Clothing in ancient Greece: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Caryatid Erechtheion BM Sc407.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Caryatid wearing [[Chiton (costume)|chiton]] from the [[Erechtheion]]. The blousing, or [[Kolpos]], is atop the [[Zone (vestment)|Zone]].)]] |
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{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} |
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[[File:Charioteer of Delphi - Delphi Archaeological Museum by Joy of Museums.jpg|thumb|Charioteer of Delphi wearing a [[Chiton (pekpek)|tite]].]] |
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'''Clothing in ancient Greece''' refers to clothing starting from the [[Aegean Bronze Age|Aegean bronze age]] (3000 BCE) to the [[Hellenistic period]] (31 BCE).<ref name=":06">{{Cite book |last=Condra |first=Jill |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History, Vol. 1 |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-313-33662-1}}</ref> Clothing in ancient Greece included a wide variety of styles but primarily consisted of the [[chiton (costume)|chiton]], [[peplos]], [[himation]], and [[chlamys]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nigro |first=Jeff |date=2022-02-01 |title=Ancient Greek Dress: The Classic Look |website=Art Institute of Chicago |url=https://www.artic.edu/articles/966/ancient-greek-dress-the-classic-look |language=en}}</ref> Ancient Greek civilians typically wore two pieces of clothing draped about the body: an undergarment ({{linktext|χιτών}} : chitōn or {{linktext|πέπλος}} : péplos) and a cloak ({{linktext|ἱμάτιον}} : himátion or {{linktext|χλαμύς}} : chlamýs).<ref name="Alden">{{Citation |last=Alden |first=Maureen |title=Ancient Greek Dress |date=January 2003 |journal=Costume |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1179/cos.2003.37.1.1}}</ref> The people of ancient Greece had many factors (political, economic, social, and cultural) that determined what they wore and when they wore it.<ref name=":2" /> |
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Clothes were quite simple, draped, loose-fitting and free-flowing.<ref name=":127">{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Mireille M. |title=Body, dress, and identity in ancient Greece |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05536-0 |location=New York}}</ref> Customarily, clothing was homemade and cut to various lengths of rectangular linen or wool fabric with minimal cutting or sewing, and secured with ornamental clasps or pins, and a belt, or girdle ({{linktext|ζώνη}}: zōnē).<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} Pieces were generally interchangeable between men and women.<ref name="handbook">Adkins, Lesley, and Roy Adkins. ''Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece.'' New York: Facts On File, 1997. Print.</ref> However, women usually wore their robes to their ankles while men generally wore theirs to their knees depending on the occasion and circumstance.<ref name=":127"/> Additionally, clothing often served many purposes than just being used as clothes such as bedding or a shroud'''.'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ancient Greek Dress |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grdr/hd_grdr.htm |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> |
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In ancient Greece the terms ἀκεστής (male) and ἀκέστρια (female) were used for people who patched and restored clothing.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=sartor-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Sartor]</ref> |
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While no clothes have survived from this period, descriptions exist in contemporary accounts and artistic depictions. Clothes were mainly homemade, and often served many purposes (such as bedding).<ref name="met">[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grdr/hd_grdr.htm Ancient Greek Dress] ''Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History'', [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], 2000-2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.</ref> Common clothing of the time was plain white, sometimes incorporating decorative borders.<ref name="handbook"/> There is evidence of elaborate design and bright colors, but these were less common.<ref name="handbook"/> |
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The shoemakers had two kind of knives for cutting leather, the σμίλη or σμιλίον, which has a straight blade and the τομεὺς or περιτομεύς, which had a crescent shaped blade.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dscalprum-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Scalprum]</ref> |
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==History and Types== |
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== |
== Textiles == |
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Small fragments of textiles have been found from this period at archeological sites across Greece.<ref name="dress10">Johnson, Marie, Ethel B. Abrahams, and Maria M. L. Evans. ''Ancient Greek Dress.'' Chicago: Argonaut, 1964. Print.</ref>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} These found textiles, along with literary descriptions, artistic depictions, modern ethnography, and experimental archaeology, have led to a greater understanding of ancient Greek textiles'''.'''<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} Clothes in ancient Greece were mainly homemade or locally made.<ref name=":06"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} All ancient Greek clothing was made out of natural fibers. Linen was the most common fabric due to the hot climate which lasted most of the year.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} On the rare occasion of colder weather, ancient Greeks wore wool.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} Silk was also used for the production of clothing though for ceremonial purposes by the wealthy.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} In Aristotle's ''The History of Animals,'' Aristotle talks about the collection of caterpillar cocoons to be used to create silk.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aristotle. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.19197 |title=History of animals in ten books |date=1902 |publisher=G. Bell |location=London|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.19197 }}</ref>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} |
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The [[chiton (costume)|chiton]] was a simple tunic garment of lighter linen that was worn by both genders and all ages. It consisted of a wide, rectangular tube of material secured along the shoulders and upper arms by a series of fasteners.<ref name="daily">Garland, Robert. ''Daily Life of the Ancient Greeks.'' Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2009. Print.</ref> Chitons typically fell to the ankles of the wearer, but shorter chitons were sometimes worn during vigorous activities by athletes, warriors or slaves.<ref name="dress">Johnson, Marie, Ethel B. Abrahams, and Maria M. L. Evans. ''Ancient Greek Dress.'' Chicago: Argonaut, 1964. Print.</ref> |
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{{multiple images |
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Often times excess fabric would be pulled over a girdle, or belt, which was fastened around the waist (see [[kolpos]]).<ref name="Alden"/> To deal with the bulk sometimes a strap, or [[anamaschalister]] was worn around the neck, brought under the armpits, crossed in the back and tied in the front.<ref name="Alden"/> A [[himation]], or cloak, could be worn over-top of the [[chiton (costume)|chiton]]. |
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| image1 = Terracotta lekythos (oil flask) MET gr31.11.10.AV1.jpg |
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| image2 = Terracotta lekythos (oil flask) MET gr31.11.10.R.jpg |
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| footer = In ancient Greece, textile manufacture was largely the responsibility of women. On this [[lekythos]] attributed to the [[Amasis painter]], women are shown folding cloth, spinning wool into yarn, and weaving cloth on an upright loom. |
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}} |
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=== |
=== Production process === |
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In the production of textiles, upright [[warp-weighted loom]] were used to weave clothing in Ancient Greece.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Broudy |first=Eric |title=The book of looms: a history of the handloom from ancient times to the present |date=1993 |publisher=Brown University Press |isbn=978-0-87451-649-4 |location=Hanover}}</ref>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} |
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A predecessor to the [[himation]], the [[peplos]] was a square piece of cloth that was originally worn over the chiton.<ref name="daily"/> The top third of the cloth was folded over and pinned at both shoulders, leaving the cloth open down one side.<ref name="met"/> Sometimes the [[peplos]] was worn alone as an alternative form of [[chiton (costume)|chiton]].<ref name="handbook"/> As with the [[chiton (costume)|chiton]], oftentimes a [[girdle]] or belt would be used to fasten the folds at the waist.<ref name="Alden"/> |
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The material of Greeks outfit is sometimes cotton all tidy but for the poor they had cotton but very untidy. |
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These looms had vertical threads or [[Warp and weft|warps]] that were held down by loom weights.<ref name=":4" />{{Pn|date=January 2024}} The use of looms can be seen in Homer's Odyssey when Hermes comes across Calypso weaving on a loom.<ref>{{Citation |last=Homer |editor-first1=Simon |editor-last1=Pulleyn |title=Odyssey |date=2018-11-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00280463 |work=Homer: Odyssey, Book 5 |access-date=2023-06-04 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oseo/instance.00280463 |isbn=978-0-19-878880-5}}</ref> Another example of the loom in Homer's ''Odyssey'' can be seen when Odysseus comes across Circe for the first time.<ref>{{Citation |last=Homer |editor-first1=Simon |editor-last1=Pulleyn |title=Odyssey |date=2018-11-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00280463 |work=Homer: Odyssey, Book 10 |access-date=2023-06-04 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oseo/instance.00280463 |isbn=978-0-19-878880-5}}</ref> The use of looms can also be seen being depicted on ancient Greek pottery.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} |
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===Himation=== |
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The [[himation]] was a basic outer garment worn over the [[peplos]] or [[chiton]]. It consisted of a heavy rectangular material, passing under the left arm and secured at the right shoulder. The cloak would be twisted around a strap that also passed under the left arm and over the right shoulder. A more voluminous [[himation]] was worn in cold weather.<ref name="Alden"/> |
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=== Color and decoration === |
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The [[himation]] could be pulled up over the head to cover the wearer when they were overcome by emotion or shame.<ref name="Alden"/> |
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Clothing in ancient Greece has been found to be quite colorful with a wide variety of hues.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blanck |first=Horst |url=https://archive.org/details/einfuhrungindasp0000blan/mode/2up?q=I,+6 |title=Einführung in das Privatleben der Griechen und Römer |date=1976 |publisher=Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft [Abt. Verl.] |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-3-534-06066-5 |pages=45}}</ref> Colors found to be used include black, red, yellow, blue, green, and purple.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} Yellow dyed clothing has been found to be associated with a woman's life cycle.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} The elite typically wore purple as a sign of wealth and money as it was the most expensive dye due to the difficulty in acquiring it.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} The ancient Greeks also embroidered designs into their clothes as a form of decoration.<ref name="dress10"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} The designs embroidered included representations of florals patterns and geometric patterns as well intricate scenes from Greek stories.<ref name="dress10"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} An example of this embroidery can be seen in Homer's ''Iliad'' where Helen is described as wearing a purple textile where she embroidered a scene of Trojans in battle.<ref>{{Citation |last=Homer |editor-first1=Jasper |editor-last1=Griffin |title=Iliad |date=1995-06-29 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00280592 |work=Homer: Iliad Book Three |access-date=2023-06-05 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oseo/instance.00280592 |isbn=978-0-19-814130-3}}</ref> |
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There was the proverbial phrase ''Θετταλικαὶ πτέρυγες'', meaning [[Thessalian]] wings, because the Thessalian cloaks had a small flap in each side which resemble wings.<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/theta/290 Suda, theta, 290]</ref> |
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===Chlamys=== |
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The [[chlamys]] was a seamless rectangle of woolen material worn by men for military or hunting purposes.<ref name="Alden"/> It was worn as a cloak and fastened at the right shoulder with a brooch or button. |
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==Styles of clothing== |
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The [[chlamys]] was typical Greek military attire from the 5th to the 3rd century BC.<ref name="met"/> |
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The ''epiblema'' (ἐπίβλημα), ''periblema'' (περίβλημα), ''amfelone'' (ἀμφελόνη) were general terms for the outer clothing<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Epiblēma |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=epiblema-harpers |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Amictus |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=amictus-harpers |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Perseus Encyclopedia, epiblema |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0004:entry=epiblema |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ἀμφελόνη |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)mfelo/nh |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> while the ''endyma'' (ἔνδυμα) was most often applied to the underclothing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Indūtus |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=indutus-harpers |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> |
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The lope (λώπη) and lopos (λῶπος) were also general terms referring to the mantle.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - pallium"/> |
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===Staple garments=== |
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====Chiton==== |
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[[File:Greek travelling costume.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Greek travelling costume, incorporating a [[chiton (costume)|chiton]], a [[chlamys]], sandals, and a [[petasos]] hat hanging in the back]] |
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The [[Chiton (garment)|chiton]] (plural: ''chitones)'' was a garment of light linen consisting of sleeves and long hemline.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> It consisted of a wide, rectangular tube of material secured along the shoulders and lower arms by a series of fasteners.<ref name="daily">Garland, Robert. ''Daily Life of the Ancient Greeks.'' Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2009. Print.</ref>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} The chiton was commonly worn by both men and women but the time period in which each did so depended.<ref name=":06"/> Chitons typically fell to the ankles of the wearer, but shorter chitons were sometimes worn during vigorous activities by athletes, warriors, or slaves.<ref name="dress10"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} |
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Often excess fabric would be pulled over a girdle, or belt, which was fastened around the waist (see [[kolpos]]).<ref name="Alden" /> To deal with the bulk sometimes a strap, or anamaschalister was worn around the neck, brought under the armpits, crossed in the back, and tied in the front.<ref name="Alden" /> A [[himation]], or cloak, could be worn over top of the [[chiton (costume)|chiton]].<ref name=":2" /> |
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====Chlamys==== |
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The [[chlamys]] was a seamless rectangle of woolen material worn by men for military or hunting purposes.<ref name="Alden" /> It was worn as a cloak and fastened at the right shoulder with a brooch or button.<ref name=":127"/> |
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The chlamys was typical Greek military attire from the 5th to the 3rd century BC.<ref name="met2">{{Cite web |last=Art |first=Authors: Department of Greek and Roman |title=Ancient Greek Dress {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grdr/hd_grdr.htm |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |language=en}}</ref> It is thought that the chlamys could ward against light attacks in war.<ref name=":2" /> |
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The chlamys went on to become popular in the Byzantine Empire by the high class and wealthy.<ref name=":06"/>[[File:Delos House of Cleopatra.jpg|thumb|Statues at the "House of Cleopatra" in [[Delos]], Greece. Man and woman wearing the [[himation]]]] |
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====Himation==== |
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{{see also|Pallium (Roman cloak)}} |
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The ''[[himation]]'' was a simple wool outer garment worn over the ''[[peplos]]'' or [[chiton (costume)|''chiton'']] by both men and women'''.'''<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> It consisted of heavy rectangular material, passing under the left arm and secured at the right shoulder.<ref name="dress10"/> The himation could also be worn over both shoulders.<ref name=":127"/> Women can be seen wearing the himation over their head in depictions of marriages and funerals in art.<ref name=":127"/> Men and boys can also be seen depicted in art as wearing solely the himation with no other clothing.<ref name=":06"/> A more voluminous ''himation'' was worn in cold weather.<ref name="Alden" /> The himation is referenced as being worn by Socrates in Plato's ''Republic''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Plato |title=The Republic |publisher=Penguin Classics |date=September 14, 2007 |isbn=978-0-14-045511-3}}</ref>[[File:Caryatid Erechtheion BM Sc407.jpg|thumb|upright|Caryatid from the [[Erechtheion]] wearing a [[peplos]]. The blousing, or [[kolpos]], is atop [[Zone (vestment)|zone]]|left]] |
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====Peplos==== |
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{{see also|Palla (garment)}} |
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The [[peplos]] was a rectangular piece of woolen garment that was pinned at both shoulders leaving the cloth open down one side which fell down around the body.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The top third of the cloth was folded over to create an over-fold.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} A girdle or belt was used to fasten the folds at the waist and could be worn over or under the over-fold.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} The overfold was called apoptygma (ἀπόπτυγμα).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0004:entry=apoptygma Perseus Encyclopedia, Apoptygma]</ref> Variations of the peplos were worn by women in many periods such as the archaic, early classical, and classical periods of ancient Greece.<ref name=":06"/> |
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=== Other garments === |
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====Allix==== |
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Allix (Ἄλλικα) and Gallix (Γάλλικά) was a chlamys, according to Thessalians, which was fastened with gilt brooches.<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/1224 Suda, alpha, 1224]</ref> |
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====Ampechone==== |
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Ampechone (ἀμπεχόνη, ἀμπέχονον, ἀμπεχόνιον), was a [[shawl]] or scarf worn by women over the chiton or inner garment.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=ampechone-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890)William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Ampechone]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*a%3Aentry+group%3D37%3Aentry%3Da%29mpexo%2Fnh Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Ampechone]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=ampechone-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Ampechone]</ref> |
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====Aphabroma==== |
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Aphabroma (ἀφἀβρωμα), was a garment worn by Megarian women. |
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According to legend, when [[Abrota]] died, her husband [[Nisos]] commanded all the Megarian women to wear a garment similar to the one Abrota had worn, which was called aphabroma. It was still in use in the time of Plutarch.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dabrota-bio-1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Abrota]</ref> |
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====Βirrus==== |
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Βirrus or Βurrus (βίρρος), was a cloak or cape furnished with a hood; a heavy, coarse garment for use in bad weather.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=birrus-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Birrus]</ref> |
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====Chitoniskos==== |
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Chitoniskos (χιτωνίσκος), was a short chiton<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*x%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Dxitwni%2Fskos Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Chitoniskos]</ref> sometimes worn over another chiton.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0004:entry=chitoniskos Perseus Encyclopedia, Chitoniskos]</ref> |
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====Chiridota==== |
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Chiridota (singular χειριδωτός, plural χειριδωτοί), were tunics with sleeves.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0051:book=9:commline=616 John Conington, Commentary on Vergil's Aeneid, Volume 2, 9.616]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=manica-cn&highlight=chiridota A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Manica]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*x%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Dxeiridwto%2Fs Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Chiridotos]</ref> |
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====Chlaina, Ephaptis==== |
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Chlaina (Χλαῖνα) or Chlaine (Χλαῖνη), was a thick overgarment/coat. It was laid over the shoulders unfolded (ἁπλοΐς; haploís) or double-folded (δίπλαξ; díplax) with a pin. It was used as a winter cloak or as a blanket, but was finer than the sisura which was also used for a similar purpose.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - pallium"/> |
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Ephaptis (ἐφαπτίς) was a more costly form of the chlaina and was used by hunters and warriors.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - pallium"/> |
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====Chlanis==== |
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Chlanis (Χλανὶς), was a finer garment than chlaina and it was worn in hot weather by men, at other times by ladies, old men and effeminate persons.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - pallium"/> |
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====Cyclas==== |
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Cyclas (Κυκλάς), was a luxurious robe worn by Roman women. In the fifth century was used as a ceremony dress and was used also by men.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aentry%3Dcyclas-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cyclas]</ref> |
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====Dalmatica==== |
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Dalmatica (Δαλματική) or Delmatica (Δελματική), a tunic with long sleeves, introduced from [[Dalmatia]].<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=dalmatica-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Dalmatica]</ref> |
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====Diphthera==== |
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Diphthera (Διφθέρα) (meaning leather), a [[shepherd]]'s wrap made of [[Hide (skin)|hides]].<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/delta/1290 Suda, delta, 1290]</ref>[[File:Young man exomis Musei Capitolini MC892.jpg|thumb|447x447px|Young man wearing the [[exomis]] (tunic). Parian marble, copy after a Greek original of the 4th century BC.]] |
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====Exomis==== |
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The [[exomis]] was a tunic which left the right arm and shoulder bare. It was worn by slaves and the working classes.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=comoedia-cn&highlight=exomis A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Comoedia]</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=exomis-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Exōmis]</ref> In addition, it was worn by some units of light infantry. |
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====Encomboma==== |
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The encomboma (ἐγκόμβωμα) was an upper garment tied round the body in a knot (κόμβος), whence the name, and worn to keep the tunic clean.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=encomboma-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Encomboma]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=encomboma-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Encombōma]</ref> |
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====Egkuklon and Tougkuklon==== |
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Egkuklon (Ἔγκυκλον) and Tougkuklon (Τοὔγκυκλον) were woman's upper garment.<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/tau/812 Suda, tau, 812]</ref> |
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====Kandys==== |
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[[Kandys]] (κάνδυς) was a Persian mantle with sleeves worn by Greek women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L. D. Caskey, J. D. Beazley, Attic Vase Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 110. 00.346 BELL-KRATER from Vico Equense (NE. of Sorrento) PLATE LXII |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0003:entry=no.110&highlight=kandys |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> |
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====Katonake==== |
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Katonake (Κατωνάκη), it was a cloak which had a fleece (nakos) hanging from the lower (kato) parts, that is a wrapped-around hide and stretched down to the knees.<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/kappa/1114 Suda, kappa, 1114]</ref> |
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====Kolobus==== |
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Kolobus or Kolobium (Κολόβιον) was like a [[Tunic]] but sleeveless.<ref>{{cite book |author=Francesca Sterlacci |author2=Joanne Arbuckle| title = The A to Z of the Fashion Industry | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zPKScm9h6v0C| publisher = Scarecrow Press|date= 2009| page = 132| isbn = 978-0-8108-6883-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Herbert Norris | title = Ancient European Costume and Fashion | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cmDCAgAAQBAJ| publisher = Dover Publications|date= 1999| page = 43| isbn = 978-0-486-40723-4}}</ref> |
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====Krokotos==== |
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Krokotos (Κροκωτός) was a [[saffron]]-coloured robe/chiton. |
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====Ledos, Ledarion, Speiron, Speirion==== |
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Λῇδος, Λῃδάριον, Σπεῖρον, Σπειρίον were summer garments.<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Pallium.html A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875, Pallium]</ref> |
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====Nebris==== |
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[[Nebris (mythology)|Nebris]] (Νεβρίς) (from νεβρός, a fawn), a fawn's skin worn originally mostly by hunters and afterwards attributed to [[Dionysus]] and was worn by Dionysus priestess during religious festivals.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DN%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dnebris-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Nebris]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=nebris-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Nebris]</ref> |
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====Pharos==== |
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Pharos (Φᾶρος) was used in Homer in a general sense, referring to a textile fabric for women's garments, swaddling clothes, winding sheets, and as a substitute for sails and in a more special sense for a man's garment. |
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As a garment it was worn by the people of rank. Most probably it was larger than the chlaina.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - pallium">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dpallium-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Pallium]</ref> |
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====Phoinikis==== |
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Phoinikis (Φοινικὶς) was a military chlamys.<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/phi/791 Suda, phi, 791]</ref> |
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====Sisura==== |
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Sisura (Σισύρα or Σίσυρα) or Sisurna (Σίσυρνα),<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=sisura Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, sisura]</ref> type of inexpensive [[cloak]]/[[Mantle (clothing)|mantle]], like a one-shoulder tunic.<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/sigma/487 Suda, sigma, 487]</ref> |
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====Spolas==== |
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Spolas (Σπολάς), a leather cloak, perhaps being worn on top.<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/sigma/956 Suda, Sigma, 956]</ref> |
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====Tebennos==== |
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Tebennos (Τήβεννος) and Tebenneion (Tηβέννειον), a garment like [[Toga]].<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/tau/465 Suda, tau, 465]</ref> |
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====Tribon==== |
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Tribon (Τρίβων), simple cloak. It was worn by Spartan men and was the favorite garment of the [[Cynicism (philosophy)|Cynic philosophers]].<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribon Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Tribon]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=pallium-cn&highlight=tribon A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Pallium]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=tribon-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Tribon]</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Mireille M. Lee | title = Body, Dress, and Identity in Ancient Greece | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dpvWBQAAQBAJ| publisher = Cambridge University Press|date= 2015| page = 118| isbn = 978-1-107-66253-7}}</ref> |
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====Paenula/Phainoles==== |
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[[Paenula]], Greeks called it Phainoles (φαινόλης), was a thick upper garment without sleeves, buttoned or stitched up in front, with a hood generally fastened on to it.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=paenula-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Paenula]</ref> |
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====Xystis, Ephestris==== |
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Xystis (ξυστὶς) was a garment of fine quality worn by women of quality at festivals and by great men especially on state occasions and was used on the stage for the attire of heroic personages.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - pallium"/> |
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Ephestris (ἐφεστρὶς) was somewhat similar to the xystis. In Xenophon called it παχεῖα (thick) which most probably mean that it was not so light as the xystris.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - pallium"/> |
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====Named after colors and texture==== |
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Some mantles denote colour and texture, for example the krokotos (κροκωτὸς), meaning [[saffron]]-coloured, was an over-garment worn by women and the vatrachis (βατραχίς), meaning frogcoloured, was a man's garment.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - pallium"/> |
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===Eastern clothing=== |
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The Greeks adopted clothing from the East such as the Lydian μανδύη, the καπυρὶς ἀκταῖα or σαραπὶς of Persia and nationalised them all over the Greek world.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - pallium"/> |
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===Undergarments=== |
===Undergarments=== |
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{{see also|Strophium}} |
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Women often wore a [[strophion]], the brassiere of the time, under their garments. The [[strophion]] was a wide band of wool or linen wrapped across the breasts and tied between the shoulder blades.<ref name="Alden"/> |
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[[File: Villa Romana del Casale Bikini Maedchen modified.jpg|thumb|alt=Women, including one in a ''strophic''|Detail of a mosaic from the [[Villa Romana del Casale]], [[Sicily]], featuring a woman in a strophic]] |
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Men and women sometimes wore triangular loincloths, called [[Perizoma (loincloth)|perizoma]], as underwear.<ref name="Alden"/> |
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Women often wore a ''strophic'', the [[brassiere|bra]] of the time, under their garments and around the mid-portion of their body.<ref name=":127"/> The ''strophic'' was a wide band of wool or linen wrapped across the breasts and tied between the shoulder blades.<ref name="Alden"/> |
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Men and women sometimes wore triangular loincloths, called [[Perizoma (loincloth)|''perizoma'']], as underwear.<ref name="Alden"/> |
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===Fasteners and Buttons=== |
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Since clothing was rarely cut or sewn, fasteners and buttons were often used to keep garments in place. Small buttons, pins and brooches were used. |
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=== Nudity === |
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Large pins, called [[peronai]], were worn at the shoulders, facing down, to hold the chiton or peplos in place.<ref name="Alden"/> |
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The ancient Greeks viewed nudity as an essential part of their identity that set them apart from other cultures.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bonfante |first=Larissa |date=1989-10-01 |title=Nudity as a Costume in Classical Art |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/505328 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |language=en |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=543–570 |doi=10.2307/505328 |jstor=505328 |s2cid=192983153 |issn=0002-9114}}</ref> Males went nude for athletic events such as the Olympics.<ref name=":5" /> Male nudity could also be seen in [[Symposium]]s, a social event for elite men.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Bonfante |first=Larissa |author-link=Larissa Bonfante |date=1990 |title=The NAKED GREEK |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41765856 |journal=Archaeology |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=28–35 |jstor=41765856 |issn=0003-8113}}</ref> Male nudity could also be seen in rituals such as a boys coming of age ceremony.<ref name=":6" /> Public female nudity was generally not accepted in ancient Greece,<ref name=":5" /> though occasionally woman are nude in athletic events and religious rituals.<ref name=":5" /> Women who were prostitutes are commonly depicted as nude in ancient Greek art.<ref name=":127"/> Partial nudity could also be seen through the linen fabric being expertly draped around the body, and the cloth could be slightly transparent.<ref name="dress10"/> |
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== Accessories == |
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===Fasteners, belts, sashes, buttons, pins, etc.=== |
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[[File:Bronze spiral-type fibula (safety pin) MET DP244032.jpg|thumb|Bronze Fibula|left]] |
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Since clothing was rarely cut or sewn, fasteners and buttons were often used to keep garments in place.<ref name=":127"/><ref name="dress10"/> Small buttons, pins, and brooches were used.<ref name=":127"/><ref name="dress10"/> |
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Porpe (πόρπη), was the pin of a buckle or clasp and also the clasp itself.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=porpe-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Porpé]</ref> |
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Large straight pins, called [[peronai]], were worn at the shoulders, facing down, to hold the chiton or peplos in place.<ref name="Alden"/> [[Fibula (brooch)|Fibulae]] were also used to pin the chiton, peplos or chlamys together.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} These fibulae were an early version of the safety pin.<ref name=":127"/> In Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, Oedipus uses pins to stab his eyes out after learning he was the one to kill his father and marry his mother.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sophocle |title=Oedipus Rex |last2=Mulroy |first2=David D. |date=2011 |publisher=University of Wisconsin press |isbn=978-0-299-28254-7 |series=Wisconsin studies in classics |location=Madison (Wis.)}}</ref>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} |
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Belts, sashes, or girdles were also worn at the waist to hold chitons and peplos.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} |
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Zone (ζώνη) was a flat and rather broad girdle worn by young unmarried women (ζώνη παρθενική) around their hips. In addition, it was a broad belt worn by men round their loins, and made double or hollow like our shot-belts, for carrying money. Furthermore, it was also called a soldier's belt, worn round the [[loin]]s, to cover the juncture of the cuirass and the kilt of leather straps.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=zona-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Zona]</ref> |
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Sudarium (σουδάριον), also called ἡμιτύβιον and καψιδρώτιον, was a linen handkerchief used mostly to remove sweat from the brow or face. It was sometimes worn around the neck and, later periods, waved in the circus to indicate acclaim.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dsudarium-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Sudarium]</ref> |
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===Footwear=== |
===Footwear=== |
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[[File:Ancient Greek soles.jpg|thumb|Soles of probably women's sandals, with iron nails on the periphery. After 3rd BC. [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]]] |
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Women and men typically wore sandals, slippers, soft shoes, or boots.<ref name="met"/> At home they usually went barefoot.<ref name="met"/> |
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[[Hesiod]] in his [[Works and Days]] advise his brother Perses to cover his feet with πίλοις inside his boots, similar to modern [[socks]].<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0132%3Acard%3D536 Hesiod, Works and Days, 542]</ref> |
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Men and women wore footwear such as sandals, shoes or boots, which were made most commonly out of leather.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}}<ref name="dress10"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} At home, people typically went barefoot.<ref name="met2"/> It was also common for philosophers such as Socrates to be barefoot as well.<ref name="dress10"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} |
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The Athenian general, [[Iphicrates]], made soldiers' boots that were easy to untie and light. These boots were called afterwards, from his name, Iphicratids ({{langx|el|Ἰφικρατίδες}}).<ref>{{cite book| last = Schachter| first = Albert | title = Boiotia in Antiquity: Selected Papers | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_OoIDAAAQBAJ| publisher = Cambridge University Press|date= May 2016| page = 262| isbn = 978-1-107-05324-3}}</ref><ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=calceus-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890) William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., calceus]</ref> |
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The bodyguards of the [[Peisistratid]] tyrants were called wolf-feet (Λυκόποδες). According to one theory, they were called like this because they had their feet covered with wolf-skins, to prevent frostbites.<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/lambda/812 Suda, lambda, 812]</ref> |
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Kassyma (κάσσυμα) was an extra thick sole for the shoe or sandal frequently used to increase the height of the wearer. They were made of [[Cork (material)|cork]].<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DF%3Aentry+group%3D6%3Aentry%3Dfulmenta-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Fulmenta]</ref> |
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Cothurnus (Κόθορνος) was a high shoe or [[buskin]] with several soles. It covered the whole foot, and rose as high as the middle of the leg. It was made so as to fit either foot and was generally fastened in front with straps.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=cothurnus-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cothurnus]</ref> |
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==== Other Footwear ==== |
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Arbele ({{lang|grc|ἀρβύλη}}, ''arbýlē''), a short or half-boot.<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/3755 Suda, alpha, 3755]</ref> |
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Baucides ({{lang|grc|βαυκίδες}}, ''baukídes'') or Boucidium ({{lang|grc|βουκίδιον}}, ''boukídion''), a kind of costly shoe of a saffron colour, worn exclusively by women.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=baucides-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baucides]</ref> |
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[[Carbatina]] ({{lang|grc|καρβατίνη}}, ''karbatínē''), shoes worn by rustics, with sole and upper leather all in one. A piece of untanned ox-hide placed under the foot and tied up by several thongs, so as to cover the whole foot and part of the leg.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=carbatina-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Carbatina]</ref> |
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Crepida ({{lang|grc|κρηπίς}}, ''krēpís''), a kind of shoe between a closed boot and plain sandals.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=crepida-cn Dictionary A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Crepida]</ref> |
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Croupezai ({{lang|grc|κρούπεζαι}}, ''kroúpezai''), croupezia ({{lang|grc|κρουπέζια}}, ''kroupézia''), or croupala ({{lang|grc|κρούπαλα}}, ''kroúpala''), [[clogs|wooden shoes]] worn by peasants and took their names from noise which they made. Photius wrote that they were used for treading out olives.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=sculponeae-cn Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Sculponeae]</ref> |
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Embas ({{lang|grc|ἐμβάς}}, ''embás'') or embates ({{lang|grc|ἐμβάτης}}, ''embátēs''), kind of a closed boot.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=embas-cn Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Embas]</ref> |
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Endromis ({{lang|grc|ἐνδρομίς}}, ''endromís''), a kind of a leather boot (In Roman times endromis was a thick woollen rug/cloak).<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=endromis-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Endromis]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=endromis-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Endromis]</ref> |
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===Headgear=== |
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{{Further|Greco-Roman hairstyle}} |
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[[File:Man wearing Petasos Coinage of Kapsa Macedon circa 400 BCE.jpg|thumb|Man wearing Petasos, Coinage of Kapsa Macedon c. 400 BCE|left]] |
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Women and men wore different types of headgear.<ref name=":2" /> Women could wear veils to preserve their modesty.<ref name="dress10"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} Men would wear hats for protection against the elements.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} Both men and women also wore different types of headbands to pull their hair up or for decoration.<ref name="dress10"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} |
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Pileus and petasos were common hats for men in ancient Greece.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} The pileus was a close-fitting cap which could have been made out of a variety of materials such as leather and wool.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} While the petasos was a broad brimmed hat with an attached cord that hung down around the chin.<ref name=":127"/>{{Pn|date=January 2024}} |
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Kredemnon (κρήδεμνον) was a woman's headdress or veil of uncertain form, a sort of covering for the head with lappets hanging down to the shoulders on both sides, and when drawn together concealing the face.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=calantica-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Calantica]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*k%3Aentry+group%3D50%3Aentry%3Dkrh%2Fdemnon Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, krhdemnon]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=calautica-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Calautica]</ref> |
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Ampyx (ἄμπυχ) was a headband worn by Greek women to confine the hair, passing round the front of the head and fastening behind. It appears generally to have consisted of a plate of gold or silver, often richly worked and adorned with precious stones.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=ampyx-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ampyx]</ref> |
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Sphendone (σφενδόνη) was a fastening for the hair used by the Greek women.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=sphendone-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Sphendone]</ref> |
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[[Tainia (costume)|Tainia]] was a [[headband]], [[ribbon]], or [[fillet (clothing)|fillet]]. |
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Kekryphalos (κεκρύφαλος) was a [[Hairnet]]<ref name="The Prostitute and Her Headdress: the Mitra, Sakkos and Kekryphalos in Attic Red-figure Vase-painting ca. 550-450 BCE">[https://prism.ucalgary.ca/server/enwiki/api/core/bitstreams/280e87da-797b-421e-9175-97f6aa0491c9/content The Prostitute and Her Headdress: the Mitra, Sakkos and Kekryphalos in Attic Red-figure Vase-painting ca. 550-450 BCE, Marina Fischer]</ref> and Sakkos (σάκκος) a hair sack/cap used by the Greek women.<ref name="The Prostitute and Her Headdress: the Mitra, Sakkos and Kekryphalos in Attic Red-figure Vase-painting ca. 550-450 BCE"/> |
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Diadema (διάδημα), a [[Fillet (clothing)|fillet]] which was the emblem of sovereignty.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DD%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Ddiadema-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Diadema]</ref> |
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===Jewelry=== |
===Jewelry=== |
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[[File:Gold lion's head bracelet with copper-alloy core MET DT333005.jpg|thumb|Gold bracelets decorated with lion heads.|324x324px]] |
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Ornamentation in the form of jewelry, elaborate hairstyles and make-up was common for women. Small gold ornaments would be sewn onto their clothing and would glitter as they moved.<ref name="Alden"/> kamoni was the queens name |
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{{Further|Ancient greek jewellery}} |
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Ornamentation in the form of jewelry, elaborate hairstyles, and make-up was common for women.<ref name="dress10"/> While jewelry was used to decorates oneself, it was also used as status symbol to show one's wealth.<ref name=":127"/> The Greeks wore jewelry such as rings, wreaths, diadems, bracelets, armbands, pins, pendants, necklaces, and earrings.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |author=Colette Hemingway |author2=Seán Hemingway |title=Hellenistic Jewelry |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hjew/hd_hjew.htm |access-date=2023-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Small gold ornaments would be sewn onto their clothing and would glitter as they moved.<ref name="Alden" /> Common designs on jewelry in ancient Greece included plants, animals and figures from Greek mythology.<ref name=":127"/> Gold and silver were the most common mediums for jewelry.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Companion to Greek Art |date=2013-01-29 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-8604-9 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Tyler Jo |editor-link=Tyler Jo Smith |doi=10.1002/9781118273289 |editor2-last=Plantzos |editor2-first=Dimitris}}</ref> However, jewelry from this time could also have pearls, gems, and semiprecious stones used as decoration.<ref name=":127"/> Jewelry was commonly passed down in families from generation to generation.<ref name=":7" /> |
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Greeks used many different words to describe the earrings including the Elikteres (ἑλικτῆρες), Enotia (ἑνώτια, sometimes called Enodia (ἑνώδια) in some inscritpions), Plastra (πλάστρα) and Ellobia (ἑλλόβια).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=R1qaCxoc90UC The Fragments of Sophocles, p. 35]</ref> |
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==Fabrics== |
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Ancient Greek clothing was made with silk, linen and most often, wool. The production of fabric was a long and tedious process, making ready-made clothing expensive.It was socially accepted that textile making was primarily a women's responsibility, and the production of high quality textiles was regarded as an accomplishment for women of high status. Once made, the cloth was rarely cut. The seamless rectangles of fabric were draped on the body in various ways with little sewing involved. |
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Sphingter (σφιγκτήρ) was a coil bracelet, made of gold, worn by women on the left arm.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=spinther-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Spinther]</ref> |
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Pselion (ψέλιον) was a kind of bracelet or armlet worn by Persians, but also adopted by Greeks.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Armilla">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Darmilla-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Armilla]</ref> |
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The bracelets who were worn on the wrist were called περικάρπια, while these that were worn on the upper arm were called περιβραχιόνια. The bracelet that went several times round the arm were called δράκοντες (dragons) or ὄφεις (snakes) due to their resemblance to serpents.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Armilla"/> |
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Periscelis ({{lang|grc|περισκελίς}}), was an anklet worn by women. The plebeian women wore anklets of silver, whereas the patricians of gold.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=periscelis-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Periscelis]</ref><ref name="Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities-Compes">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=compes-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Compes]</ref> These ornaments are also called περισφύρια, while sometimes they are referred to by more general names such as πέδαι (singular πέδη) or ἀμφιδέαι (singular ἀμφιδέα).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=periscelis-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Periscelis]</ref> The word πέδη was also used to describe a fetter or shackle for the ankles constructed as to deprive the prisoner almost wholly of the power of walking.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=compes-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Compes]</ref><ref name="Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities-Compes"/> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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*[[ |
* [[Greek dress]] |
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* [[Biblical clothing]] |
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*[[Clothing in ancient Rome]] |
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*[[Clothing in |
* [[Clothing in ancient Rome]] |
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* [[Clothing in the ancient world]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Commons category|Costume in ancient Greece}} |
{{Commons category|Costume in ancient Greece}} |
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* [http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ancient_Greek_Clothing Ancient Greek Clothing] |
* [http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ancient_Greek_Clothing Ancient Greek Clothing] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=clothing-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Clothing] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=clavus-latus-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Clavus Latus] |
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===Garments=== |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=abolla-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Abolla] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=ephestris-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ephestris] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=epiblema-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Epiblema] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=amictus-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Amictus] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=pallium-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Pallium] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=palla-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Palla] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=paludamentum-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Paludamentum] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=cingulum-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cingulum] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=mitra-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Mitra] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=dalmatica-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Dalmatica] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=tunica-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Tunica] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=laena-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Laena] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=lacerna-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Lacerna] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=cucullus-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cucullus] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=cyclas-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cyclas] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=paenula-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Paenula] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=paludamentum-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Paludamentum] |
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===Footwear=== |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=calceus-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Calceus] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=calceus-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Calceus] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=carbatina-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Carbatina] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=crepida-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Crepida] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=crepida-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Crepida] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=cothurnus-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cothurnus] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=caliga-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Caliga] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=baucides-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Baucides] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=baucides-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baucides] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=baxeae-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baxeae] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=baxeae-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Baxeae] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=embas-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Embas] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=embas-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Embas] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=endromis-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Endromis] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=soccus-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Soccus] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=solea-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Solea] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=solea-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Solea] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=talaria-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Talaria] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=zancha-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Zancha] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=fulmenta-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Fulmenta] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=gallicae-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Gallicae] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=ligula-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Ligula] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=obstragulum-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Obstragulum] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=phaecasium-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Phaecasium] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=sandalium-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Sandalium] |
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===Other=== |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=strophium-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Strophium] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=ampyx-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ampyx] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=calautica-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Calautica] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=armilla-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Armilla] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=inauris-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Inauris] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=inauris-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Inauris] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=manica-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Manica] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=nodus-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Nodus] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=bulla-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Bulla] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=amuletum-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Amuletum] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=fibula-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Fibula] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=fibula-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Fibula] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=porpe-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Porpé] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=caliendrum-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Caliendrum] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=redimiculum-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Redimiculum] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=baculum-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baculum] |
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* [https://prism.ucalgary.ca/server/enwiki/api/core/bitstreams/280e87da-797b-421e-9175-97f6aa0491c9/content The Prostitute and Her Headdress: the Mitra, Sakkos and Kekryphalos in Attic Red-figure Vase-painting ca. 550-450 BCE, Marina Fischer] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=zona-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Zona] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=taenia-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Taenia] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=catena-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Catena] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=monile-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Monile] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=galerus-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Galerus] |
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===See also=== |
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====Hairstyles==== |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=cincinnus-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cincinnus] |
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* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=coma-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Coma] |
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{{Ancient Greece topics}} |
{{Ancient Greece topics}} |
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{{ |
{{Timeline of clothing and fashion}} |
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[[Category:History of clothing]] |
[[Category:History of clothing]] |
Latest revision as of 15:21, 13 December 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2019) |
Clothing in ancient Greece refers to clothing starting from the Aegean bronze age (3000 BCE) to the Hellenistic period (31 BCE).[1] Clothing in ancient Greece included a wide variety of styles but primarily consisted of the chiton, peplos, himation, and chlamys.[2] Ancient Greek civilians typically wore two pieces of clothing draped about the body: an undergarment (χιτών : chitōn or πέπλος : péplos) and a cloak (ἱμάτιον : himátion or χλαμύς : chlamýs).[3] The people of ancient Greece had many factors (political, economic, social, and cultural) that determined what they wore and when they wore it.[2]
Clothes were quite simple, draped, loose-fitting and free-flowing.[4] Customarily, clothing was homemade and cut to various lengths of rectangular linen or wool fabric with minimal cutting or sewing, and secured with ornamental clasps or pins, and a belt, or girdle (ζώνη: zōnē).[4][page needed] Pieces were generally interchangeable between men and women.[5] However, women usually wore their robes to their ankles while men generally wore theirs to their knees depending on the occasion and circumstance.[4] Additionally, clothing often served many purposes than just being used as clothes such as bedding or a shroud.[6]
In ancient Greece the terms ἀκεστής (male) and ἀκέστρια (female) were used for people who patched and restored clothing.[7]
The shoemakers had two kind of knives for cutting leather, the σμίλη or σμιλίον, which has a straight blade and the τομεὺς or περιτομεύς, which had a crescent shaped blade.[8]
Textiles
[edit]Small fragments of textiles have been found from this period at archeological sites across Greece.[9][page needed] These found textiles, along with literary descriptions, artistic depictions, modern ethnography, and experimental archaeology, have led to a greater understanding of ancient Greek textiles.[4][page needed] Clothes in ancient Greece were mainly homemade or locally made.[1][page needed] All ancient Greek clothing was made out of natural fibers. Linen was the most common fabric due to the hot climate which lasted most of the year.[4][page needed] On the rare occasion of colder weather, ancient Greeks wore wool.[4][page needed] Silk was also used for the production of clothing though for ceremonial purposes by the wealthy.[4][page needed] In Aristotle's The History of Animals, Aristotle talks about the collection of caterpillar cocoons to be used to create silk.[10][page needed]
Production process
[edit]In the production of textiles, upright warp-weighted loom were used to weave clothing in Ancient Greece.[11][page needed]
These looms had vertical threads or warps that were held down by loom weights.[11][page needed] The use of looms can be seen in Homer's Odyssey when Hermes comes across Calypso weaving on a loom.[12] Another example of the loom in Homer's Odyssey can be seen when Odysseus comes across Circe for the first time.[13] The use of looms can also be seen being depicted on ancient Greek pottery.[4][page needed]
Color and decoration
[edit]Clothing in ancient Greece has been found to be quite colorful with a wide variety of hues.[4][page needed][14] Colors found to be used include black, red, yellow, blue, green, and purple.[4][page needed] Yellow dyed clothing has been found to be associated with a woman's life cycle.[4][page needed] The elite typically wore purple as a sign of wealth and money as it was the most expensive dye due to the difficulty in acquiring it.[4][page needed] The ancient Greeks also embroidered designs into their clothes as a form of decoration.[9][page needed] The designs embroidered included representations of florals patterns and geometric patterns as well intricate scenes from Greek stories.[9][page needed] An example of this embroidery can be seen in Homer's Iliad where Helen is described as wearing a purple textile where she embroidered a scene of Trojans in battle.[15]
There was the proverbial phrase Θετταλικαὶ πτέρυγες, meaning Thessalian wings, because the Thessalian cloaks had a small flap in each side which resemble wings.[16]
Styles of clothing
[edit]The epiblema (ἐπίβλημα), periblema (περίβλημα), amfelone (ἀμφελόνη) were general terms for the outer clothing[17][18][19][20] while the endyma (ἔνδυμα) was most often applied to the underclothing.[21] The lope (λώπη) and lopos (λῶπος) were also general terms referring to the mantle.[22]
Staple garments
[edit]Chiton
[edit]The chiton (plural: chitones) was a garment of light linen consisting of sleeves and long hemline.[2][6] It consisted of a wide, rectangular tube of material secured along the shoulders and lower arms by a series of fasteners.[23][page needed] The chiton was commonly worn by both men and women but the time period in which each did so depended.[1] Chitons typically fell to the ankles of the wearer, but shorter chitons were sometimes worn during vigorous activities by athletes, warriors, or slaves.[9][page needed]
Often excess fabric would be pulled over a girdle, or belt, which was fastened around the waist (see kolpos).[3] To deal with the bulk sometimes a strap, or anamaschalister was worn around the neck, brought under the armpits, crossed in the back, and tied in the front.[3] A himation, or cloak, could be worn over top of the chiton.[2]
Chlamys
[edit]The chlamys was a seamless rectangle of woolen material worn by men for military or hunting purposes.[3] It was worn as a cloak and fastened at the right shoulder with a brooch or button.[4]
The chlamys was typical Greek military attire from the 5th to the 3rd century BC.[24] It is thought that the chlamys could ward against light attacks in war.[2]
The chlamys went on to become popular in the Byzantine Empire by the high class and wealthy.[1]
Himation
[edit]The himation was a simple wool outer garment worn over the peplos or chiton by both men and women.[2][6] It consisted of heavy rectangular material, passing under the left arm and secured at the right shoulder.[9] The himation could also be worn over both shoulders.[4] Women can be seen wearing the himation over their head in depictions of marriages and funerals in art.[4] Men and boys can also be seen depicted in art as wearing solely the himation with no other clothing.[1] A more voluminous himation was worn in cold weather.[3] The himation is referenced as being worn by Socrates in Plato's Republic.[25]
Peplos
[edit]The peplos was a rectangular piece of woolen garment that was pinned at both shoulders leaving the cloth open down one side which fell down around the body.[2][6] The top third of the cloth was folded over to create an over-fold.[4][page needed] A girdle or belt was used to fasten the folds at the waist and could be worn over or under the over-fold.[4][page needed] The overfold was called apoptygma (ἀπόπτυγμα).[26] Variations of the peplos were worn by women in many periods such as the archaic, early classical, and classical periods of ancient Greece.[1]
Other garments
[edit]Allix
[edit]Allix (Ἄλλικα) and Gallix (Γάλλικά) was a chlamys, according to Thessalians, which was fastened with gilt brooches.[27]
Ampechone
[edit]Ampechone (ἀμπεχόνη, ἀμπέχονον, ἀμπεχόνιον), was a shawl or scarf worn by women over the chiton or inner garment.[28][29][30]
Aphabroma
[edit]Aphabroma (ἀφἀβρωμα), was a garment worn by Megarian women. According to legend, when Abrota died, her husband Nisos commanded all the Megarian women to wear a garment similar to the one Abrota had worn, which was called aphabroma. It was still in use in the time of Plutarch.[31]
Βirrus
[edit]Βirrus or Βurrus (βίρρος), was a cloak or cape furnished with a hood; a heavy, coarse garment for use in bad weather.[32]
Chitoniskos
[edit]Chitoniskos (χιτωνίσκος), was a short chiton[33] sometimes worn over another chiton.[34]
Chiridota
[edit]Chiridota (singular χειριδωτός, plural χειριδωτοί), were tunics with sleeves.[35][36][37]
Chlaina, Ephaptis
[edit]Chlaina (Χλαῖνα) or Chlaine (Χλαῖνη), was a thick overgarment/coat. It was laid over the shoulders unfolded (ἁπλοΐς; haploís) or double-folded (δίπλαξ; díplax) with a pin. It was used as a winter cloak or as a blanket, but was finer than the sisura which was also used for a similar purpose.[22]
Ephaptis (ἐφαπτίς) was a more costly form of the chlaina and was used by hunters and warriors.[22]
Chlanis
[edit]Chlanis (Χλανὶς), was a finer garment than chlaina and it was worn in hot weather by men, at other times by ladies, old men and effeminate persons.[22]
Cyclas
[edit]Cyclas (Κυκλάς), was a luxurious robe worn by Roman women. In the fifth century was used as a ceremony dress and was used also by men.[38]
Dalmatica
[edit]Dalmatica (Δαλματική) or Delmatica (Δελματική), a tunic with long sleeves, introduced from Dalmatia.[39]
Diphthera
[edit]Diphthera (Διφθέρα) (meaning leather), a shepherd's wrap made of hides.[40]
Exomis
[edit]The exomis was a tunic which left the right arm and shoulder bare. It was worn by slaves and the working classes.[41][42] In addition, it was worn by some units of light infantry.
Encomboma
[edit]The encomboma (ἐγκόμβωμα) was an upper garment tied round the body in a knot (κόμβος), whence the name, and worn to keep the tunic clean.[43][44]
Egkuklon and Tougkuklon
[edit]Egkuklon (Ἔγκυκλον) and Tougkuklon (Τοὔγκυκλον) were woman's upper garment.[45]
Kandys
[edit]Kandys (κάνδυς) was a Persian mantle with sleeves worn by Greek women.[46]
Katonake
[edit]Katonake (Κατωνάκη), it was a cloak which had a fleece (nakos) hanging from the lower (kato) parts, that is a wrapped-around hide and stretched down to the knees.[47]
Kolobus
[edit]Kolobus or Kolobium (Κολόβιον) was like a Tunic but sleeveless.[48][49]
Krokotos
[edit]Krokotos (Κροκωτός) was a saffron-coloured robe/chiton.
Ledos, Ledarion, Speiron, Speirion
[edit]Λῇδος, Λῃδάριον, Σπεῖρον, Σπειρίον were summer garments.[50]
Nebris
[edit]Nebris (Νεβρίς) (from νεβρός, a fawn), a fawn's skin worn originally mostly by hunters and afterwards attributed to Dionysus and was worn by Dionysus priestess during religious festivals.[51][52]
Pharos
[edit]Pharos (Φᾶρος) was used in Homer in a general sense, referring to a textile fabric for women's garments, swaddling clothes, winding sheets, and as a substitute for sails and in a more special sense for a man's garment.
As a garment it was worn by the people of rank. Most probably it was larger than the chlaina.[22]
Phoinikis
[edit]Phoinikis (Φοινικὶς) was a military chlamys.[53]
Sisura
[edit]Sisura (Σισύρα or Σίσυρα) or Sisurna (Σίσυρνα),[54] type of inexpensive cloak/mantle, like a one-shoulder tunic.[55]
Spolas
[edit]Spolas (Σπολάς), a leather cloak, perhaps being worn on top.[56]
Tebennos
[edit]Tebennos (Τήβεννος) and Tebenneion (Tηβέννειον), a garment like Toga.[57]
Tribon
[edit]Tribon (Τρίβων), simple cloak. It was worn by Spartan men and was the favorite garment of the Cynic philosophers.[58][59][60][61]
Paenula/Phainoles
[edit]Paenula, Greeks called it Phainoles (φαινόλης), was a thick upper garment without sleeves, buttoned or stitched up in front, with a hood generally fastened on to it.[62]
Xystis, Ephestris
[edit]Xystis (ξυστὶς) was a garment of fine quality worn by women of quality at festivals and by great men especially on state occasions and was used on the stage for the attire of heroic personages.[22]
Ephestris (ἐφεστρὶς) was somewhat similar to the xystis. In Xenophon called it παχεῖα (thick) which most probably mean that it was not so light as the xystris.[22]
Named after colors and texture
[edit]Some mantles denote colour and texture, for example the krokotos (κροκωτὸς), meaning saffron-coloured, was an over-garment worn by women and the vatrachis (βατραχίς), meaning frogcoloured, was a man's garment.[22]
Eastern clothing
[edit]The Greeks adopted clothing from the East such as the Lydian μανδύη, the καπυρὶς ἀκταῖα or σαραπὶς of Persia and nationalised them all over the Greek world.[22]
Undergarments
[edit]Women often wore a strophic, the bra of the time, under their garments and around the mid-portion of their body.[4] The strophic was a wide band of wool or linen wrapped across the breasts and tied between the shoulder blades.[3]
Men and women sometimes wore triangular loincloths, called perizoma, as underwear.[3]
Nudity
[edit]The ancient Greeks viewed nudity as an essential part of their identity that set them apart from other cultures.[63] Males went nude for athletic events such as the Olympics.[63] Male nudity could also be seen in Symposiums, a social event for elite men.[64] Male nudity could also be seen in rituals such as a boys coming of age ceremony.[64] Public female nudity was generally not accepted in ancient Greece,[63] though occasionally woman are nude in athletic events and religious rituals.[63] Women who were prostitutes are commonly depicted as nude in ancient Greek art.[4] Partial nudity could also be seen through the linen fabric being expertly draped around the body, and the cloth could be slightly transparent.[9]
Accessories
[edit]Fasteners, belts, sashes, buttons, pins, etc.
[edit]Since clothing was rarely cut or sewn, fasteners and buttons were often used to keep garments in place.[4][9] Small buttons, pins, and brooches were used.[4][9]
Porpe (πόρπη), was the pin of a buckle or clasp and also the clasp itself.[65] Large straight pins, called peronai, were worn at the shoulders, facing down, to hold the chiton or peplos in place.[3] Fibulae were also used to pin the chiton, peplos or chlamys together.[4][page needed] These fibulae were an early version of the safety pin.[4] In Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, Oedipus uses pins to stab his eyes out after learning he was the one to kill his father and marry his mother.[66][page needed]
Belts, sashes, or girdles were also worn at the waist to hold chitons and peplos.[2][4][page needed]
Zone (ζώνη) was a flat and rather broad girdle worn by young unmarried women (ζώνη παρθενική) around their hips. In addition, it was a broad belt worn by men round their loins, and made double or hollow like our shot-belts, for carrying money. Furthermore, it was also called a soldier's belt, worn round the loins, to cover the juncture of the cuirass and the kilt of leather straps.[67]
Sudarium (σουδάριον), also called ἡμιτύβιον and καψιδρώτιον, was a linen handkerchief used mostly to remove sweat from the brow or face. It was sometimes worn around the neck and, later periods, waved in the circus to indicate acclaim.[68]
Footwear
[edit]Hesiod in his Works and Days advise his brother Perses to cover his feet with πίλοις inside his boots, similar to modern socks.[69]
Men and women wore footwear such as sandals, shoes or boots, which were made most commonly out of leather.[4][page needed][9][page needed] At home, people typically went barefoot.[24] It was also common for philosophers such as Socrates to be barefoot as well.[9][page needed]
The Athenian general, Iphicrates, made soldiers' boots that were easy to untie and light. These boots were called afterwards, from his name, Iphicratids (Greek: Ἰφικρατίδες).[70][71]
The bodyguards of the Peisistratid tyrants were called wolf-feet (Λυκόποδες). According to one theory, they were called like this because they had their feet covered with wolf-skins, to prevent frostbites.[72]
Kassyma (κάσσυμα) was an extra thick sole for the shoe or sandal frequently used to increase the height of the wearer. They were made of cork.[73]
Cothurnus (Κόθορνος) was a high shoe or buskin with several soles. It covered the whole foot, and rose as high as the middle of the leg. It was made so as to fit either foot and was generally fastened in front with straps.[74]
Other Footwear
[edit]Arbele (ἀρβύλη, arbýlē), a short or half-boot.[75]
Baucides (βαυκίδες, baukídes) or Boucidium (βουκίδιον, boukídion), a kind of costly shoe of a saffron colour, worn exclusively by women.[76]
Carbatina (καρβατίνη, karbatínē), shoes worn by rustics, with sole and upper leather all in one. A piece of untanned ox-hide placed under the foot and tied up by several thongs, so as to cover the whole foot and part of the leg.[77]
Crepida (κρηπίς, krēpís), a kind of shoe between a closed boot and plain sandals.[78]
Croupezai (κρούπεζαι, kroúpezai), croupezia (κρουπέζια, kroupézia), or croupala (κρούπαλα, kroúpala), wooden shoes worn by peasants and took their names from noise which they made. Photius wrote that they were used for treading out olives.[79]
Embas (ἐμβάς, embás) or embates (ἐμβάτης, embátēs), kind of a closed boot.[80]
Endromis (ἐνδρομίς, endromís), a kind of a leather boot (In Roman times endromis was a thick woollen rug/cloak).[81][82]
Headgear
[edit]Women and men wore different types of headgear.[2] Women could wear veils to preserve their modesty.[9][page needed] Men would wear hats for protection against the elements.[4][page needed] Both men and women also wore different types of headbands to pull their hair up or for decoration.[9][page needed]
Pileus and petasos were common hats for men in ancient Greece.[4][page needed] The pileus was a close-fitting cap which could have been made out of a variety of materials such as leather and wool.[4][page needed] While the petasos was a broad brimmed hat with an attached cord that hung down around the chin.[4][page needed]
Kredemnon (κρήδεμνον) was a woman's headdress or veil of uncertain form, a sort of covering for the head with lappets hanging down to the shoulders on both sides, and when drawn together concealing the face.[83][84][85]
Ampyx (ἄμπυχ) was a headband worn by Greek women to confine the hair, passing round the front of the head and fastening behind. It appears generally to have consisted of a plate of gold or silver, often richly worked and adorned with precious stones.[86]
Sphendone (σφενδόνη) was a fastening for the hair used by the Greek women.[87]
Tainia was a headband, ribbon, or fillet.
Kekryphalos (κεκρύφαλος) was a Hairnet[88] and Sakkos (σάκκος) a hair sack/cap used by the Greek women.[88]
Diadema (διάδημα), a fillet which was the emblem of sovereignty.[89]
Jewelry
[edit]Ornamentation in the form of jewelry, elaborate hairstyles, and make-up was common for women.[9] While jewelry was used to decorates oneself, it was also used as status symbol to show one's wealth.[4] The Greeks wore jewelry such as rings, wreaths, diadems, bracelets, armbands, pins, pendants, necklaces, and earrings.[90] Small gold ornaments would be sewn onto their clothing and would glitter as they moved.[3] Common designs on jewelry in ancient Greece included plants, animals and figures from Greek mythology.[4] Gold and silver were the most common mediums for jewelry.[91] However, jewelry from this time could also have pearls, gems, and semiprecious stones used as decoration.[4] Jewelry was commonly passed down in families from generation to generation.[90]
Greeks used many different words to describe the earrings including the Elikteres (ἑλικτῆρες), Enotia (ἑνώτια, sometimes called Enodia (ἑνώδια) in some inscritpions), Plastra (πλάστρα) and Ellobia (ἑλλόβια).[92]
Sphingter (σφιγκτήρ) was a coil bracelet, made of gold, worn by women on the left arm.[93] Pselion (ψέλιον) was a kind of bracelet or armlet worn by Persians, but also adopted by Greeks.[94] The bracelets who were worn on the wrist were called περικάρπια, while these that were worn on the upper arm were called περιβραχιόνια. The bracelet that went several times round the arm were called δράκοντες (dragons) or ὄφεις (snakes) due to their resemblance to serpents.[94]
Periscelis (περισκελίς), was an anklet worn by women. The plebeian women wore anklets of silver, whereas the patricians of gold.[95][96] These ornaments are also called περισφύρια, while sometimes they are referred to by more general names such as πέδαι (singular πέδη) or ἀμφιδέαι (singular ἀμφιδέα).[97] The word πέδη was also used to describe a fetter or shackle for the ankles constructed as to deprive the prisoner almost wholly of the power of walking.[98][96]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Condra, Jill (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History, Vol. 1. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33662-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Nigro, Jeff (1 February 2022). "Ancient Greek Dress: The Classic Look". Art Institute of Chicago.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Alden, Maureen (January 2003), "Ancient Greek Dress", Costume, 37 (1): 1–16, doi:10.1179/cos.2003.37.1.1
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Lee, Mireille M. (2015). Body, dress, and identity in ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05536-0.
- ^ Adkins, Lesley, and Roy Adkins. Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece. New York: Facts On File, 1997. Print.
- ^ a b c d "Ancient Greek Dress". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Sartor
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Scalprum
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Johnson, Marie, Ethel B. Abrahams, and Maria M. L. Evans. Ancient Greek Dress. Chicago: Argonaut, 1964. Print.
- ^ Aristotle. (1902). History of animals in ten books. London: G. Bell. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.19197.
- ^ a b Broudy, Eric (1993). The book of looms: a history of the handloom from ancient times to the present. Hanover: Brown University Press. ISBN 978-0-87451-649-4.
- ^ Homer (15 November 2018), Pulleyn, Simon (ed.), "Odyssey", Homer: Odyssey, Book 5, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00280463, ISBN 978-0-19-878880-5, retrieved 4 June 2023
- ^ Homer (15 November 2018), Pulleyn, Simon (ed.), "Odyssey", Homer: Odyssey, Book 10, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00280463, ISBN 978-0-19-878880-5, retrieved 4 June 2023
- ^ Blanck, Horst (1976). Einführung in das Privatleben der Griechen und Römer. Internet Archive. Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft [Abt. Verl.] p. 45. ISBN 978-3-534-06066-5.
- ^ Homer (29 June 1995), Griffin, Jasper (ed.), "Iliad", Homer: Iliad Book Three, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00280592, ISBN 978-0-19-814130-3, retrieved 5 June 2023
- ^ Suda, theta, 290
- ^ "Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Epiblēma". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ "Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Amictus". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ "Perseus Encyclopedia, epiblema". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ἀμφελόνη". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ "Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Indūtus". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Pallium
- ^ Garland, Robert. Daily Life of the Ancient Greeks. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2009. Print.
- ^ a b Art, Authors: Department of Greek and Roman. "Ancient Greek Dress | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ Plato (14 September 2007). The Republic. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-045511-3.
- ^ Perseus Encyclopedia, Apoptygma
- ^ Suda, alpha, 1224
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890)William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Ampechone
- ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Ampechone
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Ampechone
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Abrota
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Birrus
- ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Chitoniskos
- ^ Perseus Encyclopedia, Chitoniskos
- ^ John Conington, Commentary on Vergil's Aeneid, Volume 2, 9.616
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Manica
- ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Chiridotos
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cyclas
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Dalmatica
- ^ Suda, delta, 1290
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Comoedia
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Exōmis
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Encomboma
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Encombōma
- ^ Suda, tau, 812
- ^ "L. D. Caskey, J. D. Beazley, Attic Vase Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 110. 00.346 BELL-KRATER from Vico Equense (NE. of Sorrento) PLATE LXII". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ Suda, kappa, 1114
- ^ Francesca Sterlacci; Joanne Arbuckle (2009). The A to Z of the Fashion Industry. Scarecrow Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-8108-6883-0.
- ^ Herbert Norris (1999). Ancient European Costume and Fashion. Dover Publications. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-486-40723-4.
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875, Pallium
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Nebris
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Nebris
- ^ Suda, phi, 791
- ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, sisura
- ^ Suda, sigma, 487
- ^ Suda, Sigma, 956
- ^ Suda, tau, 465
- ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Tribon
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Pallium
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Tribon
- ^ Mireille M. Lee (2015). Body, Dress, and Identity in Ancient Greece. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-107-66253-7.
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Paenula
- ^ a b c d Bonfante, Larissa (1 October 1989). "Nudity as a Costume in Classical Art". American Journal of Archaeology. 93 (4): 543–570. doi:10.2307/505328. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 505328. S2CID 192983153.
- ^ a b Bonfante, Larissa (1990). "The NAKED GREEK". Archaeology. 43 (5): 28–35. ISSN 0003-8113. JSTOR 41765856.
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Porpé
- ^ Sophocle; Mulroy, David D. (2011). Oedipus Rex. Wisconsin studies in classics. Madison (Wis.): University of Wisconsin press. ISBN 978-0-299-28254-7.
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Zona
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Sudarium
- ^ Hesiod, Works and Days, 542
- ^ Schachter, Albert (May 2016). Boiotia in Antiquity: Selected Papers. Cambridge University Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-107-05324-3.
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890) William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., calceus
- ^ Suda, lambda, 812
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Fulmenta
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cothurnus
- ^ Suda, alpha, 3755
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baucides
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Carbatina
- ^ Dictionary A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Crepida
- ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Sculponeae
- ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Embas
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Endromis
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Endromis
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Calantica
- ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, krhdemnon
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Calautica
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ampyx
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Sphendone
- ^ a b The Prostitute and Her Headdress: the Mitra, Sakkos and Kekryphalos in Attic Red-figure Vase-painting ca. 550-450 BCE, Marina Fischer
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Diadema
- ^ a b Colette Hemingway; Seán Hemingway. "Hellenistic Jewelry". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ Smith, Tyler Jo; Plantzos, Dimitris, eds. (29 January 2013). A Companion to Greek Art. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781118273289. ISBN 978-1-4051-8604-9.
- ^ The Fragments of Sophocles, p. 35
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Spinther
- ^ a b A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Armilla
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Periscelis
- ^ a b Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Compes
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Periscelis
- ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Compes
External links
[edit]- Ancient Greek Clothing
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Clothing
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Clavus Latus
Garments
[edit]- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Abolla
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ephestris
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Epiblema
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Amictus
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Pallium
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Palla
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Paludamentum
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cingulum
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Mitra
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Dalmatica
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Tunica
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Laena
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Lacerna
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cucullus
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cyclas
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Paenula
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Paludamentum
Footwear
[edit]- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Calceus
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Calceus
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Carbatina
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Crepida
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Crepida
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cothurnus
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Caliga
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Baucides
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baucides
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baxeae
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Baxeae
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Embas
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Embas
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Endromis
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Soccus
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Solea
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Solea
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Talaria
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Zancha
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Fulmenta
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Gallicae
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Ligula
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Obstragulum
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Phaecasium
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Sandalium
Other
[edit]- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Strophium
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ampyx
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Calautica
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Armilla
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Inauris
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Inauris
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Manica
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Nodus
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Bulla
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Amuletum
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Fibula
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Fibula
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Porpé
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Caliendrum
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Redimiculum
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baculum
- The Prostitute and Her Headdress: the Mitra, Sakkos and Kekryphalos in Attic Red-figure Vase-painting ca. 550-450 BCE, Marina Fischer
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Zona
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Taenia
- A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Catena
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Monile
- Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Galerus