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The [[ethno-linguistic]] composition of the population of [[South Asia]], that is the nations of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]] is highly diverse.<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Geoscheme|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm}}</ref> The majority of the population fall within two large [[linguistic groups]], [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]].<ref>According to https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/region/region_sas.html (retrieved on October 2010), 98% of the population of Bangladesh are Bengali (Indo-Aryan), 72% of the population of India are Indo-Aryan and 25% are Dravidian, 44.68% of the population of Pakistan are Punjabi and 14.1% are Sindhi (two Indo-Aryan populations), and 73.8% of the population of Sri Lanka are Sinhalese (Indo-Aryan). Given the fact that India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka represent a huge mass of population (1 508 851 998) compared to Afghanistan, Buthan, Nepal and the Maldives (58 051 568), the majority of the population of South Asia are Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Moreover, Nepal and Bhutan probably have an important part of their populations which are also Indo-Aryan. Feel free to check.</ref> Indian society is traditionally divided into [[Indian caste system|castes]] or clans, not ethnicities, and these categories have had no official status since independence in 1947, except for the [[scheduled castes and tribes]] which remain registered for the purpose of [[affirmative action]]. In today's [[India]], the population is categorized in terms of the 1,652 [[Languages of India|mother tongues spoken]].
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{{EngvarB|date=August 2024}}
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'''Ethnic groups in South Asia''' are [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] groupings within the diverse populations of [[South Asia]], including the countries of [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="UN">{{cite web|title=UN Geoscheme|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm}}</ref> [[Afghanistan]] is variously considered to be a part of both [[Central Asia]] and South Asia, which means [[Afghans]] are not always included among South Asians, but when they are, South Asia has a total population of about 2.04 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=population.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Danico |first1=Mary Yu |title=Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-8189-6 |page=838 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZleBAAAQBAJ&q=South+asian+americans+Afghanistan&pg=PA838}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race: for reflection and debate|first=Raj|last=Bhopal|journal=Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health|volume=58|issue=6|pages=441–445|year=2004|doi=10.1136/jech.2003.013466|pmc=1732794|pmid=15143107}}</ref><ref name=BSA>{{cite web|url=http://www.britsoc.co.uk/media/25564/EqualityandDiversity_LanguageandtheBSA_RaceMar05.doc?1429559280759|title=Language and the BSA: Ethnicity & Race|publisher=British Sociological Association|date=March 2005|access-date=27 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143029/http://www.britsoc.co.uk/media/25564/EqualityandDiversity_LanguageandtheBSA_RaceMar05.doc?1429559280759|archive-date=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarwal |first1=Amit |title=Bridging Imaginations: South Asian Diaspora in Australia |date=2012 |publisher=Readworthy Publications |isbn=978-81-935345-4-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt99DwAAQBAJ&q=South+asian+diaspora |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lindsay2001">{{cite journal |last=Lindsay |first= olin |date=2001 |title=The South Asian Community |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007006-eng.pdf |journal=Profiles of Ethnic Communities in Canada |location=Ottawa |publisher=Statistics Canada | access-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623200352/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007006-eng.pdf| archive-date=23 June 2013}}</ref><ref> https://study.com/academy/lesson/asian-ethnic-groups.html "South Asia is home to the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka."</ref><ref> https://minorityrights.org/minorities/south-asians/ "In the UK the term South Asian usually refers to people from the Indian subcontinent."</ref><ref>https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055159 "Individuals of South Asian (Bangladeshi, Bhutanese, Indian, Maldivian, Nepalese, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan) ancestry account for almost a quarter of the world’s population, and the South Asian diaspora is one of the largest and most widespread across the globe."</ref>
[[File:South Asian Language Families.jpg|thumb|South Asian Language Families]]
These groups are further subdivided into numerous sub-groups, castes and tribes. Indo-Aryans form the predominant ethno-linguistic group in [[North India|Northern India]], Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Dravidians form the predominant ethno-linguistic group in [[South India|southern India]] and the northern and eastern regions of Sri Lanka, and a small pocket in Pakistan. Certain [[Iranian peoples|Iranian speaking peoples]] also have a significant presence in South Asia, the large majority of whom are located in Pakistan, with heavy concentrations in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]. [[Dardic people]]s form a minority among the Indo-Aryans. They are classified as belonging to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] group,<ref>G. Morgenstierne Irano-Dardica. Wiesbaden 1973; Morgenstierne, G. Indo-Iranian frontier languages. ([[Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture|Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning]]. Publ. ser. B: Skrifter, no. 11, 35, 40) Oslo: H. Aschehoug, 1929 sqq, reprint Oslo 1973,C. Masica The Indo-Aryan languages, New York 1991, p. 21; R.L. Trail and G.R. Cooper, Kalasha Dictionary, Islamabad & High Wycombe 1999 p. xi; The Indo-Aryan languages, edited by George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain. London, New York : Routledge, 2003</ref> though sometimes they are also classified as external to the Indo-Aryan branch.<ref>G.A. Grierson, The Pisaca Languages of North-Western India,Asiatic Society, London, 1906, repr. Delhi 1969, p. 4-6; still repeated in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, János Harmatta, Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ, Clifford, 1999</ref> They are found in northern Pakistan ([[Northern Areas]] and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) and in [[Jammu and Kashmir]], India.


The majority of the population fall within three large [[language family|linguistic groups]]: [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]], [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]], and [[Iranic peoples|Iranic]]. These groups are also further subdivided into numerous sub-groups, castes and tribes. Indo-Aryans form the predominant ethnolinguistic group in India ([[North India]], [[East India]], [[West India]], and [[Central India]]), Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chitta |first=Sridhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fR1YEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173 |title=The Knowledge in the Vedas |date=7 January 2022 |publisher=StoryMirror Infotech Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-92661-61-7 |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref> Dravidians form the predominant ethnolinguistic group in [[South India|southern India]], the northern and eastern regions of Sri Lanka and a small pocket of Pakistan.<ref name="SwanSmith2001">{{cite book |last1=Swan |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UIuWj9fQfQC&pg=PA227 |title=Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems |last2=Smith |first2=Bernard |date=26 April 2001 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-77939-5 |page=227 |author-link1=Michael Swan (writer) |author-link2=Bernard Smith (art historian) |access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> The [[Iranic peoples]] also have a significant presence in South Asia, the large majority of whom are located in Afghanistan and the northwestern and western parts of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kachru |first1=Braj B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA34 |title=Language in South Asia |last2=Kachru |first2=Yamuna |last3=Sridhar |first3=S. N. |date=27 March 2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 |pages=34}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Pakistan |date=24 January 2024|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref>
Minority groups not falling within either large group mostly speak languages belonging to the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language families, and mostly live around [[Ladakh]] and [[Northeast India]], Nepal, Bhutan, and the [[Chittagong Division]] of Bangladesh. The [[Andamanese]] (Sentinel, Onge, Jarawa, Great Andamanese) live on some of the Andaman Islands and speak a language isolate, as do the [[Kusunda people|Kusunda]] in central Nepal,<ref>D.E. Watters, ''Notes on Kusunda (a language isolate of Nepal)'', Kathmandu 2005</ref> the [[Vedda people|Vedda]] in Sri Lanka, and the [[Nihali]] of central India, who number about 5000 people. The people of the [[Hunza valley]] in Pakistan are another distinct population. They speak [[Burushaski]], a language isolate.


Minority groups not falling within either large group mostly speak languages belonging to the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language families, and largely live around [[Ladakh]] and [[Northeast India]], Nepal, Bhutan, and the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] of Bangladesh. The [[Andamanese]] (Sentinel, Onge, Jarawa, and Great Andamanese) live in some of the Andaman Islands and speak a [[language isolate]], as do the [[Kusunda people|Kusunda]] in central Nepal,<ref>D.E. Watters, ''Notes on Kusunda (a language isolate of Nepal)'', Kathmandu 2005</ref> the [[Vedda people|Vedda]] in Sri Lanka, and the [[Nihali]] of Central India, who number about 5,000 people. The people of the [[Hunza Valley]] in Pakistan are another distinct population; they speak [[Burushaski]], a language isolate.
The traditions of different ethnic groups in South Asia have diverged, influenced by external cultures, especially in the northwestern parts of South Asia (where [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranian peoples]] have had much influence) and in the border regions and busy ports, where there are greater levels of contact with external cultures. This is particularly true for many ethnic groups in the [[North-East India|northeastern parts]] of South Asia who are ethnically and culturally related to peoples of the [[Far East]]. The largest ethno-linguistic group in South Asia are the Indo-Aryans, numbering around 1 billion, and the largest sub-group are the native speakers of [[Hindi languages]], numbering more than 470 million.


The traditions of different ethnic groups in South Asia have diverged, influenced by external cultures, especially in the [[Northwestern South Asia|northwestern parts]] of South Asia and also in the border regions and busy ports, where there are greater levels of contact with external cultures. There is also a lot of genetic diversity within the region. For example, most of the ethnic groups of the [[Northeast India|northeastern parts]] of South Asia are genetically related to peoples of [[East Asia|East]] or [[Southeast Asia]]. There are also genetically isolated groups who have not been genetically influenced by other groups, such as the [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa people]] of the [[Andaman Islands]]. The largest ethnolinguistic group in South Asia are the Indo-Aryans, numbering around 1 billion, and the largest subgroup are the native speakers of [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Hindi languages]], numbering more than 470 million.
These groups are based solely on a linguistic basis and not on genetic basis.

Genetically all south Asians are a mixture of Australasian and Indo-European genetics.
These groups are based solely on a linguistic basis and not on a genetic basis.


==List of ethnic groups on the basis of language==
==List of ethnic groups on the basis of language==
[[File:South Asian Language Families.jpg|thumb|South Asian language families]]


===Indo-Aryan===
===Andamanese groups===
{{Main|Andamanese peoples}}
People who speak an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]].
*[[Great Andamanese]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Image:Indoarische Sprachen.png|thumb|200px|The extent of Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent]]
*[[Jangil]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*[[Jarawa (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*[[Onge people|Onge]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*[[Sentinelese people|Sentinelese]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]


===Austroasiatic people===
Most of the North Indian population is of partial Indo-Aryan descent. The Ra1a1 gene haplotype is found in at least 50% of the populations from North/East India to Central Asia and Eastern Europe.
{{Main|Austroasiatic peoples of South Asia}}
* [[Assamese people]] (i.e. the [[Assamese language|Assamese]] speakers of the [[Brahmaputra]] valley, not to be confused with the multi-ethnic [[people of Assam]])<ref>{{cite book
*[[Khasi people]]
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=p9PkFF3uq_8C&pg=PA5 |title=Fragmented Memories
**[[Pnar people|Pnar/Jaintia]]
|author=Yasmin Saikia|isbn=0822333732
*[[Munda peoples]]
|date=2004-11-09
**[[Bhumij people]]
}}</ref>
**[[Bonda people]]
* [[Awadhi]] people
* [[Bengali people]]
**[[Ho people]]
*[[Maithil]] ([[Nepali people|Nepalese descents]])
**[[Juang people]]
*[[Bihari people]]
**[[Kharia people]]
** [[Mahuri]]
**[[Korku people]]
** [[Bhumihar|Bhumihar people]]
**[[Mahle people]]
* [[Dhivehi people]]
**[[Munda people]]
* [[Gujarati people]]
**[[Santali people]]
* [[Saurashtra people]]
**[[Sora people]]
* [[Hindkowans]]
*[[Nicobarese people]]
* [[Konkani]]
*[[Shompen people]]
* [[Marathi people]]
* [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir people]]
** [[Bihari Muslim]]
* [[Oriya people]]
* [[Paharis]]
** [[Dogra people]]
** [[Garhwali people]]
** [[Nepalese people]] or [[Gurkha]]
*** [[Bahun]]
*** [[Chhetri]]
*** [[Damai]]
*** [[Kami]]
*** [[Saarki]]
*** [[Khas]]
** [[Kumauni People]] or [[Kumaoni people]]
* [[Punjabi people]]
** [[Khatri people]]
** [[Arora]]
** [[Gujjar]]
** [[Jatt people]]
** [[Kamboj|Kamboj/Kamboh]]
** [[Punjabi Rajput]]
* [[Rajasthanis]]
** [[Marwaris]]
** [[Jat people]]
** [[Rajput]]
** [[Meena]]s
** [[Gujjar]]
** [[Ahir]]s
* [[Seraikis]]
* [[Sinhalese people]]
* [[Sindhi people]]
* [[Tharu people]] [[Nepalis|(Nepali)]]


===Iranian peoples===
===Austronesian people===
*[[Pashtun people]]
*[[Sri Lankan Malays]]
*[[Baloch people]]
*[[Urak Lawoi]]
*[[Parsi|Parsi people]]
*[[Moken]]

===Dardic peoples===
The [[Dardic languages]] are largely seen as Indo-Aryan, but are sometimes seen as a separate [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch.
*[[Nuristani people]]
*[[Chitrali people]]
*[[Shina people]]
*[[Kashmiri people]]


===Dravidian peoples ===
=== Dravidian people ===
{{Main|Dravidian peoples}}
*[[Badagas]]
*[[Badagas]]
*[[Beary]]
*[[Bhil]]
*[[Bonda people|Bonda]]
*[[Brahui people]]
*[[Brahui people]]
*[[Kondha|Dongria Kondha]]
*[[Kondha|Dongria Kondha]]
Line 92: Line 58:
*[[Khonds]]
*[[Khonds]]
*[[Kodava people|Kodava]]
*[[Kodava people|Kodava]]
*[[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] (Oraon)
*[[Kurukh people|Kurukh/Oraon]]
*[[Malayali]]
*Malayalis
**[[Cochin Jews]]
*[[Malto people]]
*[[Sauria Paharia people]]
**[[Mappila]]s Muslims of North Kerala comprising two groups
***a group which has partial Persian/Arab ancestry through traders but speaks Dravidian language Malayalam
***a group which includes converts to Islam from north Kerala native Hindus
**[[Muslims of South Kerala]] which includes converts from native Hindus
**[[Malayalis|Native Hindu]]s
**[[Syrian Malabar Nasrani]]
* [[Malto people]]
*[[Tamil people]]
*[[Tamil people]]
**[[Tamil people|Indian Tamils]]
**[[Tamil people|Indian Tamils]]
Line 108: Line 68:
*[[Telugu people]]
*[[Telugu people]]
*[[Toda people]]
*[[Toda people]]
*[[Tuluvas]]
*[[Tulu people]]


===Austroasiatic peoples===
===Indo-Aryan people===
*[[Munda peoples]]
{{Main|Indo-Aryan peoples}}
[[Image:Major Indo-Aryan languages.png|thumb|200px|The extent of Indo-Aryan languages in South Asia]]
**[[Juang people]]
*[[Assamese people]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9PkFF3uq_8C&pg=PA5 |title=Fragmented Memories|author=[[Yasmin Saikia]]|isbn=0822333732|date=9 November 2004
**[[Kharia people]]
|publisher=Duke University Press}}</ref>
**[[Korku people]]
**[[Munda people]]
*[[Awadhi people]]
**[[Santali people]]
*[[Banjara|Banjara people]]
**[[Sora language|Sora]]
*[[Bhojpuri people]]
*[[Khasi people]]
*[[Bengalis|Bengali people]]
*[[Nicobarese people]]
*[[Bhil people]]
*[[Brokpa people]]
*[[Chitrali people]]
*[[Chittagonian people]]
*[[Deccani Muslims|Deccani people]]
*[[Dhivehi people]]
*[[Dogra people]]
*[[Garhwali people]]
*[[Gujarati people]]
*[[Haryanvi people]]
*[[Hazarawal people|Hazarewal/Hindkowans]]
*[[Indus Kohistani people]]
*[[Kalash people]]
*[[Kamrupi people]]
*[[Kashmiri people]]
*[[Khas people]]
*[[Kho people]]
*[[Konkani people]]
*[[Kumaoni people]]
*[[Kutchi people]]
*[[Maithili people]]
*[[Maldivians|Maldivian people]]
*[[Marathi people]]
*[[Magahi people]]
*[[Meena|Meena people]]
*[[Nagpuria people]]
*[[Odia people]]
*[[Pahari people (Kashmir)]]
*[[Pahari people (Nepal)]]
*[[Parsi people]]
*[[Punjabi people]]
*[[Rajbongshi people]]
*[[Rajasthani people]]
**[[Marwaris]]
*[[Rohingya people]]
*[[Sindhi people]]
**[[Memons]]
*[[Saraiki people]]
*[[Saurashtra people]]
*[[Sinhalese people]]
*[[Shina people]]
*[[Sylheti people]]
*[[Tirahi|Tirahi people]]
*[[Tharu people]]
*[[Torwali people]]


===Tibeto-Burman peoples===
===Iranic people===
*[[Baloch people]]
[[Image:Sino-Tibetan languages.png|thumb|200px|{{color box|#FF3300}}: [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] <br/>
*[[Hazara people]]
{{color box|#00FF00}}: [[Indo-European languages]]<br/>
*[[Irani (India)|Irani people]]
{{color box|#66FFCC}}: [[Dravidian languages]]<br/>
*[[Pashtun people]]
{{color box|#66CC00}}: [[Altaic Languages]]<br/>
**[[Rohilla|Rohilla people]]
{{color box|#D9D6D4}}: 3 groups - [[Japanese language|Japonic]] (possibly [[Altaic]]), [[Korean language|Koreanic]], (possibly Altaic), and [[Indochina|Indochinese]] languages<br/>
*[[Tajiks of Pakistan]]
{{color box|#F9B3C1}}: [[Austronesian languages]]<br/>
*[[Wakhi people]]
{{color box|#FF647C}}: [[Austroasiatic languages]]
*[[Yidgha-Munji people]]
]]


===Nuristani people===
*Ethnic [[Assamese people|Assamese]] (people of Tibeto-Burman pure and mixed ancestry speaking [[Assamese language|Assamese]] as their [[Mother tongue]])
{{Main|Nuristani peoples}}
*[[Tibetans]] and [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan-speaking]] speaking peoples
**[[Kuki people]]
*[[Nuristani people]]
**[[Nepalese people]] or [[Gurkha]]
**[[Kata people]]
**[[Kom people (Afghanistan)|Kom people]]
***[[Bhutias]]
***[[Bhotiyas]]
**[[Mumo|Mumo people]]

***[[Sherpas]]
===Semitic people===
*[[Arabs]] or [[Jews]] and mixed
**[[Arab (Gujarat)|Arabs in Gujarat]]
**[[Sri Lankan Moors]] (trace ancestry to Arab traders who settled in Sri Lanka and native Tamil women)
**[[Iraqi biradri]] - a community of Muslims in north India (trace ancestry from Arab tribe of [[Bani Tamim]])
**[[Labbay]] Arab traders who settled in South India
**[[Konkani Muslims]] trace their ancestry to Arab traders.
**[[Mappila Muslims]] trace their ancestry to Arab traders.
**[[Chaush]] trace ancestors to traders from [[Yemen]].
**[[Syrian Malabar Nasranis | Nasrani Mapilla]] who trace their origins to Jewish traders
**[[Knanaya]] Syriac Christians who trace their origins to Mesopotamia
**[[Thangal]]
*[[Indian Jews]]
**[[Cochin Jews]] (Malayali Jews)
**[[Bene Israel]] (Marathi Jews)
**[[Baghdadi Jews]] ([[Arab Jews]] in [[Bengal]])
**[[Bnei Menashe]] ([[Mizo people|Mizo]] and [[Kuki peoples|Kuki]] Jews)
**[[Bene Ephraim]] (Telugu Jews)
**[[Paradesi Jews]] ([[European Jews]] in India)

===Tai people===
*[[Ahom people]]
*[[Tai Aiton people|Tai Aiton]]
*[[Tai Phake people|Tai Phake]] or Tai Phakial

===Tibeto-Burman people===
*[[Bodo–Kachari people]]
**[[Bodo people|Bodo]]
**[[Dimasa people|Dimasa]]
**[[Garo people|Garo]]
**[[Hajong people|Hajong]]
**[[Sonowal Kacharis|Sonowal]]
**[[Sutiya people|Sutiya]]
*[[Chakma people]]
*[[Chepang people|Chepang]]
*[[Gurung]]
*[[Khowa people|Khowa]]
*[[Kirati people]]
**[[Rai (ethnic group)|Rai]]
**[[Limbu people|Limbu]]
**[[Yakkha people|Yakkha]]
**[[Sunuwar people|Sunuwar]]
**[[Jirel people|Jirel]]
**[[Hayu people|Hayu]]
**[[Dhimal]]
*[[Lepcha people]]
*[[Magar people]]
*[[Memba]]
*[[Meitei people]] ([[Manipuri people]])
*[[Naga people]]
**[[Anāl people]]
**[[Angami Naga]]
***[[Southern Angami]]
**[[Ao Naga]]
**[[Chakhesang Naga]]
**[[Chang Naga]]
**[[Chiru Naga]]
**[[Chothe people]]
**[[Khiamniungan people|Khiamniungan Naga]]
**[[Konyak Naga]]
**[[Lainong Naga]]
**[[Lamkang people]]
**[[Lotha Naga]]
**[[Mao people]]
**[[Maram people]]
**[[Maring people]]
**[[Monsang people]]
**[[Moyon Naga people|Moyon Naga]]
**[[Nocte people|Nocte Naga]]
**[[Para Naga]]
**[[Poumai people]]
**[[Phom Naga]]
**[[Pochury Naga]]
**[[Rengma Naga]]
**[[Sangtam Naga]]
**[[Sümi Naga]]
**[[Tangkhul people]]
**[[Tangsa Naga]]
**[[Tarao people]]
**[[Thangal people]]
**[[Tikhir Naga]]
**[[Tutsa Naga]]
**[[Wancho Naga]]
**[[Yimkhiung Naga]]
***[[Chirr Naga]]
***[[Makury Naga]]
**[[Zeliangrong]]
***[[Inpui people]]
***[[Liangmai people]]
***[[Rongmei people]]
***[[Zeme people|Zeme Naga]]
*[[Newar people]]
*[[Nishi (tribe)|Nishi]]
*[[Tamang people|Tamang]]
*[[Thakali people|Thakali]]
*[[Tibetans]] and [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan-speaking]] peoples
**[[Ladakh#Demographics|Tibetan Ladakhis]]
**[[Ladakh#Demographics|Tibetan Ladakhis]]
**[[Uttarakhandi Bhotiya]]
**[[Sikkimese people]]
***[[Bhutia]]s
**[[Monpa people|Monpa]]
**[[Monpa people|Monpa]]
***[[Takpa]]
***[[Takpa]]
***[[Tshangla]]
***[[Tshangla]]
**[[Sherpas]]
**[[Bhotiya]]s
**[[Sherdukpen]]
**[[Sherdukpen]]
**[[Aka (tribe)|Aka]]
**[[Aka (tribe)|Aka]]
**[[Miji people|Miji]]
**[[Miji people|Miji]]
**[[Tibetan Muslim]]
**[[Tibetan Muslim]]
***[[Burig]]
***[[Purigpa|Burig]]
***[[Baltis]]
***[[Balti people|Baltis]]
*[[Bodo-Kachari people]]
*[[Tripuri people|Tripuri]]
*[[Chakma people|Chakma]]

*[[Nepalese people]] or [[Gurkha]]
**[[Chepang people|Chepang]]
**[[Gurung]]
**[[Kirat people]]
*** [[Rai (ethnic group)|Rai]]
*** [[Limbu people|Limbu]]
*** [[Yakkha]]
**[[Lepcha people]]
**[[Magar people]]
**[[Newar people]]
**[[Tamang]]
**[[Thakali]]
*[[Meitei people|Manipuri]] or [[Meithei people]]
*[[Naga people]]
*[[Karbi people]] or [[Mikir]]
*[[Karbi people]] or [[Mikir]]
*[[Thami]]
*[[Thami]]
*[[Tripuris]]
*[[Zo people]]
*[[Memba]]
**[[Bawm people]]
*[[Khowa]]
**[[Chin people|Chin]]
*[[Nishi (tribe)|Nishi]]
**[[Kuki people|Kuki]]
***[[Halam tribe|Halam]]
***[[Hrangkhol people|Hrangkhol]]
**[[Mizo people|Mizo]]


===Turko-Mongol peoples===
===Turkic people===
*[[Turks in India|Turkish Indian]]
*[[Turks in India]]
*[[Rowther]] are alleged descendants of [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]] in [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian tradition]]. They have since become the tradition of Turko-Indian in 12th Century.
*[[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal (Moghul)]] (A great [[Sunni]] [[Islamic]] dynasty of Asia which originated in Central Asia)
*[[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal (Moghul)]] (A [[Sunni]] [[Islamic]] dynasty of Asia which originated in Central Asia)
**[[Chughtai]] [[Tartars]] (Those people who originated in [[Uzbekistan]] and fought for [[Chagatai Khan]] who was son of [[Genghis Khan]]).
**[[Chughtai]] [[Tartars]] (Those people who originated in [[Uzbekistan]] and fought for [[Chagatai Khan]] who was son of [[Genghis Khan]]).
**[[Barlas]] (A great Turkic Tribe to which [[Babur]] belonged)
**[[Barlas]] (A [[Turkification|Turkified]] Mongol tribe to which [[Babur]] belonged)
**[[Qizilbash]]
**[[Changezi]] (Those who were in army of [[Hulagu Khan]])
**[[Changezi]] (Those who were in army of [[Hulagu Khan]])
*[[Turkic people in Pakistan]]
*[[Hazaras]] (Turko-Mongol origins, but Iranic language)
**[[Kyrgyz in Pakistan]]
*possibly [[Hunza people|Hunza]] (may be related to [[Yenisei]] Siberians{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}})
**[[Turkmen in Pakistan]]
**[[Uyghurs in Pakistan]]
**[[Uzbeks in Pakistan]]


=== Afro-Asian groups ===
===Austronesian peoples===
{{Main|Afro-Asians in South Asia}}
*[[Sri Lankan Malays]]
*[[Chaush]]
*[[Sheedi|Sheedis/Siddis]], an ethnic community of [[Black African]] descent, found primarily in Pakistan, Gujarat, and Karnataka.
*[[Sri Lanka Kaffir people|Sri Lanka Kaffirs]]


===Semitic peoples===
===European and Eurasian people===
*[[Arabs]] or mixed Arab and Indo-Aryan or Dravidian
**[[Arab (Gujarat)|Arabs in Gujarat]]
**[[Konkani Muslims]] (trace ancestry to Arab traders on the west coast of India)
**[[Mappila]] (( Muslims of Malabar(North Kerala)- ancestry to Southern Arab people or Persian traders who intermarried Nair/ Menon /Nambiar (upper class descents) or Thiyya /Mukkuva(lower class descents) of Hindu community of North Kerala))
**[[Sri Lankan Moors]] ( trace ancestry to Arab traders who settled in Sri Lanka)
**[[Muhajirs (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]]
**[[Iraqi biradri]] A community of Muslims in north India
**[[Deccan]] A community of Muslims in Southern and Northern parts of the [[Deccan Plateau]] such as [[Hyderabadi Muslims]]
**[[Labbay]] Arab traders who settled in South India (trace ancestry back to [[Egypt]]ian traders)
**[[Memons]] Possibly the earliest Muslims to arrive in India,(trace ancestry to [[Syrians]] who came with [[Muhammad Bin Qasim]]) during
**[[Rowther]] Muslims of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] who descended from Turkish traders and soldiers from
the expedition of [[Sindh]].
**[[Boras]] Trace ancestors to Arab traders and Merchants.
**[[Chaush]] Trace ancestors to traders from [[Yemen]]
**[[Punjabi Shaikh]]s [[Dawah]] workers that arrived in India
*[[Indian Jews]]
**[[Cochin Jews]] (Malayali Jews)
**[[Bene Israel]] (Marathi Jews)
**[[Baghdadi Jews]] ([[Arab Jews]] in [[Bengal]])
**[[Bnei Menashe]] ([[Mizo people|Mizo]] and [[Kuki peoples|Kuki]] Jews)
**[[Bene Ephraim]] (Telugu Jews)
** [[Syrian Malabar Nasranis]] are descendents of both Hindu and Jewish converts to Christianity
**[[Knanaya]](a sub-group of [[Syrian Malabar Nasranis]])
**[[Paradesi Jews]] ([[European Jews]] in India)

===Tai peoples===
*[[Ahom people]]
*[[Tai Aiton people|Tai Aiton]]
*[[Tai Khampti]]
*[[Tai Phake people|Tai Phake]] or Tai Phakial
*[[Tai Turung]]
*[[Tai Khamyang]]

===European and Eurasian peoples===
*[[Anglo-Burmese]]
*[[Anglo-Burmese]]
*[[Anglo-Indian]]
*[[Anglo-Indian]]
*[[Armenians in Bangladesh|Bangladeshi-Armenians]]
*[[Burgher people]]
*[[Burgher people]]
*[[French people in India|French-Indian]]
*[[Luso-Indian]]


===Afro-Asian===
===East Asian people===
====Chinese====
*[[Siddi|African Pakistani]]
*[[Chinese people in Bangladesh|Bangladeshi Chinese]]
*[[Sheedi|Sheedis/Siddis]], an ethnic community of [[Black African]] descent
*[[Chinese community in India|Indian Chinese]]
*[[Siddi]]
*[[Chinese people in Pakistan|Pakistani Chinese]]
*[[Siddis of Karnataka]], an ethnic community of [[Black African]] descent
*[[Sri Lanka Kaffir people|Sri Lanka Kaffirs]]
*[[Chinese people in Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Chinese]]

===Andamanese and Nicobarese Groups===
*[[Great Andamanese]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*[[Jangil]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*[[Jarawa (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*[[Onge people|Onge]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*[[Sentinelese people|Sentinelese]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]


===Linguistically isolate groups===
===Linguistic isolate groups===
* [[Hunza people]]
* [[Hunza people]]
* [[Kusunda people|Kusunda]]
* [[Kusunda people|Kusunda]]
* [[Kalto people|Nahali]] ([[Kalto]])
* [[Nihali language|Nahali]]
* [[Vedda people|Vedda]]
* [[Vedda people|Vedda]]


==Diaspora==
==Diaspora==
{{Main|South Asian diaspora}}
Many South Asian ethnic groups and nationalities have substantial diasporas outside of South Asia.
Many South Asian ethnic groups and nationalities have substantial diasporas.
*South Asian American
*[[South Asian American]]
**[[Bangladeshi American]]
**[[Bangladeshi American]]
**[[Bengali American]]
**[[Gujarati Americans|Gujarati American]]
**[[Indian American]]
**[[Indian American]]
**[[Indo-Caribbean American]]
***[[Indo-Caribbean American]]
***[[Indo-Fijian#Diaspora|Indo-Fijian American]]
**[[Nepalese American]]
**[[Nepalese American]]
**[[Afghan Americans]]
**[[Bhutanese Americans]]
**[[Maldivian Americans]]
**[[Pakistani American]]
**[[Pakistani American]]
**[[Punjabi American]]
**[[Sindhi Americans|Sindhi American]]
**[[Sri Lankan American]]
**[[Sri Lankan American]]
**[[Tamil American]]
**[[Tamil American]]
**[[Telugu Americans|Telugu American]]
*[[South Asian Canadian (disambiguation)|South Asian Canadian]]
*[[South Asian Canadian]]
**[[Bangladeshi Canadian]]
**[[Indo-Canadian]]
**[[Indo-Canadian]]
**[[Pakistani Canadian]]
**[[Nepalese Canadian]]
**[[Nepalese Canadian]]
**[[Pakistani Canadian]]
**[[Afghan Canadian]]
**[[Sri Lankan Canadian]]
**[[Sri Lankan Canadian]]
**[[Tamil Canadian]]
**[[Tamil Canadian]]
**[[Bangladeshi Canadian]]
*[[British South Asian]]
*[[British Asian]]
**[[British Bangladeshi]]
**[[British Indian]]
**[[British Indian]]
**[[British Pakistani]]
***[[British Indo-Caribbean people]]
**[[British Nepalese]]
**[[British Nepalese]]
**[[British Bangladeshi]]
**[[British Pakistani]]
**[[British Afghans]]
**[[British Tamil]]
**[[British Tamil]]
**[[Sri Lankans in the United Kingdom]]
**[[Sri Lankans in the United Kingdom]]
**[[British Indo-Caribbean community]]
**[[Mauritians in the United Kingdom]]
**[[Mauritians in the United Kingdom]]
**[[Asian-Scots]]
**[[Asian-Scots]]
*[[South Asian Australian]]
*[[South Asian Australian]]
**[[Bangladeshi Australian]]
**[[Indian Australian]]
**[[Indian Australian]]
**[[Pakistani Australian]]
**[[Nepalese Australian]]
**[[Nepalese Australian]]
**[[Pakistani Australian]]
**[[Sri Lankan Australian]]
**[[Sri Lankan Australian]]
*[[Indian New Zealanders]]
**[[Bangladeshi Australian]]
*[[Indo Kiwi]]
*[[Indians in Singapore]]
*[[Nepalis in Singapore]]
*[[Malaysian Indian]]
*[[Malaysian Indian]]
**[[Tamil Malaysians]]
**[[Tamil Malaysians]]
**[[Chitty]]
**[[Chitty]]
*[[Indians in Singapore]]
*[[Nepalis in Singapore]]
*[[Nepalese people in Malaysia]]
*[[Nepalese people in Malaysia]]
*[[Indian Indonesian]]
*[[Indian Indonesian]]
Line 288: Line 360:
**[[Bihari Mauritian]]
**[[Bihari Mauritian]]
*[[Indo-Caribbean]]
*[[Indo-Caribbean]]
**[[Indo-Trinidadian]]
**[[Indians in Barbados]]
**[[Indians in Belize]]
**[[Indians in the Dominican Republic]]
**[[Indians in French Guiana]]
**[[Indo-Grenadians]]
**[[Indians in Guadeloupe]]
**[[Indo-Guyanese]]
**[[Indo-Haitians]]
**[[Indo-Jamaican]]
**[[Indo-Jamaican]]
**[[Indo-Martiniquais]]
**[[Indo-Saint Lucian]]
**[[Indo-Surinamese]]
**[[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]
**[[Indo-Vincentian]]
*Indians in South America
**[[Indians in Argentina]]
**[[Indians in Brazil]]
**[[Indians in Panama]]
**[[Indians in Venezuela]]
*[[Burmese Indians]]
*[[Burmese Indians]]
*[[South Asians in Hong Kong]]
*[[South Asians in Hong Kong]]
*[[South Asians in the Philippines]]
*[[South Asians in the Philippines]]
*[[South Asians in the Netherlands]]
*[[Indians in Germany]]
*[[Indians in Germany]]
*[[Nepalis in Germany]]
*[[Nepalis in Germany]]
*[[Indian South Africans]]
*[[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa]]
**[[Tamil South Africans]]
**[[Indian South Africans]]
*[[Indians in Botswana]]
***[[Tamil South Africans]]
*[[Indians in Kenya]]
**[[Indians in Botswana]]
*[[Indians in Madagascar]]
**[[Indians in Kenya]]
**[[Indians in Madagascar]]
*[[Indo-Mauritian]]
**[[Indo-Mauritian]]
*[[Indians in Mozambique]]
***[[Bihari Mauritian]]
*[[Indo-Réunionnaise]]
**[[Indians in Mozambique]]
*[[Indo-Seychellois]]
**[[Indo-Réunionnaise]]
*[[Indians in Tanzania]]
*[[Indians in Uganda]]
**[[Indo-Seychellois]]
*[[Indians in Zambia]]
**[[Indians in Tanzania]]
*[[Indians in Zimbabwe]]
**[[Indians in Uganda]]
**[[Indians in Zambia]]
**[[Indians in Zimbabwe]]
*[[Indians in Iran]]
*[[Indians in Iran]]
*[[Indians in Thailand]]
*[[Indians in Thailand]]
*[[Indians in the United Arab Emirates]]
*[[Indians in the United Arab Emirates]]
*[[Indians in Vietnam]]
*[[Indians in Vietnam]]
*[[Indians in Barbados]]
*[[Indians in Belize]]
*[[Indo-Guyanese]]
*[[Indo-Grenadians]]
*[[Indians in Guadeloupe]]
*[[Indians in Panama]]
*[[Indians in Panama]]
*[[Indians in Belgium]]
*[[Indian diaspora in France]]
*[[Indian diaspora in France]]
*[[Indians in Israel]]
*[[Indians in Israel]]
Line 324: Line 410:
*[[Indians in Portugal]]
*[[Indians in Portugal]]
*[[Indian community in Spain]]
*[[Indian community in Spain]]
*[[Indo-Surinamese]]
*[[Indians in Fiji|Indo-Fijian]]
**[[South Indians in Fiji]]
*[[Indo-Fijian]]
*[[Lhotshampa]]
*[[Indians in New Caledonia]]
*[[Mahajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir people]]


See also [[Punjabi diaspora]], [[Bangladeshi diaspora]], [[Tamil diaspora]], [[Pakistani diaspora]], [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]], [[Non Resident Nepali|Nepalese diaspora]] and [[Indian diaspora]].
See also [[Bangladeshi diaspora]], [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]], [[Non Resident Nepali|Nepalese diaspora]], [[Pakistani diaspora]], [[Afghan diaspora]], and .


=== Ethnolinguistic diasporas ===
* [[Bengali diaspora]]
* [[Bihari diaspora]]
* [[Gujarati diaspora]]
* [[Kashmiri diaspora]]
* [[Malayali diaspora]]
* [[Maharashtra Mandal|Marathi diaspora]]
* [[Mizo diaspora]]
* [[Odia diaspora]]
* [[Punjabi diaspora]]
* [[Sindhi diaspora]]
* [[Tamil diaspora]]
** [[Puducherry diaspora]]
** [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]]
** [[Tamil Nadu diaspora]]
* [[Telugu diaspora]]
* [[Sindhi diaspora]]
* [[South Indian diaspora]]

=== Other diasporas ===
Two (or possibly three) other people groups have ethnic and linguistic ties with the region:
Two (or possibly three) other people groups have ethnic and linguistic ties with the region:

*[[Dom people]]
*[[Dom people]]
*[[Romani people]]
*[[Romani people]]
Line 337: Line 443:


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Immigration to Bangladesh]]
*[[Immigration to India]]
*[[Languages of South Asia]]
*[[Languages of South Asia]]
*[[Languages of Bangladesh]]
*[[Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia]]
*[[Languages of Bhutan]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups in South Asian populations]]
*[[Historical definitions of races in India]]
*[[Languages of India]]
*[[Languages of India]]
*[[Maldives#Languages|Languages of Maldives]]
*[[Languages of Nepal]]
*[[Languages of Nepal]]
*[[Languages of Pakistan]]
*[[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes]]
*[[Indian diaspora]]
*[[Languages of Sri Lanka]]
*[[List of indigenous peoples#South Asia|List of indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
*[[Non Resident Nepali|Nepalese Diaspora]]
*[[List of Scheduled Tribes in India]]
*[[Pakistani diaspora]]
*[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]
*[[South Asian diaspora]]
*[[Desi]]
*[[Desi]]
*[[Languages of Nepal]]
*[[Languages of Pakistan]]
*[[Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
*[[Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
*[[Nepalese people]]
*[[Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
*[[Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia]]
*[[Assamese people]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia]]
*[[Sikkimese people]]


'''National demographics:'''
'''National demographics:'''
*[[Demographics of Afghanistan]]
*[[Demographics of Bangladesh]]
*[[Demographics of Bangladesh]]
*[[Demographics of Bhutan]]
*[[Demographics of Bhutan]]
*[[Demographics of India]]
*[[Demographics of India]]
*[[Demographics of Maldives]]
*[[Demographics of the Maldives]]
*[[Demographics of Burma]]
*[[Demographics of Nepal]]
*[[Demographics of Nepal]]
*[[Demographics of Pakistan]]
*[[Demographics of Pakistan]]
Line 368: Line 474:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
16. Vij SB, Webb ML. Culturally competent occupational therapy practice for South Asians in the United States of America: A narrative review. Indian J Occup Ther 2022;54:4-9.


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat inline|Ethnic groups in India}}
{{commons category-inline|Ethnic groups in India}}
{{commonscat inline|Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}
{{commons category-inline|Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}
{{Commons category-inline|Ethnic groups in Nepal}}

{{Ethnicity}}
{{Ethnicity}}{{South Asian topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South Asian Ethnic Groups}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups by region]]

Latest revision as of 17:33, 10 November 2024

Ethnic groups in South Asia are ethnolinguistic groupings within the diverse populations of South Asia, including the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[1] Afghanistan is variously considered to be a part of both Central Asia and South Asia, which means Afghans are not always included among South Asians, but when they are, South Asia has a total population of about 2.04 billion.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

The majority of the population fall within three large linguistic groups: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, and Iranic. These groups are also further subdivided into numerous sub-groups, castes and tribes. Indo-Aryans form the predominant ethnolinguistic group in India (North India, East India, West India, and Central India), Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.[11] Dravidians form the predominant ethnolinguistic group in southern India, the northern and eastern regions of Sri Lanka and a small pocket of Pakistan.[12] The Iranic peoples also have a significant presence in South Asia, the large majority of whom are located in Afghanistan and the northwestern and western parts of Pakistan.[13][14]

Minority groups not falling within either large group mostly speak languages belonging to the Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman language families, and largely live around Ladakh and Northeast India, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. The Andamanese (Sentinel, Onge, Jarawa, and Great Andamanese) live in some of the Andaman Islands and speak a language isolate, as do the Kusunda in central Nepal,[15] the Vedda in Sri Lanka, and the Nihali of Central India, who number about 5,000 people. The people of the Hunza Valley in Pakistan are another distinct population; they speak Burushaski, a language isolate.

The traditions of different ethnic groups in South Asia have diverged, influenced by external cultures, especially in the northwestern parts of South Asia and also in the border regions and busy ports, where there are greater levels of contact with external cultures. There is also a lot of genetic diversity within the region. For example, most of the ethnic groups of the northeastern parts of South Asia are genetically related to peoples of East or Southeast Asia. There are also genetically isolated groups who have not been genetically influenced by other groups, such as the Jarawa people of the Andaman Islands. The largest ethnolinguistic group in South Asia are the Indo-Aryans, numbering around 1 billion, and the largest subgroup are the native speakers of Hindi languages, numbering more than 470 million.

These groups are based solely on a linguistic basis and not on a genetic basis.

List of ethnic groups on the basis of language

South Asian language families

Andamanese groups

Main article: Andamanese peoples

Austroasiatic people

Main article: Austroasiatic peoples of South Asia

Austronesian people

Dravidian people

Main article: Dravidian peoples

Indo-Aryan people

Main article: Indo-Aryan peoples
The extent of Indo-Aryan languages in South Asia

Iranic people

Nuristani people

Main article: Nuristani peoples

Semitic people

Tai people

Tibeto-Burman people

Turkic people

Afro-Asian groups

Main article: Afro-Asians in South Asia

European and Eurasian people

East Asian people

Chinese

Linguistic isolate groups

Diaspora

Main article: South Asian diaspora

Many South Asian ethnic groups and nationalities have substantial diasporas.

See also Bangladeshi diaspora, Indian diaspora, Nepalese diaspora, Pakistani diaspora, Afghan diaspora, and .

Ethnolinguistic diasporas

Other diasporas

Two (or possibly three) other people groups have ethnic and linguistic ties with the region:

See also

National demographics:

References

  1. ^ "UN Geoscheme".
  2. ^ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". population.un.org. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  3. ^ Danico, Mary Yu (2014). Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 838. ISBN 978-1-4522-8189-6.
  4. ^ Bhopal, Raj (2004). "Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race: for reflection and debate". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 58 (6): 441–445. doi:10.1136/jech.2003.013466. PMC 1732794. PMID 15143107.
  5. ^ "Language and the BSA: Ethnicity & Race". British Sociological Association. March 2005. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  6. ^ Sarwal, Amit (2012). Bridging Imaginations: South Asian Diaspora in Australia. Readworthy Publications. ISBN 978-81-935345-4-0.
  7. ^ Lindsay, olin (2001). "The South Asian Community" (PDF). Profiles of Ethnic Communities in Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  8. ^ https://study.com/academy/lesson/asian-ethnic-groups.html "South Asia is home to the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka."
  9. ^ https://minorityrights.org/minorities/south-asians/ "In the UK the term South Asian usually refers to people from the Indian subcontinent."
  10. ^ https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055159 "Individuals of South Asian (Bangladeshi, Bhutanese, Indian, Maldivian, Nepalese, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan) ancestry account for almost a quarter of the world’s population, and the South Asian diaspora is one of the largest and most widespread across the globe."
  11. ^ Chitta, Sridhar (7 January 2022). The Knowledge in the Vedas. StoryMirror Infotech Pvt Ltd. p. 173. ISBN 978-93-92661-61-7.
  12. ^ Swan, Michael; Smith, Bernard (26 April 2001). Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems. Cambridge University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-521-77939-5. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  13. ^ Kachru, Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (27 March 2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2.
  14. ^ "Pakistan", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 24 January 2024
  15. ^ D.E. Watters, Notes on Kusunda (a language isolate of Nepal), Kathmandu 2005
  16. ^ Yasmin Saikia (9 November 2004). Fragmented Memories. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822333732.

16. Vij SB, Webb ML. Culturally competent occupational therapy practice for South Asians in the United States of America: A narrative review. Indian J Occup Ther 2022;54:4-9.

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