Second siege of Anandpur: Difference between revisions

Second siege of Anandpur
	Part of the Mughal-Sikh Wars and Hill States-Sikh Wars
	; 19th century painting depicting the battle of Anandpur
Date	May – 19th December 1704
Location	Anandpur
Result	Mughal and Hill Raja Defeat
Belligerents
Khalsa (Sikhs)	Mughal Empire; Alliance of 22 Hill Rajas
Commanders and leaders
Guru Gobind Singh supreme general and in charge of Anandgarh Udai Singh in charge of Fatehgarh; Mohkam Singh in charge of Holgarh; Ajit Singh in charge of Kesgarh; Jujhar Singh, Nahar Singh and Sher Singh in charge of Lohgarh; Alam Singh Nachna in charge of Agampur ; Daya Singh in charge of Northern Anandpur	Aurangzeb; Wazir Khan; Zaberdast Khan; Dilwaar Khan; Ajmer Chand; Bhim Chand ; Bhup Chand
Strength
500 hundred in each of the five forts of Anandpur and 500 hundred in reserve; Total of 3,000–10,000; 2 cannons in Anandgarh;	100,000

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The second siege of Anandpur (anadapura dī ghērābadī), also known as the second battle of Anandpur (1704) ^[a] (anadapura dī dūjī laṛā'ī sāla satārāṁ sau cāra), was a siege at Anandpur, between Sikhs and the Mughal governors, dispatched by Aurangzeb, Wazir Khan, Dilwaar Kahn and Zaberdast Khan, and aided by the vassal Rajas of the Sivalik Hills which lasted from May 1704 to 19 December 1704.^[7]^[1]

Background

The Hill Rajas were concerned about Gobind Singh's rising power and influence in their region along with dislike for the Sikh movement.^[8]^[9] In addition, the Hill Rajas were frustrated by the raids on their villages by the Sikhs from Anandpur who sought to acquire supplies, provisions and cash.^[10]^[11]^[12] According to Indubhusan Banerjee, the hill rajas and the Guru maintained harmony after the Raja of Kahlur had conceded villages adjacent to Anandpur, however with the proliferation of the Sikhs in Anandpur and the Guru's pursuit of expanding his territory, the Khalsa began to encroach upon the hill rajas' territory to coerce villagers for goods.^[13]

Eventually they sent a petition to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and launched a joint attack with the Mughals in 1700 which failed.^[14]^[15]^[16] After they besieged Anadpur without Mughal assistance which also failed.^[17]^[18] The Rajas decided to plan with the Mughals again and launched multiple joint attacks all of which failed.^[19]^[18]

Siege

News of all the defeats reached Aurangzeb who was furious. He gave orders that the Guru and all of his followers should be killed.^[20] In May 1704, Governors of Sirhind, Lahore, and Kashmir Wazir Khan, Zaberdast Khan, and Dilwaar Khan were sent by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, joined by the Hill Rajas, besieged Anandpur in an attempt to remove Guru and his followers.^[21]^[2]^[22]^[20] Aurangzeb also dispatched the Governor of Peshwar to help lay siege. All were ordered to bring their full army to Anandpur.^[23] They were joined by the Hill Rajas consisting of the rulers of Kahlur, Kangra, Jaswan, Mandi, Kullu, Nalagarh, Kaithal, Nurpur, Chamba, Jammu, Busaher, Dhadwa, Darauli, Bijarwal and Garhwal.^[24]

Guru Gobind Singh divided his force into 500 men per each of the 5 forts. Anandgarh was under Guru Gobind Singh's charge. Fatehgarh was commanded by Uday Singh, Holgarh was commanded by Mohkam Singh, Ajit Singh commanded Kesgarh, and Jujhar Singh held Lohgarh. Guru Gobind Singh also placed 2 cannons in Anandgarh named the tigress and victory-deceleration. When used they would cause havoc on the attacking forces.^[24]

The army of the Guru kept the Mughals and hillmen at bay but being surrounded by heavy odds, took refuge in Anandpur fort, where they were besieged for many months, with all supplies and communications cut off.^[21] Ajmer Chand alongside the Qazis offered an oath to safe passage if Guru evacuated Anandpur, so the Guru sent out envoys of treasure which was looted but turned out to be all the cities rubbish.^[25] A month later Emperor Aurangzeb sent a written assurance by promising on the Quran, whereas Hill Rajas swore by the name of the cow,^[26]^[27] with the safety of all Sikhs if the Guru decided to evacuate the fort, and after a long drawn out siege, Gobind Singh and his followers, facing starvation, capitulated in return for safe passage (particularly Mata Gujri and the Chali Mukte, coinciding Gobind Singh advice to stay),^[27] but the Sikhs were treacherously attacked at the Sarsa River, with all assurances and solemn oaths betrayed by the Mughals and Hill Rajas.^[2]^[21]

Notes

^ Called 2nd Anandpur by Tony Jacques^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b VSM, D. S. Saggu (2018). Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64249-006-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jacques 2006, p. 49.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sagoo, Harbans (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur And Sikh Sovereignty. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 75.
^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur (1909). The Sikh Religion Vol.5. p. 171.
^ Saggu, D.S (7 June 2018). Battle tactics and war manoeuvres of the Sikhs. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1642490060. The Guru's troops were around 10,000 whereas the collation forces are estimated to be 10–15 times more.
^ ^a ^b Gajrani, Shiv (2000). Guru Gobind Singh. Vision & Venture. p. 71. ISBN 978-8186769133. Before any fight took place Guru Gobind Singh had about 10,000 men. However, they were not well equipped. On the other hand, the Mughal army was consisted of over a hundred thousand well-equipped men. Moreover, they were accustomed to fighting and could face the troubles and hardships of war.
^ Fenech 2013, p. 18.
^ Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 823. ISBN 978-8126908585.
^ Gandhi 2007, p. 734.
^ Fenech 2013, pp. 14, 161.
^ Malhotra, Anshu; Mir, Farina (2012). Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice. Oxford University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0199088775.
^ Fenech, Louis E. (2021). The Cherished Five in Sikh History. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-0-19-753284-3. It appears highly likely, moreover, that dharam occasionally lost out to the more brute contingencies of the day that raj demanded, as we note in the multiple raids led by Sikhs in the closing years of the seventeenth century and the opening years of the eighteenth against villages such as, for example, Alsun (which was ransacked after the Battle of Nadaun) in the Pahari kingdoms adjoining Anandpur, something about which Sri Gur- Sobha also speaks, though in a highly sanitized manner.
^ Banerjee, Indubhusan. Evolution Of The Khalsa - Volume 2. pp. 130–131.
^ Singh, Dalip (2015). Life of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji (6th ed.). CSJS. p. 174. ISBN 978-81-7601-480-9.
^ Singh, Guru Gobind (2015-09-15). Zafarnama. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-595-4.
^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur (1996) [1909]. The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings, and Authors. Low Price Publications. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-86142-31-8. OCLC 1888987.
^ Amardeep S. Dahiya (2014). Founder of the Khalsa. Hay House. ISBN 9789381398616.
^ ^a ^b Bindra, Pritpal Singh. Guru Kian Sakhian Tales of the Sikh Gurus. pp. 142–148.
^ Singh, Dalip (1992). Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Discipline. Amritsar: Singh Bros. p. 256. ISBN 978-81-7205-071-9. OCLC 28583123.
^ ^a ^b Johar, Surinder Singh (1978). Guru Gobind Singh : a study. Internet Archive. New Delhi : Marwah Publications.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kaur, Madanjit (2007). Guru Gobind Singh: Historical and Ideological Perspective. Unistar Books. p. 25. ISBN 978-8189899554.
^ VSM, D. S. Saggu (2018-06-07). Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64249-006-0.
^ Singh, Khazan (1914). History and Philosophy of the Sikh Religion. Printed at the "Newal Kishore" Press. p. 181.
^ ^a ^b Sagoo, Harbans Kaur (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 75. ISBN 978-81-7629-300-6.
^ Singh, Nirmal (2008). Searches In Sikhism. New Delhi: Hemkunt Publishers. p. 51. ISBN 978-81-7010-367-7.
^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur (2013). The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. Cambridge University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-1108055475.
^ ^a ^b Grewal, J.S. (2019). Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. OUP India. p. 117. ISBN 978-0190990381. Cite error: The named reference "jas" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

Sources

Fenech, Louis E. (2013). The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199931453.
Jacques, Tony (2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0313335365.

[7] Called 2nd Anandpur by Tony Jacques^[2]

[VSM_2018-1] VSM, D. S. Saggu (2018). Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64249-006-0.

[FOOTNOTEJacques200649-2] Jacques 2006, p. 49.

[Sagoo_2001_75-3] Sagoo, Harbans (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur And Sikh Sovereignty. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 75.

[4] Macauliffe, Max Arthur (1909). The Sikh Religion Vol.5. p. 171.

[Saggu-5] Saggu, D.S (7 June 2018). Battle tactics and war manoeuvres of the Sikhs. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1642490060. The Guru's troops were around 10,000 whereas the collation forces are estimated to be 10–15 times more.

[Guru_Gobind_Singh-6] Gajrani, Shiv (2000). Guru Gobind Singh. Vision & Venture. p. 71. ISBN 978-8186769133. Before any fight took place Guru Gobind Singh had about 10,000 men. However, they were not well equipped. On the other hand, the Mughal army was consisted of over a hundred thousand well-equipped men. Moreover, they were accustomed to fighting and could face the troubles and hardships of war.

[FOOTNOTEFenech201318-8] Fenech 2013, p. 18.

[9] Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 823. ISBN 978-8126908585.

[FOOTNOTEGandhi2007734-10] Gandhi 2007, p. 734.

[FOOTNOTEFenech201314,_161-11] Fenech 2013, pp. 14, 161.

[12] Malhotra, Anshu; Mir, Farina (2012). Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice. Oxford University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0199088775.

[13] Fenech, Louis E. (2021). The Cherished Five in Sikh History. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-0-19-753284-3. It appears highly likely, moreover, that dharam occasionally lost out to the more brute contingencies of the day that raj demanded, as we note in the multiple raids led by Sikhs in the closing years of the seventeenth century and the opening years of the eighteenth against villages such as, for example, Alsun (which was ransacked after the Battle of Nadaun) in the Pahari kingdoms adjoining Anandpur, something about which Sri Gur- Sobha also speaks, though in a highly sanitized manner.

[14] Banerjee, Indubhusan. Evolution Of The Khalsa - Volume 2. pp. 130–131.

[15] Singh, Dalip (2015). Life of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji (6th ed.). CSJS. p. 174. ISBN 978-81-7601-480-9.

[16] Singh, Guru Gobind (2015-09-15). Zafarnama. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-595-4.

[17] Macauliffe, Max Arthur (1996) [1909]. The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings, and Authors. Low Price Publications. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-86142-31-8. OCLC 1888987.

[Khalsa-18] Amardeep S. Dahiya (2014). Founder of the Khalsa. Hay House. ISBN 9789381398616.

[:02-19] Bindra, Pritpal Singh. Guru Kian Sakhian Tales of the Sikh Gurus. pp. 142–148.

[Dalip-20] Singh, Dalip (1992). Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Discipline. Amritsar: Singh Bros. p. 256. ISBN 978-81-7205-071-9. OCLC 28583123.

[Johar_1978-21] Johar, Surinder Singh (1978). Guru Gobind Singh : a study. Internet Archive. New Delhi : Marwah Publications.

[madan-22] Kaur, Madanjit (2007). Guru Gobind Singh: Historical and Ideological Perspective. Unistar Books. p. 25. ISBN 978-8189899554.

[23] VSM, D. S. Saggu (2018-06-07). Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64249-006-0.

[24] Singh, Khazan (1914). History and Philosophy of the Sikh Religion. Printed at the "Newal Kishore" Press. p. 181.

[:1-25] Sagoo, Harbans Kaur (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 75. ISBN 978-81-7629-300-6.

[26] Singh, Nirmal (2008). Searches In Sikhism. New Delhi: Hemkunt Publishers. p. 51. ISBN 978-81-7010-367-7.

[max-27] Macauliffe, Max Arthur (2013). The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. Cambridge University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-1108055475.

[jas-28] Grewal, J.S. (2019). Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. OUP India. p. 117. ISBN 978-0190990381. Cite error: The named reference "jas" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Battle in north-east India}}
+{{About|a siege that took place in the year 1704|other sieges conducted at the same location|Battle of Anandpur (disambiguation){{!}}Battle of Anandpur}}
+{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
 {{Infobox military conflict
-|conflict     = Second Battle of Anandpur
+| conflict          = Second siege of Anandpur
-|partof       = [[Mughal-Sikh Wars]]
+| partof            = the [[Mughal-Sikh Wars]] and [[Hill States-Sikh Wars]]
+| image             = Painting depicting the Battle of Anandpur of 1704 or 1705, also known as the Second Siege of Anandpur, circa 19th century.jpg
-|image        =
-|caption      =
+| caption           = 19th century painting depicting the battle of Anandpur
-|date         = 1704<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=48|author= Jacques, Tony|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5}}</ref>
+| date              = May – 19th December 1704<ref name="VSM 2018">{{Cite book |last=VSM |first=D. S. Saggu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghlfDwAAQBAJ&dq=siege+of+anandpur&pg=PT39 |title=Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs |year=2018|publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-006-0 |language=en}}</ref>
-|place        = [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]]
+| place             = [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]]
+| result            = Mughal and Hill Raja Defeat {{sfn|Jacques|2006|p=49}}
-|result       = Mughal victory.<ref name="sarsa"/><ref name="jacques">Jacques, p. 49</ref>Sikh surrender
-|combatant1   = [[File:Punjab flag.svg|25px]] [[Sikh]]s ([[Khalsa]])
+| combatant1        = [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]] ([[Sikhs]])
-|combatant2   = [[Raja]]s of the [[Sivalik Hills]], [[Mughals]]
+| combatant2        = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]<br>Alliance of 22 [[Hill States of India|Hill Rajas]]
-|commander1   = [[File:Punjab flag.svg|25px]]Sher Singh<br/>[[File:Punjab flag.svg|25px]]Nahar Singh<br/>[[File:Punjab flag.svg|25px]][[Ude Singh]]
+| commander1        = [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]][[Guru Gobind Singh]] supreme general and in charge of Anandgarh
+[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Uday Singh (Sikh warrior)|Udai Singh]] in charge of Fatehgarh<br>[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Mohkam Singh]] in charge of Holgarh<br>[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)|
-|commander2   = Jagatullah<br/>Kesari Chand<br/>Ghumand Chand
+Ajit Singh]] in charge of [[Takht Kesgarh Sahib|Kesgarh]]<br>[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Jujhar Singh]], Nahar Singh and Sher Singh in charge of Lohgarh<br>[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Alam Singh Nachna]] in charge of Agampur {{Executed}}<br>[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Daya Singh]] in charge of Northern Anandpur<ref name="Sagoo 2001 75">{{Cite book |last=Sagoo |first=Harbans |title=Banda Singh Bahadur And Sikh Sovereignty |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |year=2001 |page=75 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max Arthur |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45273 |title=The Sikh Religion Vol.5 |date=1909 |page=171}}</ref>
-|strengh1     =1,907
+| commander2        = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]][[Aurangzeb]]<br> [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]][[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]]<br> [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]]Zaberdast Khan<br> [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Dilwaar Khan<br>  [[File:Bilaspur_flag.svg|25px]]Ajmer Chand<br>[[File:Bilaspur_flag.svg|25px]][[Bhim Chand (Kahlur)|Bhim Chand]] <br>Bhup Chand
-|strengh2     =14,568
+| strength1         = *500 hundred in each of the five [[fort]]s of Anandpur and 500 hundred in reserve
+*Total of 3,000–10,000<ref name="Sagoo 2001 75" /><ref name="Saggu">{{Cite book |last=Saggu |first=D.S |title=Battle tactics and war manoeuvres of the Sikhs |date=7 June 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1642490060 |quote=The Guru's troops were around 10,000 whereas the collation forces are estimated to be 10–15 times more.}}
+</ref><ref name="Guru Gobind Singh">{{cite book |last1=Gajrani |first1=Shiv |title=Guru Gobind Singh |date=2000 |publisher=Vision & Venture |isbn=978-8186769133 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKzXAAAAMAAJ|quote="Before any fight took place Guru Gobind Singh had about 10,000 men. However, they were not well equipped. On the other hand, the Mughal army was consisted of over a hundred thousand well-equipped men. Moreover, they were accustomed to fighting and could face the troubles and hardships of war."}}</ref>
+*2 cannons in Anandgarh<ref name="Sagoo 2001 75" />
+| strength2         = 100,000<ref name="Guru Gobind Singh">{{cite book |last1=Gajrani |first1=Shiv |title=Guru Gobind Singh |date=2000 |publisher=Vision & Venture |isbn=978-8186769133 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKzXAAAAMAAJ|quote="Before any fight took place Guru Gobind Singh had about 10,000 men. However, they were not well equipped. On the other hand, the Mughal army was consisted of over a hundred thousand well-equipped men. Moreover, they were accustomed to fighting and could face the troubles and hardships of war."}}</ref>
 }}
-{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}
+{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}{{Campaignbox Hill States-Sikh Wars}}
-The '''Battle of Anandpur''' was fought at [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] , between Sikhs and an allied force of the [[Raja]]s of the [[Sivalik Hills]].
+The '''second siege of Anandpur''' (''anadapura dī ghērābadī''), also known as the '''second battle of Anandpur (1704)''' {{efn|Called 2nd Anandpur by Tony Jacques{{sfn|Jacques|2006|p=49}}}} (''anadapura dī dūjī laṛā'ī sāla satārāṁ sau cāra''), was a siege at [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]], between [[Sikhs]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governors, dispatched by Aurangzeb, Wazir Khan, Dilwaar Kahn and Zaberdast Khan, and aided by the vassal [[Raja]]s of the [[Sivalik Hills]] which lasted from May 1704 to 19 December 1704.{{sfn|Fenech|2013|p=18}}<ref name="VSM 2018">{{Cite book |last=VSM |first=D. S. Saggu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghlfDwAAQBAJ&dq=siege+of+anandpur&pg=PT39 |title=Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs |year=2018|publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-006-0 |language=en}}</ref>
-==Cause==
-The hill Rajas were concerned about the Guru's rising power and influence in their region. Even the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] generals had failed to subdue the Guru in the [[First Battle of Anandpur]]. Consequently, the Rajas of several hill states (including [[Jammu]], [[Nurpur, India|Nurpur]], [[Mandi, India|Mandi]], [[Kullu]], Guler, [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], Dadhwal, and [[Hindur]]) assembled at [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] to discuss the situation. The son of Bhim Chand, Raja Ajmer Chand of Kahlur, suggested forming an alliance to curb the Guru's rising power. Accordingly, the Rajas formed an alliance, and marched towards Anandpur.
+==Background==
-They sent a letter to the Guru, asking him to pay the [[arrears]] of rent for Anandpur (which lied in Ajmer Chand's territory), and leave the city. The Guru insisted that the land was bought by his father, and is therefore, his own property.
+The Hill Rajas were concerned about [[Gobind Singh]]'s rising power and influence in their region along with dislike for the Sikh movement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&pg=PA823|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E|date=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-8126908585|pages=823 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=734}} In addition, the Hill Rajas were frustrated by the raids on their villages by the Sikhs from Anandpur who sought to acquire supplies, provisions and cash.{{sfn|Fenech|2013|pp=14, 161}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Malhotra|first1=Anshu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT135|title=Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice|last2=Mir|first2=Farina|date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199088775|pages=135|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPYTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |title=The Cherished Five in Sikh History |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-753284-3 |pages=30–31 |language=en |quote=It appears highly likely, moreover, that dharam occasionally lost out to the more brute contingencies of the day that raj demanded, as we note in the multiple raids led by Sikhs in the closing years of the seventeenth century and the opening years of the eighteenth against villages such as, for example, Alsun (which was ransacked after the Battle of Nadaun) in the Pahari kingdoms adjoining Anandpur, something about which Sri Gur- Sobha also speaks, though in a highly sanitized manner.}}</ref> According to Indubhusan Banerjee, the hill rajas and the Guru maintained harmony after the Raja of Kahlur had conceded villages adjacent to Anandpur, however with the proliferation of the Sikhs in Anandpur and the Guru's pursuit of expanding his territory, the Khalsa began to encroach upon the hill rajas' territory to coerce villagers for goods.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Indubhusan |url=http://archive.org/details/EvolutionOfTheKhalsa-Volume2 |title=Evolution Of The Khalsa - Volume 2 |pages=130–131 |language=English}}</ref>
+Eventually they sent a petition to the [[Mughal emperor|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] and launched a joint attack with the Mughals in 1700 which failed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dalip |title=Life of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji |publisher=CSJS |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-7601-480-9 |edition=6th |pages=174 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Guru Gobind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnbebvjLAPUC&dq=aurangzeb+guru+gobind+1693&pg=PT16 |title=Zafarnama |date=2015-09-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-595-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max Arthur |title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings, and Authors |publisher=Low Price Publications |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-86142-31-8 |pages=125 |oclc=1888987 |author-link=Max Arthur Macauliffe |orig-year=1909}}</ref> After they besieged Anadpur without Mughal assistance which also failed.<ref name="Khalsa">{{cite book |author=Amardeep S. Dahiya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UA09BAAAQBAJ |title=Founder of the Khalsa |date=2014 | publisher=Hay House |isbn=9789381398616}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Bindra |first=Pritpal Singh |title=Guru Kian Sakhian Tales of the Sikh Gurus |pages=142–148}}</ref> The Rajas decided to plan with the Mughals again and launched multiple joint attacks all of which failed.<ref name="Dalip">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Dalip |title=Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Discipline |publisher=Singh Bros. |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-7205-071-9 |location=[[Amritsar]] |page=256 |oclc=28583123}}</ref><ref name=":02"/>
-A large number of [[Ranghars]] and [[Gujjar]]s, under the command of Jagatullah, joined the hill Rajas. Duni Chand led five hundred men from [[Majha]] region to assist the Guru. Reinforcements from other areas also arrived to help the Guru.
-==The battle==
+==Siege==
+News of all the defeats reached Aurangzeb who was furious. He gave orders that the Guru and all of his followers should be killed.<ref name="Johar 1978">{{Cite book |last=Johar |first=Surinder Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/gurugobindsinghs0000joha |title=Guru Gobind Singh : a study |date=1978 |publisher=New Delhi : Marwah Publications |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> In May 1704, Governors of [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]], and [[Mughal Kashmir|Kashmir]] Wazir Khan, Zaberdast Khan, and Dilwaar Khan were sent by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, joined by the Hill Rajas, besieged Anandpur in an attempt to remove Guru and his followers.<ref name="madan"/>{{sfn|Jacques|2006|p=49}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=VSM |first=D. S. Saggu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghlfDwAAQBAJ&dq=siege+of+anandpur&pg=PT39 |title=Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs |date=2018-06-07 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-006-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Johar 1978"/> Aurangzeb also dispatched the Governor of [[Peshawar|Peshwar]] to help lay siege. All were ordered to bring their full army to Anandpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khazan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEAsXfFqwJQC&q=governor+guru+gobind |title=History and Philosophy of the Sikh Religion |date=1914 |publisher=Printed at the "Newal Kishore" Press |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref> They were joined by the Hill Rajas consisting of the rulers of [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Kahlur]], [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Jaswan]], [[Mandi State|Mandi]], [[Kullu]], [[Nalagarh State|Nalagarh]], [[Kaithal]], [[Nurpur kingdom|Nurpur]], [[Chamba State|Chamba]], [[Jammu]], Busaher,  [[Dhalwala|Dhadwa]], Darauli, Bijarwal and [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sagoo |first=Harbans Kaur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIL4xwcCmxkC |title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty |date=2001 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7629-300-6 |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref>
+Guru Gobind Singh divided his force into 500 men per each of the 5 forts. [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandgarh]] was under Guru Gobind Singh's charge. Fatehgarh was commanded by [[Uday Singh (Sikh warrior)|Uday Singh]], Holgarh was commanded by [[Mohkam Singh]], [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)|Ajit Singh]] commanded [[Takht Kesgarh Sahib|Kesgarh]], and [[Jujhar Singh]] held [[Lohgarh]]. Guru Gobind Singh also placed 2 cannons in Anandgarh named the tigress and victory-deceleration. When used they would cause havoc on the attacking forces.<ref name=":1" />
-Lohgarh and Fatehgarh were the two main [[fort]]s under the Guru's control. Sher Singh and Nahar Singh were asked to guard Lohgarh, and Ude Singh was appointed as chief to guard Fatehgarh.
+The army of the Guru kept the Mughals and hillmen at bay but being surrounded by heavy odds, took refuge in Anandpur fort, where they were besieged for many months, with all supplies and communications cut off.<ref name="madan" /> Ajmer Chand alongside the Qazis offered an oath to safe passage if Guru evacuated Anandpur, so the Guru sent out envoys of treasure which was looted but turned out to be all the cities rubbish.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nirmal |title=Searches In Sikhism |date=2008 |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7010-367-7 |page=51}}</ref> A month later Emperor Aurangzeb sent a written assurance by promising on the [[Quran]], whereas Hill Rajas swore by the name of the cow,<ref name="max">{{Cite book|last=Macauliffe|first=Max Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMeclUzAh9sC&pg=PA181|title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1108055475|page=181|language=en}}</ref><ref name="jas">{{Cite book|last=Grewal|first=J.S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk|date=2019|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0190990381|pages=117|language=en}}</ref> with the safety of all Sikhs if the Guru decided to evacuate the fort, and after a long drawn out siege, Gobind Singh and his followers, facing starvation, capitulated in return for safe passage (particularly  [[Mata Gujri]] and the ''[[Chali Mukte]]'', coinciding Gobind Singh advice to stay),<ref name="jas">{{Cite book|last=Grewal|first=J.S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk|date=2019|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0190990381|language=en}}</ref> but the Sikhs were treacherously attacked at the [[Sarsa river|Sarsa River]], with all assurances and solemn oaths betrayed by the Mughals and Hill Rajas.{{sfn|Jacques|2006|p=49}}<ref name="madan">{{Cite book |last=Kaur|first=Madanjit|title=Guru Gobind Singh: Historical and Ideological Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG4MycGdpjAC&pg=PA25|publisher=Unistar Books|date=2007|pages=25|isbn=978-8189899554}}</ref>
-The hill Rajas attacked the Guru's forces, but had to retreat. They held a brief council, and decided to launch a three-sided attack. Raja Kesari Chand of Jaswal launched an attack from the right flank, Jagatullah attacked from the left flank, and Ajmer Chand led his troops to make a front attack on Anandpur.
+==Notes==
-In the ensuing battle, Jagatullah was killed by [[Bhai Sahib Singh]]. Raja Ghumand Chand of Kangra rallied his troops but failed to defeat the Guru's forces. The Rajas again held a council, in which Ajmer Chand proposed [[conflict resolution|reconciliation]] with the Guru. Many Rajas agreed, but Raja Kesari Chand of Jaswal opposed the proposal, and suggested a more determined fight next day, to oust the Guru from Anandpur.
+{{notelist}}
-[[File:Bhai Bachitter SinghJi.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A depiction of [[Bhai Bachitter Singh]] killing the drunk elephant set by Mughal forces on the Sikh forces in the battlefield with Nagni Barcha (snake spear) given by Guru Gobind Singh Ji. This photo was taken by outside the Sikh History museum on way from Mohali to Sirhind]]
-Next day, the Rajas' forces launched another attack and sieged the city. The Guru's men defended themselves successfully for weeks. Raja Kesari Chand then decided to send an intoxicated [[elephant]] to break the gate of Lohgarh fort. The body of the elephant was encased in steel, and a [[spear]] was projected from its forehead to break the gate. Guru's disciple, Vicihitar Singh (or Bachittar Singh) successfully chased away the elephant with his spear ''Nagni barchha''.<ref>{{cite book
- | last = Johar
- | first = Surinder Singh
- | title = Holy Sikh shrines
- | year = 1998
- | publisher = M D Publications
- | location = [[New Delhi]]
- | isbn = 978-81-7533-073-3
- | oclc = 44703461
- | page = 46
-}}</ref> [[Bhai Mohkam Singh]] cut its trunk with his sword. The wounded elephant went back in the Rajas' camp, trampling several men under its feet.<ref>{{cite book
- | last = Singh
- | first = Bhagat Lakshman
- | title = Short Sketch of the Life and Work of Guru Govind Singh, The Tenth and Last Guru
- | publisher = Laurier Books Ltd. /AES
- | year = 1995
- | isbn = 978-81-206-0576-3
- | oclc = 55854929
- | page = 96
-}}</ref> Meanwhile, Kesari Chand was killed by Ude Singh, and the Raja of Handur was severely wounded in a conflict with [[Bhai Sahib Singh]]. The Rajas' army had to retreat.
-On the following day, the troops of Ghumand Chand of Kangra attacked Anandpur. The battle lasted till evening, and resulted in death of Ghumand Chand at the hands of [[Bhai Himmat Singh]].<ref name="Prithi_PS_History">{{cite book
- | last = Singh
- | first = Prithi Pal
- | title = The History of Sikh Gurus
- | publisher = Lotus Books
- | year = 2007
- | isbn = 978-81-8382-075-2
- | page = 146
-}}</ref>
-==Aftermath==
-Sometime after the battle, the hill Rajas negotiated a peace agreement with the Guru, asking him to leave Anandpur temporarily. Accordingly, the Guru left for Nirmoh village (Nirmohgarh).<ref>{{cite book
- | last = Singh
- | first = Dalip
- | title = Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Discipline
- | year = 1992
- | publisher = Singh Bros.
- | location = [[Amritsar]]
- | isbn = 978-81-7205-071-9
- | oclc = 28583123
- | page = 256
-}}</ref> There, he was attacked by the Rajas' army, leading to the [[Battle of Nirmohgarh]].
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
+==Sources==
+* {{cite book |first=Louis E. |last=Fenech |title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0199931453 }}
+* {{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |page=49 |year=2006 |last= Jacques |first=Tony |publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313335365}}
 {{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}
 [[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs|Anandpur, Second Battle of]]
+[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
+[[Category:1704 in India]]
+[[Category:Conflicts in 1704]]
+[[Category:1700s in the Mughal Empire]]