʻštrt ''', Astarte [Semitic '''*ʻaṯtar- '''], '''krr ''', Churvar [calendar month] [cf. Etruscan ''Χurvar''], '''kyšryʼ ''', Caerites [a people], '''lmʼš ''', statue (But analyzed by some as the preposition ''lm'' "during" plus the relative pronoun ''ʼš'' "which"), ''mtnʼ''', gift [Semitic '''*ntn''' 'to give'], '''qbr''', burial, '''rbt''', lady [cf. Akkadian ''rābu'' "grand, large"] [rabbu, female: rabbatu ], '''šmš''', sun [Semitic '''*šamš-'''<ref>The Patterning of Root Morphemes in Semitic. 1990. In: On language: selected writings of Joseph H. Greenberg. Ed. Keith M. Denning and Suzanne Kemmer. P.379</ref>], '''šnt''', year [šanot "years" – from: šanāt]
::'''Vacal tmia-l avilχva-l am-uc-e pulumχva snuia-φ.'''
, '''tw''', aedicula [taw], '''yd''', hand '''ym''', day [Semitic '''*yawm-'''], '''yrḥ''', month [Semitic '''*warḥu-'''] [Canaanite: yarhu], '''zbḥ''', sacrifice
::The votives of the temple yearly have been as numerous as the stars.


Verbs: '''mlk''', to rule, to reign [Semitic '''*mlk'''], '''ʼrš''', to raise, '''bn''', to build [ bny ] [wayyiben = [and] he built], '''bn''', to build [ bny ] [wayyiben = [and] he built], '''mlk''', to rule, to reign [Semitic '''*mlk'''], '''pʻl''', to make, to do [Semitic '''*pʻl'''], ::'''ytn''', to give [Semitic '''*[y]-ntn'''] [ya-ntin[u]] he-gives / Hebrew: yittēn
==Etruscan Vocabulary==


Other: '''ʼš''', which, who, that [rel.pron], '''ʼz''', this [ ha-dha? ], '''ʻl''', over, above [Semitic '''*ʻal-'''], '''b-''', in, at, with, on [Semitic '''*bi-'''], '''bn''', to build [ bny ] [wayyiben = [and] he built], '''k-''', for, since [Semitic '''*ki-'''], '''km''', like, as [ka-ma], '''l-''', to, for [Semitic '''*la-'''],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmitz |first=Philip C. |date=1995 |title=The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/604727 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=559–575 |doi=10.2307/604727 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref> '''[[Q-D-S|qdš]]''', holy, '''šlš''', three [Semitic '''*ṯalāṯ-'''], '''w-''', and [Semitic '''*wa-''']
::'''*acna(s)''', to bring forth (<acnaš-ver-s> '[he] would be brought forth')
:::[perhaps <-u>, passive + <-er->, purposive, common in the [[Liber Linteus|LLZ]], had combined to form a passive optative in <-ver-> 'would be']
:::Note <Huśur maχ ''acnanas'', arce.> 'Having ''brought forth'' (ie: gave birth) to five children, [she] raised [them](TLE 887)
::'''*alš''', to bury (<alš-as-e> 'buried')
::'''*am''', to be (<am-uc-e> 'has been, had been')
:::<An zilaθ ''amce'' mecl Rasnal.> "He ''had been'' a chief of the Etruscan people." (ET Ta 7.59)
::'''Astre''', Phoenician goddess of fertility, associated with [[Uni (goddess)|Uni]] (<astre-s> 'of Astre') [Phoenician <‘štrt> < *‘Aθtareθ]
::'''*atran''', reign, rulership
::'''avil''', year (<avilχva-l> 'of the years, yearly')
::'''ca''', this (<ca> 'this', <ica-c> 'and this')
::'''ci''', three
::'''*cluvenia''', aedicula (<cluvenia-s> 'of the aedicula')
::'''Χurvar''', month [Phoenician <krr> *Kurar]
::'''*en''', to last, endure (<en-iac-a> 'shall endure')
:::<Śacnicleri cilθl, śpureri, meθlumeric, ''enaś''.> "By way of these sacred objects of the sanctuary, by the city and by the people, [it] ''endures''" ([[Liber Linteus|LLZ]], col 9, lines 12-13)
::'''*etan''', sanctuary (<etan-al> 'of the sanctuary')
::'''*heram(aš)''', Hermes idol (<heramv-e> 'with the Hermes idols', <heramašva> 'Hermes idols')
::'''*ila''', idol (*ilacva 'idols', <ilacv-e> 'with idols')
::'''meχ''', people
::'''muni''', burial, plot of land (<muni-s> 'of the burial')
::'''nac''', when, during, while
::'''*pulum''', star (<pulum-χva> 'stars', <pulun-za> 'little star')
:::<fulumχva> ([[Cippus perusinus]], lateral, lines 29-30)
:::<…''pulunza'' ipal sacnina tinia tei aθemeiś caś…> "…''the little star'' for which the sacred Tinia of the sky…" (CIE 6310)
::'''sal''', pleasing
::'''*sel''', hand (<sel-ei> 'with the hand')
::'''*snuia''', many (<snuia-φ> "as many")
:::<śnuiu-φ> "as many" ([[Liber Linteus|LLZ]], col 6, lines 1,2,4)
::'''*šel''', to please (<šel-ac-e> 'has pleased') [cf. <sal>]
::'''ta''', that (<ita> 'that', <itan-i=m> 'and with that', <ta-s> 'of that', <tala> 'her', <tal-e> 'with her')
::'''tešiam''', burnt offerings (<tešiam-ei> 'with burnt offerings')
:::<Śucic firin ''tesim''.> "And incense was burned as a ''burnt offering''" ([[Liber Linteus|LLZ]], col 7, lines 9-10)
::'''tmia''', temple (<tmia-l> 'of the temple')
::'''*tuler''', to encircle (<tuler-as-e> 'encircled') [cf. <tul> 'border, boundary']
::'''tur''', to give (<tur-uc-e> 'has given')
::'''*θem''', to build (<θem-iasa> 'built', <θam-uc-e> 'has built')
::'''θefariei''', [[Tiberius]] [Roman male name]
::'''θuta''', clan
::'''θuva''', oneself, (<θuva-s> 'one's own') [cf. <θu> 'one, single']
:::<Θuker akil tuś ''thuveś''.> "Thuker completed ''his own'' tomb." (TLE 672)
::'''Uni''', Etruscan mother goddess of fertility (<uni-al> 'of Uni') [cf. Latin <[[Juno|Iuno]]:>]
::'''vacal''', votive offering
:::<Celi suθ ''vacl'' θesnin> "Upon the earth of the tomb ''a votive offering'' was dedicated." ([[Liber Linteus|LLZ]], col 5, lines 15-16)
::'''*vat''', to dedicate (<vat-ieχ-e> 'to be dedicated')
::'''Velianas''', Velianas [family name].
::'''zilaχ''', chief (<zilac-al> 'of the chief')
:::<Svalasi, ''zilaχnuce''.> "[While] living, [he] ''had been chief''." (TLE 173)
:::<''Zilaχnce'' avil XI.> "[He] ''had been chief'' eleven years." (REE 40, n75)


== See also ==
==Etruscan text==
This partial English translation is generally speculative, following van der Meer, except where noted.<ref>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. pp. 171–172</ref> Line breaks are indicated with / with line numbers in superscript immediately following. Note that Schmitz has pointed out that "Etruscologists...dispute nearly every word in the Etruscan texts."<ref>Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 15:559–60</ref> Other proposed translations are presented in a 2022 article by M. Ivanković.<ref>Ivanković, M. "A New Decipherment of the Pyrgi Tablets with Reliance
on Astronomy" Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 2022, 9: 1-10 https://doi.org/10.30958/ajms.X-Y-Z https://www.athensjournals.gr/mediterranean/2022-4983-AJMS-Ivankovic-05.pdf</ref>


===First plate===
* ''[[Liber Linteus]]'' - An Etruscan inscription.
{{multiple image
* ''[[Tabula Cortonensis]]'' - An Etruscan inscription.
| align = right
* ''[[Cippus perusinus]]'' - An Etruscan inscription.
| image1 = Lamine d'oro in lingua etrusca e fenicia con dedica di un luogo sacro a pyrgi B.jpg
* [[Etruscan civilization]]
| width1 = 220
* [[Lemnian language]]
| alt1 =
* [[Eteocypriot]]
| caption1 =
* [[Eteocretan]]
| image2 = Pyrgi tablets B.jpg
* [[Etruria]]
| width2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
|footer=First of the two Etruscan leaves with a transcription, based on Bonfante
}}

'''{{Transliteration|ett|Ita tmia icac he/<sup>2</sup>ramašva vatieχe /<sup>3</sup> unial astres θemia /<sup>4</sup> sa meχ θuta}}'''

This temple and sacred buildings (''herama-šva'') have been requested by Juno Astar(t)e...having been built at his own ({{Transliteration|ett|sa}}) cost(?),

'''{{Transliteration|ett|θefa/<sup>5</sup>riei velianas sal /<sup>6</sup> cluvenias turu/<sup>7</sup>ce}} '''

Tiberius Velianas ...has given (''tur-ce'') (it) as an offering(?), (or "according to her own (''sal'') wishes (''cluvenias''))<ref>Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; p. 41. doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf</ref>

'''{{Transliteration|ett|munistas θuvas/<sup>8</sup> tameresca}}'''

(as) custodian(?) of the place(?) of the ''cella'' (or "the funeral chamber" ''tameres-ca'')<ref>Agostiniani, L. "Sul valore semantico delle formule etrusche 'tamera zelarvenas' e 'tamera šarvenas'," in A. Catagnoti ''et alia'' (ed.s), ''Studi linguistici offerti a Gabriella Giacomelli dagli amici e dagli allievi''. Padova, 1997. pp. 1–18</ref>

'''{{Transliteration|ett|ilacve /<sup>9</sup> tulerase}}'''

during the feast (of the month) of Tuler

'''{{Transliteration|ett|nac ci avi/<sup>10</sup>l χar var tesiamet /<sup>11</sup> ale}}'''

when three years (were) full (?) from the day of Tesiamet

'''{{Transliteration|ett|ilacve alšase /<sup>12</sup>}}'''

on the feast of (the month) Alsasa

'''{{Transliteration|ett|nac atranes zila /<sup>13</sup> cal sel eita la acnašv/<sup>14</sup>ers}}'''

when the {{Transliteration|ett|atranes}} of the magistrate (was??) (the) great {{Transliteration|ett|acnasvers}}.

'''{{Transliteration|ett|Itanim heram/<sup>15</sup>ve avil eniaca pul/<sup>16</sup>umχva}}'''

Indeed, in this sanctuary, the years are (going to be) as many as the stars.

=== Second plate ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Lamine d’oro in lingua etrusca e fenicia con dedica di un luogo sacro a pyrgi C.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Pyrgi tablets C.jpg
| width2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
|footer=Second Etruscan leaf, with transcription based on Bonfante
}}

{{Transliteration|ett|'''nac θefarie vel/<sup>2</sup>iiunas θamuce /<sup>3</sup> cleva etanal/<sup>4</sup>'''}}

When Tiberius Velianas had built ({{Transliteration|ett|θamu-ce}}) the {{Transliteration|ett|cleva}} ("altar(s)"? or "desiderata"?) of {{Transliteration|ett|Etan}} (epithet of {{Transliteration|ett|Uni}}?)<ref>Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; pp. 41–43. doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf</ref>

{{Transliteration|ett|'''masan tiur /<sup>5</sup> unias šelace'''}}

he dedicated (''šela-ce'') an offering during the month ({{Transliteration|ett|tiur}}) of Juno.

{{Transliteration|ett|'''v/<sup>6</sup>acal tmial a/<sup>7</sup>vilχval amuc/<sup>8</sup>e pulumχv/<sup>9</sup>a snuiaφ'''}}

The yearly ({{Transliteration|ett|avil-χva-l}} literally "of the years") offerings for the temple were ({{Transliteration|ett|amu-ce}}) (to be like the) eternal ({{Transliteration|ett|snuiaφ}}?) stars.

====Translation variants====
Wylin translates {{Transliteration|ett|šelace vacal tmial}} (4–5) as "has ratified the offering of the temple."<ref>Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; p. 40. doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf</ref> However, Steinbauer (agreeing with Rix) has challenged this assumption and, considering that it seems to be positioned at the beginning of a series of phrases within the contexts of a step-by-step instruction in the [[Liber Linteus]], proposed that {{Transliteration|ett|vacal}} (with its variants {{Transliteration|ett|vacil}} and {{Transliteration|ett|vacl}}) simply means "then." The second to last word, {{Transliteration|ett|pulum-χva}}, is clearly a plural, so would match the (putative) plural 'star-s' of the Phoenician text in this location. It also occurs in one of the supplementary texts below, as well as in the inscription in the [[Golini Tomb]], but in the latter context, this meaning does not seem to fit.<ref>Steinbauer, D. ''Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen'', St. Katherine, 1999. pp. 86–87</ref>

A minimalist 'translation' drawing only on well established meanings of Etruscan words, and not depending on the Phoenician text (which is often itself uncertain, see above, and is, in any case, not a word for word translation) has been presented by Adiego:

::This {{Transliteration|ett|tmia-}} and the {{Transliteration|ett|herama}}, which were ...-ed from the part of {{Transliteration|ett|Uni, Thefarie Velianas}}, ...ing the {{Transliteration|ett|meχ θuta}}, gave to her, the {{Transliteration|ett|cluvenia-}} (or: to his {{Transliteration|ett|cluvenia-}}), to/of the {{Transliteration|ett|muni θuva}}, that from the chamber (?) in the day- {{Transliteration|ett|ilacv tuleras-}}, when three years {{Transliteration|ett|χurvar}}. In the day-{{Transliteration|ett|ilacv}} the {{Transliteration|ett|tešiam(a)- alsaš-}}, when of the {{Transliteration|ett|zilaχ}}-magistracy {{Transliteration|ett|atrane}}, that {{Transliteration|ett|sele acnavers}}, and this(?)/thus...-ed the year {{Transliteration|ett|eniaca}} the {{Transliteration|ett|pulum}}-s.

::When Thefarie Veliiunas {{Transliteration|ett|θamu-}}...-ed a {{Transliteration|ett|cleva}}-offering {{Transliteration|ett|etenal masan}} the month {{Transliteration|ett|unias}} {{Transliteration|ett|sela-}} ...-ed {{Transliteration|ett|vacal}} the {{Transliteration|ett|pulum}}-s of the years of the {{Transliteration|ett|tmia-}} were {{Transliteration|ett|sniuaφ}}.<ref>Adiego, I-X. "The Etruscan Texts of the Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties." in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. p. 155</ref>

==Etruscan vocabulary==

Much of the more certainly defined vocabulary (from the glossary in Pallottino, 1975, unless otherwise indicated) of the text is again, of course, religious, including references to the god ''uni'' "Juno,"<ref>Pallottino, Massimo. The Etruscans. 1975. Indiana UP. pp. 214</ref> nouns like ''tmia'' "temple," ''vacal'' "offering, libation (?)," and ''ilucve'' "festival"; or they involve the calendar or elements of the natural world: ''tiur'' "month, moon," ''avil'' "year(s)," ''pulum-χva'' "stars" (?). Other well attested words in the text include the number "three" ''ci'', and some common verbs such as ''turu-'' "give" and ''am-'' "be," and the well known term for "magistrate" ''zilac-''. Most of the rest of the words are contested or uncertain.<ref>Pallottino, Massimo. The Etruscans. 1975. Indiana UP. pp. 225-234</ref>

===Verbs===
:'''acna(s)''', to bring forth
:'''am''', to be
:'''tur''', to give ({{angbr|tur-uc-e}} 'has given')
:'''θem''', to build, establish

===Nouns===
:'''astre''', Phoenician goddess of fertility,
:'''atran''', reign, rulership?
:'''avil''', year ({{angbr|avilχva-l}} 'of the years, yearly')
:'''xurvar''', month [Phoenician {{angbr|krr}} *kurar]
:'''meχ''', people
:'''pulum''', star
:'''tiur''', month<ref>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. pp. 171–172</ref>
:'''tmia''', temple ({{angbr|tmia-l}} 'of the temple')
:'''θefariei''', [[Tiberius (praenomen)|Tiberius]] [Roman male name]
:'''uni''', Etruscan mother goddess of fertility [cf. Latin ''[[Juno (mythology)|Iūno]]'']
:'''vacal''', votive offering
:'''velianas''', Velianas [family name].
:'''zilac''' magistrate

===Other parts of speech===
:'''ca''', this; '''ica-c''' and this
:'''ci''', three
:'''nac''', when, during, while
:'''śnuiu-aφ''', as many? ([[Liber Linteus|LLZ]], col 6, lines 1,2,4)

== Supplementary Etruscan Texts ==
=== Inscription on a bronze tablet at Pyrgi ===
These were much more damaged than the gold tablets above.<ref>Belfiore, V. "nuovi spunti di riflessione sulle lamine di Pyrgi in etrusco" in ''Le Lamine di Pyrgi'' eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. p. 125</ref>
Cr 4.3:

::{{Transliteration|ett|[...]atalen[----]s tin[--}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|[----]e[...] ''spuria[z]es'' . tera[s] ''spu[r]iaze''[...]}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|''u]neial'' var θvarie χia ''uneial χias''}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|''tin[...]talenas seas'' ''tinas θvariena''s [...]e[...]ur}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]ar[...]ra[...]il[...]a[...]p[...}}

Cr 4.2
::{{Transliteration|ett|eta : ''θesan'':e:tras ''u:ni''(χ?)iaθi ha[...]}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|hutilatina e:tiasas: a:calia[...]}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|θanaχ:vilus ''caθa''r:naial[...]}}

Deities mentioned here include {{Transliteration|ett|[[Catha (mythology)|Catha]], [[Thesan]], Uni Chia, Tina Atalena Sea, Tina Thvariena}}, and {{Transliteration|ett|Spuriaze}}.<ref>Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View From Rome" in ''Le Lamine di Pyrgi'' eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. p. 206</ref>

=== Inscriptions on vessels found in the sanctuary at Pyrgi ===

:: 1 ]{{Transliteration|ett|'''tmia'''[ 2 ]'''usa'''}}[
:n32, fragment of a vase, VI

::{{Transliteration|ett|'''unial'''}}
: (div) patera, or plate V TLE 877

::{{Transliteration|ett|'''unial'''}}
:(div) patera, or plate V REE 40 n54

::* ]{{Transliteration|ett|'''starte/s/''' [?] '''cve[r ]starte'''}}/ /
::(div?) fragment of a vase, or vessel IV REE 56 n31

::{{Transliteration|ett|'''mi : s'uris : cavaθas'''}}
:(div)patera, or plate V REE 64 n36

::{{Transliteration|ett|''']cavaθas 2]a emini['''}}
::In the Golini Tomb 1 at Orvito we have a woman serving at the banquet table hand extended with '''A VESSEL''' in her hand , the inscription reads O '''RAMA''' MLIOUNS
::#

{| class="wikitable"
|atrane's;                (fabr)
|ansa vasis, Cosa
|III/II
|NRIE 707
|-
|atrane's’                (fabr)
|askos, Sovana
|III/II
|EVP p277 n8
|-
|atrane                  (fabr)
|2 gutti, Sovana
|III/II
|11359, 11376
|}
:(div)Greek kylix, V REE 56 n24<ref>Source for the Pyrgi inscriptions :{{cite web|title=Iscrizioni Etrusche|url=http://www.etruscaphilologia.eu/pyrgi.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923112355/http://www.etruscaphilologia.eu/pyrgi.htm|archive-date=2010-09-23|access-date=2012-02-26}}</ref> Lead tablet from the temple of Minerva at Castrum Novum (near Pyrgi) (CIE 631

::{{Transliteration|ett|MMMCCC ''lan[-]mite'' . [}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]inia . ''tei'' . ''a emei ca . zu[-]una'' . za[...}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|a . ''icecin'' . ezi . ''ip[...]unu'' . rapa . [-]um[...}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]ipas . [-]in[...]ver . ''mulv''en[...}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...] . nuna ("offering")[...] ''nun . ena'' . t[...}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]e . hu[...]al . ''nun ena'' .}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]ur . t[...]na . '''vacil''' . c[...}}

::{{Transliteration|ett|...]'''pulun'''za . ''ipal'' . sac ("holy")[...}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]''talte'' . ''acni'' ''talte'' . iu[...}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]umnle[...]menatina . ''te''[---]un[...}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]us . -u--helucu . ''acasa'' . ''tei'' . luru[...}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]t[...-]sice . ''lanumite'' . ''icana''[...}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]aei . tesa . '''nac'''[...]ce . ''mulv''[...}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]ur . t[...]na . '''vacil''' . c[}}
::{{Transliteration|ett|...]pa . ''mlaka'' [....]''ama''}} .

Side 2:

::...]{{Transliteration|ett|ite . ''icec''[......] civeis . m[...}}
::...] {{Transliteration|ett|. unue . ha[...]u . eizurva . t[...}}
::...]{{Transliteration|ett|n[-]va . ''mlacia'' . hecia ("to do, place") . ''iperi'' . apa ("father")[...}}
::...]{{Transliteration|ett|esunamul ''ame''}}

::...]{{Transliteration|ett|iama . im[...]nuta : h[...}}
::...] {{Transliteration|ett|. rin[...]v . ''a emeican . s[-]uinia'' . ip[...}}
::...]{{Transliteration|ett|t[-]as . [...]n[-]e . '''nac''' arsurve clesvare[...}}

Notes: Words also occurring in the gold Pyrgi Tablets are in bold: {{Transliteration|ett|'''pulun/m'''}} "star(s)?; {{Transliteration|ett|'''vaci/al'''}} "sacrifice/libation" , or "then"; {{Transliteration|ett|'''nac'''}} "when."

Words and sequences recurring within the text include: {{Transliteration|ett|lan(u)mite}} ?; {{Transliteration|ett|a emei ca . z/suu/ina}} ? (''ca'' "this"); {{Transliteration|ett|mul-v-}} "to offer"; {{Transliteration|ett|nun ena}} "offering" (''nun''?) "some" ({{Transliteration|ett|ena}}?); {{Transliteration|ett|mlaka/cia}} "beautiful"; {{Transliteration|ett|te-i}} (demonstrative pronoun); {{Transliteration|ett|am-e/-a}} "be"; {{Transliteration|ett|ac-ni/-asa}} ("to do, offer"); {{Transliteration|ett|talte}} (< {{Transliteration|ett|talitha}} "girl"??); {{Transliteration|ett|icec-in, icana-}} ? (< {{Transliteration|ett|ic}} "as"??).<ref>Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 15:559-60</ref>

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

===First printed edition===
Colonna, G. – Garbini, G. – Pallottino, M. – Vlad Borrelli, L., '"Scavi nel santuario etrusco di
Pyrgi. Relazione preliminare della settima campagna, 1964, e scoperta di tre lamine d’oro inscritte in
etrusco e punico”, ''ArchCl'' 16, 1964: 49–117.
:: Colonna, G., “I dati dello scavo”: 50–57.
:: Pallotino, M., “Scoperta e prima valutazione delle lamine inscritte”: 58–63.
:: Vlad Borrelli, L., “Nota tecnica sulle lamine”: 64–65.
:: Garbini, G., “L’iscrizione punica”: 66–76.
:: Pallotino, M., “Le iscrizioni etrusche”: 76–104.
:: Pallotino, M., “Conclusioni storiche”: 104–117.

===Other references===

* Adams, J. N. (2003) ''Bilingualism and the Latin Language'', Cambridge: 202–206.
* Adiego, I.-X. (2015–2016) “The Etruscan Text of Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties”, in Bellelli, V. ''Le lamine di Pyrgi'', Verona : 135–156.
* Agostiniani, L. (2007)''Scritti scelti di Luciano Agostiniani: omaggio per il suo 65mo compleanno, Tomo I, scritti etruschi, AIONLing'' 25 [2003]), Napoli
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* Amadsi Guzzo, M. G.(2014) “Punic Scripts”, in J. A. Hackett & W. E. Aufrecht (eds.), ''An Eye for Form. Epigraphic Essays in Honor of G. F. M. Cross'', Winona Lake, Indiana, 314–333 (320–322).
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* Belfiore, V. (2014) ''La morfologia derivativa in etrusco. Formazioni di parole in -na e in -ra'', Pisa/Roma: 105–106.
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* '''Bellelli''', V. and P. Xella (eds) (2015–2016) ''Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta''. ''SEL'' 32–33; Verona
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*{{cite journal|last=Colonna|first=Giovanni|language=it|title=L'Apollo di Pyrgi, Śur/Śuri (il "Nero") e l'Apollo Sourios|journal=Studi Etruschi|volume=LXXIII|year=2009|pages=101–134|issn=0391-7762}}
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* Maras, D. F. (2013) “Area sud: ricerche in corso sulla documentazione epigrafica (contesti, supporti, formulari, teonimi)” in M. P. BAGLIONE – M. D. GENTILI (edd.), ''Riflessioni su Pyrgi,'' Roma: 195–206.
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* Maras, D. F. (2015–2016) “Lettere e sacro. Breve storia della scrittura nel santuario etrusco di Pyrgi”, in Benelli, E ''Le lamine di Pyrgi'' (= SEL 32–33), Verona: 89–101.
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* Pittau, M. (2000) ''Tabula Cortonensis, lamine di Pirgi e altri testi etruschi'', Sassari.
* Rigobianco, L. (2013) ''Su numerus, genus e sexus. Elementi per una grammatica dell’etrusco'', Roma : 54–56.
* Röllig, W. (1996)“Akkadisch tu’um, di’um, phönizisch tw, aramäisch twn: Versuch einer Klärung”, in E. Acquardo (ed.) ''Alle soglie della classicità. Il Mediterraneo tra tradizione e innovazione'': ''Studi in onore di Sabatino Moscati'', vol. III, Roma: 1203–1207.
* Schmitz, PH. C. (1995) “The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi”, JAOS 115, 559–575.
* Schmitz, PH. C.(2007) “Adonis in the Phoenician Text from Pyrgi? A New Reading of KAI 277.5”, ''Etruscan News'': 9, 13.
* Schmitz, PH. C. (2013) “Phoenician and Punic Religion”, in M. Saltzman (ed.), ''The Cambridge History of Religions in the Classical World'', vol. 1., ''From the Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Era'', Cambridge: 205–233.
* Schmitz, PH. C. (2015–2016)“Sempre Pyrgi. A Retraction and Reassessment of the Phoenician Text”, in Bellelli ''Le lamine di Pyrgi'', Verona: 33–43.
* Steinbauer, D. (1999) ''Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen'', St. Katharinen: 196–209.
* Torelli, M. (2003) “’Αγαλήτορα· παῐδα. Τυρρηνοί (TLE2 802). Brevi considerazioni su una glossa etrusca”, in S. Marchesini & P. Poccetti (eds.), ''Linguistica è storia. Sprachwissenschaft ist Geschichte. Scritti in onore di Carlo de Simone'', Pisa: 171–177 (173).
* van der Meer, B. ( 2007) ''Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text'', Louvain / Dudley.
* van Heems, G. (2015) “Idéologie et écriture: réflexions sur les mentions de titres et magistratures dans les inscriptions étrusques”, in M.-L. Haack (éd.), ''L’écriture et l’espace de la mort. Épigraphie et nécropoles à l'époque pré-romaine'' [en ligne], Roma: Publications de l’École française de Rome.
* van Heems, G. (2011) “Accord sur le désaccord: quelques réflexions sur les rapports entre morphèmes casuels et adpositions en étrusque”, in M. Fruyt – M. Mazoyer – D. Pardee (eds.), ''Grammatical Cases in the Languages of the Middle East and Europe'', Chicago: 399–416.
* Wallace, R. E. (2008) ''Ziχ Rasna. A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions'', Ann Arbor: 8.
* Wylin, K. (2000) ''Il verbo etrusco. Ricerca morfosintattica delle forme usate in funzione verbale'', Roma
* Wylin, K. (2003) “Esiste una seconda lamina A di Pyrgi?” ''PdP'' 328, : 61–65.
* Wylin, K. (2004 [2005]) “Un terzo pronome/aggettivo dimostrativo etrusco sa”, ''Studi Etrusci'' 70, : 213–225.
* Wylin, K. (2006) “Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la tabula Cortonensis”, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d’Histoire'' 84,: 35–44.


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Wikisourcehas|the original text with transliteration|{{noitalic|[[oldwikisource:Pyrgi Tablets|Pyrgi Tablets]]}}}}
{{commons category|Pyrgi Tablets}}
* [http://scholarworks.umass.edu/ces_texts/ The Etruscan Texts Project] A searchable database of Etruscan texts.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081222203327/http://users.tpg.com.au/etr/etrusk/po/pyrgi.html Photograph, transliteration, and partial translation]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120536/http://mytuscany.splinder.com/archive/2007-09 Tavola di Cortona e Lamine di Pyrgi - traduzione] (Italian translation by [[Giovanni Semerano]])
*[https://wikisource.org/wiki/Pyrgi_Tablets] Wikisource: Pyrgi Tablets


{{Etruscans}}
* [http://etp.classics.umass.edu/ The Etruscan Texts Project] A searchable database of Etruscan texts.
*[http://ling.cornell.edu/people/Weiss/CGL_35-Etruscan.pdf Etruscan grammar (pdf)] A detailed explanation of the grammar of the related Etruscan language by Micheal Weiss of the Cornell University.
* [http://users.tpg.com.au/etr/etrusk/po/pyrgi.html Photograph, transliteration, and partial translation]


[[Category:Religious texts]]
[[Category:6th-century BC texts]]
[[Category:1964 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Collection of the Villa Giulia]]
[[Category:Etruscan inscriptions]]
[[Category:KAI inscriptions]]
[[Category:Etruscan language]]
[[Category:Gold objects]]
[[Category:Multilingual texts]]
[[Category:Multilingual texts]]
[[Category:Etruscans]]
[[Category:Phoenician inscriptions]]
[[Category:Votive offering]]

[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in Italy]]
[[da:Pyrgi-tavlerne]]
[[Category:Astarte]]

Latest revision as of 12:56, 12 December 2024

Pyrgi Tablets
The Pyrgi Tablets, sheets of gold with a bilingual treatise in Etruscan and Phoenician
MaterialGold
Createdc. 500 BC
Discovered1964
Lazio, Italy
Present locationRome, Lazio, Italy
LanguageEtruscan and Phoenician

The Pyrgi Tablets (dated c. 500 BC) are three golden plates inscribed with a bilingual Phoenician–Etruscan dedicatory text. They are the oldest historical source documents from Italy, predating Roman hegemony, and are rare examples of texts in these languages. They were discovered in 1964 during a series of excavations at the site of ancient Pyrgi, on the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy in Latium (Lazio). The text records the foundation of a temple and its dedication to the Phoenician goddess Astarte, who is identified with the Etruscan supreme goddess Uni in the Etruscan text. The temple's construction is attributed to Thefarie Velianas, ruler of the nearby city of Caere.[1]

Two of the tablets are inscribed in the Etruscan language, the third in Phoenician.[2] The writings are important in providing both a bilingual text that allows researchers to use knowledge of Phoenician to interpret Etruscan, and evidence of Phoenician or Punic influence in the Western Mediterranean. They may relate to Polybius's report (Hist. 3,22) of an ancient and almost unintelligible treaty between the Romans and the Carthaginians, which he dated to the consulships of Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus (509 BC).[3]

The Phoenician inscriptions are known as KAI 277. The tablets are now held at the National Etruscan Museum, Villa Giulia, Rome.

Pallottino has claimed that the existence of this bilingual suggests an attempt by Carthage to support or impose a ruler (Tiberius Velianas) over Caere at a time when Etruscan sea power was waning and to be sure that this region, with strong cultural ties to Greek settlements to the south, stayed in the Etrusco-Carthaginian confederacy.[4] The exact nature of the rule of Tiberius Velianas has been the subject of much discussion. The Phoenician root MLK refers to sole power, often associated with a king. But the Etruscan text does not use the Etruscan word for 'king', lauχum, instead presenting the term for 'magistrate', zilac (perhaps modified by a word that may mean 'great'). This suggests that Tiberius Velianas may have been a tyrant of the kind found in some Greek cities of the time. Building a temple, claiming to have been addressed by a god, and creating or strengthening his connections with foreign powers may all have been ways that he sought to solidify and legitimate his own power.[5]

Another area that the Pyrgi Tablets seem to throw light on is that Carthage was indeed involved in central Italy at this point in history. Such involvement was suggested by mentions by Polybius of a treaty between Rome and Carthage at about the same time period (circa 500 BC), and by Herodotus's accounts of Carthaginian involvement in the Battle of Alalia. But these isolated accounts did not have any contemporaneous texts from the area to support them until these tablets were unearthed and interpreted.[6] Schmidtz originally claimed that the language pointed more toward an eastern Mediterranean form of Phoenician rather than to Punic/Carthaginian. But he has more recently reversed this view, and he even sees the possibility that the Carthaginians are directly referred to in the text.[7]

The text is also important for our understanding of religion in central Italy around the year 500 BC. Specifically, it suggests that the commemoration of the death of Adonis was an important rite in Central Italy at least at this time (around 500 BC), that is if, as is generally assumed, the Phoenician phrase bym qbr ʼlm "on the day of the burial of the divinity" refers to this rite. This claim would be further strengthened if Schmidtz's recent claim can be accepted that the Phoenician phrase bmt n' bbt means "at the death of (the) Handsome (one) [=Adonis]."[8] Together with evidence of the rite of Adonai in the Liber Linteus in the 7th column, there is a strong likelihood that the ritual was practiced in (at least) the southern part of Etruria from at least circa 500 BC through the second century BC (depending on one's dating of the Liber Linteus). Adonis himself does not seem to be directly mentioned in any of the extant language of either text.[9]

Phoenician text

[edit]

The Phoenician inscriptions are known as KAI 277. Following is a transcription with English translations.

The Phoenician leaf with a transcription, based on Bonfante

lrbt lʻštrt,

For the Lady, for Astarte,

ʼšr qdš ʼz, ʼš pʻl, wʼš ytn tbryʼ wlnš, mlk ʻl kyšryʼ

this is the holy place, which was made, and which was placed (by) Tiberius Velianas, king over Kasriye (= Caerites?),

yrḥ zbḥ šmš, bmtnʼ bbt.

during the month of the sacrifice to the Sun, as an offering in the temple.[10]

wbn tw, kʻštrt ʼrš bdy, lmlky šnt šlš ///, byrḥ krr, bym qbr ʼlm

And he built a chamber (or -bn TW = "Tiberius Velianas built (it)"),[11] because Astarte requested (this) from him, year three "3" of his reign, in the month of Krr, on the day of the burial of the divinity.

wšnt lmʼš ʼlm bbty šnt km h kkb m ʼl.

And (may) the years of the statue of the deity in her temple (be) years like (or "as numerous as") the stars.[12][13][14]

Translation variants

[edit]

The Phoenician text has long been known to be in a Semitic, more specifically a Canaanite language (specifically North Canaanite; South Canaanite dialects include Hebrew, Moabite, and Edomite); hence there was no need for it to be "deciphered". And while most of the inscription can certainly reliably be read, certain passages are philologically uncertain on account of perceived complications of syntax and the vocabulary employed in the inscription, and as such they have become the source of debate among both Semiticists and classicists.[15]

For example, other translations of the final line, besides that cited above, include: "And I made a duplicate of the statue of the goddess <Astarte> in her temple as do the Kakkabites [?Carthaginians]"; and "As for the red robe of the statues of the goddess <Astarte> in her temple, her/its red robe is like a those of the gods of the Kakkabites [Carthaginians]" (both of these from Krahmalkov's Phoenician-Punic Dictionary).[16] Further, In Schmidtz's 2016 treatment of the text, he reinterprets the string bmtnʼ bbt (translated above and commonly as "as an offering in the temple") as bmt n' bbt to mean "at the death of (the) Handsome (one) [=Adonis]."[17]

Phoenician vocabulary

[edit]

Much of the well known vocabulary (from the glossary by A. Bloch, 1890, unless otherwise indicated) of the text is, of course, religious, including rb-t "Lady," ʻštrt the goddess "Astarte," qdš "holy," ʼlm "divinity," bt "temple, house," zbḥ "sacrifice," qbr "burial"; or they involve the calendar or elements of the natural world: ym "day," yrḥ "month," šnt "year(s)," šmš "sun" (in this context, also a deity), kbb "stars." Common verbs include šmš "made," ytn "placed," bn "built," mlk "rule, reign."[18] Most of the items below not covered in this list are grammatical elements, uncited claims, or reflect earlier scholarship that has now been superseded by newer studies.

Nouns in the text include: bt' , "house, temple" [Semitic *bayt- ], kkb , star [Semitic *kabkab- ] [hakkawkabīm/hakkawkabūm = the-stars], ʼlm , divinity [Semitic *ʼil- "god"], ʼšr , place, ʻštrt , Astarte [Semitic *ʻaṯtar- ], krr , Churvar [calendar month] [cf. Etruscan Χurvar], kyšryʼ , Caerites [a people], lmʼš , statue (But analyzed by some as the preposition lm "during" plus the relative pronoun ʼš "which"), mtnʼ', gift [Semitic *ntn 'to give'], qbr, burial, rbt, lady [cf. Akkadian rābu "grand, large"] [rabbu, female: rabbatu ], šmš, sun [Semitic *šamš-[19]], šnt, year [šanot "years" – from: šanāt] , tw, aedicula [taw], yd, hand ym, day [Semitic *yawm-], yrḥ, month [Semitic *warḥu-] [Canaanite: yarhu], zbḥ, sacrifice

Verbs: mlk, to rule, to reign [Semitic *mlk], ʼrš, to raise, bn, to build [ bny ] [wayyiben = [and] he built], bn, to build [ bny ] [wayyiben = [and] he built], mlk, to rule, to reign [Semitic *mlk], pʻl, to make, to do [Semitic *pʻl], ::ytn, to give [Semitic *[y]-ntn] [ya-ntin[u]] he-gives / Hebrew: yittēn

Other: ʼš, which, who, that [rel.pron], ʼz, this [ ha-dha? ], ʻl, over, above [Semitic *ʻal-], b-, in, at, with, on [Semitic *bi-], bn, to build [ bny ] [wayyiben = [and] he built], k-, for, since [Semitic *ki-], km, like, as [ka-ma], l-, to, for [Semitic *la-],[20] qdš, holy, šlš, three [Semitic *ṯalāṯ-], w-, and [Semitic *wa-]

Etruscan text

[edit]

This partial English translation is generally speculative, following van der Meer, except where noted.[21] Line breaks are indicated with / with line numbers in superscript immediately following. Note that Schmitz has pointed out that "Etruscologists...dispute nearly every word in the Etruscan texts."[22] Other proposed translations are presented in a 2022 article by M. Ivanković.[23]

First plate

[edit]
First of the two Etruscan leaves with a transcription, based on Bonfante

Ita tmia icac he/2ramašva vatieχe /3 unial astres θemia /4 sa meχ θuta

This temple and sacred buildings (herama-šva) have been requested by Juno Astar(t)e...having been built at his own (sa) cost(?),

θefa/5riei velianas sal /6 cluvenias turu/7ce

Tiberius Velianas ...has given (tur-ce) (it) as an offering(?), (or "according to her own (sal) wishes (cluvenias))[24]

munistas θuvas/8 tameresca

(as) custodian(?) of the place(?) of the cella (or "the funeral chamber" tameres-ca)[25]

ilacve /9 tulerase

during the feast (of the month) of Tuler

nac ci avi/10l χar var tesiamet /11 ale

when three years (were) full (?) from the day of Tesiamet

ilacve alšase /12

on the feast of (the month) Alsasa

nac atranes zila /13 cal sel eita la acnašv/14ers

when the atranes of the magistrate (was??) (the) great acnasvers.

Itanim heram/15ve avil eniaca pul/16umχva

Indeed, in this sanctuary, the years are (going to be) as many as the stars.

Second plate

[edit]
Second Etruscan leaf, with transcription based on Bonfante

nac θefarie vel/2iiunas θamuce /3 cleva etanal/4

When Tiberius Velianas had built (θamu-ce) the cleva ("altar(s)"? or "desiderata"?) of Etan (epithet of Uni?)[26]

masan tiur /5 unias šelace

he dedicated (šela-ce) an offering during the month (tiur) of Juno.

v/6acal tmial a/7vilχval amuc/8e pulumχv/9a snuiaφ

The yearly (avil-χva-l literally "of the years") offerings for the temple were (amu-ce) (to be like the) eternal (snuiaφ?) stars.

Translation variants

[edit]

Wylin translates šelace vacal tmial (4–5) as "has ratified the offering of the temple."[27] However, Steinbauer (agreeing with Rix) has challenged this assumption and, considering that it seems to be positioned at the beginning of a series of phrases within the contexts of a step-by-step instruction in the Liber Linteus, proposed that vacal (with its variants vacil and vacl) simply means "then." The second to last word, pulum-χva, is clearly a plural, so would match the (putative) plural 'star-s' of the Phoenician text in this location. It also occurs in one of the supplementary texts below, as well as in the inscription in the Golini Tomb, but in the latter context, this meaning does not seem to fit.[28]

A minimalist 'translation' drawing only on well established meanings of Etruscan words, and not depending on the Phoenician text (which is often itself uncertain, see above, and is, in any case, not a word for word translation) has been presented by Adiego:

This tmia- and the herama, which were ...-ed from the part of Uni, Thefarie Velianas, ...ing the meχ θuta, gave to her, the cluvenia- (or: to his cluvenia-), to/of the muni θuva, that from the chamber (?) in the day- ilacv tuleras-, when three years χurvar. In the day-ilacv the tešiam(a)- alsaš-, when of the zilaχ-magistracy atrane, that sele acnavers, and this(?)/thus...-ed the year eniaca the pulum-s.
When Thefarie Veliiunas θamu-...-ed a cleva-offering etenal masan the month unias sela- ...-ed vacal the pulum-s of the years of the tmia- were sniuaφ.[29]

Etruscan vocabulary

[edit]

Much of the more certainly defined vocabulary (from the glossary in Pallottino, 1975, unless otherwise indicated) of the text is again, of course, religious, including references to the god uni "Juno,"[30] nouns like tmia "temple," vacal "offering, libation (?)," and ilucve "festival"; or they involve the calendar or elements of the natural world: tiur "month, moon," avil "year(s)," pulum-χva "stars" (?). Other well attested words in the text include the number "three" ci, and some common verbs such as turu- "give" and am- "be," and the well known term for "magistrate" zilac-. Most of the rest of the words are contested or uncertain.[31]

Verbs

[edit]
acna(s), to bring forth
am, to be
tur, to give (⟨tur-uc-e⟩ 'has given')
θem, to build, establish

Nouns

[edit]
astre, Phoenician goddess of fertility,
atran, reign, rulership?
avil, year (⟨avilχva-l⟩ 'of the years, yearly')
xurvar, month [Phoenician ⟨krr⟩ *kurar]
meχ, people
pulum, star
tiur, month[32]
tmia, temple (⟨tmia-l⟩ 'of the temple')
θefariei, Tiberius [Roman male name]
uni, Etruscan mother goddess of fertility [cf. Latin Iūno]
vacal, votive offering
velianas, Velianas [family name].
zilac magistrate

Other parts of speech

[edit]
ca, this; ica-c and this
ci, three
nac, when, during, while
śnuiu-aφ, as many? (LLZ, col 6, lines 1,2,4)

Supplementary Etruscan Texts

[edit]

Inscription on a bronze tablet at Pyrgi

[edit]

These were much more damaged than the gold tablets above.[33] Cr 4.3:

[...]atalen[----]s tin[--
[----]e[...] spuria[z]es . tera[s] spu[r]iaze[...]
u]neial var θvarie χia uneial χias
tin[...]talenas seas tinas θvarienas [...]e[...]ur
...]ar[...]ra[...]il[...]a[...]p[...

Cr 4.2

eta : θesan:e:tras u:ni(χ?)iaθi ha[...]
hutilatina e:tiasas: a:calia[...]
θanaχ:vilus caθar:naial[...]

Deities mentioned here include Catha, Thesan, Uni Chia, Tina Atalena Sea, Tina Thvariena, and Spuriaze.[34]

Inscriptions on vessels found in the sanctuary at Pyrgi

[edit]
1 ]tmia[ 2 ]usa[
n32, fragment of a vase, VI
unial
(div) patera, or plate V TLE 877
unial
(div) patera, or plate V REE 40 n54
  • ]starte/s/ [?] cve[r ]starte/ /
(div?) fragment of a vase, or vessel IV REE 56 n31
mi : s'uris : cavaθas
(div)patera, or plate V REE 64 n36
]cavaθas 2]a emini[
In the Golini Tomb 1 at Orvito we have a woman serving at the banquet table hand extended with A VESSEL in her hand , the inscription reads O RAMA MLIOUNS
atrane's;                (fabr) ansa vasis, Cosa III/II NRIE 707
atrane's’                (fabr) askos, Sovana III/II EVP p277 n8
atrane                  (fabr) 2 gutti, Sovana III/II 11359, 11376
(div)Greek kylix, V REE 56 n24[35] Lead tablet from the temple of Minerva at Castrum Novum (near Pyrgi) (CIE 631
MMMCCC lan[-]mite . [
...]inia . tei . a emei ca . zu[-]una . za[...
a . icecin . ezi . ip[...]unu . rapa . [-]um[...
...]ipas . [-]in[...]ver . mulven[...
...] . nuna ("offering")[...] nun . ena . t[...
...]e . hu[...]al . nun ena .
...]ur . t[...]na . vacil . c[...
...]pulunza . ipal . sac ("holy")[...
...]talte . acni talte . iu[...
...]umnle[...]menatina . te[---]un[...
...]us . -u--helucu . acasa . tei . luru[...
...]t[...-]sice . lanumite . icana[...
...]aei . tesa . nac[...]ce . mulv[...
...]ur . t[...]na . vacil . c[
...]pa . mlaka [....]ama .

Side 2:

...]ite . icec[......] civeis . m[...
...] . unue . ha[...]u . eizurva . t[...
...]n[-]va . mlacia . hecia ("to do, place") . iperi . apa ("father")[...
...]esunamul ame
...]iama . im[...]nuta : h[...
...] . rin[...]v . a emeican . s[-]uinia . ip[...
...]t[-]as . [...]n[-]e . nac arsurve clesvare[...

Notes: Words also occurring in the gold Pyrgi Tablets are in bold: pulun/m "star(s)?; vaci/al "sacrifice/libation" , or "then"; nac "when."

Words and sequences recurring within the text include: lan(u)mite ?; a emei ca . z/suu/ina ? (ca "this"); mul-v- "to offer"; nun ena "offering" (nun?) "some" (ena?); mlaka/cia "beautiful"; te-i (demonstrative pronoun); am-e/-a "be"; ac-ni/-asa ("to do, offer"); talte (< talitha "girl"??); icec-in, icana- ? (< ic "as"??).[36]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Doak, Brian R. (2019). The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-19-049934-1.
  2. ^ The specific dialect has been called "Mediterranean Phoenician" by Schmitz, Philip C. (1995). "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (4). JSTOR: 559–575. doi:10.2307/604727. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 604727. Full bibliography of Pyrgi and the tablets
  3. ^ Smith, C. J., "Recent approaches to early writing" in The Archaeology of Death: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of Italian Archaeology held at the National University of Ireland, Galway, April 16–18, 2016 edited by Edward Herring and Eóin O’Donoghue. Archaeopress, 2018, p. 31 https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/15876/Smith_2018_ArchofDeath_EarlyWriting_VoR.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y
  4. ^ Pallottino, M. The Etruscans. Trans. J. Cremona. Indiana UP, Bloomington and London. 1975. p. 90
  5. ^ Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View From Rome" in Le Lamine di Pyrgi eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. pp. 203–221
  6. ^ Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View from Rome" in Le Lamine di Pyrgi, eds. V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. pp. 203–221
  7. ^ Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " Sempre Pyrgi: A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43
  8. ^ Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " Sempre Pyrgi: A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43
  9. ^ Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007
  10. ^ Zamora, José Á. "Pyrgi Revisited: An Analysis of the Structure and Formulae of the Phoenician Text of Pyrgi" in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. Editors: Vincenzo Bellelli e Paolo Xella. 2015–2016. pp. 69–79 Sel Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico Nuova Serie: Ricerche storiche e filologiche sulle culture del Vicino Oriente e del Mediterraneo antico
  11. ^ Zamora, José Á. "Pyrgi Revisited: An Analysis of the Structure and Formulae of the Phoenician Text of Pyrgi" in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. Editors: Vincenzo Bellelli e Paolo Xella. 2015–2016. p. 77. Sel Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico Nuova Serie: Ricerche storiche e filologiche sulle culture del Vicino Oriente e del Mediterraneo antico
  12. ^ Transcription from Hildegard Temporini, Joseph Vogt, Wolfgang Haase. 1972. Aufsteig und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, vol. 2, part 25. P.201. Also, along with the original Phoenician letters, in Haarmann, Harald. 1996. Early Civilization and Literacy in Europe: An Inquiry into Cultural Continuity in the Mediterranean World. P.355
  13. ^ Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 15:562.
  14. ^ "(PDF) Pyrgi Revisited. An Analysis into the Structure and Formulae of Pyrgi's Phoenician Text". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2023-09-05. Retrieved 2024-12-12.
  15. ^ For a relatively recent analysis of the inscription and summary of the various scholarly interpretations, see Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 15:559–575.
  16. ^ Krahmalkov, C. R. Phoenician-Punic Dictionary Leuven, 2000. pp. 230, 475
  17. ^ Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " Sempre Pyrgi: A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43
  18. ^ Bloch, Armand (1890). Phoenizisches Glossar. Robarts - University of Toronto. Berlin, Mayer.
  19. ^ The Patterning of Root Morphemes in Semitic. 1990. In: On language: selected writings of Joseph H. Greenberg. Ed. Keith M. Denning and Suzanne Kemmer. P.379
  20. ^ Schmitz, Philip C. (1995). "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (4): 559–575. doi:10.2307/604727. ISSN 0003-0279.
  21. ^ Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. pp. 171–172
  22. ^ Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 15:559–60
  23. ^ Ivanković, M. "A New Decipherment of the Pyrgi Tablets with Reliance on Astronomy" Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 2022, 9: 1-10 https://doi.org/10.30958/ajms.X-Y-Z https://www.athensjournals.gr/mediterranean/2022-4983-AJMS-Ivankovic-05.pdf
  24. ^ Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; p. 41. doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf
  25. ^ Agostiniani, L. "Sul valore semantico delle formule etrusche 'tamera zelarvenas' e 'tamera šarvenas'," in A. Catagnoti et alia (ed.s), Studi linguistici offerti a Gabriella Giacomelli dagli amici e dagli allievi. Padova, 1997. pp. 1–18
  26. ^ Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; pp. 41–43. doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf
  27. ^ Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; p. 40. doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf
  28. ^ Steinbauer, D. Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen, St. Katherine, 1999. pp. 86–87
  29. ^ Adiego, I-X. "The Etruscan Texts of the Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties." in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. p. 155
  30. ^ Pallottino, Massimo. The Etruscans. 1975. Indiana UP. pp. 214
  31. ^ Pallottino, Massimo. The Etruscans. 1975. Indiana UP. pp. 225-234
  32. ^ Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. pp. 171–172
  33. ^ Belfiore, V. "nuovi spunti di riflessione sulle lamine di Pyrgi in etrusco" in Le Lamine di Pyrgi eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. p. 125
  34. ^ Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View From Rome" in Le Lamine di Pyrgi eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. p. 206
  35. ^ Source for the Pyrgi inscriptions :"Iscrizioni Etrusche". Archived from the original on 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  36. ^ Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 15:559-60

References

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First printed edition

[edit]

Colonna, G. – Garbini, G. – Pallottino, M. – Vlad Borrelli, L., '"Scavi nel santuario etrusco di Pyrgi. Relazione preliminare della settima campagna, 1964, e scoperta di tre lamine d’oro inscritte in etrusco e punico”, ArchCl 16, 1964: 49–117.

Colonna, G., “I dati dello scavo”: 50–57.
Pallotino, M., “Scoperta e prima valutazione delle lamine inscritte”: 58–63.
Vlad Borrelli, L., “Nota tecnica sulle lamine”: 64–65.
Garbini, G., “L’iscrizione punica”: 66–76.
Pallotino, M., “Le iscrizioni etrusche”: 76–104.
Pallotino, M., “Conclusioni storiche”: 104–117.

Other references

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  • Agostiniani, L. (2007)Scritti scelti di Luciano Agostiniani: omaggio per il suo 65mo compleanno, Tomo I, scritti etruschi, AIONLing 25 [2003]), Napoli
  • Amadsi Guzzo M. G. (1995) “Mondes étrusque et italique”, in V. Krings (éd.), La civilisation phénicienne et punique. Manuel de recherche, Leiden / New York / Köln: 663–673 (671–673)
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  • Amadsi Guzzo, M. G. (2015–2016) “Sull’ambientazione della lamina fenicia di Pyrgi”, in Bellelli Le lamine di Pyrgi Verona : 5–19.
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  • Bellelli, V. and P. Xella (eds) (2015–2016) Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. SEL 32–33; Verona
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  • Torelli, M. (2003) “’Αγαλήτορα· παῐδα. Τυρρηνοί (TLE2 802). Brevi considerazioni su una glossa etrusca”, in S. Marchesini & P. Poccetti (eds.), Linguistica è storia. Sprachwissenschaft ist Geschichte. Scritti in onore di Carlo de Simone, Pisa: 171–177 (173).
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  • van Heems, G. (2015) “Idéologie et écriture: réflexions sur les mentions de titres et magistratures dans les inscriptions étrusques”, in M.-L. Haack (éd.), L’écriture et l’espace de la mort. Épigraphie et nécropoles à l'époque pré-romaine [en ligne], Roma: Publications de l’École française de Rome.
  • van Heems, G. (2011) “Accord sur le désaccord: quelques réflexions sur les rapports entre morphèmes casuels et adpositions en étrusque”, in M. Fruyt – M. Mazoyer – D. Pardee (eds.), Grammatical Cases in the Languages of the Middle East and Europe, Chicago: 399–416.
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[edit]
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Pyrgi Tablets
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