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{{Short description|Neighborhood in Richmond, California}}
[[Image:5_w_richmond.jpg]]'''Point Richmond''' is a [[neighborhood]] in southwestern [[Richmond, California|Richmond]], [[California]] at the base of the [[Richmond-San Rafael Bridge]]. It is known for being quaint and for its smalltown charm and village feel. It is served by [[AC Transit]] line 72M, which terminates in Point Richmond, and by [[Golden Gate Transit]]'s commuter route 42 and express route 40 to San Rafael Transit Center in [[Marin County, California|Marin County]].
{{For|the historic district in the downtown area|Point Richmond Historic District}}
{{Coord|37|55|27|N|122|23|21|W|display=title}}
[[Image:Point Richmond Historic District-2.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Downtown Point Richmond looking north from West Richmond Avenue.]]


'''Point Richmond''', also sometimes referred to locally as '''The Point''', is a neighborhood in [[Richmond, California|Richmond]], [[California]], United States, near the eastern end of the [[Richmond-San Rafael Bridge]], between [[Interstate 580 (California)|Interstate 580]] and the [[San Francisco Bay]].
== Point Richmond in film ==
The movie Patch Adams which stars Robin Williams was recorded in Point Richmond for a week, it was also recorded in Treasure Island, California.


== Starbucks ==
==History==


Originally a tiny village known as ''East Yards'' surrounded by abandoned farm lands,<ref name="early">[http://www.chevron.com/products/sitelets/richmond/about/history_early_years.aspx The Early Years 1902 - 1914] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902110442/http://www.chevron.com/products/sitelets/richmond/about/history_early_years.aspx |date=2009-09-02 }}, Chevron website, access date 02-19-2009</ref> Point Richmond was Richmond's central downtown area from the late 19th century until the early 20th century, when the present downtown superseded it as the busiest part of town. Since then, its trademark "[[mom-and-pop]]" shops have largely survived. The [[Point Richmond Historic District]] has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978.
There was a great controversy in 2002 over a proposed and eventually built [[Starbucks]] coffeehouse in the neighborhood. Many residents feared that the opening of a corporate chain store would dampen a much loved way of life and cherished independent "mom and pop" commercial sector.


The neighborhood is dominated to the north by several industrial operations, including a large Chevron refinery, several smaller chemical manufacturing facilities and an active Burlington Northern Santa Fe freight yard. Long distance freight trains are put together in this yard, largely consisting of container cars and automobile transports loaded from the nearby Port of Richmond, as well as some brought up from the Port of Oakland. The 24-hour operations of the switch engines are a constant feature of life in the Point. Residents have a love-hate relationship with the trains,{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} pushing the railroad to modify operations to make them quieter and less disruptive to traffic but also fighting to save the [[Wigwag (railroad)|wig wag signals]] when BNSF made plans to remove them. The wig wag signals, while no longer operating (newer gates, red lights and bells have been installed at the crossing), are one of only a handful still in existence nationwide.


The neighborhood is divided by a ridge, which separates it into a "Bay side" and a "town side." Many houses, which include historic [[Victorian era|Victorians]], offer a view of the bay. Many of the area businesses are housed in century-old buildings dating back to before the founding or incorporation of the town.
== Description ==
Point Richmond and Brickyard Cove This area is known trhoughout the area for its quaint small town feel, and as being the nicest area of Richmond. The neighborhood was the city's central downtown area during the late 1800s until the early 1900s when the present day downtown rose to prominance and superceded, The Point as the busiest part of town. However the neighborhood has maintained many of its trademark mom n' pop shops and has fiercely resisted large chain stores from moving in; including a lost battle to Starbucks Coffee. The neighborhood is situated in the Southwestern corner of the city between Interstate 580 and the San Francisco bay at the foot of the Richmond-San Rafael bridge. There is a large hill which the "town" is built around on three sides. Many houses including historic Victorians adorn the view. Many of the area businesses are housed in century old buildings dating back to before the founding or incorporation of town. The Plunge, is a local landmark swim center, or Natatorium. The hill overhead is Miller-Knox regional park. There is a tunnel through this hill named Ferry Point tunnel, since trains used to drop passengers off here to continue onto San Francisco by ferries, before bridges connected the shores of the bay. The area on this side of the tunnel is known as Brickyard Cove. The Cove is home to Keller Beach, one of the only publically accessible beaches in Richmond and the adjecent area features a large picnicing and biking park area. Continuing along the road is the S.S. Red Oak Victory ship which is part of a local National Historic Monument; it is a restored Victory ship made in the city during World War II. Further along lies the Brickyard Cove Yacht club one of many marinas in the city, but by far the most exclusive. There are condiminiums and brand new luxury tract homes terraced into the hills as well as McMansions on stilts along two Spits. The condo's amenities include a swimming pool, tennis court, sauna, and spa.


[[Image:PointRichmond.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Downtown Point Richmond]]
== Demographics ==
Point Richmond is mostly populated by white people, there is a concentration of millionaires as most are neighbors. There is a small population of blacks, as Latinos and Asians consist a population of no more than 5%.


==Attractions==
[[The Plunge]] is a local landmark swim center, reopened in August 2010 after a seismic upgrade and remodeling. The nearby hill is Nicholl Knob, which is part of the [[Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline]]. In the historic downtown section there is the [http://www.pointrichmondhistory.org Point Richmond History Association] museum, a small museum of photos and artifacts that are dedicated to local history. There is a tunnel through this hill named the Ferry Point tunnel; [[Santa Fe Railroad]] trains would use it to reach [[Ferry Point, California|Ferry Point]] and allow passengers to board ferries to complete the trip to San Francisco.<ref name=Cabanatuan>{{cite news |last1=Cabanatuan |first1=Michael |title=Train tussle: Campaign fights plan for 'wall of railcars' on Richmond shoreline |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Train-tussle-Campaign-fights-plan-for-wall-of-13748801.php |access-date=9 December 2020 |agency=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Part of the area on the bay side of the tunnel is known as [[Brickyard Cove]] owing to the brickyard which used to operate in the area. Point Richmond is home to [[Keller Beach]], one of the several publicly accessible beaches in Richmond, and nearby is a picnic area and parking lot. Across from the picnic area is the [[Golden State Model Railroad Museum]]. Continuing along the road is Brickyard Cove a housing development in the area of a former brickyard. Nearby, at the end of Dornan Drive is the [[S.S. Red Oak]] [[Victory ship]] in former World War II Kaiser Shipyard 3, which is part of the [[Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park]]; it is a restored Victory ship built in the city during [[World War II]].


==Waterfront==
⚫
== Transportation ==
Further along lies Brickyard Cove and the Richmond Yacht Club, one of many marinas in the city. There are condominiums and brand new luxury [[tract housing|tract homes]] terraced into the hills as well as homes built over the water on piles along two spits.
[[Image:richmond.jpg]]Many of Point Richmond streets go through tunnels and bridges, the most famous one is the Ferry Point Tunnel, which leads to the now defunct ferry terminal which still stands. It also goes to many parks, beaches, and attractions. It also passes the Port of Richmond at the foot of Canal. It goes to the Point Richmond Hills which features a shopping complex. There is a yahct club and small mansions that sit on water. Point Richmond is served by Interstate 580 and Highway 93. Cutting boulevard is a trunk route to Interstate 80, as many people use Highway 93 to get to Hilltop and Pinole.

Point Richmond's shoreline was the location of a {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} [[beached whale|beached]] [[gray whale]] calf in May 2007,<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/05/25/BAG6RQ1AKI1.DTL
|title=Young whale washes up in East Bay
|date=May 25, 2007
|publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]
| first=Henry K.
| last=Lee
}}</ref> the source of considerable odor in the area. After a delay in obtaining permits and disputes over who would pay, the carcass was towed out to sea.<ref>[http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_6085645 Beached whale's carcass to be towed to sea for burial], retrieved June 7, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.nbc11.com/news/13463810/detail.html CoCo County Pays $18K To Remove Whale Carcass], retrieved June 7, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.nbc11.com/news/13463810/detail.html CoCo County Pays $18K To Remove Whale Carcass Red Tape Leaves Whale Carcass Off Pt. Richmond], retrieved June 7, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nbc11.com/news/13463810/detail.html
|title=Tug Tows Whale Carcass Out To Sea
|publisher=[[NBC News]]
|date=June 8, 2007
}}</ref>

One of the last remaining portions of the channel and marshlands that once separated the island of Point Richmond with the mainland is the [[Herman Slough|Herman Slough Creek]] in the north end of the neighborhood along with the [[Santa Rita Channel]] where the marinas are now located.

⚫
==Transportation==
It is served by [[AC Transit]] line [http://www.actransit.org/maps/schedule_results.php?ms_view_type=1&maps_category=2&maps_line=72M&map_submit=Get+Schedule&current_schedule=ALL 72M], which begins in [[Jack London Square]] and terminates in Point Richmond, and by [[Golden Gate Transit]]'s commuter route 42 and express route 40 to [[San Rafael Transit Center]] in [[Marin County, California|Marin County]]. There was previously shuttle service on line 374 to the Richmond Ferry Terminal until it ceased operations in 2001. In addition to express transbay bus service to the San Francisco Transbay Terminal along route LD, there was also service directly to El Cerrito del Norte BART from Point Richmond and Brickyard Cove on line 79, but these routes were removed due to funding cuts.

==Controversies==
There was [[controversy]] in 2002 over a proposed and eventually built [[Starbucks]] coffeehouse in the neighborhood.<ref name="chain">[http://www.contracostatimes.com/richmond/ci_17138389?source=rss Landowners, neighbors clash over chain restaurants in Point Richmond]. Karl Fisher. ''[[Contra Costa Times]]''. 19-01-2011. Retrieved 21-01-2011.</ref> Some residents feared that the opening of a corporate [[chain store]] would dampen a much loved way of life and cherished independent "[[mom and pop]]" commercial sector.<ref name="chain"/> Nevertheless, an [[Extreme Pizza]] also operates in the commercial strip, but in 2011 the community lobbied for a moratorium or ban on chains when [[Subway Sandwiches|Subway]] attempted to open a franchise.<ref name="chain"/> Starbucks closed in November 2020 along with a few other local businesses amid pandemic difficulties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Point Richmond Businesses Fear Domino-Effect Following Starbucks Closure |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/point-richmond-businesses-fear-domino-effect-following-starbucks-closure/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-30 |title=Closings Worry Point Richmond Business Owners {{!}} Richmond Pulse |url=https://richmondpulse.org/2020/11/30/closings-worry-some-point-richmond-business-owners/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

There was considerable neighborhood opposition to the relocation of the Point Richmond library in 2007 when it was to be remodeled and reopened (it had been closed since 2004 due to budget issues). Instead, the city's planning commission wanted to tear it down and move it to nearby rental space so that the surrounding empty lot could be turned into a lively town square. Approximately half of the Point Richmond residents vehemently rejected this and the committee dropped its plans. Still, a lot of the residents would like to tear down the building and move the library into one of the many empty office buildings. However, the nasty fight from the first attempt is still in clear vision to even discuss this matter effectively.

There was also controversy over a [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]] [[mobile phone|cellular]] tower that was installed on Water Street atop an apartment building. A group of Point Richmond residents claimed the property owners did this without proper public notice.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.berkeleydaily.org/article1.cfm?archiveDate=08-17-07&storyID=27788
|title=Richmond Activists Fight Cell Phone Antenna Installation
|author=Will Allen
|date=August 17, 2007
|publisher=Berkeley Daily Planet
}}</ref> In December 2009, the First District Court of Appeal rejected the protesters' challenge and upheld the legality of the antenna installation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/opinions/nonpub/A123672.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104230924/http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/opinions/nonpub/A123672.PDF |archive-date=2010-01-04 }}</ref>

== Notable people of Point Richmond ==

* [[Richard Doell]] (1923–2008), geophysicist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard Doell Obituary (2008) - San Francisco, CA |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sfgate/name/richard-doell-obituary?id=23966925 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=[[Legacy.com]] |publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref>
* [[Cynthia Tse Kimberlin]], ethnomusicologist<ref>{{Cite book |last=Böll |first=Verena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUppV49qw6AC&pg=PR7 |title=Studia Aethiopica |date=2004 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-04891-0 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Frankie Neil]] (1883–1970), boxer<ref name="FG">Levitt, Ed, "Frankie's Goodbye", ''Oakland Tribune'', Oakland, California, pg. 33, 9 March 1970</ref>
* [[Hazel Salmi]] (1893–1986), visual artist, founder of the [[Richmond Art Center]]<ref name="EdanMiltonHughes">{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Edan Milton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eC4jAQAAIAAJ |title=Artists in California, 1786-1940: L-Z |date=2002 |publisher=[[Crocker Art Museum]] |isbn=978-1-884038-08-2 |pages=972 |language=en |chapter=Salmi, Hazel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Falk |first=Peter H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1MYRAQAAMAAJ |title=Who Was Who in American Art 1564–1975: 400 Years of Artists in America |date=1999 |publisher=Sound View Press |isbn=978-0-932087-55-3 |pages=2879 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
* [[Jane Vandenburgh]] (born 1948), novelist<ref>"Moms Plan to March on D.C. Over Gun Laws," (Bowling Green, Kentucky) Daily News, December 17, 1999, 2-B.</ref>
* [[Henry Wessel Jr.]] (1942–2018), photographer and educator<ref name="sfchronicle">{{cite news |last=Desmarais |first=Charles |date=September 21, 2018 |title=Henry Wessel, prominent Bay Area photographer, dies |url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/art-exhibits/henry-wessel-prominent-bay-area-photographer-dies |accessdate= |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |issn=1932-8672}}</ref>
* [[Warren Winkelstein]] (1922–2012), epidemiologist<ref name="NYT obit">{{cite news |last=Grady |first=Denise |date=August 5, 2012 |title=Warren Winkelstein Jr., 90, Medical Sleuth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/06/health/dr-warren-winkelstein-jr-dies-at-90.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=B10}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{gnis|1659414}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.pointrichmond.com/ Official Site]
*[http://www.pointrichmond.com/pointmolate/index.htm Richmond Delays Pt. Molate Deal]
*[http://www.pointrichmond.com/prnc/index.html Point Richmond Neighborhood Council]
*[http://www.pointrichmondhistory.org/ Point Richmond History Association]
*[http://www.pointrichmondhistory.org/ Point Richmond History Association]
*[http://www.pointrichmondbusiness.com/ Point Richmond Business Association]
*[http://www.cccpointrichmond.com/index.html The Coalition of Concerned Citizens of Point Richmond] development lobbyists
*[http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=37918777&x=-122389841&z=15&l=0&m=a Wikimapia aerial view]
*[http://storiesfromthepoint.com/ Stories from The Point] audio postcards from Point Richmond, CA

⚫
{{Richmond, California}}

{{authority control}}


⚫
[[Category:Neighborhoods in Richmond, California]]
⚫
{{California-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Contra Costa County, California]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in California]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in the United States]]
⚫
[[Category:Neighborhoods of Richmond, California]]

Latest revision as of 04:54, 27 September 2024

For the historic district in the downtown area, see Point Richmond Historic District.

37°55′27″N 122°23′21″W / 37.92417°N 122.38917°W / 37.92417; -122.38917

Downtown Point Richmond looking north from West Richmond Avenue.

Point Richmond, also sometimes referred to locally as The Point, is a neighborhood in Richmond, California, United States, near the eastern end of the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge, between Interstate 580 and the San Francisco Bay.

History

[edit]

Originally a tiny village known as East Yards surrounded by abandoned farm lands,[1] Point Richmond was Richmond's central downtown area from the late 19th century until the early 20th century, when the present downtown superseded it as the busiest part of town. Since then, its trademark "mom-and-pop" shops have largely survived. The Point Richmond Historic District has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978.

The neighborhood is dominated to the north by several industrial operations, including a large Chevron refinery, several smaller chemical manufacturing facilities and an active Burlington Northern Santa Fe freight yard. Long distance freight trains are put together in this yard, largely consisting of container cars and automobile transports loaded from the nearby Port of Richmond, as well as some brought up from the Port of Oakland. The 24-hour operations of the switch engines are a constant feature of life in the Point. Residents have a love-hate relationship with the trains,[citation needed] pushing the railroad to modify operations to make them quieter and less disruptive to traffic but also fighting to save the wig wag signals when BNSF made plans to remove them. The wig wag signals, while no longer operating (newer gates, red lights and bells have been installed at the crossing), are one of only a handful still in existence nationwide.

The neighborhood is divided by a ridge, which separates it into a "Bay side" and a "town side." Many houses, which include historic Victorians, offer a view of the bay. Many of the area businesses are housed in century-old buildings dating back to before the founding or incorporation of the town.

Downtown Point Richmond

Attractions

[edit]

The Plunge is a local landmark swim center, reopened in August 2010 after a seismic upgrade and remodeling. The nearby hill is Nicholl Knob, which is part of the Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline. In the historic downtown section there is the Point Richmond History Association museum, a small museum of photos and artifacts that are dedicated to local history. There is a tunnel through this hill named the Ferry Point tunnel; Santa Fe Railroad trains would use it to reach Ferry Point and allow passengers to board ferries to complete the trip to San Francisco.[2] Part of the area on the bay side of the tunnel is known as Brickyard Cove owing to the brickyard which used to operate in the area. Point Richmond is home to Keller Beach, one of the several publicly accessible beaches in Richmond, and nearby is a picnic area and parking lot. Across from the picnic area is the Golden State Model Railroad Museum. Continuing along the road is Brickyard Cove a housing development in the area of a former brickyard. Nearby, at the end of Dornan Drive is the S.S. Red Oak Victory ship in former World War II Kaiser Shipyard 3, which is part of the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park; it is a restored Victory ship built in the city during World War II.

Waterfront

[edit]

Further along lies Brickyard Cove and the Richmond Yacht Club, one of many marinas in the city. There are condominiums and brand new luxury tract homes terraced into the hills as well as homes built over the water on piles along two spits.

Point Richmond's shoreline was the location of a 20-foot (6.1 m) beached gray whale calf in May 2007,[3] the source of considerable odor in the area. After a delay in obtaining permits and disputes over who would pay, the carcass was towed out to sea.[4][5][6][7]

One of the last remaining portions of the channel and marshlands that once separated the island of Point Richmond with the mainland is the Herman Slough Creek in the north end of the neighborhood along with the Santa Rita Channel where the marinas are now located.

Transportation

[edit]

It is served by AC Transit line 72M, which begins in Jack London Square and terminates in Point Richmond, and by Golden Gate Transit's commuter route 42 and express route 40 to San Rafael Transit Center in Marin County. There was previously shuttle service on line 374 to the Richmond Ferry Terminal until it ceased operations in 2001. In addition to express transbay bus service to the San Francisco Transbay Terminal along route LD, there was also service directly to El Cerrito del Norte BART from Point Richmond and Brickyard Cove on line 79, but these routes were removed due to funding cuts.

Controversies

[edit]

There was controversy in 2002 over a proposed and eventually built Starbucks coffeehouse in the neighborhood.[8] Some residents feared that the opening of a corporate chain store would dampen a much loved way of life and cherished independent "mom and pop" commercial sector.[8] Nevertheless, an Extreme Pizza also operates in the commercial strip, but in 2011 the community lobbied for a moratorium or ban on chains when Subway attempted to open a franchise.[8] Starbucks closed in November 2020 along with a few other local businesses amid pandemic difficulties.[9][10]

There was considerable neighborhood opposition to the relocation of the Point Richmond library in 2007 when it was to be remodeled and reopened (it had been closed since 2004 due to budget issues). Instead, the city's planning commission wanted to tear it down and move it to nearby rental space so that the surrounding empty lot could be turned into a lively town square. Approximately half of the Point Richmond residents vehemently rejected this and the committee dropped its plans. Still, a lot of the residents would like to tear down the building and move the library into one of the many empty office buildings. However, the nasty fight from the first attempt is still in clear vision to even discuss this matter effectively.

There was also controversy over a T-Mobile cellular tower that was installed on Water Street atop an apartment building. A group of Point Richmond residents claimed the property owners did this without proper public notice.[11] In December 2009, the First District Court of Appeal rejected the protesters' challenge and upheld the legality of the antenna installation.[12]

Notable people of Point Richmond

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ The Early Years 1902 - 1914 Archived 2009-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, Chevron website, access date 02-19-2009
  2. ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (7 April 2019). "Train tussle: Campaign fights plan for 'wall of railcars' on Richmond shoreline". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  3. ^ Lee, Henry K. (May 25, 2007). "Young whale washes up in East Bay". San Francisco Chronicle.
  4. ^ Beached whale's carcass to be towed to sea for burial, retrieved June 7, 2007
  5. ^ CoCo County Pays $18K To Remove Whale Carcass, retrieved June 7, 2007
  6. ^ CoCo County Pays $18K To Remove Whale Carcass Red Tape Leaves Whale Carcass Off Pt. Richmond, retrieved June 7, 2007
  7. ^ "Tug Tows Whale Carcass Out To Sea". NBC News. June 8, 2007.
  8. ^ a b c Landowners, neighbors clash over chain restaurants in Point Richmond. Karl Fisher. Contra Costa Times. 19-01-2011. Retrieved 21-01-2011.
  9. ^ "Point Richmond Businesses Fear Domino-Effect Following Starbucks Closure". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  10. ^ "Closings Worry Point Richmond Business Owners | Richmond Pulse". 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  11. ^ Will Allen (August 17, 2007). "Richmond Activists Fight Cell Phone Antenna Installation". Berkeley Daily Planet.
  12. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2010-01-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ "Richard Doell Obituary (2008) - San Francisco, CA". Legacy.com. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
  14. ^ Böll, Verena (2004). Studia Aethiopica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 7. ISBN 978-3-447-04891-0.
  15. ^ Levitt, Ed, "Frankie's Goodbye", Oakland Tribune, Oakland, California, pg. 33, 9 March 1970
  16. ^ Hughes, Edan Milton (2002). "Salmi, Hazel". Artists in California, 1786-1940: L-Z. Crocker Art Museum. p. 972. ISBN 978-1-884038-08-2.
  17. ^ Falk, Peter H. (1999). Who Was Who in American Art 1564–1975: 400 Years of Artists in America. Sound View Press. p. 2879. ISBN 978-0-932087-55-3 – via Google Books.
  18. ^ "Moms Plan to March on D.C. Over Gun Laws," (Bowling Green, Kentucky) Daily News, December 17, 1999, 2-B.
  19. ^ Desmarais, Charles (September 21, 2018). "Henry Wessel, prominent Bay Area photographer, dies". San Francisco Chronicle. ISSN 1932-8672.
  20. ^ Grady, Denise (August 5, 2012). "Warren Winkelstein Jr., 90, Medical Sleuth". The New York Times. p. B10.
[edit]
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