Jnanadanandini Devi: Difference between revisions

Jnanadanandini Tagore
Jnanadanandini Tagore
Born	Jnanadanandini Mukhopadhyay; 26 July 1850; Jessore, Bengal, British India
Died	1 October 1941 (aged 91); Calcutta, Bengal, British India
Citizenship	British Indian
Occupation	Social reformer
Spouse	Satyendranath Tagore (m. 1857)
Children	Indira Devi Choudhurani; Surendranath Tagore
Family	Tagore family

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Jnanadanandini Tagore (née Mukhopadhyay; 26 July 1850 – 1 October 1941;Gyanodanondinee Debi) was a social reformer who pioneered various cultural innovations and influenced the earliest phase of women's empowerment in 19th century Bengal. She was married to Satyendranath Tagore, Rabindranath Tagore's elder brother, and a scion of the Jorasanko Tagore Family. She is known today for developing a unique style of sari, the Brahmika sari, based on both the traditional Bengali style, with elements from Gujarati and Parsi style drapes she encountered while living in Bombay.^[1]

Early life

Jnanadanandini was born to parents Abhaycharan Mukhopadhyay and Nistarini Devi of Narendrapur village in Jessore, Bengal Presidency (Bangladesh). Abhaycharan, a Kulin Brahmin, became an out-caste by marrying into a Pirali family and was disinherited by his father. In accordance to the prevalent custom, Jnanadanandini was married at the young age of seven or eight to Debendranath Tagore's second son, Satyendranath in 1857.^[2] In contrast to her idyllic life in Jessore, she found herself confined behind the strict purdah of the Tagore household at Jorasanko.^[3] In 1862, while pursuing his probationary training for the Indian Civil Service (ICS), Satyendranath asked for Jnanadanandini to join him in England, however his father did not consent.^[4] Around this time, Jnanadanandini's brother-in-law Hemendranath Tagore took charge of her education. She was also tutored briefly by the famous Brahmo educationist Ayodhyanath Pakrashi.^[5] Upon Satyendranath's return from England in 1864 as the first Indian member of the Civil Service, Jnanadanandini went to live with her husband in Bombay.^[6]

Bombay

While in Bombay, Jnanadanandini socialized in the European circles and partly adapted to English customs. This shift in social role required her to dress appropriately, for which the traditional Bengali style of wearing the sari became too unwieldy.^[7] During a tour of Gujarat with her husband, Jnanadanandini improvised upon the sari worn by Parsi women. She created her own style of draping the aanchal/pallu over the left shoulder – as opposed to the Parsi style – so that the right hand remained free for courtesies.^[8] She even advertised in the monthly magazine Bamabodhini Patrika offering to train other women to wear the sari in her novel style. One of her first pupils in Calcutta was Mrs. Soudamini Gupta, the wife of Behari Lal Gupta, ICS.^[9] The style soon became popular among the Brahmo women of Calcutta developing the eponym Brahmika Sari.^[10] While in Calcutta, Jnanadanandini, breaking the customs of the upper-caste household, accompanied her husband to a Christmas party thrown by the Viceroy, Lord Lawrence in 1866. Prasanna Coomar Tagore of Pathuriaghata, who was also among the invitees was deeply outraged by Jnanadanandini's boldness and left the viceregal palace in shock.^[11] Her father-in-law, Debendranath Tagore did not take kindly to her independent spirit either. It is speculated that this caused much discord in the Tagore household.^[12] Jnanadanandini left Jorasanko in 1868 to live by herself in a mansion on Park Street, adjacent to Debendranath's residence. In spite of this proximity, the two of them never interacted.^[13] However, around this time she developed a fondness for her younger brother-in-law, Rabindranath Tagore, who became a frequent visitor in her Park Street house. Jnanadanandini returned to Bombay with her husband in 1869. The same year she lost her first child within a few days of birth.^[14] Her son, Surendranath was born in 1872 while the couple was living in Poona and the following year, her daughter Indira Devi was born in Bijapur. In yet another undaunted act of courage, Jnanadanandini appointed a Muslim woman as wet nurse for her children.^[15] In those days it was common for affluent Hindu families to leave their newborns to the care of a wet nurse or governess, but always a Hindu.^[16] However, Jnanadanandini resented leaving her children in the custody of servants—often against the wishes of her own husband—making evident the emotional contours of a nuclear family that were already beginning to evolve in her mind.^[17] Her third son Kabindranath was born in 1876(?) during the family's brief sojourn in Hyderabad, Sindh.^[18]

England

In 1877 Jnanadanandini Devi set sail for England.^[19] At a time when an Indian woman crossing the seas was unheard of—let alone heavily pregnant, with three children and unaccompanied by her husband—her fortitude created a social sensation.^[20] She was received in London by her husband's uncle Gnanendramohan Tagore who, in spite of being the first Asian barrister and a Christian convert, shared in the shock.^[21] After briefly residing at Gnanendramohan Tagore's house in Kensington Gardens, Jnanadanandini moved into a house on Medina Villas in the seaside town of Brighton, Sussex. Satyendranath joined her in England with the onset of his furlough in October 1878, along with his younger brother Rabindranath Tagore.^[22] Her initial year in England was marked by grief with the birth of a stillborn child, and the demise of her youngest son Kabindranath. She arranged for Kabindranath to be buried beside Dwarakanath Tagore's grave at Kensal Green Cemetery in London.^[23] However, she and her children soon developed an intimate friendship with Rabindranath.^[24] Her daughter Indira would eventually become Rabindranath's lifelong confidante. Upon the completion of Satyendranath's furlough, he took up a post in Surat while Jnanadanandini returned to Calcutta with her children.

Calcutta

In Calcutta, Jnanadanandini took up residence in a bungalow on Lower Circular Road. Yet, from the memoirs of her daughter Indira and niece Sarala, we learn that Jnanadanandini never relinquished her attachment with the Tagore's Jorasanko house.^[25]^[26] She took an active role in Rabindranath's marriage and even mentored the young bride, Mrinalini.^[27] With time, her relationship with Rabindranath permeated into the domain of his creativity. Jnanadanandini started assisting him with the performance of his plays, often encouraging other women of the household to participate. Thus came: Valmiki-Pratibha, Kaalmrigaya, Raja O Rani, Mayar Khela and Bisarjan.^[28] From Indira Devi's recollection we also learn that in spite of her high standing, Jnanadanandini did not socialize with the Calcutta glitterati of her time.^[29] That Calcutta society was not favourably disposed towards Jnanadanandini either is evident from an article in the October 1889 issue of the popular Bengali journal Bangabasi, which slandered her for acting in the play Raja O Rani.^[30] Ironically, the Tagore house at Birjitalao where the performance took place is today occupied by a ritzy gentlemen's club.^[31]

"My aunt Gyanada, brought with her from Britain a new custom called 'Birthday'. We had never heard of this strange celebration before. In fact most of us did not even know when we were born. Once, after returning from Suren's birthday party, I distinctly remember the frenzy among the Jorasanko children – and not just the children – of finding out when they were born. Our westernized family, of course, promptly took to the idea as did the Brahmo Samaj. And lo and behold, before long the whole country was celebrating their birthdays."

Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, Jeebaner Jharapata

In 1890, Jnanadanandini moved in with Jyotirindranath Tagore who had lost his wife Kadambari Devi in 1884. In 1891, Jnanadanandini Devi introduced her nephew Abanindranath Tagore to E.B. Havell who at the time was the principal of Government College of Art. The collaboration between these two artists would eventually lead to the development of the Bengal School of Art.^[32] Jnanadanandini's position in the Tagore family is difficult to situate. On the one hand, she is among the few women who presided over the Maghotsav celebrations at the Brahmo Samaj, while on the other she is known to have advocated marriage with the non-Brahmin Cooch-Behar royal family which brought her at loggerheads, yet again, with Debendranath Tagore.^[33]^[34] A woman who once went to England just by herself did not allow her son Surendranath to go to England for higher studies. Her maternal anxieties notwithstanding, she never objected to Surendranath's many radical misadventures. While she single-handedly nursed Rabindranath's daughter Meera Devi through her difficult pregnancy in 1911, she also fell out with him over the issue of withdrawing her grandson Subirendranath from Santiniketan ashram in 1921.^[35] Yet, her relationship with Rabindranath remained untarnished all her life. In the words of her daughter Indira Devi, "my mother had ... a quality of centrality, that is the power of attracting people around her, owing to her hospitable and hearty nature".^[36]

In 1907, Jnanadanandini and Satyendranath visited Jyotirindranath Tagore in his house at Morabadi Hill in Ranchi and started living there permanently from 1911.^[37] She died in 1941.

Literary accomplishments

Among the Tagore family women, after Swarnakumari Devi, Jnanadanandini participated most actively in the rich literary ambiance of the family. Upon her return from England in 1880, Jnanadanandini began writing articles in the Bengali journal Bharati. Her flair was soon noticed by the intelligentsia.^[38] In 1881 - four years before the establishment of the Indian National Congress - Jnanadanandini published an article titled Ingrajninda O Deshanurag (Criticism of the British and Patriotism), in which she called for the establishment of a nationwide organization which would have branches in the remote district towns. She argued "every benefit that the British have bestowed upon us is a blow to our mission of national liberation".^[39] In 1885, Jnanadanandini Devi established Balak, the first children's literary magazine in Bengali. Rabindranath contributed a number of short stories, poems and plays to Balak.^[40] She wrote two plays for children - Takdumadum and Saat Bhai Champa - both of which were highly appreciated in the literary circles.^[41] In spite of her many literary achievements, Jnanadanandini Devi did not write an autobiography. However, a couple of years before her death, Pulinbihari Sen did persuade her to write a set of memoirs that were later published as Smritikatha O Puratani.^[42]

References

^ "How Jnanadanandini Devi taught Bengali working women to wear the Sari". 4 July 2022.
^ Sengupta, p. 74
^ Devi, Jnanadanandini (2012). Puratani [Memoirs] (in Bengali). Ananda Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-93-5040-066-1.
^ Sengupta, p. 75
^ Deb, p. 18
^ Bandyopadhyay, Hiranmay (1966). Thakurbarir Katha ঠাকুরবাড়ির কথা (in Bengali). Sishu Sahitya Samsad. pp. 98–104. ISBN 81-7476-355-4.
^ Sandhu, Arti (2014). Indian Fashion: Tradition, Innovation, Style. Bloomsbury. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4725-9084-8.
^ Banerjee, Mukulika; Miller, Daniel (2008). The Sari. Bloomsbury. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-84788-314-8.
^ Chaudhurani, Indiradevi. Das, Anathnath (ed.). Smritisamput (in Bengali). Viswabharati. p. 265.
^ "Jnanadanandini Devi". bdlinks. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ Deb, p. 21
^ Pal, Prasanta Kumar (2006). Rabijibani (in Bengali). Vol. 1. Ananda Publishers. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-81-7215-274-1.
^ Sengupta, p. 284
^ Sengupta, p. 75
^ Devi, p. 31
^ Chaudhurani, Saraladevi (1975). Jibaner Jharapata, Dey's Publishing, p. 13
^ Devi, p. 31
^ Devi, p. 32
^ Sengupta, p. 76
^ Indira Devi, p. 82
^ Deb, p. 21
^ Anathnath Das, p. 38
^ Devi, p. 34
^ Tagore, Rabindranath. Europe-Prabasir Patra (Letter 6). Visva-Bharati, 1935
^ Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, p. 55
^ Indira Devi Chaudhurani, Prabasi, February 1942
^ Sengupta, p. 76
^ Upendranath Bhattacharjee, Rabindra-Natya-Parikrama, Orient Book Company (2008) p. 37. ISBN 978-81-89801-01-4
^ Indira Devi Chaudhurani, Prabasi, February 1942
^ Sengupta, p. 77
^ Chakraborty, Ajanta (28 December 2014). "Researchers trace 57 addresses of Tagore". The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman & Co.
^ Sengupta, p. 77
^ Deb, p. 188
^ Deb, p. 142
^ Sengupta, p 77
^ Indira Devi Cahudhurani, Uncle Rabindranath in Dr. D Radhakrishnan (ed), Rabindranath Tagore: A Centenary Volume, 1861–1961, Sahitya Academy (1961) pp. 5–6. ISBN 81-7201-332-9
^ Sengupta, p. 286
^ Sengupta, p. 76
^ Indira Devi Chaudhurani, p. 39
^ Sibaji Bandyopadhyay, Gopal-Rakhal Dvandasamas: Upanibesbad O Bangla Sishusahitya, Karigar (2013) p. 166. ISBN 978-93-81640-34-0
^ Indira Devi Chaudhurani, p. 40
^ Indira Devi Chaudhurani, p. 39

External links

[1] "How Jnanadanandini Devi taught Bengali working women to wear the Sari". 4 July 2022.

[2] Sengupta, p. 74

[3] Devi, Jnanadanandini (2012). Puratani [Memoirs] (in Bengali). Ananda Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-93-5040-066-1.

[4] Sengupta, p. 75

[5] Deb, p. 18

[6] Bandyopadhyay, Hiranmay (1966). Thakurbarir Katha ঠাকুরবাড়ির কথা (in Bengali). Sishu Sahitya Samsad. pp. 98–104. ISBN 81-7476-355-4.

[7] Sandhu, Arti (2014). Indian Fashion: Tradition, Innovation, Style. Bloomsbury. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4725-9084-8.

[8] Banerjee, Mukulika; Miller, Daniel (2008). The Sari. Bloomsbury. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-84788-314-8.

[9] Chaudhurani, Indiradevi. Das, Anathnath (ed.). Smritisamput (in Bengali). Viswabharati. p. 265.

[10] "Jnanadanandini Devi". bdlinks. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.

[11] Deb, p. 21

[12] Pal, Prasanta Kumar (2006). Rabijibani (in Bengali). Vol. 1. Ananda Publishers. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-81-7215-274-1.

[13] Sengupta, p. 284

[14] Sengupta, p. 75

[15] Devi, p. 31

[16] Chaudhurani, Saraladevi (1975). Jibaner Jharapata, Dey's Publishing, p. 13

[17] Devi, p. 31

[18] Devi, p. 32

[19] Sengupta, p. 76

[20] Indira Devi, p. 82

[21] Deb, p. 21

[22] Anathnath Das, p. 38

[23] Devi, p. 34

[24] Tagore, Rabindranath. Europe-Prabasir Patra (Letter 6). Visva-Bharati, 1935

[25] Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, p. 55

[26] Indira Devi Chaudhurani, Prabasi, February 1942

[27] Sengupta, p. 76

[28] Upendranath Bhattacharjee, Rabindra-Natya-Parikrama, Orient Book Company (2008) p. 37. ISBN 978-81-89801-01-4

[29] Indira Devi Chaudhurani, Prabasi, February 1942

[30] Sengupta, p. 77

[31] Chakraborty, Ajanta (28 December 2014). "Researchers trace 57 addresses of Tagore". The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman & Co.

[32] Sengupta, p. 77

[33] Deb, p. 188

[34] Deb, p. 142

[35] Sengupta, p 77

[36] Indira Devi Cahudhurani, Uncle Rabindranath in Dr. D Radhakrishnan (ed), Rabindranath Tagore: A Centenary Volume, 1861–1961, Sahitya Academy (1961) pp. 5–6. ISBN 81-7201-332-9

[37] Sengupta, p. 286

[38] Sengupta, p. 76

[39] Indira Devi Chaudhurani, p. 39

[40] Sibaji Bandyopadhyay, Gopal-Rakhal Dvandasamas: Upanibesbad O Bangla Sishusahitya, Karigar (2013) p. 166. ISBN 978-93-81640-34-0

[41] Indira Devi Chaudhurani, p. 40

[42] Indira Devi Chaudhurani, p. 39

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Sister-in-law of Rabindranath who brought a lot of social reforms for women}}
-[[File:Jnanadanandini Devi.JPG|thumb|Jnanadanandini Devi]]
+{{Infobox person
+| name               = Jnanadanandini Tagore
-'''Jnanadanandini Tagore''' (née '''Mukhopadhyay'''; 26 July 1850{{snd}}1 October 1941) was a social reformer who pioneered various  cultural innovations and influenced the earliest phase of  women's empowerment in [[Bengali renaissance|19th century]] [[Bengal]]. She was married to [[Satyendranath Tagore]], a scion of the [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Jorasanko Tagore Family]].
+| image              = Jnanadanandini Devi.JPG
+| occupation         = [[Social reformer]]
+| family = [[Tagore family]]
+| birth_name         = Jnanadanandini Mukhopadhyay
+| birth_date         = {{birth date|1850|7|26|df=yes}}
+| birth_place        = [[Jessore district|Jessore]], [[Bengal presidency|Bengal]], [[Company Rule in India|British India]]
+| death_date         = {{death date and age|1941|10|1|1850|7|26|df=yes}}
+|death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
+| spouse             = {{marriage |[[Satyendranath Tagore]]|1857}}
+| children           = [[Indira Devi Choudhurani]]<br/>[[Surendranath Tagore]]
+| citizenship        = British Indian
+}}
+'''Jnanadanandini Tagore''' (''[[née]]'' '''Mukhopadhyay'''; 26 July 1850 – 1 October 1941;''Gyanodanondinee Debi'') was a social reformer who pioneered various  cultural innovations and influenced the earliest phase of [[women's empowerment]] in [[Bengali Renaissance|19th century]] [[Bengal]]. She was married to Satyendranath Tagore, [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s elder brother, and a scion of the [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Jorasanko Tagore Family]]. She is known today for developing a unique style of [[sari]], the Brahmika sari, based on both the traditional Bengali style, with elements from [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] and [[Parsi]] style drapes she encountered while living in Bombay.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/theatre-arts/news/how-jnanadanandini-devi-taught-bengali-working-women-wear-the-sari-3063766 | title=How Jnanadanandini Devi taught Bengali working women to wear the Sari | date=4 July 2022 }}</ref>
 == Early life ==
-Jnanadanandini was born to parents Abhaycharan Mukhopadhyay and Nistarini Devi of Narendrapur village in [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Bengal Presidency]]. Abhaycharan, a [[Kulin Brahmin]], became an out-caste by marrying into a ''Pirali'' family and was disinherited by his father. In accordance to the prevalent custom, Jnanadanandini was married at the young age of seven to [[Debendranath Tagore]]'s second son, [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath]] in 1857.{{sfn|Sengupta|2005|p=74}} In contrast to her life in [[Jessore District|Jessore]], she found herself confined behind the strict ''purdah'' of the [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Tagore household]] at [[Jorasanko]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Jnanadanandini | last=Devi | title=Puratani | trans-title=Memoirs | publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]] | year=2012 | page=17 | isbn=978-93-5040-066-1 | language=bn}}</ref> In 1862, while pursuing his probationary training for the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service (ICS)]], [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath]] asked for Jnanadanandini to join him in England. This request, made to his father [[Debendranath Tagore]] was however turned down by the latter.{{sfn|Sengupta|2005|p=75}} Around this time, Jnanadanandini's brother-in-law [[Hemendranath Tagore]] took charge of her education.{{sfn|Deb|1980|p=18}} Upon [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath's]] return from England in 1864 as the first Indian member of the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Civil Service]], Jnanadanandini went to live with her husband in [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Hiranmay | last=Bandyopadhyay | url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Svx94tqaOacC&dq=Thakurbarir+Katha&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAWoVChMI5vXDlYPzxgIVxaWUCh0tRAGm | title=Thakurbarir Katha | script-title=ঠাকুরবাড়ির কথা | publisher=Sishu Sahitya Samsad | year=1966 | pages=98–104 | isbn=81-7476-355-4 | language=bn}}</ref>
+Jnanadanandini was born to parents Abhaycharan Mukhopadhyay and Nistarini Devi of Narendrapur village in [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Bengal Presidency]] ([[Bangladesh]]). Abhaycharan, a [[Kulin Brahmin]], became an out-caste by marrying into a ''Pirali'' family and was disinherited by his father. In accordance to the prevalent custom, Jnanadanandini was married at the young age of seven or eight to [[Debendranath Tagore]]'s second son, Satyendranath in 1857.<ref>Sengupta, p. 74</ref> In contrast to her idyllic life in [[Jessore District|Jessore]], she found herself confined behind the strict ''[[purdah]]'' of the [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Tagore household]] at [[Jorasanko]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Jnanadanandini | last=Devi | title=Puratani | trans-title=Memoirs | publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]] | year=2012 | page=17 | isbn=978-93-5040-066-1 | language=bn}}</ref> In 1862, while pursuing his probationary training for the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service (ICS)]], Satyendranath asked for Jnanadanandini to join him in England, however his father did not consent.<ref>Sengupta, p. 75</ref> Around this time, Jnanadanandini's brother-in-law [[Hemendranath Tagore]] took charge of her education. She was also tutored briefly by the famous [[Brahmoism|Brahmo]] educationist [http://www.thebrahmosamaj.net/impact/educationalimpact.html Ayodhyanath Pakrashi].<ref>Deb, p. 18</ref> Upon Satyendranath's return from England in 1864 as the first Indian member of the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Civil Service]], Jnanadanandini went to live with her husband in [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Hiranmay | last=Bandyopadhyay | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Svx94tqaOacC&q=Thakurbarir+Katha | title=Thakurbarir Katha | script-title=bn:ঠাকুরবাড়ির কথা | publisher=Sishu Sahitya Samsad | year=1966 | pages=98–104 | isbn=81-7476-355-4 | language=bn}}</ref>
-== The Sari ==
-While in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], Jnanadanandini socialized in the European circles and partly adapted to [[Etiquette|English customs]]. This shift in social role required her to dress appropriately, for which the traditional Bengali style of wearing the [[sari]] became too unwieldy.<ref>{{cite book | first=Arti | last=Sandhu | url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=63seBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Jnanadanandini+Devi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBWoVChMItYDiiOzyxgIViaOUCh1fPgu4#v=onepage&q=Jnanadanandini%20Devi&f=false | title=Indian Fashion: Tradition, Innovation, Style | publisher=Bloomsbury | year=2014 | page=33 | isbn=978-14-7259-084-8}}</ref> During a tour of [[Gujarat]] with her husband, Jnanadanandini improvised upon the sari worn by the [[Parsi]] women. She created her own style of draping the ''aanchal''/''pallu'' over the left shoulder – as opposed to the Parsi style – so that the right hand remained free for courtesies.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Mukulika | last1=Banerjee | first2=Daniel | last2=Miller | title=The Sari | publisher=Bloomsbury | year=2008 | page=254 | isbn=18-4788-314-1}}</ref> She even advertised in the monthly magazine ''[http://www.bpedia.org/B_0087.php Bamabodhini Patrika]'' offering to train other women to wear the sari in her novel style. One of her first pupils in [[Calcutta]] was Mrs. Soudamini Gupta, the wife of [[Behari Lal Gupta|Behari Lal Gupta, ICS]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Indiradevi | last=Chaudhurani | editor-first=Anathnath | editor-last=Das | title=Smritisamput | publisher=Viswabharati | page=265 | language=bn}}</ref> The style soon became popular among the [[Brahmo]] women of Calcutta developing the eponym ''[http://vintageindianclothing.tumblr.com/post/31690135816/the-brahmika-sari Brahmika Sari]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bdlinks.net/biography/Jnanadanandini-Devi.php | title=Jnanadanandini Devi | website=bdlinks}}</ref>
-While in Calcutta, Jnanadanandini, breaking the customs of the upper-caste household, accompanied her husband to a Christmas party thrown by the [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]], [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Lord Lawrence]] in 1866. [[Prasanna Coomar Tagore]] of [[Pathuriaghata]], who was also among the invitees was deeply outraged by Jnanadanandini's boldness and left the [[Raj Bhavan (West Bengal)|viceregal palace]] in shock.{{sfn|Deb|1980|p=21}} Her father-in-law, [[Debendranath Tagore]] did not take kindly to her independent spirit either. It is speculated that this caused much discord in the [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Tagore household]].<ref>{{cite web | first=Prasanta Kumar | last=Pal | url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=t4hZPgAACAAJ&dq=prasanta+kumar+pal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMIyaTp1vnzxgIVgd2mCh1h9w-k | title=Rabijibani | volume=1 | publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]] | year=2006 | pages=48–49 | isbn=978-81-7215-274-1 | language=bn}}</ref> Jnanadanandini left [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Jorasanko]] in 1868 to live by herself in a mansion on [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]], adjacent to [[Debendranath Tagore|Debendranath's]] residence. In spite of this proximity, the two of them never interacted.<ref>Sengupta, p. 284</ref> However, around this time she developed a fondness for her younger brother-in-law, [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who became a frequent visitor in her Park Street house.
 == Bombay ==
+While in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], Jnanadanandini socialized in the European circles and partly adapted to [[Etiquette|English customs]]. This shift in social role required her to dress appropriately, for which the traditional Bengali style of wearing the [[sari]] became too unwieldy.<ref>{{cite book | first=Arti | last=Sandhu | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63seBQAAQBAJ&q=Jnanadanandini+Devi&pg=PA33 | title=Indian Fashion: Tradition, Innovation, Style | publisher=Bloomsbury | year=2014 | page=33 | isbn=978-1-4725-9084-8}}</ref> During a tour of [[Gujarat]] with her husband, Jnanadanandini improvised upon the sari worn by [[Parsi]] women. She created her own style of draping the ''aanchal''/''pallu'' over the left shoulder&nbsp;– as opposed to the [[Parsi]] style&nbsp;– so that the right hand remained free for courtesies.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Mukulika | last1=Banerjee | first2=Daniel | last2=Miller | title=The Sari | publisher=Bloomsbury | year=2008 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sari0000bane_p8w9/page/254 254] | isbn=978-1-84788-314-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/sari0000bane_p8w9/page/254 }}</ref> She even advertised in the monthly magazine ''[http://www.bpedia.org/B_0087.php Bamabodhini Patrika]'' offering to train other women to wear the sari in her novel style. One of her first pupils in [[Calcutta]] was Mrs. Soudamini Gupta, the wife of [[Behari Lal Gupta|Behari Lal Gupta, ICS]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Indiradevi | last=Chaudhurani | editor-first=Anathnath | editor-last=Das | title=Smritisamput | publisher=Viswabharati | page=265 | language=bn}}</ref> The style soon became popular among the [[Brahmo]] women of Calcutta developing the eponym  Brahmika Sari.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bdlinks.net/biography/Jnanadanandini-Devi.php | title=Jnanadanandini Devi | website=bdlinks | access-date=24 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724120830/http://www.bdlinks.net/biography/Jnanadanandini-Devi.php | archive-date=24 July 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Jnanadanandini returned to Bombay with her husband in 1869. The same year she lost her first child within a few days of birth.<ref>Sengupta, p. 75</ref> Her son, Surendranath was born in 1872 while the couple was living in [[Pune|Poona]] and the following year, her daughter Indira Devi was born in [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]. In yet another undaunted act of courage, Jnanadanandini appointed a Muslim woman as [[wet nurse]] for her children.<ref>Devi, p. 31</ref> Leaving newborns to the care of a wet nurse or a governess - always belonging to some Hindu castes - was common practice in affluent Indian families of the day.<ref>Chaudhurani, Saraladevi (1975). ''Jibaner Jharapata'', Dey's Publishing, p. 13</ref> However, Jnanadanandini resented leaving her children in the custody of servants - often against the wishes of her own husband - making evident the emotional contours of a nuclear family that were already beginning to evolve in her mind.<ref>Devi, p. 31</ref> Her third son Kabindranath was born in 1876(?) during the family's brief sojourn in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sindh]].<ref>Devi, p. 32</ref>
+While in Calcutta, Jnanadanandini, breaking the customs of the upper-caste household, accompanied her husband to a Christmas party thrown by the [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]], [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Lord Lawrence]] in 1866. [[Prasanna Coomar Tagore]] of [[Pathuriaghata]], who was also among the invitees was deeply outraged by Jnanadanandini's boldness and left the [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|viceregal palace]] in shock.<ref>Deb, p. 21</ref> Her father-in-law, [[Debendranath Tagore]] did not take kindly to her independent spirit either. It is speculated that this caused much discord in the [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Tagore household]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Prasanta Kumar | last=Pal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4hZPgAACAAJ&q=prasanta+kumar+pal | title=Rabijibani | volume=1 | publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]] | year=2006 | pages=48–49 | isbn=978-81-7215-274-1 | language=bn}}</ref> Jnanadanandini left [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Jorasanko]] in 1868 to live by herself in a mansion on [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]], adjacent to [[Debendranath Tagore|Debendranath's]] residence. In spite of this proximity, the two of them never interacted.<ref>Sengupta, p. 284</ref> However, around this time she developed a fondness for her younger brother-in-law, [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who became a frequent visitor in her Park Street house. Jnanadanandini returned to Bombay with her husband in 1869. The same year she lost her first child within a few days of birth.<ref>Sengupta, p. 75</ref> Her son, Surendranath was born in 1872 while the couple was living in [[Pune|Poona]] and the following year, her daughter Indira Devi was born in [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]. In yet another undaunted act of courage, Jnanadanandini appointed a Muslim woman as [[wet nurse]] for her children.<ref>Devi, p. 31</ref> In those days it was common for affluent Hindu families to leave their newborns to the care of a wet nurse or governess, but always a Hindu.<ref>Chaudhurani, Saraladevi (1975). ''Jibaner Jharapata'', Dey's Publishing, p. 13</ref> However, Jnanadanandini resented leaving her children in the custody of servants—often against the wishes of her own husband—making evident the emotional contours of a nuclear family that were already beginning to evolve in her mind.<ref>Devi, p. 31</ref> Her third son Kabindranath was born in 1876(?) during the family's brief sojourn in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sindh]].<ref>Devi, p. 32</ref>
 == England ==
-In 1877, a heavily pregnant Jnanadanandini Devi set sail for [[England]] with her three children.<ref>Sengupta, p. 76</ref> At a time when an Indian woman crossing the seas was unheard of - let alone without a male companion - her fortitude created a social sensation.<ref>Indira Devi, p. 82</ref> She was received in London by her husband's uncle [[Gnanendramohan Tagore]] who, in spite of being the first Asian [[barrister]] and a Christian convert, shared in the shock.<ref>Deb, p. 21</ref> After briefly residing at [[Gnanendramohan Tagore|Gnanendramohan Tagore's]] house in [[Kensington Gardens]], Jnanadanandini moved into a house on Medina Villas in the seaside town of [[Brighton]], [[Sussex]]. [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath]] joined her in England with the onset of his [[furlough]] in October 1878, along with his younger brother [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>Anathnath Das, p. 38</ref> Her initial year in England was marked by grief with the birth of a stillborn child, and the demise of her youngest son Kabindranath. She arranged for Kabindranath to be buried beside [[Dwarakanath Tagore|Dwarakanath Tagore's]] grave at [[Kensal Green Cemetery]] in [[London]].<ref>Devi, p. 34</ref> However, she and her children soon developed an intimate friendship with [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath]].<ref>Tagore, Rabindranath. Europe-Prabasir Patra (Letter 6).  Visva-Bharati, 1935</ref> Her daughter Indira would eventually become Rabindranath's lifelong confidante. Upon the completion of [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath's]] furlough, he took up a post in [[Surat]] while Jnanadanandini returned to [[Calcutta]] whit her children.
+In 1877 Jnanadanandini Devi set sail for [[England]].<ref>Sengupta, p. 76</ref> At a time when an Indian woman crossing the seas was unheard of—let alone heavily pregnant, with three children and unaccompanied by her husband—her fortitude created a social sensation.<ref>Indira Devi, p. 82</ref> She was received in London by her husband's uncle [[Gnanendramohan Tagore]] who, in spite of being the first Asian [[barrister]] and a Christian convert, shared in the shock.<ref>Deb, p. 21</ref> After briefly residing at Gnanendramohan Tagore's house in [[Kensington Gardens]], Jnanadanandini moved into a house on Medina Villas in the seaside town of [[Brighton]], [[Sussex]]. [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath]] joined her in England with the onset of his [[furlough]] in October 1878, along with his younger brother [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>Anathnath Das, p. 38</ref> Her initial year in England was marked by grief with the birth of a stillborn child, and the demise of her youngest son Kabindranath. She arranged for Kabindranath to be buried beside [[Dwarakanath Tagore|Dwarakanath Tagore's]] grave at [[Kensal Green Cemetery]] in [[London]].<ref>Devi, p. 34</ref> However, she and her children soon developed an intimate friendship with Rabindranath.<ref>Tagore, Rabindranath. Europe-Prabasir Patra (Letter 6).  Visva-Bharati, 1935</ref> Her daughter Indira would eventually become Rabindranath's lifelong confidante. Upon the completion of Satyendranath's furlough, he took up a post in [[Surat]] while Jnanadanandini returned to [[Calcutta]] with her children.
 == Calcutta ==
-[[File:Jnanadanandini Devi, Satyendranath tagore, Kadambari Devi and Jyotirindranath Tagore.JPG|thumb|Jnanadanandini Devi, Satyendranath Tagore, Kadambari Devi and Jyotirindranath Tagore]]
+[[File:Jnanadanandini Devi, Satyendranath tagore, Kadambari Devi and Jyotirindranath Tagore.JPG|thumb|Standing L-R: Jnanadanandini Devi, [[Satyendranath Tagore]], [[Kadambari Devi]]. Seated: [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]]]]
-In Calcutta, Jnanadanandini took up residence in a bungalow on [[Lower Circular Road]]. Yet, from the memoirs of her daughter Indira and niece [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani|Sarala]], we learn that Jnanadanandini never relinquished her attachment with [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Jorasanko]].<ref>Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, p. 55</ref><ref>Indira Devi Chaudhurani, ''Prabasi'', February 1942</ref> In fact, her relationship with [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath]] by now permeated into the world of his creativity. Jnanadanandini started assisting him with the performance of his plays, often encouraging other women of the household to participate. Thus came: ''Valmiki-Pratibha'', ''Mayar Khela'', ''Raja O Rani'', and ''Bisarjan''.<ref>Upendranath Bhattacharjee, ''Rabindra-Natya-Parikrama'', Orient Book Company (2008) p. 37. ISBN 978-81-8980-10-14</ref> From Indira Devi's recollection we also learn that in spite of her high standing, Jnanadanandini did not socialize among the Calcutta glitterati of her time.<ref>Indira Devi Chaudhurani, ''Prabasi'', February 1942</ref>
+In [[Calcutta]], Jnanadanandini took up residence in a bungalow on [[Lower Circular Road]]. Yet, from the memoirs of her daughter Indira and niece [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani|Sarala]], we learn that Jnanadanandini never relinquished her attachment with the Tagore's [[Jorasanko]] house.<ref>Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, p. 55</ref><ref>Indira Devi Chaudhurani, ''Prabasi'', February 1942</ref> She took an active role in [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath's]] marriage and even mentored the young bride, Mrinalini.<ref>Sengupta, p. 76</ref> With time, her relationship with [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath]] permeated into the domain of his creativity. Jnanadanandini started assisting him with the performance of his plays, often encouraging other women of the household to participate. Thus came: ''[[Valmiki-Pratibha]]'', ''Kaalmrigaya'', ''Raja O Rani'', ''Mayar Khela'' and ''Bisarjan''.<ref>Upendranath Bhattacharjee, ''Rabindra-Natya-Parikrama'', Orient Book Company (2008) p. 37. {{ISBN|978-81-89801-01-4}}</ref> From Indira Devi's recollection we also learn that in spite of her high standing, Jnanadanandini did not socialize with the [[Calcutta]] glitterati of her time.<ref>Indira Devi Chaudhurani, ''Prabasi'', February 1942</ref> That Calcutta society was not favourably disposed towards Jnanadanandini either is evident from an article in the October 1889 issue of the popular Bengali journal ''Bangabasi'', which slandered her for acting in the play ''Raja O Rani''.<ref>Sengupta, p. 77</ref> Ironically, the Tagore house at ''Birjitalao'' where the performance took place is today occupied by a ritzy gentlemen's [[Calcutta Club|club]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Researchers trace 57 addresses of Tagore | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Researchers-trace-57-addresses-of-Tagore/articleshow/45663441.cms | first=Ajanta | last=Chakraborty | date=28 December 2014 | website=[[The Times of India]] | publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co.]]}}</ref>
+{{Quote box
+ |quote  = "My aunt Gyanada, brought with her from Britain a new custom called 'Birthday'.  We had never heard of this strange celebration before. In fact most of us did not even know when we were born. Once, after returning from Suren's birthday party, I distinctly remember the frenzy among the Jorasanko children&nbsp;– and not just the children&nbsp;– of finding out when they were born. Our westernized family, of course, promptly took to the idea as did the Brahmo Samaj.  And lo and behold, before long the whole country was celebrating their birthdays."
+ |source = [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]], ''Jeebaner Jharapata''
+ |width  = 25%
+ |align  = left
+}}
+In 1890, Jnanadanandini  moved in with [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]] who had lost his wife [[Kadambari Devi]] in 1884. In 1891, Jnanadanandini Devi introduced her nephew [[Abanindranath Tagore]] to [[E.B. Havell]] who at the time was the principal of [[Government College of Art & Craft|Government College of Art]]. The collaboration between these two artists would eventually lead to the development of the [[Bengal School of Art]].<ref>Sengupta, p. 77</ref>
+Jnanadanandini's position in the [[Tagore family]] is difficult to situate. On the one hand, she is among the few women who presided over the [[Maghotsab of Brahma Samaj|Maghotsav]] celebrations at the [[Brahmo Samaj]], while on the other she is known to have advocated marriage with the non-Brahmin [[Koch dynasty|Cooch-Behar royal family]] which brought her at loggerheads, yet again, with [[Debendranath Tagore]].<ref>Deb, p. 188</ref><ref>Deb, p. 142</ref> A woman who once went to England just by herself did not allow her son Surendranath to go to England for higher studies. Her maternal anxieties notwithstanding, she never objected to Surendranath's many radical misadventures. While she single-handedly nursed [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath's]] daughter Meera Devi through her difficult pregnancy in 1911, she also fell out with him over the issue of withdrawing her grandson Subirendranath from [[Santiniketan|Santiniketan ashram]] in 1921.<ref>Sengupta, p 77</ref>  Yet, her relationship with [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath]] remained untarnished all her life. In the words of her daughter Indira Devi, "my mother had&nbsp;... a quality of centrality, that is the power of attracting people around her, owing to her hospitable and hearty nature".<ref>Indira Devi Cahudhurani, ''Uncle Rabindranath'' in Dr. D Radhakrishnan (ed), ''Rabindranath Tagore: A Centenary Volume, 1861–1961'', Sahitya Academy (1961) pp. 5–6. {{ISBN|81-7201-332-9}}</ref>
+In 1907, Jnanadanandini and [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath]] visited [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]] in his house at [http://www.mapsofindia.com/ranchi/tourism/tagore-hill.html Morabadi Hill] in [[Ranchi]] and started living there permanently from 1911.<ref>Sengupta, p. 286</ref> She died in 1941.
-== Literary Accomplishments ==
+== Literary accomplishments ==
+Among the [[Tagore family]] women, after [[Swarnakumari Devi]], Jnanadanandini participated most actively in the rich literary ambiance of the family. Upon her return from England in 1880, Jnanadanandini began writing articles in the Bengali journal ''Bharati''. Her flair was soon noticed by the intelligentsia.<ref>Sengupta, p. 76</ref> In 1881 - four years before the establishment of the [[Indian National Congress]] - Jnanadanandini published an article titled ''Ingrajninda O Deshanurag'' (''Criticism of the British and Patriotism''), in which she called for the establishment of a nationwide organization which would have branches in the remote district towns. She argued "every benefit that the British have bestowed upon us is a blow to our mission of national liberation".<ref>Indira Devi Chaudhurani, p. 39</ref> In 1885, Jnanadanandini Devi established ''Balak'', the first children's literary magazine in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath]] contributed a number of short stories, poems and plays to ''Balak''.<ref>Sibaji Bandyopadhyay, ''Gopal-Rakhal Dvandasamas: Upanibesbad O Bangla Sishusahitya'', Karigar (2013)  p. 166. {{ISBN|978-93-81640-34-0}}</ref> She wrote two plays for children - ''Takdumadum'' and ''Saat Bhai Champa'' - both of which were highly appreciated in the literary circles.<ref>Indira Devi Chaudhurani, p. 40</ref> In spite of her many literary achievements, Jnanadanandini Devi did not write an autobiography. However, a couple of years before her death, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711050621/http://www.vbgv.in/history/acolytes/pulinbihari-sen.html Pulinbihari Sen] did persuade her to write a set of memoirs that were later published as ''Smritikatha O Puratani''.<ref>Indira Devi Chaudhurani, p. 39</ref>
+== References ==
-In 1885, Jnanadanandini Devi established ''Balak'', the first children's literary magazine in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath]] contributed a number of short stories, poems and plays to ''Balak''.<ref>Sibaji Bandyopadhyay, ''Gopal-Rakhal Dvandasamas: Upanibesbad O Bangla Sishusahitya'', Karigar (2013)  p. 166. ISBN 978-93-81640-34-0</ref>
-==References==
 {{Reflist|30em}}
-== Sources ==
+== Further reading ==
-* Jnanadanandini Devi, ''Puratoni (Memoirs)'', [[Ananda Publishers]] (2012) ISBN 978-93-5040-066-1
+* Jnanadanandini Devi, ''Puratoni (Memoirs)'', [[Ananda Publishers]] (2012) {{ISBN|978-93-5040-066-1}}
-* Indira Devi Chaudhurani & Anathnath Das (ed.), ''Smritisamput'', [[Viswa Bharati University|Viswabharati]] (1997) ISBN 978-81-7522-427-8
+* Indira Devi Chaudhurani & Anathnath Das (ed.), ''Smritisamput'', [[Viswa Bharati University|Viswabharati]] (1997) {{ISBN|978-81-7522-427-8}}
-* [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]], ''Jeebaner Jharapata'', Dey's Publishing (2007) ISBN 978-81-295-1506-3
+* [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]], ''Jeebaner Jharapata'', Dey's Publishing (2007) {{ISBN|978-81-295-1506-3}}
-* [[Rabindranath Tagore]], ''Yurope Prabasir Patra'' [[Viswa Bharati University|Viswabharati]] (1973) ISBN 978-817-5224-60-5
+* [[Rabindranath Tagore]], ''Yurope Prabasir Patra'' [[Viswa Bharati University|Viswabharati]] (1973) {{ISBN|978-81-7522-460-5}}
-* [[Rabindranath Tagore]], ''Jeebansmriti'', [[Viswa Bharati University|Viswabharati]] (1953) ISBN 978-81-7522-512-1
+* [[Rabindranath Tagore]], ''Jeebansmriti'', [[Viswa Bharati University|Viswabharati]] (1953) {{ISBN|978-81-7522-512-1}}
-* Prasanta Kumar Pal, ''Rabi-Jeebani'' [[Ananda Publishers]] (1990) ISBN 817-06-6239-7
+* Prasanta Kumar Pal, ''Rabi-Jeebani'' [[Ananda Publishers]] (1990) {{ISBN|81-7066-239-7}}
-* Hiranmay Bandopadhyay, ''Thakurbarir Katha'', Sishu Sahitya Sansad (1995) ISBN 978-81-2120-488-0
+* Hiranmay Bandopadhyay, ''Thakurbarir Katha'', Sishu Sahitya Sansad (1995) {{ISBN|978-81-212-0488-0}}
-* Chitra Deb, ''Thakurbarir Andarmahal'', [[Ananda Publishers]] (2010) ISBN 81-7566-322-7
+* [[Chitra Deb]], ''Thakurbarir Andarmahal'', [[Ananda Publishers]] (2010) {{ISBN|81-7566-322-7}}
-* Samir Sengupta, ''Rabindranather Atmiyaswajan'', Sishu Sahitya Sansad (2005) ISBN 81-7955-061-3
+* Samir Sengupta, ''Rabindranather Atmiyaswajan'', Sishu Sahitya Sansad (2005) {{ISBN|81-7955-061-3}}
-== Eternal Links ==
+== External links ==
-* http://www.bdlinks.net/biography/Jnanadanandini-Devi.php
+* https://web.archive.org/web/20150724120830/http://www.bdlinks.net/biography/Jnanadanandini-Devi.php
 * http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Devi,_Jnanadanandini
 * http://www.southasiamail.com/news.php?id=74757
 * http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/tagore-woman-and-her-tales.html
 * http://vintageindianclothing.tumblr.com/post/31690135816/the-brahmika-sari
-* http://www.bpedia.org/B_0087.php
+* http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bamabodhini_Patrika
 {{Bengal Renaissance}}
 {{Tagore family}}
+{{Authority control}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Jnanadanandini}}
 [[Category:1850 births]]
 [[Category:1941 deaths]]
-[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
+[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
-[[Category:People associated with the Bengal Renaissance]]
+[[Category:Bengali educators]]
+[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
 [[Category:Brahmos]]
+[[Category:Indian women scholars]]
+[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
+[[Category:19th-century Indian scholars]]
+[[Category:Indian reformers]]
+[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
+[[Category:Indian social workers]]
+[[Category:Women educators from West Bengal]]
+[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
+[[Category:19th-century Indian women educators]]
+[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
+[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
+[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
+[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]
+[[Category:19th-century Bengalis]]
+[[Category:20th-century Bengalis]]
+[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
+[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
+[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
+[[Category:19th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
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+[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]
+[[Category:Indian women editors]]
+[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
+[[Category:Indian columnists]]
+[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
+[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]

v t e Bengal Renaissance
People	Sri Aurobindo Atul Prasad Sen Rajnarayan Basu Debendra Mohan Bose Jagadish Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose Satyendra Nath Bose Madhusudan Gupta Bethune Upendranath Brahmachari Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Akshay Kumar Datta Henry Derozio Alexander Duff Michael Madhusudan Dutt Romesh Chunder Dutt Anil Kumar Gain Kadambini Ganguly Monomohun Ghose Ramgopal Ghosh Aghornath Gupta David Hare Kazi Nazrul Islam Eugène Lafont Mahanambrata Brahmachari Ashutosh Mukherjee Kalikrishna Mitra Harish Chandra Mukherjee Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Gour Govinda Ray Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury Raja Ram Mohan Roy Meghnad Saha Akshay Chandra Sarkar Mahendralal Sarkar Brajendra Nath Seal Girish Chandra Sen Keshub Chandra Sen Haraprasad Shastri Debendranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore Satyendranath Tagore Jnanadanandini Devi Fanindra Nath Gooptu Sitanath Tattwabhushan Brahmabandhav Upadhyay Ram Chandra Vidyabagish Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Swami Vivekananda Paramahansa Yogananda Begum Rokeya
Culture	Bengali literature Bengali poetry Bengali music Bangiya Sahitya Parishad Bhadralok Brahmoism Brahmo Samaj Gaudiya Math Mahanam Sampraday Nazrul geeti Rabindra Nritya Natya Rabindra Sangeet Sambad Prabhakar Satyagraha Self-Realization Fellowship Yogoda Satsanga Swadeshi Tattwabodhini Patrika Young Bengal
Education	Chittagong College Indian Statistical Institute Hindu School Jadavpur University Presidency University University of Calcutta Bethune College University of Dhaka Visva-Bharati University Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine

v t e Tagore family
1st generation	Darpanarayan Tagore Nilmoni Tagore Dwarkanath Tagore Gopi Mohan Tagore Hara Kumar Tagore Prasanna Kumar Tagore Ramanath Tagore
2nd generation	Girindranath Tagore Debendranath Tagore Gnanendramohan Tagore Jatindramohan Tagore Sourindra Mohun Tagore
3rd generation	Ganendranath Tagore Gunendranath Tagore Dwijendranath Tagore Satyendranath Tagore Hemendranath Tagore Jyotirindranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore Swarnakumari Devi Prodyot Coomar Tagore Jnanadanandini Devi Kadambari Devi Mrinalini Devi
4th generation	Gaganendranath Tagore Abanindranath Tagore Indira Devi Chaudhurani Lakshminath Bezbaroa Pragyasundari Devi Pramatha Chaudhuri Purnima Devi Sarala Devi Chaudhurani Surendranath Tagore Rathindranath Tagore Pratima Devi
5th generation	Kanakendranath Tagore Dinendranath Tagore Saumyendranath Tagore Amiya Tagore Asit Kumar Haldar Krishna Kripalani Kunwar Jyoti Prasada
6th generation	Gitindranath Tagore Devika Rani Himanshu Rai Jitendra Prasada Jayendra Prasada Jaya Prasada Krishna Roy
7th generation	Sharmila Tagore Jayesh Prasada Jivesh Prasada Jinesh Prasada Jitin Prasada Saranindranath Tagore
8th generation	Jagrit Prasada Jaidev Prasada Jayaditya Prasada Janmejay Prasada Saba Ali Khan Saif Ali Khan Soha Ali Khan
9th generation	Sara Ali Khan