Bernardino Drovetti: Difference between revisions

Bernardino Drovetti
Bernardino Drovetti
Born	January 7, 1776; Barbania
Died	March 5, 1852 (aged 76); Turin
Nationality	Italian-French
Occupation(s)	Antiquities collector, diplomat, politician

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Bernardino Michele Maria Drovetti (January 7, 1776 – March 5, 1852) was an Italian antiquities looter, diplomat, and politician. He is best remembered for having acquired the Turin Royal Canon and for his questionable behavior in collecting ancient Egyptian antiquities.^[1]

Biography

Born in Barbania, a comune near Turin in the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Drovetti later obtained the French nationality and joined the French army, eventually rising to the rank of Chef d'escadron. As an official, during the French campaign in Egypt (1798–99) he distinguished himself by saving the life of Joachim Murat, and later he became the French Consul-General of Egypt during both the Empire (until 1814) and the Bourbon Restoration, between 1820 and 1829. He also earned Wāli Muhammad Ali's trust and had a role in some of the latter's administrative reforms. In 1820, he was awarded the title of Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Legion d'Honneur.^[1]

During his stay in Egypt, Drovetti became a passionate and avid collector of Egyptian antiquities. He engaged several agents and was particularly active in Luxor; shortly he gathered huge amounts of findings which he managed to sell in Europe.^[1] His first collection was refused by France, but was acquired by King Charles Felix of Sardinia in 1824 and carried to Turin, where it became the first core of the future Museo Egizio. Another collection was purchased by King Charles X of France and is now stored at the Louvre. A third one was acquired by Karl Richard Lepsius in 1836 and carried in Prussia in order of being accommodated in the Egyptian Museum of Berlin.^[1] Among the antiquities sold to the King of Sardinia, there was the invaluable Turin Royal Canon, a papyrus bearing a list of several pharaohs which is datable to the reign of Ramesses II and which was found by Drovetti at Luxor in 1820.

Later in his life, Drovetti lost his mind and was confined in a lunatic asylum at Turin. He died there on March 5, 1852.^[1]

Legacy

While he contributed significantly to the creation of three of the largest Egyptological collections in Europe and substantially increased the European interest in ancient Egypt, Drovetti is also remembered for his ruthlessness towards other collectors and excavators. He was particularly hostile against Henry Salt, Giovanni Battista Belzoni and Jean-François Champollion:^[1] for example, during his excavations at Luxor around 1818 and later, Belzoni reported to have been harassed by two of Drovetti's agents, Antonio Lebolo and a certain Rosignani;^[2] Drovetti also tried several times to hinder Champollion's expedition in Egypt (1827–28), likely to prevent a competitor in his affairs.^[3] Drovetti and his agents were also deemed careless and unscrupulous in their conduct towards their discoveries, and it is believed that the fragmentary state of the Turin Royal Canon is at least partially due to this behaviour.^[1]

In popular culture

Drovetti was portrayed by Joseph Long in the 2005 BBC docudrama Egypt.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Dawson, Warren R. (1951). Who Was Who in Egyptology. London: Harrison & sons (reprint 1972)., p. 90
^ Dawson (1951), pp. 166; 253
^ Robinson, Andrew (2012). Cracking the Egyptian Code: The Revolutionary Life of Jean-Francois Champollion. Oxford University Press., pp. 179-81

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+{{Short description|Italian diplomat, explorer and scholar}}
-{{Infobox person | name = Bernardino Drovetti | image = Drovetti.jpeg | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1776|1|7}} | birth_place = Barbania | death_date = {{Death date and age|1852|3|5|1776|1|7}} | death_place = Turin | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | residence = | nationality =Italian-French | other_names = | known_for =| education = | employer = | occupation =Antiquities collector, diplomat, politician | title = | salary = | networth = | height = | weight = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents =| relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }}
+{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}
+{{Infobox person | name = Bernardino Drovetti | image = Bernardino Drovetti.jpg | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1776|1|7}} | birth_place = Barbania | death_date = {{Death date and age|1852|3|5|1776|1|7}} | death_place = Turin | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | nationality =Italian-French | other_names = | known_for =| education = | employer = | occupation =Antiquities collector, diplomat, politician | title = | height = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents =| relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }}
-'''Bernardino Michele Maria Drovetti''' (January 7, 1776 &ndash; March 5, 1852) was an [[Italia]]n antiquities collector, diplomat, and policician. He is best remembered for having acquired the [[Turin Royal Canon]] and for his questionable behavior in collecting [[ancient Egypt]]ian antiquities.<ref name=www>{{cite book |last=Dawson |first=Warren R. |authorlink=Warren R. Dawson |date=1951 |title=Who Was Who in Egyptology |url= |location= London |publisher= Harrison & sons (reprint 1972) |page= |isbn= |access-date= June 17, 2015}}, p.&nbsp;90</ref>
+'''Bernardino Michele Maria Drovetti''' (January 7, 1776 &ndash; March 5, 1852) was an [[Italia]]n antiquities looter, diplomat, and politician. He is best remembered for having acquired the [[Turin Royal Canon]] and for his questionable behavior in collecting [[ancient Egypt]]ian antiquities.<ref name=www>{{cite book |last=Dawson |first=Warren R. |author-link=Warren R. Dawson |date=1951 |title=Who Was Who in Egyptology |location= London |publisher= Harrison & sons (reprint 1972) }}, p.&nbsp;90</ref>
 ==Biography==
-Born in [[Barbania]], a ''[[comune]]'' near [[Turin]] in the kingdom of [[Piedmont-Sardinia]], Drovetti later obtained the [[France|French]] nationality and joined the ''[[Grande Armée]]''. As an official, during the [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|French campaign in Egypt]] (1798–99) he distinguished himself by saving the life of [[Joachim Murat]], and later he became the French [[Consul]]-General of Egypt during both the [[First French Empire|Empire]] (until 1814) and the [[Bourbon Restoration]], between 1820 and 1829. He also earned [[Wāli]] [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]'s trust and had a role in some of the latter's administrative reforms. In 1820 he was awarded the title of ''[[Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Legion d'Honneur]]''.<ref name=www/>
+Born in [[Barbania]], a ''[[comune]]'' near [[Turin]] in the kingdom of [[Piedmont-Sardinia]], Drovetti later obtained the [[France|French]] nationality and joined the French army, eventually rising to the rank of ''[[Chef d'escadron]]''. As an official, during the [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|French campaign in Egypt]] (1798–99) he distinguished himself by saving the life of [[Joachim Murat]], and later he became the French [[Consul (representative)|Consul]]-General of Egypt during both the [[First French Empire|Empire]] (until 1814) and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], between 1820 and 1829. He also earned [[Wāli]] [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]'s trust and had a role in some of the latter's administrative reforms. In 1820, he was awarded the title of ''[[Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Legion d'Honneur]]''.<ref name=www/>
-During his stay in Egypt, Drovetti became a passionate and avid collector of Egyptian antiquities. He engaged several agents and was particularly active in [[Luxor]]; shortly he gathered huge amounts of findings which he managed to sell in Europe.<ref name=www/> His first collection was refused by France, but was acquired by King [[Charles Felix of Sardinia]] in 1824 and carried to Turin, where it became the first core of the future [[Museo Egizio]]. Another collection was purchased by King [[Charles X of France]] and is now stored at the [[Louvre]]. A third one was acquired by [[Karl Richard Lepsius]] in 1836 and carried in [[Prussia]] in order of being accomodated in the [[Egyptian Museum of Berlin]].<ref name=www/> Among the antiquities sold to the [[King of Sardinia]] there was the invaluable [[Turin Royal Canon]], a [[papyrus]] bearing a list of several [[pharaoh]]s which is datable to the reign of [[Ramesses II]] and which was found by Drovetti at Luxor in 1820.
+During his stay in Egypt, Drovetti became a passionate and avid collector of Egyptian antiquities. He engaged several agents and was particularly active in [[Luxor]]; shortly he gathered huge amounts of findings which he managed to sell in Europe.<ref name=www/> His first collection was refused by France, but was acquired by King [[Charles Felix of Sardinia]] in 1824 and carried to Turin, where it became the first core of the future [[Museo Egizio]]. Another collection was purchased by King [[Charles X of France]] and is now stored at the [[Louvre]]. A third one was acquired by [[Karl Richard Lepsius]] in 1836 and carried in [[Prussia]] in order of being accommodated in the [[Egyptian Museum of Berlin]].<ref name=www/> Among the antiquities sold to the [[King of Sardinia]], there was the invaluable [[Turin Royal Canon]], a [[papyrus]] bearing a list of several [[pharaoh]]s which is datable to the reign of [[Ramesses II]] and which was found by Drovetti at Luxor in 1820.
-Later in his life, Drovetti lost his mind and was [[involuntary commitment|confined]] in a [[lunatic asylum]] at Turin. He died here in March 5, 1852.<ref name=www/>
+Later in his life, Drovetti lost his mind and was [[involuntary commitment|confined]] in a [[lunatic asylum]] at Turin. He died there on March 5, 1852.<ref name=www/>
 ==Legacy==
-While he contributed significantly to the creation of three of the largest Egyptological collections in Europe and substantially increased the [[Egyptomania|European interest in ancient Egypt]], Drovetti is also remembered for his ruthlessness towards other collectors and excavators. He was particularly hostile against [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]], [[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]] and [[Jean-François Champollion]]:<ref name=www/> for example, during his excavations at Luxor around 1818 and later, Belzoni reported to have being harassed by two of Drovetti's agents, [[Antonio Lebolo]] and a certain Rosignani;<ref>Dawson (1951), pp.&nbsp;166;&nbsp;253</ref> Drovetti also tried several times to hinder Champollion's [[Jean-François Champollion#Franco-Tuscan Expedition|expedition in Egypt]] (1827-28), likely to prevent a competitor in his affairs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Andrew |authorlink= |date=2012 |title= Cracking the Egyptian Code: The Revolutionary Life of Jean-Francois Champollion |url= |location= |publisher= Oxford University Press |page= |isbn= |access-date=}}, pp.&nbsp;179-81</ref> Drovetti and his agents were also deemed of having a careless and unscrupolous conduct towards their discoveries, and it is believed that the fragmentary state of the Turin Royal Canon is at least partially due to this behavior.<ref name=www/>
+While he contributed significantly to the creation of [[List of museums of Egyptian antiquities|three of the largest Egyptological collections]] in Europe and substantially increased the [[Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination|European interest in ancient Egypt]], Drovetti is also remembered for his ruthlessness towards other collectors and excavators. He was particularly hostile against [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]], [[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]] and [[Jean-François Champollion]]:<ref name=www/> for example, during his excavations at Luxor around 1818 and later, Belzoni reported to have been harassed by two of Drovetti's agents, [[Antonio Lebolo]] and a certain Rosignani;<ref>Dawson (1951), pp.&nbsp;166;&nbsp;253</ref> Drovetti also tried several times to hinder Champollion's [[Jean-François Champollion#Franco-Tuscan Expedition|expedition in Egypt]] (1827–28), likely to prevent a competitor in his affairs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Andrew |date=2012 |title= Cracking the Egyptian Code: The Revolutionary Life of Jean-Francois Champollion |publisher= Oxford University Press }}, pp.&nbsp;179-81</ref> Drovetti and his agents were also deemed careless and unscrupulous in their conduct towards their discoveries, and it is believed that the fragmentary state of the Turin Royal Canon is at least partially due to this behaviour.<ref name=www/>
 ==In popular culture==
-Drovetti was portrayed by [[Joseph Long (actor)|Joseph Long]] in the 2005 [[BBC]] docudrama ''[[Egypt (TV series)|Egypt]]''.
+Drovetti was portrayed by Joseph Long in the 2005 [[BBC]] docudrama ''[[Egypt (TV series)|Egypt]]''.
-==Further reading==
+==See also==
+* [[List of Egyptologists#D|List of Egyptologists]]
-*{{cite book |last=Ridly |first=Ronald T. |authorlink= |date=1998 |title= Napoleon's Proconsul In Egypt: The Life and Times of Bernardino Drovetti |url= |location= |publisher= Rubicon Press |page= |isbn= 0-948695-59-5 |access-date=}}
 ==References==
-{{Commons category|Bernardino Drovetti}}
 {{Reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+{{Commons category|Bernardino Drovetti}}
+* {{cite book |last=Ridly |first=Ronald T. |date=1998 |title= Napoleon's Proconsul In Egypt: The Life and Times of Bernardino Drovetti |publisher= Rubicon Press |isbn= 0-948695-59-5 }}
 {{Authority control}}
-{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
-| NAME              = Drovetti, Bernardino
-| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
-| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Italian collector, diplomat, policician
-| DATE OF BIRTH     = 7 January 1776
-| PLACE OF BIRTH    = Barbania
-| DATE OF DEATH     = 5 March 1852
-| PLACE OF DEATH    = Turin
-}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Drovetti, Bernardino}}
 [[Category:1776 births]]
 [[Category:1852 deaths]]
 [[Category:Italian Egyptologists]]
-[[Category:Explorers of Africa]]
+[[Category:Italian explorers of Africa]]
-[[Category:Italian explorers]]
+[[Category:19th-century Italian explorers]]
-[[Category:19th-century Italian people]]
+[[Category:19th-century Italian criminals]]
-[[Category:People from the Province of Turin]]
+[[Category:19th-century Italian diplomats]]
-[[Category:Museo Egizio]]
+[[Category:People from the Metropolitan City of Turin]]
+[[Category:French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]]

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