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{{Short description|Ruling party of Hungary from 1956 to 1989}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox political party
{{Infobox political party
| name = Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
| name = Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
| native_name = Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt
| native_name = {{Nobold|{{Lang|hu|Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt}}}}
| logo = Third Roundel of the Hungarian Red Air Force (1919).svg <!-- Please, don't use the 1989-1993 logo. That one was used by the successor party. The party didn't have a permanent logo. -->
| logo = [[Image:Mszmp.svg]]
| leader2_title =
| leader1_title = First leader
| leader2_name =
| leader1_name = [[János Kádár]]
| general_secretary = [[János Kádár]] (first)<br />[[Károly Grósz]] (second)<br />[[Rezső Nyers]] (third and last)
| leader2_title = Last leader
| foundation = 31 October 1956
| leader2_name = [[Rezső Nyers]]
| foundation = 31 October 1956
| dissolution = 7 October 1989
| membership =
| dissolution = 7 October 1989
| youth_wing = [[Hungarian Young Communist League]]
| membership =
| wing1_title = [[Military|Armed wing]]
| youth_wing = [[Hungarian Young Communist League]]
| predecessor = [[Hungarian Working People's Party]]
| wing1 = [[Hungarian People's Army]]<br>[[Workers' Militia]]
| successor = [[Hungarian Socialist Party]], [[Hungarian Communist Workers' Party]]
| predecessor = [[Hungarian Working People's Party]]
| successor = [[Hungarian Socialist Party]]<br/>[[Hungarian Workers' Party|Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1989)]]
| european =
| national = [[Patriotic People's Front]]
| colors = Red, white, green (Colours of the [[Hungarian flag]])
| colorcode = red
| european =
| colors = Red
| website =
| headquarters = [[Budapest]], [[Hungarian People's Republic]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party}}
| headquarters = [[Budapest]], [[Hungarian People's Republic]]
| ideology = [[Communism]],<br />[[Marxism–Leninism]],<br />[[Goulash Communism|Kádárism]]
| newspaper = ''[[Népszabadság]]''
|position = [[Far-left]]
| position = <!-- not applicable in a single-party system -->
| country = Hungary
| ideology = [[Communism]]<br>[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br>[[Goulash Communism|Kádárism]]<br>[[National Communism]]
| country = Hungary
| symbol =
}}
}}
[[File:MSZMP propaganda leaflet.svg|thumb|260px|MSzMp propaganda leaflet. The caption reads: "Long live the unbreakable unity of our party and our people!"]]
[[File:MSZMP propaganda leaflet.svg|thumb|260px|MSZMP propaganda leaflet. The caption reads: "Long live the unbreakable unity of our party and our people!"]]
The '''Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party''' ({{lang-hu|Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt}}, MSzMP) was the ruling [[Marxist–Leninist]] party of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]] between 1956 and 1989. It was organised from elements of the [[Hungarian Working People's Party]] during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]], with [[János Kádár]] as general secretary.


The '''Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party''' ({{langx|hu|Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt}}, {{IPA-hu|ˈmɒɟɒr ˈsot͡sijɒliʃtɒ ˈmuŋkaːʃpaːrt|pron}}, '''MSZMP''') was the ruling [[Marxist–Leninist]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-5889.html|title=Hungary - Ideology|website=country-data.com|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref> party of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]] between 1956 and 1989. It was organised from elements of the [[Hungarian Working People's Party]] during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]], with [[János Kádár]] as general secretary. The party also controlled its armed forces, the [[Hungarian People's Army]].
The party initially supported the revolution, but turned against [[Imre Nagy]]'s government after he denounced the [[Warsaw Pact]]. The party formed a '[[Revolutionary Workers'-Peasants' Government of Hungary|Revolutionary Peasant-Worker Government]]' that took over the country, with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] support, on 4 November 1956.


Like all other [[Eastern Bloc]] parties, the MSZMP was organized on the basis of [[democratic centralism]], a principle conceived by [[Vladimir Lenin]] that entails democratic and open discussion of issues within the party followed by the requirement of total unity in upholding the agreed policies. The highest body within the MSZMP was the party Congress, which convened every five years. When the Congress was not in session, the Central Committee of the MSZMP was the highest body. Because the Central Committee met twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities were vested in the Politburo. The party leader was the de facto chairman of the Politburo and a de facto chief executive of Hungary. At various points he served as the [[Prime Minister of Hungary|prime minister]] in addition to being party leader.
Gradually, however, the Kádár regime instituted [[goulash Communism]], a somewhat more humane way of governing than had prevailed under [[Mátyás Rákosi]]. Under Kádár's mantra of "he who is not against us is with us," Hungarians generally had more freedom than their Eastern Bloc counterparts to go about their daily lives. The government also gave limited freedom to the workings of the market. However, it retained a monopoly of political power, and subjected the media to censorship that was fairly onerous by Western standards. The [[National Assembly of Hungary|National Assembly]], like its counterparts in the rest of the Soviet bloc, did little more than rubber-stamp decisions already made by the MSzMP.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sebetsyen|first=Victor|title=Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire|publisher=[[Pantheon Books]]|location=New York City|year=2009|isbn=0-375-42532-2}}</ref>


==Overview==
Kádár retired on 22 May 1988 and was succeeded by Prime Minister [[Károly Grósz]]. However, Grósz soon found himself eclipsed by a group of radical reformers who favored establishing a market economy. On 28 January 1989, young Politburo member and minister of state [[Imre Pozsgay]] announced during an interview with the radio program 168 Hours that the Poliburo`s historical sub-committee regarded the events of 1956 as a 'people's uprising'. This announcement, not approved in advance by the Politburo, provoked and catalyzed various developments within the party, and brought about sudden and ever-escalating changes that, within nine months, resulted in the [[End of Communism in Hungary (1989)|ending of Communism in Hungary]] and the dissolution of the MSzMP.<ref>http://www.coldwar.hu/html/en/publications/roundtable_kalmar.html</ref>
János Kádár announced the formation of the party via radio on 1 November 1956.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/TenyekKonyve-tenyek-konyve-1/1988-2/magyarorszag-3C8C/a-magyar-szocialista-munkaspart-mszmp-42CE/ | title=A Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt (MSZMP) &#124; Tények Könyve &#124; Kézikönyvtár }}</ref> The party supported the revolution, but turned against [[Imre Nagy]]'s government after he denounced the [[Warsaw Pact]]. The party formed a '[[Revolutionary Workers'-Peasants' Government of Hungary|Revolutionary Peasant-Worker Government]]' that took over the country, with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] support, on 4 November 1956.


Gradually, however, the new government instituted [[goulash Communism]], a somewhat more humane way of governing than had prevailed under [[Mátyás Rákosi]]. Under Kádár's mantra of "he who is not against us is with us," Hungarians generally had more freedom than their Eastern Bloc counterparts to go about their daily lives. For example, his government executed only 350 people after the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956 revolution]]. The government also gave limited freedom to the workings of the market via the [[New Economic Mechanism]]. However, it retained a monopoly of political power, and subjected the media to censorship that was fairly onerous by Western standards. The [[National Assembly of Hungary|National Assembly]], like its counterparts in the rest of the Soviet bloc, continued to rubber-stamp decisions already made by the MSZMP leadership.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sebetsyen|first=Victor|title=Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire|publisher=[[Pantheon Books]]|location=New York City|year=2009|isbn=978-0-375-42532-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/revolution1989fa00sebe}}</ref> It was the dominant component of the [[Patriotic People's Front]], a [[popular front]] that included some non-Communists. However, all prospective candidates had to accept the Front's program in order to stand. Indeed, Kádár and his close advisers used the Front to weed out candidates they deemed unacceptable.<ref>Burant, Stephen R. [https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/hu/hungarycountryst00bura_0/hungarycountryst00bura_0.pdf Hungary: A Country Study] Burant, pp.&nbsp;181–185</ref>
By the summer of 1989, the MSzMP was no longer a Marxist–Leninist party, and the radical reformers, led by Prime Minister [[Miklós Németh]], Foreign Minister [[Gyula Horn]], [[Rezső Nyers]], and Pozsgay, had taken over the party machinery. On 26 June 1989, the Central Committee was renamed the Political Executive Committee, and the Politburo was replaced by a four-man collective presidency chaired by Nyers. Although Grósz remained general secretary, Nyers now outranked him. On 7 October 1989 the MSzMP was dissolved and refounded as the [[Hungarian Socialist Party]], a Western-style social democratic party. Two weeks later, the National Assembly approved numerous amendments to the constitution that purged it of its Marxist-Leninist character, formally ending one-party rule in Hungary.


Kádár retired on 22 May 1988 and was succeeded by Prime Minister [[Károly Grósz]]. However, Grósz soon found himself eclipsed by a group of radical reformers who favored establishing a market economy. On 28 January 1989, young Politburo member and minister of state [[Imre Pozsgay]] announced during an interview with the radio program 168 Hours that the Poliburo's historical sub-committee regarded the events of 1956 as a 'people's uprising'. This announcement, not approved in advance by the Politburo, provoked and catalyzed various developments within the party, and brought about sudden and ever-escalating changes that, within nine months, resulted in the [[End of Communism in Hungary (1989)|ending of Communism in Hungary]] and the dissolution of the MSZMP.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.coldwar.hu/html/en/publications/roundtable_kalmar.html |title=Cold War History Research Center, roundtable, Melinda Kalm?r |access-date=28 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304161340/http://www.coldwar.hu/html/en/publications/roundtable_kalmar.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
A small Communist faction, centred on Grósz, opposed these reforms and broke away to form the [[Hungarian Communist Workers' Party]] on 17 December 1989.

By the summer of 1989, the MSZMP was no longer a Marxist–Leninist party, and the radical reformers, led by Prime Minister [[Miklós Németh]], Foreign Minister [[Gyula Horn]], [[Rezső Nyers]], and Pozsgay, had taken over the party machinery. On 26 June 1989, the Central Committee was renamed the Political Executive Committee, and the Politburo was replaced by a four-man collective presidency chaired by Nyers. Although Grósz remained general secretary, Nyers now outranked him. On 7 October 1989 the MSZMP was dissolved and refounded as the [[Hungarian Socialist Party]], a Western-style social democratic party. Two weeks later, the National Assembly approved numerous amendments to the constitution that purged it of its Marxist–Leninist character, ending one-party rule in Hungary.

A small Communist faction, centred on [[Károly Grósz]], opposed these reforms and broke away to form the [[Hungarian Communist Workers' Party]] on 17 December 1989.


==Leaders of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party==
==Leaders of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party==


===General Secretaries===
===First/General Secretaries===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align:center;"
*[[János Kádár]] 25 October 1956 – 22 May 1988
|-
*[[Károly Grósz]] 22 May 1988 – 26 June 1989 (Continued as general secretary until 7 October 1989 but outranked by [[Rezső Nyers]], the Chairman of the 4-man Presidency of the newly created Political Executive Committee which replaced the Politburo after 26 June 1989)
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Picture
! Name<br /><small>(Birth–Death)</small>
! colspan=2|Term of Office
! Position(s)
! Notes
|-
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:János Kádár (fototeca.iiccr.ro).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan=2|[[János Kádár]]<br /><small>(1912–1989)</small>
|rowspan=2|1 November 1956{{efn|Previously First Secretary of the disbanded [[Hungarian Working People's Party]] 25–30 October 1956.}}
|rowspan=2|22 May 1988
|First Secretary
|rowspan=2|Also Prime Minister (1956–1958, 1961–1965)
|-
|rowspan=2|General Secretary<br />(from 28 March 1985)
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"|2
|[[File:Grósz Károly 1986.jpg|80px]]
|[[Károly Grósz]]<br /><small>(1930–1996)</small>
|22 May 1988
|26 June 1989{{efn|Continued as general secretary until 7 October 1989 but outranked by [[Rezső Nyers]], the Chairman of the 4-man Presidency of the newly created Political Executive Committee which replaced the Politburo after 26 June 1989.}}
|Also Prime Minister (1987–1988)
|}


===Chairman of the Presidency of the Political Executive Committee===
===Chairman of the Presidency of the Political Executive Committee===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align:center;"
*[[Rezső Nyers]] 26 June 1989 – 7 October 1989
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Picture
! Name<br /><small>(Birth–Death)</small>
! colspan=2|Term of Office
! Position(s)
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party}}; color:white;"|1
|[[File:Nyers Rezső 1970.jpg|80px]]
|[[Rezső Nyers]]<br />{{small|(1923–2018)}}
|26 June 1989
|7 October 1989
|Party President{{efn|While Grósz retained the title of General Secretary until 7 October, Nyers chaired the MSZMP's four-man presidency after the reorganization of the Party leadership on 26 June. This made him ''de facto'' chief executive of both the Party and the country after that date, a post he held for most of the summer of 1989.}}
|}


== Electoral history ==
==See also==

=== National Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Election
!Party leader
!Votes
!%
!Seats
!+/–
!Position
!Government
|-
|[[1958 Hungarian parliamentary election|1958]]
|rowspan=7|[[János Kádár]]
|colspan=2 rowspan=7|{{Small|as part of [[Patriotic People's Front]]}}
|{{Composition bar|276|338|hex={{party color|Hungarian Working People's Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 70
|{{increase}} 1st
|{{yes2|Sole legal party}}
|-
|[[1963 Hungarian parliamentary election|1963]]
|{{Composition bar|252|298|hex={{party color|Hungarian Working People's Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 24
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Sole legal party}}
|-
|[[1967 Hungarian parliamentary election|1967]]
|{{Composition bar|259|349|hex={{party color|Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 7
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Sole legal party}}
|-
|[[1971 Hungarian parliamentary election|1971]]
|{{Composition bar|224|352|hex={{party color|Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 35
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Sole legal party}}
|-
|[[1975 Hungarian parliamentary election|1975]]
|{{Composition bar|215|352|hex={{party color|Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 9
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Sole legal party}}
|-
|[[1980 Hungarian parliamentary election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|252|352|hex={{party color|Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 37
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Sole legal party}}
|-
|[[1985 Hungarian parliamentary election|1985]]
|{{Composition bar|288|387|hex={{party color|Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 36
|{{steady}} 1st
|{{yes2|Sole legal party}}
|}

== See also ==
*[[Gyula Horn]]
*[[Gyula Horn]]
*[[Imre Pozsgay]]
*[[Imre Pozsgay]]
Line 53: Line 157:
*[[Politics of Hungary]]
*[[Politics of Hungary]]


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}
{{-}}
{{Eastern Bloc parties}}
{{Eastern Bloc parties}}
{{Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc}}
{{Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc}}


{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]

[[Category:Defunct political parties in Hungary|Socialist Workers']]
[[Category:Ruling Communist parties]]
[[Category:Hungarian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1956]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1989]]
[[Category:Hungary–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Communist parties in Hungary]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Hungary]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Hungary]]
[[Category:1989 disestablishments in Hungary]]
[[Category:1989 disestablishments in Hungary]]
[[Category:Parties of single-party systems]]
[[Category:Communist parties in Hungary]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Hungary]]
[[Category:Hungarian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]
[[Category:Hungary–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Organizations of the Revolutions of 1989]]
[[Category:Parties of one-party systems]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1989]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1956]]
[[Category:Formerly ruling communist parties]]

Latest revision as of 17:20, 4 January 2025

Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt
General SecretaryJános Kádár (first)
Károly Grósz (second)
Rezső Nyers (third and last)
Founded31 October 1956
Dissolved7 October 1989
Preceded byHungarian Working People's Party
Succeeded byHungarian Socialist Party
Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1989)
HeadquartersBudapest, Hungarian People's Republic
NewspaperNépszabadság
Youth wingHungarian Young Communist League
Armed wingHungarian People's Army
Workers' Militia
IdeologyCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
Kádárism
National Communism
National affiliationPatriotic People's Front
ColorsRed
MSZMP propaganda leaflet. The caption reads: "Long live the unbreakable unity of our party and our people!"

The Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (Hungarian: Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt, pronounced [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈsot͡sijɒliʃtɒ ˈmuŋkaːʃpaːrt], MSZMP) was the ruling Marxist–Leninist[1] party of the Hungarian People's Republic between 1956 and 1989. It was organised from elements of the Hungarian Working People's Party during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, with János Kádár as general secretary. The party also controlled its armed forces, the Hungarian People's Army.

Like all other Eastern Bloc parties, the MSZMP was organized on the basis of democratic centralism, a principle conceived by Vladimir Lenin that entails democratic and open discussion of issues within the party followed by the requirement of total unity in upholding the agreed policies. The highest body within the MSZMP was the party Congress, which convened every five years. When the Congress was not in session, the Central Committee of the MSZMP was the highest body. Because the Central Committee met twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities were vested in the Politburo. The party leader was the de facto chairman of the Politburo and a de facto chief executive of Hungary. At various points he served as the prime minister in addition to being party leader.

Overview

[edit]

János Kádár announced the formation of the party via radio on 1 November 1956.[2] The party supported the revolution, but turned against Imre Nagy's government after he denounced the Warsaw Pact. The party formed a 'Revolutionary Peasant-Worker Government' that took over the country, with Soviet support, on 4 November 1956.

Gradually, however, the new government instituted goulash Communism, a somewhat more humane way of governing than had prevailed under Mátyás Rákosi. Under Kádár's mantra of "he who is not against us is with us," Hungarians generally had more freedom than their Eastern Bloc counterparts to go about their daily lives. For example, his government executed only 350 people after the 1956 revolution. The government also gave limited freedom to the workings of the market via the New Economic Mechanism. However, it retained a monopoly of political power, and subjected the media to censorship that was fairly onerous by Western standards. The National Assembly, like its counterparts in the rest of the Soviet bloc, continued to rubber-stamp decisions already made by the MSZMP leadership.[3] It was the dominant component of the Patriotic People's Front, a popular front that included some non-Communists. However, all prospective candidates had to accept the Front's program in order to stand. Indeed, Kádár and his close advisers used the Front to weed out candidates they deemed unacceptable.[4]

Kádár retired on 22 May 1988 and was succeeded by Prime Minister Károly Grósz. However, Grósz soon found himself eclipsed by a group of radical reformers who favored establishing a market economy. On 28 January 1989, young Politburo member and minister of state Imre Pozsgay announced during an interview with the radio program 168 Hours that the Poliburo's historical sub-committee regarded the events of 1956 as a 'people's uprising'. This announcement, not approved in advance by the Politburo, provoked and catalyzed various developments within the party, and brought about sudden and ever-escalating changes that, within nine months, resulted in the ending of Communism in Hungary and the dissolution of the MSZMP.[5]

By the summer of 1989, the MSZMP was no longer a Marxist–Leninist party, and the radical reformers, led by Prime Minister Miklós Németh, Foreign Minister Gyula Horn, Rezső Nyers, and Pozsgay, had taken over the party machinery. On 26 June 1989, the Central Committee was renamed the Political Executive Committee, and the Politburo was replaced by a four-man collective presidency chaired by Nyers. Although Grósz remained general secretary, Nyers now outranked him. On 7 October 1989 the MSZMP was dissolved and refounded as the Hungarian Socialist Party, a Western-style social democratic party. Two weeks later, the National Assembly approved numerous amendments to the constitution that purged it of its Marxist–Leninist character, ending one-party rule in Hungary.

A small Communist faction, centred on Károly Grósz, opposed these reforms and broke away to form the Hungarian Communist Workers' Party on 17 December 1989.

Leaders of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party

[edit]

First/General Secretaries

[edit]
No. Picture Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term of Office Position(s) Notes
1 János Kádár
(1912–1989) 		1 November 1956[a] 22 May 1988 First Secretary Also Prime Minister (1956–1958, 1961–1965)
General Secretary
(from 28 March 1985)
2 Károly Grósz
(1930–1996) 		22 May 1988 26 June 1989[b] Also Prime Minister (1987–1988)

Chairman of the Presidency of the Political Executive Committee

[edit]
No. Picture Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term of Office Position(s)
1 Rezső Nyers
(1923–2018) 		26 June 1989 7 October 1989 Party President[c]

Electoral history

[edit]

National Assembly elections

[edit]
Election Party leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Government
1958 János Kádár as part of Patriotic People's Front
276 / 338
 Increase 70 Increase 1st Sole legal party
1963
252 / 298
 Decrease 24 Steady 1st Sole legal party
1967
259 / 349
 Increase 7 Steady 1st Sole legal party
1971
224 / 352
 Decrease 35 Steady 1st Sole legal party
1975
215 / 352
 Decrease 9 Steady 1st Sole legal party
1980
252 / 352
 Increase 37 Steady 1st Sole legal party
1985
288 / 387
 Increase 36 Steady 1st Sole legal party

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Hungary - Ideology". country-data.com. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  2. ^ "A Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt (MSZMP) | Tények Könyve | Kézikönyvtár".
  3. ^ Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York City: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-375-42532-5.
  4. ^ Burant, Stephen R. Hungary: A Country Study Burant, pp. 181–185
  5. ^ "Cold War History Research Center, roundtable, Melinda Kalm?r". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2012.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Previously First Secretary of the disbanded Hungarian Working People's Party 25–30 October 1956.
  2. ^ Continued as general secretary until 7 October 1989 but outranked by Rezső Nyers, the Chairman of the 4-man Presidency of the newly created Political Executive Committee which replaced the Politburo after 26 June 1989.
  3. ^ While Grósz retained the title of General Secretary until 7 October, Nyers chaired the MSZMP's four-man presidency after the reorganization of the Party leadership on 26 June. This made him de facto chief executive of both the Party and the country after that date, a post he held for most of the summer of 1989.
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