Lampris guttatus: Difference between revisions

Lampris guttatus
	Lampris guttatus, conventional and X-ray images
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Lampriformes
Family:	Lampridae
Genus:	Lampris
Species:	L. guttatus
Binomial name
	Lampris guttatus; Brünnich, 1788
Synonyms
	Lampris lauta (Lowe, 1838); Lampris luna (Gmelin, 1789); Lampris regius (Bonnaterre, 1788); Scomber gunneri (Bloch & Schneider, 1801); Scomber pelagicus (Gunnerus, 1768); Zeus guttatus (Brünnich, 1788); Zeus imperialis (Shaw, 1793); Zeus luna (Gmelin, 1789); Zeus regius (Bonnaterre, 1788); Zeus stroemii (Walbaum, 1792);

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Lampris guttatus, commonly known as the opah, cravo, moonfish, kingfish, and Jerusalem haddock, is a large, colorful, deep-bodied pelagic lampriform fish belonging to the family Lampridae, which comprises the genus Lampris.

It is a pelagic fish with a worldwide distribution. While it is common to locations such as Hawaii^[3] and west Africa, it remains uncommon in others, including the Mediterranean.^[4] In the places where L. guttatus is prevalent, it is not a target of fishing, though it does represent an important commercial component of bycatch. It is common in restaurants in Hawaii. In Hawaiian longline fisheries, it is generally caught in deep nets targeting bigeye tuna. In 2005, the fish caught numbered 13,332. In areas where the fish is uncommon, such as the Mediterranean, its prevalence is increasing. Some researchers believe this a result of climate change.^[4] Much is still unknown about the distribution, interactions, life histories, and preferred habitats of this fish and other medium to large-sized pelagic fishes.^[5]

Etymology and taxonomy

Danish zoologist Morten Thrane Brünnich described the species in 1788. The genus name Lampris is derived from the Ancient Greek word lampros, meaning "brilliant" or "clear", while the Latin species name guttatus means "spotted" and refers to the spotted body of this fish.^[2]

Although traditionally recognized as one of only two species of opah, the other being the southern opah (L. immaculatus), a review in 2018 found that the widely distributed "L. guttatus" consists of five distinct groups that differ in geographic range, genetics, morphology and meristics: North Atlantic opah (L. guttatus) of the northeast Atlantic including the North Sea and Mediterranean, East Atlantic opah (L. lauta) of the subtropical and warm temperate northeast Atlantic including the Mediterranean, southern spotted opah (L. australensis) of the subtropical and warm temperate Southern Hemisphere, smalleye Pacific opah (L. incognitus) of the central and northeast Pacific, and bigeye Pacific opah (L. megalopsis) found in tropical and subtropical parts of the West Atlantic, Pacific, Indian oceans.^[6]^[7]

Description

Lampris guttatus is a large discoid and deeply keeled fish with an attractive form and a conspicuous coloration. They can reach a maximum length of 2 m (6.6 ft) and a maximum weight of 270 kg (600 lb). The body is a deep steely blue grading to rosy on the belly, with white spots in irregular rows covering the flanks. Both the median and paired fins are a bright vermillion. Jaws are vermillion, too. The large eyes stand out as well, ringed with golden yellow. The body is covered in minute cycloid scales and its silvery, iridescent guanine coating is easily abraded.

They have long falcated pectoral fins inserted (more or less) horizontally. The caudal fins are broadly lunated, forked, and emarginated. The pelvic fins are similar but a little longer than pectoral fins, with about 14–17 rays. The anterior portion of a dorsal fin (with about 50–55 rays) is greatly elongated, also in a falcate profile similar to the pelvic fins. The anal fin (34–41 rays) is about as high and as long as the shorter portion of the dorsal fin, and both fins have corresponding grooves into which they can be depressed. The snout is pointed and the mouth small, toothless, and terminal. The lateral line forms a high arch over the pectoral fins before sweeping down to the caudal peduncle.

Endothermy

In May 2015, L. guttatus was shown to maintain its entire body core above ambient temperature, becoming the first known fish with this trait ('whole-body endothermy').^[8]^[9] The fish generates heat as well as propulsion with continuous movements of its pectoral fins (the musculature of which is insulated by a one-cm-thick layer of fat), and the vasculature of its gill tissue is arranged to conserve heat by a process of countercurrent heat exchange, a structure known as a rete mirabile (plural, retia).^[8]^[10] It can consistently keep its body core approximately 5 °C warmer than its environment.^[9] Elevated body core temperature should improve aerobic performance and physiologic function. Other adaptions of L. guttatus to increase aerobic performance include high hematocrit and a relatively large heart, gill surface area and aerobic muscle mass. These adaptations for high performance predation are similar to those found in tuna and lamnid sharks, which actively chase down their prey, but are very unusual among lampridiform fish, which are mostly sluggish ambush predators.^[8]

Previously, L. guttatus was known to exhibit cranial endothermy, generating and maintaining metabolic heat in the cranial and optic regions to keep them 2 °C warmer than the rest of the body.^[11] This adaptation is important for maintaining brain and eye function during the wide range of temperatures it experiences with its vertical movements.^[12]

Most fish are completely cold-blooded. Some, such as tuna^[13] and lamnid sharks (such as the salmon shark^[14]), have evolved regional endothermy, in which parts of the body core are kept at a warmer temperature. These fish have retia arranged to warm muscles used for propulsion, and some visceral organs, while other organs, such as the heart, remain cooler.^[8]^[9] Only L. guttatus is known to have retia within its gill arches (which are also insulated by fat), an arrangement that warms the entire body core including the heart.^[8]^[15]

Distribution and habitat

Lampris guttatus has a worldwide distribution, from the Grand Banks to Argentina in the Western Atlantic, from Norway and Greenland to Senegal and south to Angola in the Eastern Atlantic (also in the Mediterranean), from the Gulf of Alaska to southern California in the Eastern Pacific, in temperate waters of the Indian Ocean, and rare forays into the Southern Ocean.^[2]

This species is presumed to live out its entire life in the open ocean, at mesopelagic depths of 50–500 m (160–1,640 ft), with possible forays into the bathypelagic zone. Typically, it is found within water at 8 to 22 °C.^[3] To better understand the depths L. guttatus inhabited in the tropical and temperate ocean waters, a study was performed, tagging them in the central North Pacific. Their location was found to be related to a temporal scale, inhabiting depths of 50–100 m during the night and 100–400 m during the day. The depths of the vertical habitat varied with local oceanogeographic conditions, though the patterns of deeper depths during the day is universal to the species.^[5]

The endothermy of Lampris guttatus gives them a major advantage at the depths where they live. Since they are relatively warm-blooded at those depths compared to the water around them, they can move more quickly to hunt prey. Most predators at such low depths do not have the energy to be able to move much and therefore must wait for prey to pass them.^[8]

Behavior

The life history and development of L. guttatus remains rather uncertain.^[16] They are apparently solitary, but are known to school with tuna and other scombrids. They propel themselves by a lift-based mode of swimming using their pectoral fins. This, together with their forked caudal fins and depressible median fins, indicates that they swim at constantly low speeds. They are able to swim at over 25 cm/s, and one was even observed reaching 4 m/s in a burst of speed.^[3]

Like many other large pelagic visual predators, such as swordfish and big-eye tuna, they exhibit vertical behavior.^{[further explanation needed]} Based on those caught off the Hawaiian coast, squid and krill make up the bulk of their diet, though they also consume small fish. Those caught along the Patagonian Shelf also showed a narrow range of prey, the most common of which was the deepwater onychotenhid squid (Moroteuthis ingens).^[3]

They probably spawn in the spring.^[2] Their planktonic larvae lack dorsal and pelvic fins. The slender hatchlings undergo a marked and rapid transformation from a slender to deep-bodied form; this transformation is complete by 10.6 mm standard length.

References

^ Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Collette, B., Moore, J., Polanco Fernandez, A., Russell, B. & McEachran, J.D. (2015). Lampris guttatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T195038A19929436.en
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lampris guttatus (Brünnich, 1788). Fish Base
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Polovina, Jeffrey J.; Hawn, Donald; Abecassis, Melanie (2008). "Vertical movement and habitat of opah (Lampris guttatus) in the central North Pacific recorded with pop-up archival tags". Marine Biology. 153 (3): 257–267. doi:10.1007/s00227-007-0801-2. S2CID 8811598.
^ ^a ^b Francour, Patrice; Cottalorda, Jean-Michel; Aubert, Maurice; Bava, Simone; Colombey, Marine; Gilles, Pierre; Kara, Hichem; Lelong, Patrick; Mangialajo, Luisa; Miniconi, Roger; Quignard, Jean-Pierre (2010). "Recent Occurrences of Opah, Lampris guttatus (Actinopterygii, Lampriformes, Lampridae), in the Western Mediterranean Sea". Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria. 40 (1): 91–98. doi:10.3750/AIP2010.40.1.15.
^ ^a ^b Richardson, David E.; Llopiz, Joel K.; Guigand, Cedric M.; Cowen, Robert K. (2010). "Larval assemblages of large and medium-sized pelagic species in the Straits of Florida". Progress in Oceanography. 86 (1–2): 8–20. Bibcode:2010PrOce..86....8R. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.005.
^ Karen E. Underkoffler; Meagan A. Luers; John R. Hyde; Matthew T. Craig (2018). "A Taxonomic Review of Lampris guttatus (Brünnich 1788) (Lampridiformes; Lampridae) with Descriptions of Three New Species". Zootaxa. 4413 (3): 551–565. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4413.3.9. PMID 29690102.
^ Eschmeyer, W.N.; R. Fricke; R. van der Laan (1 May 2018). "Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wegner, N. C.; Snodgrass, O. E.; Dewar, H.; Hyde, J. R. (15 May 2015). "Whole-body endothermy in a mesopelagic fish, the opah, Lampris guttatus". Science. 348 (6236): 786–789. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..786W. doi:10.1126/science.aaa8902. PMID 25977549. S2CID 17412022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Yong, Ed. "Meet the Comical Opah, the Only Truly Warm-Blooded Fish". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
^ Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator. Fisheries Resources Division of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015. "New research by NOAA Fisheries has revealed the opah, or moonfish, as the first fully warm-blooded fish that circulates heated blood throughout its body..."
^ Bray, Dianne. "Opah, Lampris guttatus". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
^ Runcie, R.; Dewar, H; Hawn, D. R.; Frank, L. R.; Dickson, K. A. (2009). "Evidence for cranial endothermy in the opah (Lampris guttatus)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 212 (4): 461–470. doi:10.1242/jeb.022814. PMC 2726851. PMID 19181893.
^ Sepulveda, C.A.; Dickson, K.A.; Bernal, D.; Graham, J.B. (1 July 2008). "Elevated red myotomal muscle temperatures in the most basal tuna species, Allothunnus fallai" (PDF). Journal of Fish Biology. 73 (1): 241–249. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01931.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
^ Goldman, Kenneth; Anderson, Scot; Latour, Robert; Musick, John A. (2004). "Homeothermy in adult salmon sharks, Lamna ditropis". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 71 (4): 403–411. doi:10.1007/s10641-004-6588-9. S2CID 37474646.
^ Harvey, C. (2015-05-14). "Scientists have discovered the first fully warm-blooded fish". Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
^ Oelschläger, Helmut A. (1976). "Morphologisch-funktionelle Untersuchungen am Geruchsorgan von Lampris guttatus (Brünnich 1788) (Teleostei: Allotriognathi)". Zoomorphology (in German). 85 (2): 89–110. doi:10.1007/BF00995406. S2CID 36260682.

External links

Biolib
Aquatab
Opah – NOAA FishWatch
"Opah" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 120.

[iucn-1] Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Collette, B., Moore, J., Polanco Fernandez, A., Russell, B. & McEachran, J.D. (2015). Lampris guttatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T195038A19929436.en

[FishBase-2] Lampris guttatus (Brünnich, 1788). Fish Base

[PolovinaHawn2008-3] Polovina, Jeffrey J.; Hawn, Donald; Abecassis, Melanie (2008). "Vertical movement and habitat of opah (Lampris guttatus) in the central North Pacific recorded with pop-up archival tags". Marine Biology. 153 (3): 257–267. doi:10.1007/s00227-007-0801-2. S2CID 8811598.

[FrancourCottalorda2010-4] Francour, Patrice; Cottalorda, Jean-Michel; Aubert, Maurice; Bava, Simone; Colombey, Marine; Gilles, Pierre; Kara, Hichem; Lelong, Patrick; Mangialajo, Luisa; Miniconi, Roger; Quignard, Jean-Pierre (2010). "Recent Occurrences of Opah, Lampris guttatus (Actinopterygii, Lampriformes, Lampridae), in the Western Mediterranean Sea". Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria. 40 (1): 91–98. doi:10.3750/AIP2010.40.1.15.

[RichardsonLlopiz2010-5] Richardson, David E.; Llopiz, Joel K.; Guigand, Cedric M.; Cowen, Robert K. (2010). "Larval assemblages of large and medium-sized pelagic species in the Straits of Florida". Progress in Oceanography. 86 (1–2): 8–20. Bibcode:2010PrOce..86....8R. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.005.

[Underkoffler2018-6] Karen E. Underkoffler; Meagan A. Luers; John R. Hyde; Matthew T. Craig (2018). "A Taxonomic Review of Lampris guttatus (Brünnich 1788) (Lampridiformes; Lampridae) with Descriptions of Three New Species". Zootaxa. 4413 (3): 551–565. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4413.3.9. PMID 29690102.

[CoF-7] Eschmeyer, W.N.; R. Fricke; R. van der Laan (1 May 2018). "Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 May 2018.

[Sciencemag-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wegner, N. C.; Snodgrass, O. E.; Dewar, H.; Hyde, J. R. (15 May 2015). "Whole-body endothermy in a mesopelagic fish, the opah, Lampris guttatus". Science. 348 (6236): 786–789. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..786W. doi:10.1126/science.aaa8902. PMID 25977549. S2CID 17412022.

[NatGeo-9] Yong, Ed. "Meet the Comical Opah, the Only Truly Warm-Blooded Fish". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.

[SWFSC-10] Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator. Fisheries Resources Division of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015. "New research by NOAA Fisheries has revealed the opah, or moonfish, as the first fully warm-blooded fish that circulates heated blood throughout its body..."

[11] Bray, Dianne. "Opah, Lampris guttatus". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 16 September 2014.

[12] Runcie, R.; Dewar, H; Hawn, D. R.; Frank, L. R.; Dickson, K. A. (2009). "Evidence for cranial endothermy in the opah (Lampris guttatus)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 212 (4): 461–470. doi:10.1242/jeb.022814. PMC 2726851. PMID 19181893.

[muscletemp-13] Sepulveda, C.A.; Dickson, K.A.; Bernal, D.; Graham, J.B. (1 July 2008). "Elevated red myotomal muscle temperatures in the most basal tuna species, Allothunnus fallai" (PDF). Journal of Fish Biology. 73 (1): 241–249. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01931.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.

[galm-14] Goldman, Kenneth; Anderson, Scot; Latour, Robert; Musick, John A. (2004). "Homeothermy in adult salmon sharks, Lamna ditropis". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 71 (4): 403–411. doi:10.1007/s10641-004-6588-9. S2CID 37474646.

[15] Harvey, C. (2015-05-14). "Scientists have discovered the first fully warm-blooded fish". Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-05-19.

[16] Oelschläger, Helmut A. (1976). "Morphologisch-funktionelle Untersuchungen am Geruchsorgan von Lampris guttatus (Brünnich 1788) (Teleostei: Allotriognathi)". Zoomorphology (in German). 85 (2): 89–110. doi:10.1007/BF00995406. S2CID 36260682.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of fish}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{self-contradictory|date=August 2022}}
-| image = Lampris guttatus.png
+{{Speciesbox
-| image_caption = Opah
+ | image               = Lampris guttatus NOAA3.jpg
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+ | image2               = Lampris guttatus X-ray.jpg
-| phylum = [[Chordata]]
+ | image2_caption       = ''Lampris guttatus'', conventional and X-ray images
-| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
+| status = LC
-| ordo = [[Lampriformes]]
+| status_system = IUCN3.1
-| familia = [[Lampridae]]
+| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Collette, B., Moore, J., Polanco Fernandez, A., Russell, B. & McEachran, J.D. (2015). ''Lampris guttatus''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species {{doi|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T195038A19929436.en}}</ref>
-| genus = ''[[Lampris]]''
-| species = '''''L. guttatus'''''
+ | taxon               = Lampris guttatus
+ | authority           = [[Morten Thrane Brünnich|Brünnich]], 1788<ref name=FishBase>[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Lampris-guttatus.html ''Lampris guttatus'' (Brünnich, 1788)]. Fish Base</ref>
-| binomial = ''Lampris guttatus''
+ | synonyms            =
-| binomial_authority = [[Morten Thrane Brünnich|Brünnich]], 1788<ref name=FishBase>[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Lampris-guttatus.html ''Lampris guttatus'' (Brünnich, 1788)].	 Fish Base</ref>
-| synonyms =
 * ''Lampris lauta'' <small>(Lowe, 1838)</small>
 * ''Lampris luna'' <small>(Gmelin, 1789)</small>
@@ Line 24: / Line 23: @@
 }}
-'''''Lampris guttatus''''', commonly known as the '''opah''', '''cravo''',  '''moonfish''', '''kingfish''', and '''Jerusalem haddock''',  is a large, colorful, deep-bodied [[pelagic zone|pelagic]] [[lampriform]] [[fish]] belonging to the [[family (biology)|family]] Lampridae, which comprises the genus ''[[Lampris]]'', with two extant species.
+'''''Lampris guttatus''''', commonly known as the '''opah''', '''cravo''',  '''moonfish''', '''kingfish''', and '''Jerusalem haddock''', is a large, colorful, deep-bodied [[pelagic zone|pelagic]] [[Lampriformes|lampriform]] [[fish]] belonging to the [[family (biology)|family]] Lampridae, which comprises the genus ''[[Lampris]]''.
-It is a pelagic fish with a worldwide distribution. While it is common to locations such as Hawaii<ref name="PolovinaHawn2008">{{cite journal |last1=Polovina |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Hawn |first2=Donald |last3=Abecassis |first3=Melanie |title=Vertical movement and habitat of opah (''Lampris guttatus'') in the central North Pacific recorded with pop-up archival tags |journal=Marine Biology |volume=153 |issue=3 |year=2008 |pages=257–267 |doi=10.1007/s00227-007-0801-2}}</ref> and west Africa, it remains uncommon in others, including the [[Mediterranean]].<ref name="FrancourCottalorda2010">{{cite journal |last1=Francour |first1=Patrice |last2=Cottalorda |first2=Jean-Michel |last3=Aubert |first3=Maurice |last4=Bava |first4=Simone |last5=Colombey |first5=Marine |last6=Gilles |first6=Pierre |last7=Kara |first7=Hichem |last8=Lelong |first8=Patrick |last9=Mangialajo |first9=Luisa |last10=Miniconi |first10=Roger |last11=Quignard |first11=Jean-Pierre |title=Recent Occurrences of Opah, ''Lampris guttatus'' (Actinopterygii, Lampriformes, Lampridae), in the Western Mediterranean Sea |journal=Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=2010 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.3750/AIP2010.40.1.15}}</ref>
+It is a pelagic fish with a worldwide distribution. While it is common to locations such as Hawaii<ref name="PolovinaHawn2008">{{cite journal |last1=Polovina |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Hawn |first2=Donald |last3=Abecassis |first3=Melanie |title=Vertical movement and habitat of opah (''Lampris guttatus'') in the central North Pacific recorded with pop-up archival tags |journal=Marine Biology |volume=153 |issue=3 |year=2008 |pages=257–267 |doi=10.1007/s00227-007-0801-2|s2cid=8811598 }}</ref> and west Africa, it remains uncommon in others, including the [[Mediterranean]].<ref name="FrancourCottalorda2010">{{cite journal |last1=Francour |first1=Patrice |last2=Cottalorda |first2=Jean-Michel |last3=Aubert |first3=Maurice |last4=Bava |first4=Simone |last5=Colombey |first5=Marine |last6=Gilles |first6=Pierre |last7=Kara |first7=Hichem |last8=Lelong |first8=Patrick |last9=Mangialajo |first9=Luisa |last10=Miniconi |first10=Roger |last11=Quignard |first11=Jean-Pierre |title=Recent Occurrences of Opah, ''Lampris guttatus'' (Actinopterygii, Lampriformes, Lampridae), in the Western Mediterranean Sea |journal=Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=2010 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.3750/AIP2010.40.1.15|doi-access=free }}</ref>
-In the places where ''L. guttatus'' is prevalent, it is not a target of fishing, though it does represent an important commercial component of bycatch. In [[Longline bycatch in Hawaii|Hawaiian longline fisheries]], it is generally caught on deep sets targeting big-eye tuna. In 2005, the fish caught numbered 13,332. In areas where the fish is uncommon, such as the Mediterranean, its prevalence is increasing. Some researchers believe this a result of climate change.<ref name="FrancourCottalorda2010" />
+In the places where ''L. guttatus'' is prevalent, it is not a target of fishing, though it does represent an important commercial component of [[bycatch]]. It is common in restaurants in Hawaii. In [[Longline bycatch in Hawaii|Hawaiian longline fisheries]], it is generally caught in deep nets targeting [[bigeye tuna]]. In 2005, the fish caught numbered 13,332. In areas where the fish is uncommon, such as the Mediterranean, its prevalence is increasing. Some researchers believe this a result of climate change.<ref name="FrancourCottalorda2010" />
-Much is still unknown about the distribution, interactions, life histories, and preferred habitats of this fish and other medium to large-sized pelagic fishes.<ref name="RichardsonLlopiz2010">{{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=David E. |last2=Llopiz |first2=Joel K. |last3=Guigand |first3=Cedric M. |last4=Cowen |first4=Robert K. |title=Larval assemblages of large and medium-sized pelagic species in the Straits of Florida |journal=Progress in Oceanography |volume=86 |issue=1–2 |year=2010 |pages=8–20  |doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.005|bibcode=2010PrOce..86....8R }}</ref>
+Much is still unknown about the distribution, interactions, life histories, and preferred habitats of this fish and other medium to large-sized pelagic fishes.<ref name="RichardsonLlopiz2010">{{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=David E. |last2=Llopiz |first2=Joel K. |last3=Guigand |first3=Cedric M. |last4=Cowen |first4=Robert K. |title=Larval assemblages of large and medium-sized pelagic species in the Straits of Florida |journal=Progress in Oceanography |volume=86 |issue=1–2 |year=2010 |pages=8–20  |doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.005|bibcode=2010PrOce..86....8R |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1000707 }}</ref>
-==Etymology==
+==Etymology and taxonomy==
-Danish zoologist [[Morten Thrane Brünnich]] described the species in 1788. The genus name ''Lampris'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word ''lampros'',  meaning "brilliant" or "clear", while the Latin species name ''guttatus'' means ''spotted'' and refers to the spotted body of this fish.<ref name=FishBase />
+Danish zoologist [[Morten Thrane Brünnich]] described the species in 1788. The genus name ''Lampris'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word ''lampros'', meaning "brilliant" or "clear", while the Latin species name ''guttatus'' means "spotted" and refers to the spotted body of this fish.<ref name=FishBase />
+Although traditionally recognized as one of only two species of opah, the other being the [[southern opah]] (''L. immaculatus''), a review in 2018 found that the widely distributed "''L. guttatus''" consists of five distinct groups that differ in geographic range, [[genetics]], [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] and [[meristics]]: North Atlantic opah (''L. guttatus'') of the northeast Atlantic including the [[North Sea]] and Mediterranean, East Atlantic opah (''L. lauta'') of the subtropical and warm temperate northeast Atlantic including the Mediterranean, southern spotted opah (''L. australensis'') of the subtropical and warm temperate Southern Hemisphere, smalleye Pacific opah (''L. incognitus'') of the central and northeast Pacific, and bigeye Pacific opah (''L. megalopsis'') found in tropical and subtropical parts of the West Atlantic, Pacific, Indian oceans.<ref name=Underkoffler2018>{{cite journal| author1=Karen E. Underkoffler | author2=Meagan A. Luers | author3=John R. Hyde | author4=Matthew T. Craig | year=2018 | title=A Taxonomic Review of Lampris guttatus (Brünnich 1788) (Lampridiformes; Lampridae) with Descriptions of Three New Species | journal=Zootaxa | volume=4413 | issue=3 | pages=551–565 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4413.3.9 | pmid=29690102 }}</ref><ref name=CoF>{{cite web | author1=Eschmeyer, W.N. | author2=R. Fricke | author3=R. van der Laan | date=1 May 2018 | url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp |title=Catalog of Fishes | publisher=California Academy of Sciences |accessdate=1 May 2018 }}</ref>
 ==Description==
-''Lampris guttatus'' is a large discoid and deeply keeled fish with an attractive form and a conspicuous coloration. They usually reach a maximum length of {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a maximum weight of {{convert|270|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.  The body is a deep steely blue grading to rosy on the belly, with white spots in irregular rows covering the flanks. Both the median and paired fins are a bright [[vermilion|vermillion]]. Jaws are vermillion, too. The large eyes stand out as well, ringed with golden yellow. The body is covered in minute [[cycloid scale]]s and its silvery, [[iridescence|iridescent]] [[guanine]] coating is easily abraded.
+''Lampris guttatus'' is a large discoid and deeply keeled fish with an attractive form and a conspicuous coloration. They can reach a maximum length of {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a maximum weight of {{convert|270|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The body is a deep steely blue grading to rosy on the belly, with white spots in irregular rows covering the flanks. Both the median and paired fins are a bright [[vermilion|vermillion]]. Jaws are vermillion, too. The large eyes stand out as well, ringed with golden yellow. The body is covered in minute [[cycloid scale]]s and its silvery, [[iridescence|iridescent]] [[guanine]] coating is easily abraded.
-[[File:Caught opah.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Researchers examine and later release an opah caught off California]]
+[[File:Caught opah.jpg|thumb|left|Researchers examine an opah caught off California]]
-They have long falcated [[pectoral fin]]s inserted (more or less) horizontally. The [[caudal fin]]s are broadly lunated, forked, and emarginated. [[Pelvic fin]]s are similar but a little longer than pectoral fins, with about 14–17 rays.  The anterior portion of a [[dorsal fin]] (with about 50–55 rays) is greatly elongated, also in a falcate profile similar to the pelvic fins. The [[anal fin]] (34–41 rays) is about as high and as long as the shorter portion of the dorsal fin, and both fins have corresponding grooves into which they can be depressed. The snout is pointed and the mouth small, [[tooth]]less, and terminal. The [[lateral line]] forms a high arch over the pectoral fins before sweeping down to the caudal peduncle.
+They have long falcated [[pectoral fin]]s inserted (more or less) horizontally. The [[caudal fin]]s are broadly lunated, forked, and emarginated. The [[pelvic fin]]s are similar but a little longer than pectoral fins, with about 14–17 rays. The anterior portion of a [[dorsal fin]] (with about 50–55 rays) is greatly elongated, also in a falcate profile similar to the pelvic fins. The [[anal fin]] (34–41 rays) is about as high and as long as the shorter portion of the dorsal fin, and both fins have corresponding grooves into which they can be depressed. The snout is pointed and the mouth small, [[tooth]]less, and terminal. The [[lateral line]] forms a high arch over the pectoral fins before sweeping down to the caudal peduncle.
 ===Endothermy===
-In May 2015, ''L. guttatus'' was shown to maintain its&nbsp;''entire''&nbsp;body core [[warm-blooded|above ambient temperature]], becoming the first known fish with this trait ('whole-body [[endotherm]]y').  The fish generates heat as well as propulsion with continuous movements of its [[pectoral fin]]s (the musculature of which is insulated by a one-cm-thick layer of fat), and the [[Rete mirabile|vasculature of its gill tissue]] is structured to conserve heat by a process of [[countercurrent exchange|countercurrent heat exchange]].<ref name="Sciencemag"/><ref>[https://swfsc.noaa.gov/news.aspx?ParentMenuId=39&id=20466 Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator]. Fisheries Resources Division of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]. May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015. "New research by NOAA Fisheries has revealed the opah, or moonfish, as the first fully warm-blooded fish that circulates heated blood throughout its body..."</ref>  It can consistently keep its body core approximately 5 °C warmer than its environment.<ref name=NatGeo />  Previously, ''L. guttatus'' was known to exhibit cranial endothermy, generating and maintaining metabolic heat in the cranial and optic regions at 2&nbsp;°C warmer than the rest of the body.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bray|first1=Dianne|title=Opah, Lampris guttatus|url=http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/Home/species/1870|website=Fishes of Australia|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref>  This ability is important for maintaining brain and eye function during the wide range of temperatures it experiences with its vertical movements.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Runcie |first=R. |year=2009 |title=Evidence for cranial endothermy in the opah (''Lampris guttatus'') |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Biology]] |volume=212 |issue=4 |pages=461–470 |pmid=19181893|pmc=2726851 |doi=10.1242/jeb.022814 |last2=Dewar |first2=H |last3=Hawn |first3=D. R. |last4=Frank |first4=L. R. |last5=Dickson |first5=K. A. }}</ref>
+In May 2015, ''L. guttatus'' was shown to maintain its&nbsp;''entire''&nbsp;body core [[warm-blooded|above ambient temperature]], becoming the first known fish with this trait ('whole-body [[endotherm]]y').<ref name="Sciencemag">{{cite journal|last1=Wegner|first1=N. C.|last2=Snodgrass|first2=O. E.|last3=Dewar|first3=H.|last4=Hyde|first4=J. R.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276357127|title=Whole-body endothermy in a mesopelagic fish, the opah, ''Lampris guttatus''|journal=Science|volume=348|issue=6236|date=15 May 2015|pages=786–789|doi=10.1126/science.aaa8902|pmid=25977549|bibcode=2015Sci...348..786W|s2cid=17412022 }}</ref><ref name=NatGeo>{{cite magazine|title = Meet the Comical Opah, the Only Truly Warm-Blooded Fish|url = http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/14/meet-the-comical-opah-the-only-truly-warm-blooded-fish|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150514220332/http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/14/meet-the-comical-opah-the-only-truly-warm-blooded-fish/|url-status = dead|archive-date = May 14, 2015|accessdate = 15 May 2015|first = Ed|last = Yong|magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]}}</ref>  The fish generates heat as well as propulsion with continuous movements of its [[pectoral fin]]s (the musculature of which is insulated by a one-cm-thick layer of fat), and the vasculature of its [[gill]] tissue is arranged to conserve heat by a process of [[countercurrent exchange|countercurrent heat exchange]], a structure known as a [[rete mirabile]] (plural, retia).<ref name="Sciencemag"/><ref name="SWFSC">[https://swfsc.noaa.gov/news.aspx?ParentMenuId=39&id=20466 Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator]. Fisheries Resources Division of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]. May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015. "New research by NOAA Fisheries has revealed the opah, or moonfish, as the first fully warm-blooded fish that circulates heated blood throughout its body..."</ref>  It can consistently keep its body core approximately 5&nbsp;°C warmer than its environment.<ref name=NatGeo /> Elevated body core temperature should improve aerobic performance and physiologic function. Other adaptions of ''L. guttatus'' to increase aerobic performance include high [[hematocrit]] and a relatively large heart, gill surface area and aerobic muscle mass. These adaptations for high performance predation are similar to those found in [[tuna]] and [[lamnid shark]]s, which actively chase down their prey, but are very unusual among [[lampridiform]] fish, which are mostly sluggish [[ambush predator]]s.<ref name="Sciencemag"/>
+Previously, ''L. guttatus'' was known to exhibit cranial endothermy, generating and maintaining metabolic heat in the cranial and optic regions to keep them 2&nbsp;°C warmer than the rest of the body.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bray|first1=Dianne|title=Opah, Lampris guttatus|url=http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/Home/species/1870|website=Fishes of Australia|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref>  This adaptation is important for maintaining brain and eye function during the wide range of temperatures it experiences with its vertical movements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Runcie |first1=R. |year=2009 |title=Evidence for cranial endothermy in the opah (''Lampris guttatus'') |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Biology]] |volume=212 |issue=4 |pages=461–470 |pmid=19181893|pmc=2726851 |doi=10.1242/jeb.022814 |last2=Dewar |first2=H |last3=Hawn |first3=D. R. |last4=Frank |first4=L. R. |last5=Dickson |first5=K. A. }}</ref>
-Most fish are completely [[Ectotherm|cold-blooded]]. Some, such as [[tuna]], have developed localized warm-blooded traits which only have selected muscles that are kept at a steady temperature. The [[salmon shark]] also has the ability to regulate its blood temperature, allowing it to function in the frigid North Pacific waters, but is not completely warm-blooded.<ref name="Sciencemag">Wegner, Nicholas C., Snodgrass, Owen E., Dewar, Heidi, John, Hyde R. ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''. [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/348/6236/786 "Whole-body endothermy in a mesopelagic fish, the opah, Lampris guttatus"]. pp. 786–789. Retrieved May 14, 2015. </ref><ref name=NatGeo>{{Cite web|title = Meet the Comical Opah, the Only Truly Warm-Blooded Fish|url = http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/14/meet-the-comical-opah-the-only-truly-warm-blooded-fish|accessdate = 15 May 2015|first = Ed|last = Yong}}</ref>
-{{clear}}
+Most fish are completely [[Ectotherm|cold-blooded]]. Some, such as tuna<ref name=muscletemp>{{cite journal|last1=Sepulveda |first1=C.A. |last2=Dickson |first2=K.A. |last3=Bernal |first3=D. |last4=Graham |first4=J.B. |title=Elevated red myotomal muscle temperatures in the most basal tuna species, ''Allothunnus fallai'' |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |date=1 July 2008 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=241–249 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01931.x |url=http://216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf |accessdate=2 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207000108/http://216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf |archivedate=7 February 2013 }}</ref> and lamnid sharks (such as the [[salmon shark]]<ref name="galm">{{cite journal| last1 = Goldman| first1 = Kenneth| first2= Scot |last2=Anderson |first3=Robert |last3=Latour |first4=John A. |last4=Musick | title = Homeothermy in adult salmon sharks, ''Lamna ditropis''| year=2004| journal = [[Environmental Biology of Fishes]]| volume = 71| pages = 403–411| doi = 10.1007/s10641-004-6588-9| issue = 4| s2cid = 37474646}}</ref>), have evolved regional endothermy, in which parts of the body core are kept at a warmer temperature. These fish have retia arranged to warm muscles used for propulsion, and some visceral organs, while other organs, such as the heart, remain cooler.<ref name="Sciencemag"/><ref name=NatGeo/> Only ''L. guttatus'' is known to have retia within its [[gill arch]]es (which are also insulated by fat), an arrangement that warms the entire body core including the heart.<ref name="Sciencemag"/><ref>{{cite news
+ | last = Harvey | first = C. | title = Scientists have discovered the first fully warm-blooded fish
+ | newspaper = [[Washington Post]] | date = 2015-05-14 | accessdate = 2015-05-19
+ | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/05/14/scientists-have-discovered-the-first-warm-blooded-fish/}}</ref>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
-''Lampris guttatus'' has a worldwide distribution, from the [[Grand Banks]] to [[Argentina]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Western Atlantic]], from [[Norway]] and [[Greenland]] to [[Senegal]] and south to [[Angola]] (also in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]) in the Eastern Atlantic, from the [[Gulf of Alaska]] to southern [[California]] in the [[Pacific Ocean|Eastern Pacific]], in temperate waters of the [[Indian Ocean]], and rare forays into the [[Southern Ocean]].<ref name=FishBase />
+''Lampris guttatus'' has a worldwide distribution, from the [[Grand Banks]] to [[Argentina]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Western Atlantic]], from [[Norway]] and [[Greenland]] to [[Senegal]] and south to [[Angola]]  in the Eastern Atlantic (also in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]), from the [[Gulf of Alaska]] to southern [[California]] in the [[Pacific Ocean|Eastern Pacific]], in temperate waters of the [[Indian Ocean]], and rare forays into the [[Southern Ocean]].<ref name=FishBase />
-This species is presumed to live out their entire lives in the open ocean, at [[Mesopelagic zone|mesopelagic]] depths of 50–500&nbsp;m (160–1600&nbsp;ft), with possible forays into the [[Bathyal zone|bathypelagic]] zone. Typically, it is found within water at 8 to 22&nbsp;°C.<ref name="PolovinaHawn2008" /> To better understand the depths ''L. guttatus'' inhabited in the tropical and temperate ocean waters, a study was performed, tagging them in the central North Pacific. Their location was found to be related to a temporal scale, inhabiting depths of 50–100&nbsp;m during the night and 100–400&nbsp;m during the day. The depths of the vertical habitat varied with local oceanogeographic conditions, though the patterns of deeper depths during the day is universal to the species.<ref name="RichardsonLlopiz2010" />
+This species is presumed to live out its entire life in the open ocean, at [[Mesopelagic zone|mesopelagic]] depths of {{convert|50|–|500|m|ft|abbr=on}}, with possible forays into the [[Bathyal zone|bathypelagic]] zone. Typically, it is found within water at 8 to 22&nbsp;°C.<ref name="PolovinaHawn2008" /> To better understand the depths ''L. guttatus'' inhabited in the tropical and temperate ocean waters, a study was performed, tagging them in the central North Pacific. Their location was found to be related to a temporal scale, inhabiting depths of 50–100&nbsp;m during the night and 100–400&nbsp;m during the day. The depths of the vertical habitat varied with local oceanogeographic conditions, though the patterns of deeper depths during the day is universal to the species.<ref name="RichardsonLlopiz2010" />
-The endothermy of ''Lampris guttatus'' gives them a major advantage at the depths where they live. Since they are relatively warm-blooded at those depths compared to the water around them, they can move more quickly to hunt [[prey]]. Most [[predators]] at such low depths do not have the energy to be able to move much and therefore must sit and wait for prey to pass them.<ref name="Sciencemag" />
+The endothermy of ''Lampris guttatus'' gives them a major advantage at the depths where they live. Since they are relatively warm-blooded at those depths compared to the water around them, they can move more quickly to hunt [[prey]]. Most [[predator]]s at such low depths do not have the energy to be able to move much and therefore must wait for prey to pass them.<ref name="Sciencemag" />
 ==Behavior==
-The life history and development of ''L. guttatus'' still remains rather uncertain.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oelschläger|first1=Helmut A.|title=Morphologisch-funktionelle Untersuchungen am Geruchsorgan von ''Lampris guttatus'' (Brünnich 1788) (Teleostei: Allotriognathi)|journal=[[Zoomorphology]]|date=1976|volume=85|issue=2|pages=89–110|doi=10.1007/BF00995406|language=de}}</ref> They are apparently solitary, but are known to school with [[tuna]] and other [[scombridae|scombrids]]. They propel themselves by a lift-based mode of swimming, that is, by flapping their pectoral fins. This, together with their forked caudal fins and depressible median fins, indicates  they swim at constantly high speeds. [[Squid]] and [[krill]] make up the bulk of their diet; small fish are also taken.
+The life history and development of ''L. guttatus'' remains rather uncertain.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oelschläger|first1=Helmut A.|title=Morphologisch-funktionelle Untersuchungen am Geruchsorgan von ''Lampris guttatus'' (Brünnich 1788) (Teleostei: Allotriognathi)|journal=[[Zoomorphology]]|date=1976|volume=85|issue=2|pages=89–110|doi=10.1007/BF00995406|s2cid=36260682 |language=de}}</ref> They are apparently solitary, but are known to school with [[tuna]] and other [[scombridae|scombrids]]. They propel themselves by a [[Fish locomotion#Dynamic lift|lift-based mode of swimming]] using their pectoral fins. This, together with their forked caudal fins and depressible median fins, indicates that they swim at constantly low speeds. They are able to swim at over 25&nbsp;cm/s, and one was even observed reaching 4&nbsp;m/s in a burst of speed.<ref name="PolovinaHawn2008" />
+Like many other large pelagic visual predators, such as swordfish and big-eye tuna, they exhibit vertical behavior.{{explain|date=May 2015}} Based on those caught off the Hawaiian coast, [[squid]] and [[krill]] make up the bulk of their diet, though they also consume small fish. Those caught along the [[Patagonian Shelf]] also showed a narrow range of prey, the most common of which was the deepwater [[Onychoteuthidae|onychotenhid]] squid (''[[Moroteuthis ingens]]'').<ref name="PolovinaHawn2008" />
-They probably spawn in the spring.<ref name=FishBase /> Their [[plankton]]ic larvae lack of dorsal and pelvic fin ornamentation. The slender hatchlings later undergo a marked and rapid transformation from a slender to deep-bodied form; this transformation is complete by 10.6&nbsp;mm standard length.
+They probably spawn in the spring.<ref name=FishBase /> Their [[plankton]]ic larvae lack dorsal and pelvic fins. The slender hatchlings undergo a marked and rapid transformation from a slender to deep-bodied form; this transformation is complete by 10.6&nbsp;mm standard length.
-Like many other large pelagic visual predators, such as swordfish and big-eye tuna, it exhibits vertical behavior. Its speeds have found to be more than 25&nbsp;cm/s, and on one occasion one was witnessed to have a burst of speed of 4&nbsp;m/s.<ref name="PolovinaHawn2008" />
-Based on those caught off the Hawaiian coast, the diet of ''L. guttatus'' appears to be a squid-based. Those caught along the [[Patagonian Shelf]] also showed a narrow range of prey items, the most common of which was the deepwater [[Onychoteuthidae|onychotenhid]] squid (''[[Moroteuthis ingens]]'').<ref name="PolovinaHawn2008" />
 ==References==
@@ Line 69: / Line 72: @@
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category|Lampris guttatus}}
-* [http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id126693/ Biolib]
+* [https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id126693/ Biolib]
 * [http://aquatab.net/system/species/30812/ Aquatab]
-* [http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/opah/species_pages/opah.htm Opah] ''NOAA FishWatch''.
+* [http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/opah/species_pages/opah.htm Opah] – ''NOAA FishWatch''
+* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Opah |volume=20 |page=120|short=1}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q2021864}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Lampris guttatus}}
-[[Category:Animals described in 1788]]
+[[Category:Fish described in 1788]]
 [[Category:Lampridae]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Morten Thrane Brünnich]]