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m That this "criticism escalated" falsely implies that it had existed before, but this is incorrect as lightning predates usb c and apples adoption of usb c connectors on its macbooks itself predates the existence of the usb 4 protocol due to the fact that they were already using the usb c connector with thunderbolt 3 in 2015. Also cleaned up extremely jumbled phrasing.
 
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{{Short description|Proprietary computer bus and power connector by Apple Inc.}}
{{use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{Distinguish|Thunderbolt (interface)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{infobox connector
{{infobox connector
|name =Lightning Connector
| name = Lightning
|type =Data and power connector
| type = Data and power connector
|image =[[File:Lightning connector.svg|frameless]]
| image = [[File:Lightning connector.svg|frameless]]
|caption =Top down view of a Lightning cable, showing the eight-pin connector
| caption = Top-down view of a Lightning connector, showing one side of eight pins
|designer =[[Apple Inc.]]
| designer = [[Apple Inc.]]
|production_date =2012-present
| production_date = 2012–present (end date: 2025)
|superseded =[[30-pin dock connector]]
| superseded = [[30-pin dock connector]]
|num_pins =8
| num_pins = 8
|pinout_image =[[File:Lightning pins.png|220px|frameless|center|Pin out]]
| pinout_image = [[File:Lightning plug.svg|frameless]]
|pinout_caption = Receptacle View
| pinout_caption = Pins of the Lightning connector
|pin1 =ground
| pin1 = Ground
|pin1_name =GND
| pin1_name = GND
|pin2 =lane 0 positive
| pin2 = Lane 0 positive
|pin2_name =L0p
| pin2_name = L0p
|pin3 =lane 0 negative
| pin3 = Lane 0 negative
|pin3_name =L0n
| pin3_name = L0n
|pin4 =identification/control 0
| pin4 = Identification/control 0
|pin4_name =ID0
| pin4_name = ID0
|pin5 =power (charger or battery)
| pin5 = Power (charger or battery)
|pin5_name =PWR
| pin5_name = PWR
|pin6 =lane 1 negative
| pin6 = Lane 1 negative
|pin6_name =L1n
| pin6_name = L1n
|pin7 =lane 1 positive
| pin7 = Lane 1 positive
|pin7_name =L1p
| pin7_name = L1p
|pin8 =identification/control 1
| pin8 = Identification/control 1
|pin8_name =ID1
| pin8_name = ID1
|pinout_notes =Two differential pair lanes (L0p/n and L1p/n) may swap in IC of device connector (lanes don't swap if accessory identification chip connect to ID0 pin)
| pinout_notes = Lane 0 and 1 may be swapped in the IC of the device connector. (No swapping occurs if the accessory identification chip is connected to the ID0 pin.)
| superseded_by = [[USB-C]]
}}
}}


'''Lightning''' is a proprietary [[bus (computing)|computer bus]] and power connector, created and designed by [[Apple Inc.]] It was introduced on September 12, 2012, in conjunction with the [[iPhone 5]], to replace its predecessor, the [[30-pin dock connector]].
'''Lightning''' is a proprietary [[bus (computing)|computer bus]] and power connector created by [[Apple Inc.]] to replace its previous proprietary [[Dock connector#Apple 30-pin dock connector|30-pin dock connector]], used to connect Apple mobile devices like [[iPhone]]s, [[iPad]]s and [[iPod touch|iPod]]s to host computers, external monitors, cameras, USB battery chargers and other peripherals. Using eight pins instead of thirty, Lightning is significantly more compact than the 30-pin dock connector and can be inserted with either side facing up. However, it is incompatible with cables and peripherals designed for its predecessor, unless used with an adapter. It was introduced in 2012 and as of November 2014 is used by the [[iPhone 5]] onwards, [[iPod Touch (5th generation)]], [[iPad (4th generation)]] onwards, [[iPad Mini]] and [[iPod Nano]] (7th generation).

The Lightning connector is used to connect Apple mobile devices like [[iPhone]]s, [[iPad]]s, and [[iPod Touch|iPod]]s to host computers, external monitors, cameras, USB battery chargers, and other peripherals. Using 8 pins instead of 30, Lightning is much smaller than its predecessor. The Lightning connector is reversible. The plug is indented on each side to match up with corresponding points inside the receptacle to retain the connection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/13/05/09/apples-lightning-connector-finally-detailed-in-patent-filing|title=Apple's Lightning connector detailed in extensive new patent filings|date=May 9, 2013|access-date=August 1, 2021|author=Campbell, Mikey}}</ref>

In 2018, Apple began transitioning to [[USB-C]] on [[iPad Pro]]s and accessories. In response to [[Radio Equipment Directive (2022)|legislation to standardize charging ports]] passed in 2022, Apple said it would comply with regulations. The [[iPhone 15|iPhone 15 and 15 Plus]] and the [[IPhone 15 Pro|iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max]], announced on September 12, 2023, became the first iPhones to use [[USB-C]], and the last few Lightning accessories will make the transition by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Apple to complete its USB-C transition for AirPods and other accessories by 2025 |url=https://superchargednews.com/2023/09/17/apple-usb-c-transition-done-2025/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
The Lightning connector was introduced on September 12, 2012 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/12/apple-iphone-5-event-2012|title=Apple's September 12th event roundup: iPhone 5, new iPods, iOS 6, Lightning and everything else|publisher=[[Engadget]]|date=September 12, 2012|accessdate=October 5, 2012|author=Pollicino, Joe}}</ref> as a replacement for the 30-pin dock connector for all new hardware that was announced at the same event. The first compatible devices were the [[iPhone 5]], the [[iPod Touch (5th generation)]], and the [[iPod Nano]] (7th generation).<ref name="techcrunch" /> The [[iPad (4th generation)]] and the [[iPad Mini (1st generation)]] were added as Lightning devices in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2012/10/23/apple-announces-fourth-generation-ipad-with-lightning-connector|title=Apple Announces Fourth-Generation iPad with Lightning Connector, New A6X Chip|publisher=[[MacRumors]]|date=October 23, 2012|accessdate=December 2, 2012|author=Schultz, Marianne}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/ipad-mini/specs|title=iPad mini Technical Specifications|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|date=December 2, 2012|accessdate=October 23, 2012}}</ref> On September 20, 2013 [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] released the [[iPhone 5C]] and [[iPhone 5S]]. On October 22, 2013, Apple released the [[iPad Mini (2nd generation)|iPad Mini with Retina Display]] and the [[iPad Air]]. On September 19, 2014 Apple released the [[iPhone 6]] and the [[iPhone 6 Plus]]. On October 24, 2014 Apple released the [[iPad Air 2]] and the [[iPad Mini 3]].
The Lightning connector was introduced on September 12, 2012, with the [[iPhone 5]], as a replacement for the 30-pin dock connector.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/09/12/apple-iphone-5-event-2012|title=Apple's September 12th event roundup: iPhone 5, new iPods, iOS 6, Lightning and everything else|publisher=[[Engadget]]|date=September 12, 2012|access-date=October 5, 2012|author=Pollicino, Joe}}</ref> The [[iPod Touch (5th generation)]], [[iPod Nano]] (7th generation),<ref name="techcrunch" /> [[iPad (4th generation)]] and [[iPad Mini (1st generation)]] followed in October and November 2012 as the first devices with Lightning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2012/10/23/apple-announces-fourth-generation-ipad-with-lightning-connector|title=Apple Announces Fourth-Generation iPad with Lightning Connector, New A6X Chip|publisher=[[MacRumors]]|date=October 23, 2012|access-date=December 2, 2012|last=Schultz|first=Marianne}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/ipad-mini/specs|title=iPad mini Technical Specifications|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|date=December 2, 2012|access-date=October 23, 2012}}</ref>


On November 25, 2012, Apple acquired the “Lightning” trademark in Europe from [[Harley-Davidson]], which had broad coverage for the mark and retains rights to use it.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goldman|first=David|date=November 26, 2012|title=Apple bought Lightning trademark from Harley-Davidson|url=http://money.cnn.com/2012/11/26/technology/mobile/apple-lightning-harley-davidson|publisher=[[CNNMoney.com]]|accessdate=November 29, 2012}}</ref>
On November 25, 2012, Apple acquired the "Lightning" trademark in Europe from [[Harley-Davidson]]. Apple was given a [[copyright transfer agreement|partial transfer]] of the Lightning trademark, suggesting that Harley-Davidson likely retained the rights to use the name for motorcycle-related products.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goldman|first=David|date=November 26, 2012|title=Apple bought Lightning trademark from Harley-Davidson|url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/11/26/technology/mobile/apple-lightning-harley-davidson|publisher=[[CNNMoney.com]]|access-date=November 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Apple acquired Lightning trademark from Harley-Davidson|url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/12/11/26/apple-acquired-lightning-trademark-from-harley-davidson|website=Apple Insider}}</ref>

The [[iPad Pro (1st generation)|first-generation iPad Pro]] (12.9-inch models only), and the [[iPad Pro (2nd generation)|second-generation iPad Pro]], are the only devices in which the Lightning connector supports [[USB 3.0]] host.<ref name=usb3>{{cite web|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPad+Pro+Teardown/52599|title=iPad Pro 12.9 Teardown|website=[[iFixit]]}}</ref> The only accessory released with USB 3.0 support is the Lightning to USB 3 Camera Adapter.<ref name=camera/>

Since [[iPhone 8]] and [[iPhone X]], the Lightning connector is somewhat [[USB-PD]] compatible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast charge your iPhone |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/102574 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Apple Support |language=en}}</ref>

===Transition to USB-C===
In October 2018, following the implementation of [[USB-C]] across the [[Mac (computer)|Mac]] lineup, Apple released a [[iPad Pro (3rd generation)|range of iPad Pro models]] that replaced Lightning with it; the 2020 [[iPad Air (4th generation)]], 2021 [[iPad Mini (6th generation)]], and 2022 [[iPad (10th generation)]] similarly replaced Lightning with USB-C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/gadgets/tablets/apple-unveils-new-ipads-macs-and-mac-minis-at-event-in-new-york/news-story/29f518ef7745924673dc44d5f3dbc225|title=Apple unveils new iPads, Macs and Mac Minis at event in New York|date=October 30, 2018|website=NewsComAu}}</ref> In October 2022, Apple released the [[Siri Remote]] for the 3rd generation [[Apple TV|Apple TV 4K]] with a USB-C connector, becoming Apple's first accessory to charge via USB-C.<ref>{{cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=October 18, 2022|title=You can now buy an Apple TV remote with a USB-C port|url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/10/18/23410830/apple-tv-siri-remote-usb-c-port-charging|access-date=May 27, 2023|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2020, the [[European Commission]] proposed laws to standardize charger ports. On October 4, 2022, the [[European Parliament]] [[Radio Equipment Directive (2022)| approved regulations]] that require all electronic devices to support USB-C,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/04/apple-could-have-to-change-iphone-charger-to-usb-c-under-new-eu-rules.html|title=Apple could have to change iPhone charger to USB-C under new EU rules|date=October 4, 2022|website=CNBC}}</ref> in order to meet pressure by EU consumers regarding financial costs and [[electronic waste]]. Commentators said that these regulations will impact Apple most heavily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/9/23/22626723/eu-commission-universal-charger-usb-c-micro-lightning-connector-smartphones|title=EU proposes mandatory USB-C on all devices, including iPhones|date=September 23, 2021|website=The Verge}}</ref> Apple stated concerns that this will "harm consumers in Europe and around the world",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/eu-plans-one-mobile-charging-port-all-setback-apple-2021-09-23/|title=EU plans one mobile charging port for all, in setback for Apple|date=September 23, 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref> but on October 25, 2022, [[Greg Joswiak]], Vice President of Global Marketing for Apple, said that Apple will comply with the new EU regulations, indirectly confirming that iPhone models and other devices will ultimately replace Lightning with USB-C in the future.<ref name="joz">{{cite web|author1=Sami Fathi|title=Greg Joswiak: Apple Will Have to Comply With the EU and Switch iPhone to USB-C|url=https://forums.macrumors.com/threads/greg-joswiak-apple-will-have-to-comply-with-the-eu-and-switch-iphone-to-usb-c.2367481/|publisher=MacRumors|access-date=October 26, 2022|date=October 26, 2022}}</ref>

Released on September 22, 2023, the [[iPhone 15]]/[[iPhone 15 Pro|15 Pro]] series are the first iPhone models to use USB-C. This means all the latest iPad models since March 18, 2022, and iPhone models since September 22, 2023, have transitioned to USB-C. The 2nd generation [[AirPods Pro]] was updated to a USB-C charging case and the [[MagSafe (wireless charger)#MagSafe Duo Charger|MagSafe Duo Charger]] and [[MagSafe (wireless charger)#MagSafe Battery Pack|MagSafe Battery Pack]], which used the Lightning connector, were discontinued.<ref>{{cite web|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=September 12, 2023|title=Apple announces iPhone 15 with USB-C, a camera upgrade, and the Dynamic Island|url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/12/23859779/iphone-15-plus-usb-c-price-release-date-apple|access-date=September 12, 2023|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Lightning connector (used on [[iPhone 5]] until [[iPhone 14]]) has a technical constraint that limits video output using the Lightning Digital AV HDMI Adapter to a maximum supported resolution of 1600 x 900 (slightly less than [[1080p]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2013 |title=The Lightning Digital AV Adapter Surprise – Panic Blog |url=https://panic.com/blog/the-lightning-digital-av-adapter-surprise/}}</ref> The USB-C ports on iPhone 15 and thereafter supports [[DisplayPort#Support for DisplayPort Alternate Mode over USB-C|DisplayPort Alternate Mode over USB-C]] video output with [[High-dynamic-range video|HDR]] up to [[4K resolution]].

Apple has subsequently transitioned its [[AirPods]] (on 9th September 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welch |first=Chris |date=September 9, 2024 |title=AirPods 4 hands-on: noise cancellation for people who hate ear tips |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/9/24239947/apple-airpods-4-hands-on-preview-features-anc |access-date=September 9, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>) and Magic Mouse, Magic Trackpad and Magic Keyboard (all on October 28th, 2024<ref>{{Cite web|title = Apple’s new Magic Keyboard, Magic Mouse, and Magic Trackpad have USB-C|url = https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/28/24275569/apple-usb-c-magic-keyboard-mouse-trackpad-no-lightning|website = TheVerge|access-date = 2024-10-28}}</ref>) to USB-C.


==Technology==
==Technology==
[[File:Lightning to USB Cable.jpg|thumb|right|Apple Lightning to USB-A cable]]
Lightning is an eight-pin connector which carries a digital signal. It is non-directional and can be inserted into the device with either side facing up or down. Apple offers various adapters which allow the Lightning connector to be used with other interfaces, such as 30-pin, USB, HDMI, VGA and SD cards. The Lightning to 30-pin adapter supports only a limited subset of the available 30 pin signals: USB data, USB charging, and analog audio output. Official Lightning connectors contain an authentication chip that makes it difficult for third-party manufacturers to produce compatible accessories without being approved by Apple.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/10/apple-revising-mfi-program-to-limit-third-party-lightning-accessories|last=Foresman|first=Chris|title=Apple revising MFi program to limit third-party Lightning accessories|publisher=Ars Technica|date=October 3, 2012|accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref>
Lightning is an 8-pin digital connector. Unlike the 30-pin dock connector it replaced (and USB Type-A and -B connectors), it is reversible.<ref name="tech"/>

Most Lightning devices only support USB 2.0, which has a maximum transfer speed of 480 Mbit/s or 60 MB/s. With USB 2.0, only one lane is in use at a time.<ref name="throughput2.0">{{cite web|url=https://microchipdeveloper.com/usb:high-speed|title=High Speed USB Maximum Theoretical Throughput|date=March 23, 2021|publisher=Microchip Technology Incorporated|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326115716/https://microchipdeveloper.com/usb:high-speed|archive-date=March 26, 2021|access-date=March 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2022/04/19/sketchy-rumor-claims-iphone-14-pro-will-feature-faster-usb-3-0-lightning-connector/|title=Sketchy rumor claims iPhone 14 Pro will feature faster USB 3.0 Lightning connector|date=April 20, 2022}}</ref> Only the 12.9-inch iPad Pro (1st and 2nd generation) and 10.5-inch iPad Pro support [[USB 3.0]] (now USB 3.2 Gen 1), which has a maximum transfer speed of 5 Gbit/s or 625 MB/s.<ref name=usb3/> This requires the Lightning to USB 3 camera adapter, which allows the iPad to connect with cameras and storage peripherals, but not computers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Damaged lightning port on 12.9inch iPad Pro, anyone with any experience of this?|url=https://forums.macrumors.com/threads/damaged-lightning-port-on-12-9inch-ipad-pro-anyone-with-any-experience-of-this.2029598/|website=MacRumors|access-date=October 27, 2022|date=January 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name=camera>{{cite web|title=Lightning to USB 3 Camera Adapter|url=https://www.apple.com/shop/product/MX5J3AM/A/lightning-to-usb-3-camera-adapter|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=August 9, 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240809091841/https://www.apple.com/shop/product/MX5J3AM/A/lightning-to-usb-3-camera-adapter|archive-date=August 9, 2024}}</ref>

Apple offers various adapters that allow the Lightning connector to be used with other interfaces, such as 30-pin, [[USB]], [[HDMI]], [[VGA connector|VGA]], and [[SD card]]s. The Lightning to 30-pin adapter supports only a limited subset of the available 30-pin signals: USB data, USB charging, and analog audio output (via the [[Digital-to-analog converter|DAC]] inside of the adapter<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Slivka|title=Apple's Lightning to 30-Pin Adapter Torn Apart, Reveals Several Chips and Copious Glue|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2012/10/11/apples-lightning-to-30-pin-adapter-torn-apart-reveals-several-chips-and-copious-glue/|website=MacRumors|access-date=September 9, 2016|date=October 11, 2012}}</ref>).

Lightning connectors contain an authentication chip that makes it difficult for third-party manufacturers to produce compatible accessories without being approved by Apple.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/10/apple-revising-mfi-program-to-limit-third-party-lightning-accessories|last=Foresman|first=Chris|title=Apple revising MFi program to limit third-party Lightning accessories|publisher=Ars Technica|date=October 3, 2012|access-date=October 3, 2012}}</ref> The authentication scheme has been cracked by some third parties.<ref name="tech">{{cite web|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/computing/apple/apple-lightning-connector-what-you-need-to-know-1106884|title=Apple Lightning connector: what you need to know|author=Gary Marshall|date=October 24, 2012|website=techradar}}</ref>

The connector is 6.7 mm by 1.5 mm.

{{multiple image
| width = 300
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Lightning receptacle 8-pin.svg
| image2 = Lightning receptacle 16-pin.svg
| footer = Lightning 8-pin and 16-pin receptacles
}}

==Compatible devices==
===In production===
====iPhone====
*[[iPhone SE (3rd generation)]]
*[[iPhone 14|iPhone 14/14 Plus]]

====Accessories====
*[[Apple Pencil]] (1st generation)
*[[Magic Keyboard (Mac)#First generation|Magic Keyboard with Numeric Keypad]]
*[[EarPods]] (Lightning Connector)

===Discontinued===
====iPhone====
*[[iPhone 5]]
*[[iPhone 5C]]
*[[iPhone 5S]]
*[[iPhone 6|iPhone 6/6 Plus]]
*[[iPhone 6S|iPhone 6S/6S Plus]]
*[[iPhone SE (1st generation)]]
*[[iPhone 7|iPhone 7/7 Plus]]
*[[iPhone 8|iPhone 8/8 Plus]]
*[[iPhone X]]
*[[iPhone XS|iPhone XS/XS Max]]
*[[iPhone XR]]
*[[iPhone 11]]
*[[iPhone 11 Pro|iPhone 11 Pro/11 Pro Max]]
*[[iPhone SE (2nd generation)]]
*[[iPhone 12|iPhone 12/12 mini]]
*[[iPhone 13|iPhone 13/13 mini]]
*[[iPhone 12 Pro|iPhone 12 Pro/12 Pro Max]]
*[[iPhone 13 Pro|iPhone 13 Pro/13 Pro Max]]
*[[iPhone 14 Pro|iPhone 14 Pro/14 Pro Max]]

====iPad====
*[[iPad (4th generation)]]
*[[iPad (5th generation)]]
*[[iPad (6th generation)]]
*[[iPad (7th generation)]]
*[[iPad (8th generation)]]
*[[iPad (9th generation)]]
*[[iPad Mini (1st generation)]]
*[[iPad Mini 2]]
*[[iPad Mini 3]]
*[[iPad Mini 4]]
*[[iPad Mini (5th generation)]]
*[[iPad Air (1st generation)]]
*[[iPad Air 2]]
*[[iPad Air (3rd generation)]]
*[[iPad Pro (1st generation)]]
*[[iPad Pro (2nd generation)]]

====iPod====
*[[iPod Nano#7th generation|iPod Nano (7th generation)]]
*[[iPod Touch (5th generation)]]
*[[iPod Touch (6th generation)]]
*[[iPod Touch (7th generation)]]

====Accessories====
*[[Siri Remote]] for [[Apple TV]] (4th generation)
*[[Siri Remote]] for [[Apple TV#4K (2nd generation)|Apple TV 4K]] (1st & 2nd generation)
*Beats Solo Pro headphones
*BeatsX earphones
*Powerbeats Pro
*[[Beats Pill]]+ speaker
*[[AirPods]] (1st generation) Charging Case and Wireless Charging Case
*[[AirPods]] (2nd generation) Lightning Charging Case
*AirPods (3rd generation) Lightning Charging Case/MagSafe Charging Case
*[[AirPods Pro]] (1st generation) Wireless Charging Case
*[[AirPods Pro]] (2nd generation) MagSafe Charging Case
*[[AirPods Max]] (Lightning)
*[[Apple Watch]] Magnetic Charging Dock
*[[MagSafe (smartphone charging and accessory interface)#Products|MagSafe Duo Charger]]
*[[MagSafe Battery Pack]]
*[[Magic Keyboard (Mac)|Magic Keyboard 2]]
*[[Magic Mouse 2]]
*[[Magic Trackpad 2]]

==Reception==
Initial opinions of the Lightning connector in media were mixed: publications appreciated the reversibility and increased durability of the connector but were critical of its proprietary nature, of the effects of its authentication protocol on third-party accessory availability, and of the lack of performance improvements over the 30-pin dock connector.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 24, 2012|title=Here's the Chip Apple Is Using to Stop You from Buying Cheap Cables|url=https://gizmodo.com/heres-the-chip-apple-is-using-to-stop-you-from-buying-c-5945889|access-date=August 21, 2023|website=Gizmodo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=iPhone 5 review – after 11 months of use how do we rate the iPhone 5?|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/666888/iphone-5-review-after-11-months-of-use-how-do-we-rate-the-iphone-5.html|access-date=August 21, 2023|website=Macworld|language=en}}</ref>


Reviewers criticised Apple for continuing to include a Lightning port on its iPhones despite the widespread adoption of [[USB-C]], especially as Apple had already pioneered adoption of USB-C as the primary connector for both data and power on the iPad Pro and MacBook lineups.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 22, 2020|title=Hey Apple, now would be a great time to ditch Lightning and get with USB-C|url=https://www.androidauthority.com/apple-ditch-lightning-1076348/|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=Android Authority|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Lightning to USB Cable.jpg|thumb|350px|Right|Apple Lightning to USB Cable (MD818)]]


Apple has claimed that it continues to use Lightning because replacing it would supposedly produce "an unprecedented amount of electronic waste".<ref>{{cite news|date=January 23, 2020|title=Apple says losing Lightning port will create waste|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51208912|access-date=February 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 25, 2020|title=Why iPhone 12 still won't be going USB-C|url=https://www.imore.com/why-iphone-12-still-wont-be-going-usb-c|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=iMore}}</ref> Some reviewers, like ''[[Business Insider]]'' senior tech correspondent Lisa Eadicicco, have posited that it is simply because Apple wants to continue profiting from its proprietary chargers and accessories.<ref>{{cite web|last=Eadicicco|first=Lisa|title=Apple is under pressure to kill the iPhone's Lightning charger — but here's why that probably won't happen anytime soon|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/why-apple-wont-kill-iphone-lightning-charger-usb-c-2020-1|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=Business Insider}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2023}}
== Comparisons with Micro-USB ==
{{See also|Micro-USB}}


==Problems==
Apple has not publicly discussed micro-USB, but industry observers believe that Lightning was used for several advantages, such as the power requirements for charging Apple devices, like the iPad, compatibility with docks and speaker systems,<ref name="Lee">{{cite web|url=http://www.idownloadblog.com/2012/09/14/why-no-micro-usb-for-you/|title= Engineer explains why Apple went with Lightning instead of Micro USB|publisher=idownloadblog.com|date=2012-09-14 |accessdate=2013-10-18}}</ref> the ability to insert the cable in either direction offering user convenience,<ref name="Ødegård">{{cite web|url=http://www.pocketables.com/2012/12/hardware-comparison-lightning-connector-vs-microusb-connector.html/|title=Hardware comparison: Lightning connector vs MicroUSB connector|publisher=pocketables.com |date=2012-12-20 |accessdate=2013-10-18}}</ref> Apple wielding more control over the ethics of the supply chain of accessories<ref>{{Cite web|title = Made For iPhone manufacturers may have to comply with Apple's supplier responsibility code|url = http://www.engadget.com/2012/11/08/made-for-iphone-manufacturers-may-have-to-comply-with-apples-su/|website = Engadget|accessdate = 2015-07-03}}</ref> and charing a licensing fee, the structural weakness of USB<ref name="Ødegård" /> and the Lightning connector's ability to either charge a device or to allow the device to power accessories. The optional supplement [[USB On-The-Go]] allows USB devices to do this.<ref>[http://howto.cnet.com/8301-11310_39-57475307-285/clever-adapter-connects-usb-accessories-to-your-android-device/ "c|net: Clever adapter connects USB accessories to your Android device"]</ref>
===MFi certification===
Apple introduced the [[MFi Program]] to increase the quality of the third-party accessories and consumer confidence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Faqs|url=https://mfi.apple.com/en/faqs.html|access-date=June 15, 2022|website=mfi.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 2, 2022|title=All you need to know about MFi-certified accessories|url=https://www.igeeksblog.com/apple-mfi-certified/|access-date=June 15, 2022|website=iGeeksBlog}}</ref>


===Black pins===
On April 10, 2015 Apple announced a new line of Macbook that featured USB Type-C, which has many similarities with Lightning, but many more advantages over Micro-USB. Industry insiders have claimed Apple played a very large role in creating the new USB Type-C standard but because of the politics of the USB Forum Group cannot publicly take full credit.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Did Apple invent USB Type-C? Maybe a little bit|url = http://9to5mac.com/2015/03/14/apple-invent-usb-type-c/|website = 9to5Mac|accessdate = 2015-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Daring Fireball: Apple's Role in the Creation of USB-C|url = http://daringfireball.net/linked/2015/03/14/apple-usbc|website = daringfireball.net|accessdate = 2015-07-03}}</ref>
A phenomenon exists on Lightning connectors in which Pin 1 or Pin 4 blackens over time, causing one side of the connector to cease functioning. These pins hold either a positive or negative [[electrical charge]]. As the gold plating of the pins wears out over time when the connector is connected while it is stained with liquid-like sweats, a [[spark gap]] can be produced due to extra current being drawn to a [[capacitor]] for a short period. This spark gap causes the [[copper]] pins to corrode, blackening them.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 12, 2022|title=Ever Wondered Why the Fourth Pin on Your Lightning Cable Turns Black? We Found the Answer|url=https://ioshacker.com/iphone/why-the-fourth-pin-on-your-lightning-cable-turns-black|access-date=June 15, 2022|website=iOS Hacker}}</ref>


In 2019, Apple released new versions of the Lightning connector and ceased production of the older versions. These new versions included many improvements over older versions, including new silver-colored [[ruthenium]]-[[rhodium]] plating of the contacts, instead of gold plating, which improved durability, reducing the possibility of corrosion.<ref>{{cite web|title=一口气搞懂苹果C94到底是咋回事?|url=https://www.chongdiantou.com/archives/32860.html|website=chongdiantou.com|access-date=August 3, 2023|language=zh-hans}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Different Apple MFI Lightning Connector Chips: C48/C89/C91/C94/C100/C101|url=https://www.bytecable.com/apple-mfi-chips/#C91_Lightning_Connector_Chip|website=bytecable.com|access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref>
==See also==
{{portal|Apple}}
* [[Dock connector]]
* [[Thunderbolt (interface)]]
{{clear}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="techcrunch">{{cite web|first=Romain|last=Dillet|url=http://techcrunch.com/2012/09/12/the-iphone-5-comes-with-the-new-lightning-connector|title=The iPhone 5 Comes With The New "Lightning" Connector|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|date=September 12, 2012|accessdate=September 27, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="techcrunch">{{cite web|first=Romain|last=Dillet|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/12/the-iphone-5-comes-with-the-new-lightning-connector|title=The iPhone 5 Comes With The New "Lightning" Connector|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|date=September 12, 2012|access-date=September 27, 2012}}</ref>
<!--ref name="cnet">{{cite web|first=Don|last=Reisinger|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57517619-37/analyst-expect-apples-lightning-to-strike-for-up-to-a-decade|title=Analyst: Expect Apple's Lightning to strike for up to a decade|publisher=Cnet.com|date=September 21, 2012|accessdate=September 27, 2012}}</ref-->}}
<!--ref name="cnet">{{cite web|first=Don|last=Reisinger|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57517619-37/analyst-expect-apples-lightning-to-strike-for-up-to-a-decade|title=Analyst: Expect Apple's Lightning to strike for up to a decade|publisher=Cnet.com|date=September 21, 2012|access-date=September 27, 2012}}</ref-->}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Apple Lightning}}
{{Commons category|Lightning (connector)}}
*{{cite news |first1= Nick |last1= Wingfield |first2= Brian X. |last2= Chen |lastauthoramp= yes |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/06/technology/apples-rivals-see-an-edge-in-using-wireless-accessories.html |title= Accessories No Longer Tethered to Apple |date= May 5, 2013 |work= [[The New York Times]] }}
*{{cite news |first1= Nick |last1= Wingfield |first2= Brian X. |last2= Chen |name-list-style= amp |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/06/technology/apples-rivals-see-an-edge-in-using-wireless-accessories.html |title= Accessories No Longer Tethered to Apple |date= May 5, 2013 |work= [[The New York Times]] }}


{{Apple}}
{{Apple}}
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[[Category:Apple Inc. hardware]]
[[Category:Computer buses]]
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[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2012]]

Latest revision as of 23:21, 3 January 2025

Not to be confused with Thunderbolt (interface).

Lightning
Top-down view of a Lightning connector, showing one side of eight pins
Type Data and power connector
Production history
Designer Apple Inc.
Produced 2012–present (end date: 2025)
Superseded 30-pin dock connector
Superseded by USB-C
General specifications
Pins 8
Pinout
Pins of the Lightning connector
Pin 1 GND Ground
Pin 2 L0p Lane 0 positive
Pin 3 L0n Lane 0 negative
Pin 4 ID0 Identification/control 0
Pin 5 PWR Power (charger or battery)
Pin 6 L1n Lane 1 negative
Pin 7 L1p Lane 1 positive
Pin 8 ID1 Identification/control 1
Lane 0 and 1 may be swapped in the IC of the device connector. (No swapping occurs if the accessory identification chip is connected to the ID0 pin.)

Lightning is a proprietary computer bus and power connector, created and designed by Apple Inc. It was introduced on September 12, 2012, in conjunction with the iPhone 5, to replace its predecessor, the 30-pin dock connector.

The Lightning connector is used to connect Apple mobile devices like iPhones, iPads, and iPods to host computers, external monitors, cameras, USB battery chargers, and other peripherals. Using 8 pins instead of 30, Lightning is much smaller than its predecessor. The Lightning connector is reversible. The plug is indented on each side to match up with corresponding points inside the receptacle to retain the connection.[1]

In 2018, Apple began transitioning to USB-C on iPad Pros and accessories. In response to legislation to standardize charging ports passed in 2022, Apple said it would comply with regulations. The iPhone 15 and 15 Plus and the iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max, announced on September 12, 2023, became the first iPhones to use USB-C, and the last few Lightning accessories will make the transition by 2025.[2]

History

[edit]

The Lightning connector was introduced on September 12, 2012, with the iPhone 5, as a replacement for the 30-pin dock connector.[3] The iPod Touch (5th generation), iPod Nano (7th generation),[4] iPad (4th generation) and iPad Mini (1st generation) followed in October and November 2012 as the first devices with Lightning.[5][6]

On November 25, 2012, Apple acquired the "Lightning" trademark in Europe from Harley-Davidson. Apple was given a partial transfer of the Lightning trademark, suggesting that Harley-Davidson likely retained the rights to use the name for motorcycle-related products.[7][8]

The first-generation iPad Pro (12.9-inch models only), and the second-generation iPad Pro, are the only devices in which the Lightning connector supports USB 3.0 host.[9] The only accessory released with USB 3.0 support is the Lightning to USB 3 Camera Adapter.[10]

Since iPhone 8 and iPhone X, the Lightning connector is somewhat USB-PD compatible.[11]

Transition to USB-C

[edit]

In October 2018, following the implementation of USB-C across the Mac lineup, Apple released a range of iPad Pro models that replaced Lightning with it; the 2020 iPad Air (4th generation), 2021 iPad Mini (6th generation), and 2022 iPad (10th generation) similarly replaced Lightning with USB-C.[12] In October 2022, Apple released the Siri Remote for the 3rd generation Apple TV 4K with a USB-C connector, becoming Apple's first accessory to charge via USB-C.[13]

In January 2020, the European Commission proposed laws to standardize charger ports. On October 4, 2022, the European Parliament approved regulations that require all electronic devices to support USB-C,[14] in order to meet pressure by EU consumers regarding financial costs and electronic waste. Commentators said that these regulations will impact Apple most heavily.[15] Apple stated concerns that this will "harm consumers in Europe and around the world",[16] but on October 25, 2022, Greg Joswiak, Vice President of Global Marketing for Apple, said that Apple will comply with the new EU regulations, indirectly confirming that iPhone models and other devices will ultimately replace Lightning with USB-C in the future.[17]

Released on September 22, 2023, the iPhone 15/15 Pro series are the first iPhone models to use USB-C. This means all the latest iPad models since March 18, 2022, and iPhone models since September 22, 2023, have transitioned to USB-C. The 2nd generation AirPods Pro was updated to a USB-C charging case and the MagSafe Duo Charger and MagSafe Battery Pack, which used the Lightning connector, were discontinued.[18]

The Lightning connector (used on iPhone 5 until iPhone 14) has a technical constraint that limits video output using the Lightning Digital AV HDMI Adapter to a maximum supported resolution of 1600 x 900 (slightly less than 1080p).[19] The USB-C ports on iPhone 15 and thereafter supports DisplayPort Alternate Mode over USB-C video output with HDR up to 4K resolution.

Apple has subsequently transitioned its AirPods (on 9th September 2024[20]) and Magic Mouse, Magic Trackpad and Magic Keyboard (all on October 28th, 2024[21]) to USB-C.

Technology

[edit]
Apple Lightning to USB-A cable

Lightning is an 8-pin digital connector. Unlike the 30-pin dock connector it replaced (and USB Type-A and -B connectors), it is reversible.[22]

Most Lightning devices only support USB 2.0, which has a maximum transfer speed of 480 Mbit/s or 60 MB/s. With USB 2.0, only one lane is in use at a time.[23][24] Only the 12.9-inch iPad Pro (1st and 2nd generation) and 10.5-inch iPad Pro support USB 3.0 (now USB 3.2 Gen 1), which has a maximum transfer speed of 5 Gbit/s or 625 MB/s.[9] This requires the Lightning to USB 3 camera adapter, which allows the iPad to connect with cameras and storage peripherals, but not computers.[25][10]

Apple offers various adapters that allow the Lightning connector to be used with other interfaces, such as 30-pin, USB, HDMI, VGA, and SD cards. The Lightning to 30-pin adapter supports only a limited subset of the available 30-pin signals: USB data, USB charging, and analog audio output (via the DAC inside of the adapter[26]).

Lightning connectors contain an authentication chip that makes it difficult for third-party manufacturers to produce compatible accessories without being approved by Apple.[27] The authentication scheme has been cracked by some third parties.[22]

The connector is 6.7 mm by 1.5 mm.

Lightning 8-pin and 16-pin receptacles

Compatible devices

[edit]

In production

[edit]

iPhone

[edit]

Accessories

[edit]

Discontinued

[edit]

iPhone

[edit]

iPad

[edit]

iPod

[edit]

Accessories

[edit]

Reception

[edit]

Initial opinions of the Lightning connector in media were mixed: publications appreciated the reversibility and increased durability of the connector but were critical of its proprietary nature, of the effects of its authentication protocol on third-party accessory availability, and of the lack of performance improvements over the 30-pin dock connector.[28][29]

Reviewers criticised Apple for continuing to include a Lightning port on its iPhones despite the widespread adoption of USB-C, especially as Apple had already pioneered adoption of USB-C as the primary connector for both data and power on the iPad Pro and MacBook lineups.[30]

Apple has claimed that it continues to use Lightning because replacing it would supposedly produce "an unprecedented amount of electronic waste".[31][32] Some reviewers, like Business Insider senior tech correspondent Lisa Eadicicco, have posited that it is simply because Apple wants to continue profiting from its proprietary chargers and accessories.[33][failed verification]

Problems

[edit]

MFi certification

[edit]

Apple introduced the MFi Program to increase the quality of the third-party accessories and consumer confidence.[34][35]

Black pins

[edit]

A phenomenon exists on Lightning connectors in which Pin 1 or Pin 4 blackens over time, causing one side of the connector to cease functioning. These pins hold either a positive or negative electrical charge. As the gold plating of the pins wears out over time when the connector is connected while it is stained with liquid-like sweats, a spark gap can be produced due to extra current being drawn to a capacitor for a short period. This spark gap causes the copper pins to corrode, blackening them.[36]

In 2019, Apple released new versions of the Lightning connector and ceased production of the older versions. These new versions included many improvements over older versions, including new silver-colored ruthenium-rhodium plating of the contacts, instead of gold plating, which improved durability, reducing the possibility of corrosion.[37][38]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Campbell, Mikey (May 9, 2013). "Apple's Lightning connector detailed in extensive new patent filings". Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  2. ^ "Apple to complete its USB-C transition for AirPods and other accessories by 2025". September 17, 2023. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  3. ^ Pollicino, Joe (September 12, 2012). "Apple's September 12th event roundup: iPhone 5, new iPods, iOS 6, Lightning and everything else". Engadget. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  4. ^ Dillet, Romain (September 12, 2012). "The iPhone 5 Comes With The New "Lightning" Connector". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
  5. ^ Schultz, Marianne (October 23, 2012). "Apple Announces Fourth-Generation iPad with Lightning Connector, New A6X Chip". MacRumors. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  6. ^ "iPad mini Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. December 2, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  7. ^ Goldman, David (November 26, 2012). "Apple bought Lightning trademark from Harley-Davidson". CNNMoney.com. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  8. ^ "Apple acquired Lightning trademark from Harley-Davidson". Apple Insider.
  9. ^ a b "iPad Pro 12.9 Teardown". iFixit.
  10. ^ a b "Lightning to USB 3 Camera Adapter". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on August 9, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
  11. ^ "Fast charge your iPhone". Apple Support. Retrieved August 4, 2024.
  12. ^ "Apple unveils new iPads, Macs and Mac Minis at event in New York". NewsComAu. October 30, 2018.
  13. ^ Peters, Jay (October 18, 2022). "You can now buy an Apple TV remote with a USB-C port". The Verge. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  14. ^ "Apple could have to change iPhone charger to USB-C under new EU rules". CNBC. October 4, 2022.
  15. ^ "EU proposes mandatory USB-C on all devices, including iPhones". The Verge. September 23, 2021.
  16. ^ "EU plans one mobile charging port for all, in setback for Apple". Reuters. September 23, 2021.
  17. ^ Sami Fathi (October 26, 2022). "Greg Joswiak: Apple Will Have to Comply With the EU and Switch iPhone to USB-C". MacRumors. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
  18. ^ Warren, Tom (September 12, 2023). "Apple announces iPhone 15 with USB-C, a camera upgrade, and the Dynamic Island". The Verge. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
  19. ^ "The Lightning Digital AV Adapter Surprise – Panic Blog". March 1, 2013.
  20. ^ Welch, Chris (September 9, 2024). "AirPods 4 hands-on: noise cancellation for people who hate ear tips". The Verge. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  21. ^ "Apple's new Magic Keyboard, Magic Mouse, and Magic Trackpad have USB-C". TheVerge. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  22. ^ a b Gary Marshall (October 24, 2012). "Apple Lightning connector: what you need to know". techradar.
  23. ^ "High Speed USB Maximum Theoretical Throughput". Microchip Technology Incorporated. March 23, 2021. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  24. ^ "Sketchy rumor claims iPhone 14 Pro will feature faster USB 3.0 Lightning connector". April 20, 2022.
  25. ^ "Damaged lightning port on 12.9inch iPad Pro, anyone with any experience of this?". MacRumors. January 27, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  26. ^ Eric Slivka (October 11, 2012). "Apple's Lightning to 30-Pin Adapter Torn Apart, Reveals Several Chips and Copious Glue". MacRumors. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  27. ^ Foresman, Chris (October 3, 2012). "Apple revising MFi program to limit third-party Lightning accessories". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  28. ^ "Here's the Chip Apple Is Using to Stop You from Buying Cheap Cables". Gizmodo. September 24, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  29. ^ "iPhone 5 review – after 11 months of use how do we rate the iPhone 5?". Macworld. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  30. ^ "Hey Apple, now would be a great time to ditch Lightning and get with USB-C". Android Authority. January 22, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  31. ^ "Apple says losing Lightning port will create waste". BBC News. January 23, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  32. ^ "Why iPhone 12 still won't be going USB-C". iMore. May 25, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  33. ^ Eadicicco, Lisa. "Apple is under pressure to kill the iPhone's Lightning charger — but here's why that probably won't happen anytime soon". Business Insider. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  34. ^ "Faqs". mfi.apple.com. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  35. ^ "All you need to know about MFi-certified accessories". iGeeksBlog. June 2, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  36. ^ "Ever Wondered Why the Fourth Pin on Your Lightning Cable Turns Black? We Found the Answer". iOS Hacker. February 12, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  37. ^ "一口气搞懂苹果C94到底是咋回事?". chongdiantou.com (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  38. ^ "Different Apple MFI Lightning Connector Chips: C48/C89/C91/C94/C100/C101". bytecable.com. Retrieved August 3, 2023.

Further reading

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lightning (connector).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lightning_(connector)&oldid=1267174040"